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-2760366538141433220	Red-bellied black snake	Red - bellied black snake - wikipedia Red - bellied black snake Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the snake native to Australia . For the snake native to North America , see Storeria occipitomaculata . Red - bellied black snake Red - bellied black snake at Lane Cove National Park , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Serpentes Family : Elapidae Genus : Pseudechis Species : P. porphyriacus Binomial name Pseudechis porphyriacus ( Shaw , 1794 ) Range of red - bellied black snake ( in red ) Synonyms Trimeresurus leptocephalus Lacépède Acanthophis tortor Lesson Naja porphyrica Schlegel The red - bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia . Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity , a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes . It is common in woodlands , forests and swamplands of eastern Australia . It is one of Australia 's best - known snakes , as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia . It has an average total length ( including tail ) of 1.5 to 2 metres ( 4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 5 Venom 6 Captivity 7 References 7.1 Cited text 8 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) `` Coluber porphyriacus '' , Zoology and botany of New Holland ( 1794 ) The red - bellied black snake was described by George Shaw in Zoology of New Holland ( 1794 ) , placing it in the genus Coluber . He wrote , `` This beautiful snake , which appears to be unprovided with tubular teeth or fangs , and consequently not of a poisonous nature , is three , sometimes four , feet in nature . '' The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek porphyreus , which can mean `` dark purple '' , red - purple '' or `` beauteous '' . It was the first Australian elapid snake described . The accompanying illustration was attributed to James Sowerby , but is regarded as being produced from drawings by John White . The syntype is presumed lost . French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède described it under the name Trimeresurus leptocephalus in 1804 . His countryman René Lesson described it as Acanthophis tortor in 1826 . The genus Pseudechis was created for it by Johann Georg Wagler in 1830 , though several subsequent species have been added . Snake expert Eric Worrell analyzed the skulls of the genus and found that of the red - bellied black snake to be the most divergent . its position as an early offshoot from the rest of the genus has been confirmed genetically . Raymond Hoser described two subspecies in 2003 : Pseudechis porphyriacus eipperi the Atherton Tableland and surrounds in North - east Queensland , which he noted was smaller , rarely attaining 2 m ( 7 ft ) and had a white or pale pink rather than red belly , and Pseudechis porphyriacus rentoni from southeastern South Australia , which has a variable - coloured ( often orange or even blueish - tinged ) belly . He added that both were disjunct from the main red - bellied black snake population , and as the distinguishing traits of P. porphyriacus rentoni were not consistent then location was the most reliable way of identifying it . These subspecies have not been recognized by other authors . Hoser has been criticized by Hinrich Kaiser and colleagues for identifying some taxa on location alone . As well as red - bellied black snake , the species has been called common black snake , redbelly and RBBS . Description ( edit ) The red - bellied black snake is glossy black on the dorsal surface and red , crimson or pink in colour on the lower sides and belly . The snout is often a lighter brown colour . It is a relatively medium species of snake reaching up to 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) in total length ( including tail ) , with an extreme example measuring 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) , although an average sized specimen would be closer to 1.4 metres ( 4 ft 7 in ) . Like all Elapid snakes it is front fanged . It has 17 mid-body scale rows . Juveniles are similar to the eastern small - eyed snake , with which it can be easily confused . The red - bellied black snake can have a strong smell , which some field experts have used to find the snakes in the wild ... Other similar species include the blue - bellied black snake ( Pseudechis guttatus ) and copperheads of the genus Austrelaps . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The red - bellied black snake is native to the east coast of Australia . It can be found in the urban forest , woodland , plains and bushland areas of the Blue Mountains , Canberra , Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne , Cairns and Adelaide . The Macquarie Marshes marks a western border to their distribution in New South Wales . It is most commonly seen close to dams , streams , billabongs and other bodies of water , although they can venture up to 100 m away . In particular , the red - bellied black snake prefers areas of shallow water with tangles of water plants , logs or debris . Behaviour ( edit ) Red - bellied black snakes have multiple places they can hide in their habitat including logs , old mammal burrows , and grass tussocks . They can flee into water and hide there , with one report of one staying submerged for 23 minutes . When swimming they may have the whole head or the nostrils above the water 's surface . Within their habitat , red - bellied black snakes appear to have ranges or territories that they are familiar with and generally remain within . A 1987 field study in three New South Wales localities found that they varied widely , from 0.02 to 40 hectares in size . The red - bellied black snake is generally not an aggressive species . However , when provoked , it will recoil into its striking stance as a threat , but will try to escape at the first opportunity . It is generally active by day , though nighttime activity has occasionally been recorded . When not hunting or basking it may be found beneath timber , rocks and rubbish or down holes and burrows . Snakes are active when their body temperatures are between 28 and 31 C. They also thermoregulate by basking in warm sunny spots in the cool early morning and rest in shade in the middle of hot days , and may reduce their activity in hot dry weather in late summer and autumn . In July 1949 , six large red - bellied black snakes were found hibernating under a concrete slab in marshland in Woy Woy , New South Wales . Groups of up to 6 hibernating red - bellied black snakes have been recorded from under concrete slabs around Mount Druitt and Rooty Hill in western Sydney . Diet ( edit ) Red - bellied black snake eating the eggs of a green tree snake near Dungog , New South Wales The diet of red - bellied black snake primarily consists of frogs , but it also preys on reptiles and small mammals . They also eat other snakes , including those of their own species . Fish are hunted in water . As red - bellied black snakes grow and mature , they continue to eat the same size prey but add larger animals as well . Although they prefer live food , red - bellied black snakes have been reported eating frogs squashed by cars . They are susceptible to cane toad toxins . The introduction of Cane toads in Australia dates to 1935 , when cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) were introduced in an attempt at biological control of native beetles which were damaging sugar cane fields ( a non-native plant ) . The intervention failed , mostly because the toads are on the ground while the beetles feed on leaves at the top of the plant . One research study concluded that in less than 75 years the red - bellied black snake had evolved in toad - inhabited regions of Australia to have increased resistance to toad toxin and decreased preference for toads as prey . Reproduction ( edit ) In spring , male red - bellied black snakes often engage in ritualised combat for anywhere from 2 to 30 minutes , even attacking other males already mating with females . They wrestle vigorously but rarely bite , and engage in head - pushing contests , where each snake tries to push his opponents ' head downward with his chin . Red - bellied black snakes are ovoviviparous ; that is , they give birth to live young in individual membranous sacs . The young , numbering between eight and forty , emerge from their sacs very shortly after birth , and have an average length of about 12.2 centimetres ( 4.8 in ) . Venom ( edit ) The red - bellied black snake accounted for 16 % of identified snakebite victims in Australia between 2005 and 2015 , with no deaths recorded . Its venom consists of neurotoxins , myotoxins , coagulants and also has haemolytic properties . Bites from red - bellied black snake are rarely life - threatening , but require immediate medical attention . Symptoms of systemic envenomation -- including nausea , vomiting , headache , abdominal pain , diarrhoea or diaphoresis -- were thought to be rare , but a 2010 review found they occurred in most bite victims . Most people also go on to develop an anticoagulant coagulopathy in a few hours . This is characterised by a raised aPTT , and subsides over 24 hours . It resolves quickly with antivenom . A few people go on to develop a myotoxicity and associated generalised muscle pain and occasionally weakness , which may last for up to 7 days . The red - bellied black snake is the most commonly reported species responsible for envenomed dogs in New South Wales . In 2006 , a 12 year old golden retriever suffered rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to a red - bellied black snake bite . Tiger snake antivenom is used to treat bites . While black snake antivenom can be used , tiger snake antivenom can be used at a lower dose . The smaller dose is cheaper to produce , and is less likely to cause a reaction in the patient . Patients may suffer anosmia . Captivity ( edit ) Red - bellied black snakes adapt readily to captivity and live on a supply of mice . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Australian Biological Resources Study ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` Species Pseudechis porphyriacus ( Shaw , 1794 ) '' . Australian Faunal Directory . Canberra , Australian Capital Territory : Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts , Australian Government . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swan , Steven K. ; Wilson , Gerry ( 2010 ) . A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia ( 3rd ed . ) . Chatswood , New South Wales : New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877069 - 76 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tab . X of : Zoology and botany of New Holland and the isles adjacent / the zoological part by George Shaw , the botanical part by James Edward Smith ; the figures by James Sowerby . Jump up ^ Pseudechis porphyriacus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database Jump up ^ Shaw , George ( 1794 ) . Zoology of New Holland . London , United Kingdom : J. Sowerby . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1980 ) ( 1871 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon ( abridged ed . ) . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . p. 579 . Jump up ^ Williams , David ; Wüster , Wolfgang ; Fry , Bryan Grieg ( 2006 ) . `` The good , the bad and the ugly : Australian snake taxonomists and a history of the taxonomy of Australia 's venomous snakes '' . Toxicon. 48 ( 7 ) : 919 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. toxicon. 2006.07. 016 . PMID 16999982 . Jump up ^ Picture Library State Library of Victoria Jump up ^ Lacépède , B.G.E. ( 1804 ) . `` Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle - Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée '' . Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle . Paris . 4 : 184 -- 211 ( 209 ) ; ( pl. 56 fig. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lesson , R.P. ( 1826 ) . `` Reptiles . '' . In Duperrey , L.I. Voyage Autour du Monde , Exécuté par Ordre du Roi , sur la Corvette de sa Majesté , La Coquille , Pendant les Années 1822 , 1824 et 1825 . Zoologie , Atlas . Paris : Arthus Bertrand . Jump up ^ Wagler , Johann Georg ( 1830 ) . Natürliches System der Amphibien , mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vogel ( in German ) . Munich , Germany : Cotta'schen . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Worrell , Eric ( 1961 ) . `` Herpetological Name Changes '' . West Australian Naturalist 8 : 18 -- 27 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Maddock , Simon T. ; Childerstone , Aaron ; Fry , Bryan Grieg ; Williams , David J. ; Barlow , Axel ; Wüster , Wolfgang ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Multi-locus phylogeny and species delimitation of Australo - Papuan blacksnakes ( Pseudechis Wagler , 1830 : Elapidae : Serpentes ) '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107 : 48 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.09. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Hoser , Raymond ( 2003 ) . `` A re-assessment of the taxonomy of the Red - bellied Black Snakes ( Genus Pseudechis ) with the descriptions of two new subspecies '' ( PDF ) . Boydii -- Journal of the Herpetological Society of Queensland ( Autumn ( May ) ) : 15 -- 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best Practices : In the 21st Century , Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable Only When Supported by a Body of Evidence and Published via Peer - Review '' ( PDF ) . Herpetological Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 23 . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Beatson , Cecilie ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Red - bellied Black Snake '' . Australian Museum website . Australian Museum . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation . `` Massive red - bellied black snake surprises Newcastle wrangler called in to remove it '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reptile Park . `` Red Bellied Black Snake '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Greer 1997 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Shine , Richard ( 1987 ) . `` Intraspecific variation in thermoregulation , movements and habitat use by Australian blacksnakes , Pseudechis porphyriacus ( Elapidae ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Herpetology. 21 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , P.A. ( 1935 ) . `` The black snake '' . Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales . 55 : 35 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Greer 1997 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Bain , Libby . `` The Australian Reptile Park and Wildlife Sanctuary '' . Red - bellied Black Snake -- Pseudechis porphyriacus . Australian Reptile Park . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Greer 1997 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Ormsby , A.I. ( 1952 ) . `` Notes on snake hibernation in New South Wales '' . Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales . 71 : 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Hoser , Raymond T. ( 1980 ) . `` Further records of aggregations of various species of Australian Snake '' . Herpetofauna. 12 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Greer 1997 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Greer 1997 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Phillips BL , Shine R ( 2006 ) . `` An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator : cane toads and black snakes in Australia '' . Proc. Biol. Sci. 273 ( 1593 ) : 1545 -- 50 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2006.3479 . PMC 1560325 . PMID 16777750 . Jump up ^ Shine , Richard ; Grigg , Gordon C. ; Shine , Terri G. ; Harlow , Peter . `` Mating and Male Combat in Australian Blacksnakes , Pseudechis porphyriacus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Herpetology. 15 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Cogger , Harold G. ( 1983 ) ( 1979 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia ( Rev. ed . ) . Reed . p. 449 . ISBN 0883590484 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Christopher I. ; Ryan , Nicole M ; Page , Colin B ; Buckley , Nicholas A ; Brown , Simon GA ; O'Leary , Margaret A ; Isbister , Geoffrey K ( 2017 ) . `` The Australian Snakebite Project , 2005 -- 2015 ( ASP - 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . Medical Journal of Australia . 207 ( 3 ) : 119 -- 25 . doi : 10.5694 / mja17. 00094 . ^ Jump up to : Toxinology.com . `` CSL Antivenom Handbook '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Churchman , Andrew ; O'Leary , Margaret A ; Buckley , Nicholas A ; Page , Colin B ; Tankel , Alan ; Gavaghan , Chris ; Holdgate , Anna ; Brown , Simon GA ; Isbister , Geoffrey K ( 2010 ) . `` Clinical effects of red - bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations : Australian Snakebite Project ( ASP - 11 ) '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 193 ( 11 ) : 696 -- 700 . Jump up ^ Heller , J. ; Bosward , K.L. ; Hodgson , J.L. ; Cole , F.L. ; Reid , S.W. ; Hodgson , D.R. ; Mellor , D.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Snake envenomation in dogs in New South Wales '' . Austrealian Vetinary Journal . 83 ( 5 ) : 286 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Heller , J. ; Bosward , K.L. ; Hodgson , D.R. ; Pottie , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Anuric renal failure in a dog after Red ‐ bellied Black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) envenomation '' ( PDF ) . Australian veterinary journal . 84 ( 5 ) : 158 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mirtschin , Peter . `` Relative Toxicity of Australian Snakes '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Cited text ( edit ) Greer , Allen E. ( 1997 ) . The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes . Chipping Norton , New South Wales : Surrey Beatty & Sons . ISBN 9780949324689 . External links ( edit ) Red - bellied Black Snake video Pictures of Red - bellied Black Snake 's fangs Red - bellied Black Snake -- Australian Venom Research Unit , Department of Pharmacology , the University of Melbourne Data related to Pseudechis porphyriacus at Wikispecies Media related to Pseudechis porphyriacus at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-bellied_black_snake&oldid=820841275 '' Categories : Elapidae Reptiles of Australia Animals described in 1794 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Deutsch Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands پنجابی Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 22 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you find red belly black snakes	[ "The red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of elapid snake native to eastern Australia. Though its venom is capable of causing significant morbidity, a bite from it is not generally fatal and is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. It is common in woodlands, forests and swamplands of eastern Australia. It is one of Australia's best-known snakes, as it is common in urban areas along the eastern coast of Australia. It has an average total length (including tail) of 1.5 to 2 metres (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in).[2]" ]	[ "eastern Australia" ]
-532260502033507787	Pangram	Pangram - wikipedia Pangram Jump to : navigation , search English language pangram in Baskerville font A pangram ( Greek : παν γράμμα , pan gramma , `` every letter '' ) or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once . Pangrams have been used to display typefaces , test equipment , and develop skills in handwriting , calligraphy , and keyboarding . The best - known English pangram is `` The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog . '' It has been used since at least the late 19th century , was utilized by Western Union to test Telex / TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability , and is now used by a number of computer programs ( most notably the font viewer built into Microsoft Windows ) to display computer fonts . Pangrams exist in every alphabet - based language . An example from German is Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich , which contains all letters , including every umlaut ( ä , ö , ü ) plus the ß . It has been used since before 1800 . In a sense , the pangram is the opposite of the lipogram , in which the aim is to omit one or more letters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Short pangrams 2 Logographic scripts 3 Self - enumerating pangrams 4 Pangrams in literature 5 See also 5.1 Pangram lists 6 References Short pangrams ( edit ) Short pangrams in English are more difficult to come up with and tend to use uncommon words . Longer pangrams may afford more opportunity for humor , cleverness , or thoughtfulness . Here are some short pangrams using standard written English , not involving abbreviations or proper nouns : `` Jived fox nymph grabs quick waltz . '' ( 28 letters ) `` Glib jocks quiz nymph to vex dwarf . '' ( 28 letters ) `` Sphinx of black quartz , judge my vow . '' ( 29 letters ) `` How vexingly quick daft zebras jump ! '' ( 30 letters ) `` The five boxing wizards jump quickly . '' ( 31 letters ) `` Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs . '' ( 32 letters ) A perfect pangram contains every letter of the alphabet only once and can be considered an anagram of the alphabet ; it is the shortest possible pangram . An example is the phrase `` Cwm fjord bank glyphs vext quiz '' ( cwm , a loan word from Welsh , means a steep - sided valley , particularly in Wales ) . Most such examples are not usually understood even by native English speakers , and so arguably are not really English pangrams . Perhaps the most easily understood perfect pangram is `` Mr Jock , TV quiz PhD , bags few lynx '' -- but it includes three abbreviations ( Mr , TV and PhD ) . Logographic scripts ( edit ) Logographic scripts , that is , writing systems composed principally of logograms , can not be used to produce pangrams in the literal sense , since they are radically different from alphabets or other phonetic writing systems . In such scripts , the total number of signs is large and imprecisely defined , so producing a text with every possible sign is impossible . However , various analogies to pangrams are feasible , including traditional pangrams in a romanization . In Japanese , although typical orthography uses kanji ( logograms ) , pangrams are required to contain every kana ( syllabic character ) when written out in kana alone : the Iroha is a classic example . In addition , it is possible to create pangrams that demonstrate certain aspects of logographic characters . In Chinese , the Thousand Character Classic is a 1000 - character poem in which each character is used exactly once ; however , it does not include all Chinese characters . The single character 永 ( permanence ) incorporates every basic stroke used to write Chinese characters exactly once , as described in the Eight Principles of Yong . Self - enumerating pangrams ( edit ) A self - enumerating pangram is a pangrammatic autogram , or a sentence that inventories its own letters , each of which occurs at least once . The first example was produced by Rudy Kousbroek , a Dutch journalist and essayist , who publicly challenged Lee Sallows , a British recreational mathematician resident in the Netherlands , to produce an English translation of his Dutch pangram . In the sequel , Sallows built an electronic `` pangram machine '' , that performed a systematic search among millions of candidate solutions . The machine was successful in identifying the following ' magic ' translation : This pangram contains four As , one B , two Cs , one D , thirty Es , six Fs , five Gs , seven Hs , eleven Is , one J , one K , two Ls , two Ms , eighteen Ns , fifteen Os , two Ps , one Q , five Rs , twenty - seven Ss , eighteen Ts , two Us , seven Vs , eight Ws , two Xs , three Ys , & one Z . Chris Patuzzo was able to reduce the problem of finding a self - enumerating pangram to the boolean satisfiability problem . He did this by using a made - to - order hardware description language as a stepping stone and then applied the Tseytin transformation to the resulting chip . Pangrams in literature ( edit ) The pangram `` The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog '' , and the search for a shorter pangram , are the cornerstone of the plot of the novel Ella Minnow Pea by Mark Dunn . The search successfully comes to an end when the phrase `` Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs '' is discovered . See also ( edit ) Look up pangram in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Panalphabetic window Pangrammatic window Pangrammatic lipogram Heterogram Iroha Isogram Lorem ipsum Pangram lists ( edit ) List of pangrams Clagnut -- originally on Wikipedia Fun With Words : Pangrams References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typeface pangram samples . Jump up ^ Evans , Rod L. ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . Tyrannosaurus Lex : The Marvelous Book of Palindromes , Anagrams , and Other Delightful and Outrageous Wordplay . Penguin . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 10 - 158863 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Fun with Words : Pangrams '' . Rinkworks.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dewdney , A.K. `` Computer Recreations '' . Scientific American . October 1984 . pp. 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ In Quest of a Pangram , Abacus ( now defunct ) Spring 1985 , 2 ; 3 : 22 -- 40 , pub . by Springer Verlag , New York Jump up ^ In Quest of a Pangram ( truncated version ) in : A Computer Science Reader . pp. 200 -- 20 . Edited by EA Weiss . Springer - Verlag , New York 1987 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96544 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Why are Computers ( podcast ) : Seemingly Disconnected Things '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Another approach for finding self - enumerating pangrams '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Malin , Irving ( 2003 ) . `` Ella Minnow Pea : A Novel In Letters '' . Review Of Contemporary Fiction 23 ( 2 ) : 153 . ( hide ) Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangram&oldid=800412404 '' Categories : Pangrams Phrases Word games Typography Test items Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 11 : 19 . About Wikipedia	shortest sentence containing all the letters of the alphabet	[ "A perfect pangram contains every letter of the alphabet only once and can be considered an anagram of the alphabet; it is the shortest possible pangram. An example is the phrase \"Cwm fjord bank glyphs vext quiz\" (cwm, a loan word from Welsh, means a steep-sided valley, particularly in Wales). Most such examples are not usually understood even by native English speakers, and so arguably are not really English pangrams. Perhaps the most easily understood perfect pangram is \"Mr Jock, TV quiz PhD, bags few lynx\"—but it includes three abbreviations (Mr, TV and PhD)." ]	[ "perfect pangram" ]
-2189316851000118841	John Roberts (actor)	John Roberts ( actor ) - Wikipedia John Roberts ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search John Roberts Roberts in 2016 . ( 1971 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Nationality American Years active 2006 -- present Notable works and roles Linda Belcher on Bob 's Burgers John Roberts ( born November 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and writer . Roberts portrays Linda Belcher on the animated sitcom Bob 's Burgers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Roberts currently provides the voice of Linda , the doting matriarch of the Belcher family , in the FOX animated primetime comedy Bob 's Burgers . He has said in interviews that he based the voice of Linda on that of his own mother , Marge . He has appeared several times on NBC 's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Watch What Happens : Live , has co-written a pilot for MTV with Bob Odenkirk and performed in two national tours for Margaret Cho as well as her Showtime special . Roberts first gained attention as one of the standout performer / writers on the YouTube follow up `` Jackie & Debra '' which won The Comedy Smalls award in London . He has over 20 million hits on YouTube and has made videos with the likes of Debbie Harry and David Cross . He performs several times a year at NYC 's Joe 's Pub and has signed a publishing deal with French Kiss Records . Personal life ( edit ) Roberts is openly gay . Filmography ( edit ) Good Day New York It 's on with Alexa Chung Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Eugene ! Bob 's Burgers ( voice ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( voice ) Archer ( guest voice ) Gravity Falls ( guest voice ) The Awesomes ( guest voice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FOX Broadcasting Company -- Bob 's Burgers TV Show -- Bob 's Burgers TV Series -- Bob 's Burgers Episode Guide Jump up ^ `` An interview with John Roberts , aka Linda Belcher - Features - Impose Magazine '' . Impose Magazine . 2013 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice Behind Linda Belcher of ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . Mashable. 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . External links ( edit ) John Roberts on Twitter Video on YouTube John Roberts at the Internet Movie Database This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Roberts_(actor)&oldid=835955070 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American male television actors American people of Italian descent Gay actors LGBT comedians People from Brooklyn American male voice actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from New York ( state ) Male actors from New York City American actor stubs Hidden categories : Twitter username same as Wikidata Articles created via the Article Wizard All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Occitan Português Română Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the voice of linda on bob's burgers	[ "John Roberts (born November 10, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and writer. Roberts portrays Linda Belcher on the animated sitcom Bob's Burgers.[1]" ]	[ "John Roberts" ]
7925780897654699350	List of Dragon Ball Super episodes	List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハローハローハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリングスター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバードリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよかダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪の天使と正義の悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme from episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . From episodes 122 onwards , the eleventh ending theme is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival 55 February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) March 25 , 2018 Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和の報酬 1 億ゼニーは誰の手に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束のリゾートへ ! ベジータが家族旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢の続きはどこだ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せドラゴンボール ! ピラフ一味の大作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界王星の決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊神ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊神を怒らせるな ! ドキドキ誕生パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よくもオレのブルマを ! ベジータ怒りの突然変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空見参 ! ビルス様からのラストチャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お待たせ、ビルス様 . ついに超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドの力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続けようぜビルス様 ! 神と神の戦いを ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙が砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空よ、超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを越えて行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これがオラのありったけの力だ ! 決着 ! 神と神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者サタンよ奇跡を起こせ ! 宇宙からの挑戦状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータが弟子入り ! ? ウイスを攻略せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン誕生 ! そして悟空は修行の旅へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラも来たぞ ! ビルス星で修行開始だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望ふたたび ! 悪の帝王・フリーザの復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコからの警告 ! 迫り来るフリーザと 1000 人の兵士達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐の始まり ! フリーザ軍の悪意が悟飯を撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの復活 ! その名はギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球が ! 悟飯が ! 絶体絶命 ! 早く来てくれ孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空これがオラの修行の成果だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開バトル ! 復讐のゴールデンフリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大ピンチに勝機が見えた ! 反撃開始だ孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can - but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球爆発 ! ? 決着のかめはめ波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him - but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed - with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙の破壊神その名はシャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘試合開催決定 ! 主将は悟空よりも強いヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「格闘試合」へのおさらい残り二人のメンバーは誰だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー様のもとへ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボールのありかを聞き出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合開始だ ! みんなで「名前のない星」へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け第 6 宇宙よ ! これが超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人・孫悟空だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト魔貫光殺砲にすべてをかけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒りを力に変えろ ! ベジータの全開バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの大苦戦 ! ベジータ怒りの大爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ人の誇りを忘れるな ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙のサイヤ人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙最強の戦士 ! 殺し屋ヒット見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長した `` 時とばし '' の反撃 ! ? 出るか ! ? 悟空の新たな技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに決着 ! 勝者はビルス ? それともシャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出でよ神の龍そして願いを叶えてちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパーシェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱の祝勝会 ! 遂に対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空の「気」が制御不能 ! ? パンのお世話で四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ星の封印解き放たれた `` 超人水 '' の秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータが消える ! ? 複製ベジータの脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製ベジータ ! 勝つのはどっちだ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来からの SOS ! 黒き新たな敵現る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! 再び現在で目覚めよトランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future - The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来からのメッセージゴクウブラック襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざされた未来への道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時をこえた想いトランクスとマイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited - Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟再会孫悟飯と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Unmask Black 's True Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe Sacred World of the Kais '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラックの正体を暴け ! いざ第 10 宇宙の界王神界へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ人の血をひく者トランクスの決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空に会いたいのね全王様からのよびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦ゴクウブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ロゼ登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来のヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超サイヤ人ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身の体を持つ神ザマス降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマスとブラック深まる二人の謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時の指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界王神界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界王神ゴワスを守れザマスを破壊せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び未来へ明かされるゴクウブラックの正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマスの野望語られる恐怖の『人間 0 計画』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界はオレが守る ! トランクス怒りの超 ( スーパー ) パワー炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔封波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の細胞を汚すな ! ベジータの壮絶バトル開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体ザマス爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後の審判か ! ? 絶対神の究極の力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめない戦士たちの奇跡の力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新たな HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! を胸にさらばトランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える願いは誰のもの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャバトルで地球が終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパからの挑戦状 ! 今度は野球で勝負だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空死す ! 絶対執行の暗殺任頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃なるか ! ? 見えない殺しの技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟飯の災難 ! グレートサイヤマンまさかの映画化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛するもののために ! 不屈のグレートサイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空とクリリン懐かしの修行の場へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐敵を打ち破れ ! クリリンの闘志ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( やろうぜ全王様 ! 宇宙一武道会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力の大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全宇宙の神様もドン引き ! ? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙蹴りのバジル VS 第 7 宇宙魔人ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ ! 孫悟飯の闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰しのベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青天井の強さはどっちだ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空許すまじ ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙代表チームを結成せよ ! 最強の 10 人は誰だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウトマン孫悟空クリリンと 18 号を誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す宇宙 - それぞれの思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて交わる拳 ! 人造人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁団を狩れ ! 悟空と 17 号の共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟飯とピッコロ師弟激突の限界修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れた謎の美女 ! 天津流道場の怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超えるべき壁を見据えて ! 悟空 VS 悟飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ ! ? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン・デ・シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急事態発生 ! そろわない 10 人のメンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目の戦士はおめえだ ! 悟空フリーザのもとへ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪の帝王復活 ! 出迎える謎の刺客たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ大暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時はきた ! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに開幕「力の大会」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ無常 ! 絶望する宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリンの底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大暴走 ! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫りくる正義の戦士 ! プライド・トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ・プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛の力が大爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙の魔女っ子戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ・クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー・ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟飯よ非情なれ ! 第 10 宇宙との決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶光速バトル勃発 ! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武天老師命を燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐の「 F 」 ! しかけられた狡猾な罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザとフロスト ! 交わる悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空に迫る最強の敵 ! 今こそ放て ! 必殺の元気玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空覚醒 ! 目覚めし者の新たなる極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct - Sign - ( 身勝手の極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui `` Kizashi '' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異次元の極致バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の誓い ! ベジータの覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々として ! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気せまる ! 新たな超戦士の爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Zenōs approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct - Sign - again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転の兆し ! 身勝手の極意が大爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct - Sign - to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛の大決戦 ! 人造人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct - Sign - against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避不能 ! ? ステルス攻撃の猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧なる生存戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙脅威の刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力戦 ! 究極の 4 体合体 VS 第 7 宇宙総攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己の誇りをかけて ! ベジータ最強への挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Great Priest compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身全霊全力解放 ! 悟空とベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by forcing more ki into his body and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their unpredictable attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風怒涛の猛襲 ! 悟飯背水の陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風堂々 ! 破壊神トッポ降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , so he can wield the same power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神をも超えろ ! ベジータ捨て身の一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks and prepares to eliminate him with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy to immobilize Toppo . This allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power . Toppo states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks . Toppo unleashes the Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage and knocks him out of his God of Destruction state . He eliminates Toppo from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is totally drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫りくる障壁 ! 希望を託した最後のバリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren . However , he is defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . No. 17 accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends , but Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down on No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast , forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , and self - destructs to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い誇り最後まで ! ベジータ散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and batters Vegeta , and injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again , with his boot catching on to piece of rubble of the arena , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight , since the pieces of rubble still count as part of the arena . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again , though Jiren is unable to understand why . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed , and he send Vegeta flying out of the arena for good . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second , before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . However , even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the arena and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku , and Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . Just then , as Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct - Sign - and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's next attacks and even land a heavy blow of his own . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' March 4 , 2018 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報ドラゴンボール超東映アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじドラゴンボール超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . 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( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=826456151 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the new episode of dragon ball super coming	[ "\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[27]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\"\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Zenō-sama and Future Zenō-sama are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Zenō-sama's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Zenō-sama's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō-samas to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō-sama's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Great Priest arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\"\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Great Priest explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Zenō-sama to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Zenō-sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō-sama to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō-sama's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Zenō-sama's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Zenō-sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\"\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Zenō-sama is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Zenō-sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\"\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Zeno-sama had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\"\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Zenō-sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Zenō-sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Zenō-sama will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\"\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Zenō-sama's blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Great Priest puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\"\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\"\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\"\n\"Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 - それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō-sama cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\"\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\"\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と１７号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\"\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ師弟激突の限界修業！) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\"\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\"\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\"\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Zenō-samas are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\"\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\"\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\"\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\"\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\"\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Great Priest introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Zenō-samas, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\"\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\"\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, the Zenō-samas erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\"\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\"\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\"\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士！プライド・トルーパス！！) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\"\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発！？　第２宇宙の魔女っ子戦士！！) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\"\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ！第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\"\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\"\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦！武天老師命を燃やす！！) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when both Zenō-samas rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\"\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ！姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\"\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」！しかけられた狡猾な罠！？) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\"\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト！交わる悪意！？) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Zenō-sama erases him, who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\"\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵！今こそ放て！必殺の元気玉！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\"\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒！目覚めし者の新たなる極意！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Great Priest rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As the Zenō-samas prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct -Sign- (身勝手の極意”兆”, Migatte no Gokui \"Kizashi\"). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\"\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\"\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い！ベジータの覚悟！！) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Panchia (パンチア, Panchia), and Bollarator (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\"\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\"\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\"\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Zenōs approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct -Sign- again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\"\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し！身勝手の極意が大爆発！！) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct -Sign- to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\"\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦！人造人間VS第２宇宙！！) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct -Sign- against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin (ザーロイン, Zāroin), Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. \n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\"\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour (サワア, Sawaa), has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. \n\n\n119\n43\n\"Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!\"\n\"Kaihi funō!? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi!!\" (回避不能!? ステルス攻撃の猛威!!) \nDecember 10, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras (ガミサラス, Gamisarasu). Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza (シャンツァ, Shantsa) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon (ダモン, Damon), is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. \n\n\n120\n44\n\"The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!\"\n\"Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!\" (完璧なる生存戦略! 第３宇宙脅威の刺客!!) \nDecember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFollowing the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni (パパロニ, Paparoni) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator (コイチアレータ, Koichiarēta). Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. \n\n\n121\n45\n\"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\"\n\"Sōryokusen! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki!!\" (総力戦！究極の4体合体VS第7宇宙総攻撃！！) \nDecember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nPaparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza (アニラーザ, Anirāza), the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. \n\n\n122\n46\n\"For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!\"\n\"Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen!!\" (己の誇りをかけて！ベジータ最強への挑戦！！) \nJanuary 7, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith only two universes remaining, the Great Priest compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. \n\n\n123\n47\n\"Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!\"\n\"Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō! Gokū to Bejīta!!\" (全身全霊全力解放！悟空とベジータ！！) \nJanuary 14, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by forcing more ki into his body and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their unpredictable attacks. \n\n\n124\n48\n\"The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!\"\n\"Shippū-Dotō no Mōshū! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!\" (疾風怒涛の猛襲！悟飯背水の陣!!) \nJanuary 21, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. \n\n\n125\n49\n\"With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!\"\n\"Ifu-Dōdō! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin!\" (威風堂々! 破壊神トッポ降臨！！) \nJanuary 28, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, so he can wield the same power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. \n\n\n126\n50\n\"Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!\"\n\"Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!\" (神をも超えろ！ベジータ捨て身の一撃！！) \nFebruary 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nToppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks and prepares to eliminate him with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy to immobilize Toppo. This allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power. Toppo states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks. Toppo unleashes the Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage and knocks him out of his God of Destruction state. He eliminates Toppo from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is totally drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. \n\n\n127\n51\n\"The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!\"\n\"Semari-kuru Shōheki! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!\" (迫りくる障壁！希望を託した最後のバリア！！) \nFebruary 11, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nJiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren. However, he is defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. No. 17 accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends, but Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down on No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast, forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, and self-destructs to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. \n\n\n128\n52\n\"Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!\"\n\"Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!\" (気高い誇り最後まで！ベジータ散る！！) \nFebruary 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and batters Vegeta, and injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again, with his boot catching on to piece of rubble of the arena, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight, since the pieces of rubble still count as part of the arena. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again, though Jiren is unable to understand why. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed, and he send Vegeta flying out of the arena for good. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second, before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. However, even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the arena and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku, and Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. Just then, as Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct -Sign- and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's next attacks and even land a heavy blow of his own. \n\n\n129\n53\n\"Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!\" \nMarch 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "March 4, 2018" ]
153404590595721119	Government of Japan	Government of Japan - wikipedia Government of Japan Government of Japan Seal of the Government Overview State Japan Leader Prime Minister Appointed by The Emperor Main organ Cabinet Responsible to National Diet Headquarters Chiyoda ward , Tokyo Website www.japan.go.jp Japan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Japan Constitution ( show ) The Constitution History Laws The Monarchy ( show ) Emperor ( list ) Akihito Crown Prince Naruhito Imperial House Imperial Household Agency Legislature ( show ) National Diet House of Representatives Speaker Tadamori Oshima Vice-Speaker Hirotaka Akamatsu House of Councillors President Chuichi Date Vice-President Akira Gunji Leader of the Opposition Yukio Edano Executive ( show ) Prime Minister ( list ) Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Government Cabinet Ministries Administrative Agencies Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice ( list ) Naoto Ōtani Supreme Court Intellectual Property High Court Administrative Divisions ( show ) Prefectures Governors ( list ) Subprefectures Districts Municipalities Mergers and Dissolutions Submunicipalities Elections ( show ) House of Councillors 2007 2013 2016 House of Representatives 2009 2012 2014 2017 Next General Election Political parties ( show ) Major parties Liberal Democratic Constitutional Democratic Democratic Party for the People Other parties Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign policy Related topics ( show ) National Police Imperial Guard Special Assault Team Special Investigation Team Self - Defense Force Air Ground Maritime Japan portal Other countries Atlas Government of Japan Japanese name Kanji 日本国政府 Hiragana にっぽんこくせいふ ( formal ) にほんこくせいふ ( informal ) show Transcriptions Romanization Nipponkoku Seifu ( formal ) Nihonkoku Seifu ( informal ) The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties . As in many other states , the Government is divided into three branches : the Legislative branch , the Executive branch and the Judicial branch . The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947 . It is a unitary state , containing forty - seven administrative divisions , with the Emperor as its head of state . His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government . Instead , it is the Cabinet , comprising the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister , that directs and controls the Government . The Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch , and is formed by the Prime Minister , who is the head of government . He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by the Emperor . The National Diet is the legislature , the organ of the Legislative branch . It is bicameral , consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house , and the House of Representatives being the lower house . Its members are directly elected from the people , who are the source of sovereignty . The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch , and they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches . Contents 1 History 2 The Emperor 3 Executive 3.1 Prime Minister 3.2 The Cabinet 3.3 Ministries 4 Legislative 4.1 House of Representatives 4.2 House of Councillors 5 Judicial 5.1 Supreme Court 5.2 High Courts 5.3 Penal system 6 Local government 6.1 Local authorities 6.2 Structure 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the Meiji Restoration , Japan was ruled by successive military shōguns . During this period , effective power of the government resided in the Shōgun , who officially ruled the country in the name of the Emperor . The Shoguns were the hereditary military governors , with their modern rank equivalent to a generalissimo . Although the Emperor was the sovereign who appointed the Shōgun , his roles were ceremonial and he took no part in governing the country . This is often compared to the present role of the Emperor , whose official role is to appoint the Prime Minister . The Meiji Restoration in 1868 led to the resignation of Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu , agreeing to `` be the instrument for carrying out '' the Emperor 's orders . This event restored the country to Imperial rule and the proclamation of the Empire of Japan . In 1889 , the Meiji Constitution was adopted in a move to strengthen Japan to the level of western nations , resulting in the first parliamentary system in Asia . It provided a form of mixed constitutional - absolute monarchy , with an independent judiciary , based on the Prussian model of the time . A new aristocracy known as the kazoku was established . It merged the ancient court nobility of the Heian period , the kuge , and the former daimyōs , feudal lords subordinate to the shōgun . It also established the Imperial Diet , consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers . Members of the House of Peers were made up of the Imperial Family , the Kazoku , and those nominated by the Emperor , while members of the House of Representatives were elected by direct male suffrage . Despite clear distinctions between powers of the executive branch and the Emperor in the Meiji Constitution , ambiguity and contradictions in the Constitution eventually led to a political crisis . It also devalued the notion of civilian control over the military , which meant that the military could develop and exercise a great influence on politics . Following the end of World War II , the Constitution of Japan was adopted as an intention to replace the previous Imperial rule with a form of Western - style liberal democracy . The Emperor ( edit ) Imperial Standard The Emperor of Japan ( 天皇 ) is the head of the Imperial Family and the ceremonial head of state . He is defined by the Constitution to be `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' . However , he is not the nominal Chief Executive and he possesses only certain ceremonially important powers . He has no real powers related to the Government as stated clearly in article 4 of the Constitution . Article 6 of the Constitution of Japan delegates the Emperor the following ceremonial roles : Appointment of the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet . Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet . While the Cabinet is the source of executive power and most of its power is exercised directly by the Prime Minister , several of its powers are exercised by the Emperor . The powers exercised via the Emperor , as stipulated by Article 7 of the Constitution , are : Promulgation of amendments of the constitution , laws , cabinet orders and treaties . Convocation of the Diet . Dissolution of the House of Representatives . Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet . Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law , and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers . Attestation of general and special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Awarding of honors . Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law . Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers . Performance of ceremonial functions . The Emperor is known to hold the nominal ceremonial authority . For example , the Emperor is the only person that has the authority to appoint the Prime Minister , even though the Diet has the power to designate the person fitted for the position . One such example can be prominently seen in the 2009 Dissolution of the House of Representatives . The House was expected to be dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister , but was temporarily unable to do so for the next general election , as both the Emperor and Empress were visiting Canada . In this manner , the Emperor 's modern role is often compared to those of the Shogunate period and much of Japan 's history , whereby the Emperor held great symbolic authority but had little political power ; which is often held by others nominally appointed by the Emperor himself . Today , a legacy has somewhat continued for a retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power , to be called a Shadow Shogun ( 闇将軍 ) . Unlike his European counterparts , the Emperor is not the source of sovereign power and the government does not act under his name . Instead , the Emperor represents the State and appoints other high officials in the name of the State , in which the Japanese people hold sovereignty . Article 5 of the Constitution , in accordance with the Imperial Household Law , allows a regency to be established in the Emperor 's name , should the Emperor be unable to perform his duties . Historically , the Imperial House of Japan is said to be the oldest continuing hereditary monarchy in the world . According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , Japan was founded by the Imperial House in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu ( 神武天皇 ) . Emperor Jimmu was the first Emperor of Japan and the ancestor of all of the Emperors that followed . He is , according to Japanese mythology , the direct descendant of Amaterasu ( 天照大御神 ) , the sun goddess of the native Shinto religion , through Ninigi , his great - grandfather . The Current Emperor of Japan ( 今上天皇 ) is Akihito . He was officially enthroned on November 12 , 1990 . He is styled as His Imperial Majesty ( 天皇陛下 ) , and his reign bears the era name of Heisei ( 平成 ) . Naruhito , the Crown Prince of Japan , is the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne . Executive ( edit ) The Executive branch of Japan is headed by the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet , and is designated by the legislative organ , the National Diet . The Cabinet consists of the Ministers of State and may be appointed or dismissed by the Prime Minister at any time . Explicitly defined to be the source of executive power , it is in practice , however , mainly exercised by the Prime Minister . The practice of its powers is responsible to the Diet , and as a whole , should the Cabinet lose confidence and support to be in office by the Diet , the Diet may dismiss the Cabinet en masse with a motion of no confidence . Prime Minister ( edit ) Crest of the Prime Minister of Japan The Prime Minister of Japan ( 内閣総理大臣 ) is designated by the National Diet and serves a term of four years or less ; with no limits imposed on the number of terms the Prime Minister may hold . The Prime Minister heads the Cabinet and exercises `` control and supervision '' of the executive branch , and is the head of government and commander - in - chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces . The Prime Minister is vested with the power to present bills to the Diet , to sign laws , to declare a state of emergency , and may also dissolve the Diet 's House of Representatives at will . He or she presides over the Cabinet and appoints , or dismisses , the other Cabinet ministers . Both houses of the National Diet designates the Prime Minister with a ballot cast under the run - off system . Under the Constitution , should both houses not agree on a common candidate , then a joint committee is allowed to be established to agree on the matter ; specifically within a period of ten days , exclusive of the period of recess . However , if both houses still do not agree to each other , the decision made by the House of Representatives is deemed to be that of the National Diet . Upon designation , the Prime Minister is presented with their commission , and then formally appointed to office by the Emperor . As a candidate designated by the Diet , he or she is required to report to the Diet whenever demanded . The Prime Minister must also be both a civilian and a member of either house of the Diet . For a list of Prime Ministers prior to 2001 , see List of Prime Ministers of Japan . No . Name ( English ) Name ( Japanese ) Gender Took Office Left Office Term Alma Mater Junichiro Koizumi 小泉純一郎 Male April 26 , 2001 September 26 , 2006 5 Years Keio University University College London Shinzō Abe 安倍晋三 Male September 26 , 2006 September 26 , 2007 1 Year Seikei University Yasuo Fukuda 福田康夫 Male September 26 , 2007 September 24 , 2008 1 Year Waseda University Taro Aso 麻生太郎 Male September 24 , 2008 September 16 , 2009 1 Year Gakushuin University 5 Yukio Hatoyama 鳩山由紀夫 Male September 16 , 2009 June 2 , 2010 1 Year University of Tokyo Stanford University 6 Naoto Kan 菅直人 Male June 8 , 2010 September 2 , 2011 1 Year Tokyo Institute of Technology 7 Yoshihiko Noda 野田佳彦 Male September 2 , 2011 December 26 , 2012 1 Year Waseda University 8 Shinzō Abe 安倍晋三 Male December 26 , 2012 Present - Seikei University ※ As of October 14 , 2018 The Cabinet ( edit ) Cabinet Office Building 2nd Building of the Central Government The Cabinet of Japan ( 内閣 ) consists of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister . The members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Prime Minister , and under the Cabinet Law , the number of members of the Cabinet appointed , excluding the Prime Minister , must be fourteen or less , but may only be increased to nineteen should a special need arise . Article 68 of the Constitution states that all members of the Cabinet must be civilians and the majority of them must be chosen from among the members of either house of the National Diet . The precise wording leaves an opportunity for the Prime Minister to appoint some non-elected Diet officials . The Cabinet is required to resign en masse while still continuing its functions , till the appointment of a new Prime Minister , when the following situation arises : The Diet 's House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution , or rejects a confidence resolution , unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within the next ten ( 10 ) days . When there is a vacancy in the post of the Prime Minister , or upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of the members of the House of Representatives . Conceptually deriving legitimacy from the Diet , whom it is responsible to , the Cabinet exercises its power in two different ways . In practice , much of its power is exercised by the Prime Minister , while others are exercised nominally by the Emperor . Article 73 of the Constitution of Japan expects the Cabinet to perform the following functions , in addition to general administration : Administer the law faithfully ; conduct affairs of state . Manage foreign affairs . Conclude treaties . However , it shall obtain prior or , depending on circumstances , subsequent approval of the Diet . Administer the civil service , in accordance with standards established by law . Prepare the budget , and present it to the Diet . Enact cabinet orders in order to execute the provisions of this Constitution and of the law . However , it can not include penal provisions in such cabinet orders unless authorized by such law . Decide on general amnesty , special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Under the Constitution , all laws and cabinet orders must be signed by the competent Minister and countersigned by the Prime Minister , before being formally promulgated by the Emperor . Also , all members of the Cabinet can not be subject to legal action without the consent of the Prime Minister ; however , without impairing the right to take legal action . For an updated list of members of the Cabinet , see Current Cabinet of Japan . Office Incumbent Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Finance Minister of State for Financial Services Minister of State for Overcoming Deflation Tarō Asō Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Minister of State for the Social Security and Tax Number System Masatoshi Ishida Minister of Justice Takashi Yamashita Minister of Foreign Affairs Tarō Kōno Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology Minister of State for Education Rebuilding Masahiko Shibayama Minister of Health , Labour and Welfare Minister for Working - style Reform Takumi Nemoto Minister of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Takamori Yoshikawa Minister of Economy , Trade and Industry Minister of State for Industrial Competitiveness Minister of State for Economic Cooperation with Russia Minister of State for the Response to the Economic Impact Caused by the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima Minister of State for the Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation Hiroshige Sekō Minister of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism Minister of State for Water Cycle Policy Keiichi Ishii Minister of the Environment Minister of State for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Yoshiaki Harada Minister of Defense Takeshi Iwaya Chief Cabinet Secretary Minister of State for Mitigating the Impact of U.S. Forces in Okinawa Yoshihide Suga Minister for Reconstruction Minister of State for Comprehensive Policy Coordination for Revival from the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima Hiromichi Watanabe Chairperson of the National Public Safety Commission Minister of State for Building National Resilience Minister of State for Disaster Management Junzo Yamamoto Minister for Promoting Dynamic Engagement of All Citizens Minister of State for Administrative Reform Minister of State for Civil Service Reform Minister of State for Territorial Issues Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety Minister of State for Measures for the Declining Birthrate Minister of State for Ocean Policy Mitsuhiro Miyakoshi Minister of State for Information Technology Policy Minister of State for the Cool Japan Strategy Minister of State for Intellectual Property Strategy Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy Minister of State for Space Policy Takuya Hirai Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy Minister of State for Social Security Reform Minister of State for TPP and Japan - U.S. Trade Negotiations Toshimitsu Motegi Minister of State for Regional Revitalization Minister of State for Regulatory Reform Minister of State for Gender Equality Minister of State for Women 's Empowerment Satsuki Katayama Minister of State for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games Yoshitaka Sakurada ※ As of October 14 , 2018 Ministries ( edit ) Agency for Cultural Affairs Office Building Politics of the Constitution of Japan The Ministries of Japan ( 行政機関 ) consist of eleven ministries and the Cabinet Office . Each ministry is headed by a Minister of State , which are mainly senior legislators , and are appointed from among the members of the Cabinet by the Prime Minister . The Cabinet Office , formally headed by the Prime Minister , is an agency that handles the day - to - day affairs of the Cabinet . The ministries are the most influential part of the daily - exercised executive power , and since few ministers serve for more than a year or so necessary to grab hold of the organisation , most of its power lies within the senior bureaucrats . Cabinet Office National Public Safety Commission National Police Agency Consumer Affairs Agency Financial Services Agency Fair Trade Commission Food Safety Commission Personal Information Protection Commission Imperial Household Agency ※ Manages the Imperial Household . Reconstruction Agency Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Environmental Dispute Coordination Commission Fire and Disaster Management Agency Ministry of Justice Public Security Examination Commission Public Security Intelligence Agency Public Prosecutors Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance National Tax Agency Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) Agency for Cultural Affairs ※ Promotes Arts and Culture , manages copyrights , as well as funding for cultural events in music , theater , dance , art exhibitions , and film - making , and making improvements to the national language . Sports Agency Ministry of Health , Labour , and Welfare Pension Service Central Labour Relations Commission Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Fisheries Agency Forestry Agency Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Small and Medium Enterprise Agency Patent Office ※ Administers the laws relating to patents , utility models , designs , and trademarks . Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( MLIT ) Japan Transport Safety Board Japan Tourism Agency Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Coast Guard Ministry of the Environment Nuclear Regulation Authority Ministry of Defense Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Agency Self - Defense Forces ( Ground / Maritime / Air ) ※ As of October 14 , 2018 The Board of Audit ( 会計検査院 ) is the only unique body of the Government ; in which , the Board is totally independent from the Diet and the Cabinet . It reviews government expenditures and submits an annual report to the Diet . Article 90 of the Constitution of Japan and the Board of Audit Act of 1947 gives this body substantial independence from both controls . Legislative ( edit ) National Diet Building , Nagatachō , Chiyoda - ku , Tokyo Main article : National Diet The Legislative branch organ of Japan is the National Diet ( 国会 ) . It is a bicameral legislature , composing of a lower house , the House of Representatives , and an upper house , the House of Councillors . Empowered by the Constitution to be `` the highest organ of State power '' and the only `` sole law - making organ of the State '' , its houses are both directly elected under a parallel voting system and is ensured by the Constitution to have no discrimination on the qualifications of each members ; whether be it based on `` race , creed , sex , social status , family origin , education , property or income '' . The National Diet , therefore , reflects the sovereignty of the people ; a principle of popular sovereignty whereby the supreme power lies within , in this case , the Japanese people . The Diet responsibilities includes the making of laws , the approval of the annual national budget , the approval of the conclusion of treaties and the selection of the Prime Minister . In addition , it has the power to initiate draft constitutional amendments , which , if approved , are to be presented to the people for ratification in a referendum before being promulgated by the Emperor , in the name of the people . The Constitution also enables both houses to conduct investigations in relation to government , demand the presence and testimony of witnesses , and the production of records , as well as allowing either house of the Diet to demand the presence of the Prime Minister or the other Minister of State , in order to give answers or explanations whenever so required . The Diet is also able to impeach Court judges convicted of criminal or irregular conduct . The Constitution , however , does not specify the voting methods , the number of members of each house , and all other matters pertaining to the method of election of the each members , and are thus , allowed to be determined for by law . Under the provisions of the Constitution and by law , all adults aged over 18 are eligible to vote , with a secret ballot and a universal suffrage , and those elected have certain protections from apprehension while the Diet is in session . Speeches , debates , and votes cast in the Diet also enjoy parliamentary privileges . Each house is responsible for disciplining its own members , and all deliberations are public unless two - thirds or more of those members present passes a resolution agreeing it otherwise . The Diet also requires the presence of at least one - third of the membership of either house in order to constitute a quorum . All decisions are decided by a majority of those present , unless otherwise stated by the Constitution , and in the case of a tie , the presiding officer has the right to decide the issue . A member can not be expelled , however , unless a majority of two - thirds or more of those members present passes a resolution therefor . Under the Constitution , at least one session of the Diet must be convened each year . The Cabinet can also , at will , convoke extraordinary sessions of the Diet and is required to , when a quarter or more of the total members of either house demands it . During an election , only the House of Representatives is dissolved . The House of Councillors is however , not dissolved but only closed , and may , in times of national emergency , be convoked for an emergency session . The Emperor both convokes the Diet and dissolves the House of Representatives , but only does so on the advice of the Cabinet . For bills to become Law , they are to be first passed by both houses of the National Diet , signed by the Ministers of State , countersigned by the Prime Minister , and then finally promulgated by the Emperor ; however , without specifically giving the Emperor the power to oppose legislation . House of Representatives ( edit ) Chamber of the House of Representatives The House of Representatives of Japan ( 衆議院 ) is the Lower house , with the members of the house being elected once every four years , or when dissolved , for a four - year term . As of November 18 , 2017 , it has 465 members . Of these , 176 members are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by a party - list system of proportional representation , and 289 are elected from single - member constituencies. 233 seats are required for majority . The House of Representatives is the more powerful house out of the two , it is able to override vetoes on bills imposed by the House of Councillors with a two - thirds majority . It can , however , be dissolved by the Prime Minister at will . Members of the house must be of Japanese nationality ; those aged 18 years and older may vote , while those aged 25 years and older may run for office in the lower house . The legislative powers of the House of Representatives is considered to be more powerful than that of the House of Councillors . While the House of Councillors has the ability to veto most decisions made by the House of Representatives , some however , can only be delayed . This includes the legislation of treaties , the budget , and the selection of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister , and collectively his Cabinet , can in turn , however , dissolve the House of Representatives whenever intended . While the House of Representatives is considered to be officially dissolved upon the preparation of the document , the House is only formally dissolved by the dissolution ceremony . The dissolution ceremony of the House is as follows : The document is rubber stamped by the Emperor , and wrapped in a purple silk cloth ; an indication of a document of state act , done on behalf of the people . The document is passed on to the Chief Cabinet Secretary at the House of Representatives President 's reception room . The document is taken to the Chamber for preparation by the General - Secretary . The General - Secretary prepares the document for reading by the Speaker . The Speaker of the House of Representatives promptly declares the dissolution of the House . The House of Representatives is formally dissolved . It is customary that , upon the dissolution of the House , members will shout the Three Cheers of Banzai ( 萬歲 ) . House of Councillors ( edit ) Chamber of the House of Councillors The House of Councillors of Japan ( 参議院 ) is the Upper house , with half the members of the house being elected once every three years , for a six - year term . As of November 18 , 2017 , it has 242 members . Of these , 73 are elected from the 47 prefectural districts , by single non-transferable votes , and 48 are elected from a nationwide list by proportional representation with open lists . The House of Councillors can not be dissolved by the Prime Minister . Members of the house must be of Japanese nationality ; those aged 18 years and older may vote , while those aged 30 years and older may run for office in the upper house . As the House of Councillors can veto a decision made by the House of Representatives , the House of Councillors can cause the House of Representatives to reconsider its decision . The House of Representatives however , can still insist on its decision by overwriting the veto by the House of Councillors with a two - thirds majority of its members present . Each year , and when required , the National Diet is convoked at the House of Councillors , on the advice of the Cabinet , for an extra or an ordinary session , by the Emperor . A short speech is , however , usually first made by the Speaker of the House of Representatives before the Emperor proceeds to convoke the Diet with his Speech from the throne . Judicial ( edit ) Supreme Court Building , Chiyoda - ku , Tokyo Tokyo High Court Building Main article : Judicial system of Japan The Judicial branch of Japan consists of the Supreme Court , and four other lower courts ; the High Courts , District Courts , Family Courts and Summary Courts . Divided into four basic tiers , the Court 's independence from the executive and legislative branches are guaranteed by the Constitution , and is stated as : `` no extraordinary tribunal shall be established , nor shall any organ or agency of the Executive be given final judicial power '' ; a feature known as the Separation of Powers . Article 76 of the Constitution states that all the Court judges are independent in the exercise of their own conscience and that they are only bounded by the Constitution and the laws . Court judges are removable only by public impeachment , and can only be removed , without impeachment , when they are judicially declared mentally or physically incompetent to perform their duties . The Constitution also explicitly denies any power for executive organs or agencies to administer disciplinary actions against judges . However , a Supreme Court judge may be dismissed by a majority in a referendum ; of which , must occur during the first general election of the National Diet 's House of Representatives following the judge 's appointment , and also the first general election for every ten years lapse thereafter . Trials must be conducted , with judgment declared , publicly , unless the Court `` unanimously determines publicity to be dangerous to public order or morals '' ; with the exception for trials of political offenses , offenses involving the press , and cases wherein the rights of people as guaranteed by the Constitution , which can not be deemed and conducted privately . Court judges are appointed by the Cabinet , in attestation of the Emperor , while the Chief Justice is appointed by the Emperor , after being nominated by the Cabinet ; which in practice , known to be under the recommendation of the former Chief Justice . The Legal system in Japan has been historically influenced by Chinese law ; developing independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki . It has , however , changed during the Meiji Restoration , and is now largely based on the European civil law ; notably , the civil code based on the German model still remains in effect . A quasi-jury system has recently came into use , and the legal system also includes a bill of rights since May 3 , 1947 . The collection of Six Codes makes up the main body of the Japanese statutory law . All Statutory Laws in Japan are required to be rubber stamped by the Emperor with the Privy Seal of Japan ( 天皇御璽 ) , and no Law can take effect without the Cabinet 's signature , the Prime Minister 's countersignature and the Emperor 's promulgation . Supreme Court ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Japan ( 最高裁判所 ) is the court of last resort and has the power of Judicial review ; as defined by the Constitution to be `` the court of last resort with power to determine the constitutionality of any law , order , regulation or official act '' . The Supreme Court is also responsible for nominating judges to lower courts and determining judicial procedures . It also oversees the judicial system , overseeing activities of public prosecutors , and disciplining judges and other judicial personnel . High Courts ( edit ) The High Courts of Japan ( 高等裁判所 ) has the jurisdiction to hear appeals to judgments rendered by District Courts and Family Courts , excluding cases under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Criminal appeals are directly handled by the High Courts , but Civil cases are first handled by District Courts . There are eight High Courts in Japan : the Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , Hiroshima , Fukuoka , Sendai , Sapporo , and Takamatsu High Courts . Penal system ( edit ) The Penal system of Japan ( 矯正施設 ) is operated by the Ministry of Justice . It is part of the criminal justice system , and is intended to resocialize , reform , and rehabilitate offenders . The ministry 's Correctional Bureau administers the adult prison system , the juvenile correctional system , and three of the women 's guidance homes , while the Rehabilitation Bureau operates the probation and the parole systems . Local government ( edit ) Administrative divisions of Japan Administrative divisions of Japan Prefectural Prefectures Sub-prefectural Subprefectures Districts Municipal Designated cities Core cities Special cities Cities Special wards ( Tokyo ) Towns Villages Sub-municipal Wards The local governments of Japan ( 地方公共団体 ) are unitary , in which local jurisdictions largely depend on the national government both administratively and financially . They are established as an act of devolution . Under the Constitution , all matters pertaining to the local self - government is allowed to be determined for by law ; more specifically , the Local Autonomy Law . The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications intervenes significantly in local government , as do other ministries . This is done chiefly financially because many local government jobs need funding initiated by national ministries . This is dubbed as the `` thirty - percent autonomy '' . The result of this power is a high level of organizational and policy standardization among the different local jurisdictions allowing them to preserve the uniqueness of their prefecture , city , or town . Some of the more collectivist jurisdictions , such as Tokyo and Kyoto , have experimented with policies in such areas as social welfare that later were adopted by the national government . Local Authorities ( edit ) Japan is divided into forty - seven administrative divisions , the prefectures are : one metropolitan district ( Tokyo ) , two urban prefectures ( Kyoto and Osaka ) , forty - three rural prefectures , and one `` district '' , Hokkaidō . Large cities are subdivided into wards , and further split into towns , or precincts , or subprefectures and counties . Cities are self - governing units administered independently of the larger jurisdictions within which they are located . In order to attain city status , a jurisdiction must have at least 500,000 inhabitants , 60 percent of whom are engaged in urban occupations . There are self - governing towns outside the cities as well as precincts of urban wards . Like the cities , each has its own elected mayor and assembly . Villages are the smallest self - governing entities in rural areas . They often consist of a number of rural hamlets containing several thousand people connected to one another through the formally imposed framework of village administration . Villages have mayors and councils elected to four - year terms . Structure ( edit ) Each jurisdiction has a chief executive , called a governor ( 知事 , chiji ) in prefectures and a mayor ( 市町村長 , shichōsonchō ) in municipalities . Most jurisdictions also have a unicameral assembly ( 議会 , gikai ) , although towns and villages may opt for direct governance by citizens in a general assembly ( 総会 , sōkai ) . Both the executive and assembly are elected by popular vote every four years . Local governments follow a modified version of the separation of powers used in the national government . An assembly may pass a vote of no confidence in the executive , in which case the executive must either dissolve the assembly within ten days or automatically lose their office . Following the next election , however , the executive remains in office unless the new assembly again passes a no confidence resolution . The primary methods of local lawmaking are local ordinance ( 条例 , jōrei ) and local regulations ( 規則 , kisoku ) . Ordinances , similar to statutes in the national system , are passed by the assembly and may impose limited criminal penalties for violations ( up to 2 years in prison and / or 1 million yen in fines ) . Regulations , similar to cabinet orders in the national system , are passed by the executive unilaterally , are superseded by any conflicting ordinances , and may only impose a fine of up to 50,000 yen . Local governments also generally have multiple committees such as school boards , public safety committees ( responsible for overseeing the police ) , personnel committees , election committees and auditing committees . These may be directly elected or chosen by the assembly , executive or both . All prefectures are required to maintain departments of general affairs , finance , welfare , health , and labor . Departments of agriculture , fisheries , forestry , commerce , and industry are optional , depending on local needs . The Governor is responsible for all activities supported through local taxation or the national government . See also ( edit ) Government Sovereignty Sovereign state Politics of Japan Japanese honors system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook Japan '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 4 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 65 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 68 ( 1 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 67 ( 1 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 6 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 1 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 76 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Chaurasla , Radhey Shyam ( 2003 ) . History of Japan . New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . p. 10 . ISBN 9788126902286 . Jump up ^ Koichi , Mori ( December 1979 ) . `` The Emperor of Japan : A Historical Study in Religious Symbolism '' . Japanese Journal of Religious Studies . 6 / 4 : 535 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Bob Tadashi , Wakabayashi ( 1991 ) . `` In Name Only : Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 7 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Satow , Ernest Mason ( Aug 23 , 2013 ) . A Diplomat in Japan . Project Gutenberg . p. 282 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia 's First Parliament '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nature of Sovereignty in Japan , 1870s -- 1920s '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado Boulder . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lebra , Takie Sugiyama ( 1992 ) . Japanese social organization ( 1 ed . ) . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 51 . ISBN 9780824814205 . Jump up ^ Article 34 , Section 3 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ( 1889 ) Jump up ^ Article 35 , Section 3 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ( 1889 ) Jump up ^ Skya , Walter A. ( 2009 ) . Japan 's holy war the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 40 . ISBN 9780822392460 . Jump up ^ Martin , Bernd ( 2006 ) . Japan and Germany in the modern world ( 1 . paperback ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Berghahn Books . p. 31 . ISBN 9781845450472 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Context and History '' ( PDF ) . Hart Publishing . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 4 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Did the Emperor of Japan really fall from being a ruler to a symbol '' ( PDF ) . Tsuneyasu Takeda . Instructor , Keio University . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Japanese Emperor and Empress Visited in Vancouver '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A shadow of a shogun '' . The Economist . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Structure of the Government of Japan '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 5 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Japan 's royal family pose for unusual New Year photo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph M. ( 1987 ) . On understanding Japanese religion . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 9780691102290 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert J. ( 1974 ) . Ancestor worship in contemporary Japan ( ( Repr . ) . ed . ) . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 9780804708739 . Jump up ^ `` Kojiki '' . Ō no Yasumaro . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nihon Shoki '' ( PDF ) . Prince Toneri . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enthronement and Ceremonies '' . Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor 's Accession to the Throne '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 69 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 72 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 7 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 67 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 63 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 66 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ http://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/meibo/daijin/1208723_10042.html Jump up ^ `` 内閣法 '' . Government of Japan . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 68 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 68 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 75 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` 第 3 次安倍内閣閣僚等名簿 '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 14 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CABINET PROFILES '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 14 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bureaucrats of Japan '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Links to Ministries and Other Organizations '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 14 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ministries and Agencies '' . Government of Japan Website . Retrieved 14 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Audit of Japan '' . Board of Audit . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 43 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 96 , Section 9 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 64 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Diet enacts law lowering voting age to 18 from 20 '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 56 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 55 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 53 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 54 ( 2 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 45 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 解散と万歳 '' . Democratic Party of Japan . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 小泉進次郎氏、衆議院解散でも万歳しなかった「なぜ今、解散か」 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 開会式 '' . House of Councillors . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Judicial System in Japan '' . Supreme Court of Japan . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 76 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 78 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 79 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 82 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Change at the top court 's helm '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Meryll ( 2002 ) . Japanese legal system : text , cases & materials ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Cavendish . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 9781859416730 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Civil Code '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MacArthur and the American Occupation of Japan '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 74 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 7 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` II . The law - making process '' . Cabinet Legislation Bureau . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Privy Seal and State Seal '' . Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Promulgation of Laws '' . National Printing Bureau . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 81 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of the Judicial System in Japan '' . Supreme Court of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Correction Bureau '' . Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rehabilitation Bureau '' . Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 三割自治 `` Local Government '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 92 , 93 , 94 and 95 , Section 8 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` AUTHORITY OF THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION '' . Duke University School of Law . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local Autonomy Law '' . Government of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Large City System of Japan '' ( PDF ) . National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 93 ( 2 ) , Section 8 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Local Autonomy in Japan Current Situation & Future Shape '' ( PDF ) . Council of Local Authorities for International Relations . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Outline of Local Government in Japan '' ( PDF ) . Council of Local Authorities for International Relations . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Organization of Local Government Administration in Japan '' ( PDF ) . 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External links ( edit ) Background notes of the US Department of State , Japan 's Government Search official Japanese Government documents and records Facts about Japan by CIA 's The World Factbook Video of the Enthronement Ceremony of the Emperor Video of the National Diet Convocation Ceremony Video of the House of Representatives Dissolution Ceremony Works by Government of Japan at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Japan articles History Chronology Prehistory Paleolithic Ancient history Jōmon Yayoi Kofun Antiquity history Asuka Nara Heian Post-antiquity history Kamakura Muromachi Azuchi -- Momoyama Edo Modern history Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji Taishō Shōwa Post-war Post-occupation Heisei By topic Economic Education Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Overseas actions Geography Addresses Archipelago Cities Districts Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Islands Lakes Prefectures Regions Rivers Towns Villages Politics Constitution Pre-war Elections Emperor list Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement National Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives Political parties Self - Defense Forces Air Ground Maritime Government Cabinet Fiscal policy Foreign policy Ministries Prime Minister list Deputy Prime Minister Economy Agriculture , forestry , fishing Central bank International rankings Labor Manufacturing Energy solar power Telecommunications Transport Yen Society Crime Demographics Education Etiquette Gambling Housing Languages Religion Sexuality Smoking Women Kyariaūman Culture Aesthetics Anime / Manga Architecture Art Bonsai Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore folktales Gardens Geisha Games Ikebana Kawaii Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology Names Onsen / Sentō Sport Tea ceremony Television Theatre Japan portal Category Japanese government ministries and agencies Cabinet Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Legislation Bureau National Security Council National Personnel Authority Cabinet Office Imperial Household Agency Fair Trade Commission National Public Safety Commission and National Police Agency Personal Information Protection Commission Financial Services Agency Consumer Affairs Agency Reconstruction Agency Internal Affairs and Communications ( List ) Justice ( List ) Foreign Affairs ( List ) Finance ( List ) Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( List ) Health , Labour , and Welfare ( List ) Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( List ) Economy , Trade and Industry ( List ) Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( List ) Environment ( List ) Defense ( List ) Board of Audit ( constitutionally independent ) Government of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Japan&oldid=863893425 '' Categories : Subdivisions of Japan Government of Japan Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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-8263451118811529950	Fifty Shades of Grey	Fifty Shades of Grey - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey This article is about the novel . For its film adaptation , see Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . For the novel series , see Fifty Shades trilogy . Fifty Shades of grey 2012 paperback cover Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Series Fifty Shades trilogy Genre Erotic romance Published 20 June 2011 ( Vintage Books ) Media type Print ( Hardcover , paperback ) Pages 514 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61213 - 028 - 6 OCLC 780307033 Followed by Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E.L. James . It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage / discipline , dominance / submission , and sadism / masochism ( BDSM ) . Originally self - published as an ebook and a print - on - demand , publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 . Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 . It has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical reception of the book , however , has tended towards the negative , with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor . Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation , which was released on 13 February 2015 and also received generally unfavourable reviews . The second and third volumes of the trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , were published in 2012 . Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian , a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian 's point of view , was published in June 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Background and publication 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Controversy 3.3 Censorship 4 Media 4.1 Film adaptation 4.2 Film soundtrack 4.3 Classical album 4.4 Parodies 4.4. 1 In print 4.4. 2 In film 4.4. 3 Online 4.4. 4 On stage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is a 21 - year - old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver , Washington . Her best friend is Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , who writes for the college newspaper . Due to an illness , Kate is unable to interview 27 - year - old Christian Grey , a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur , and asks Ana to take her place . Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating . As a result , she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian 's office believing it went poorly . Ana does not expect to meet Christian again , but he appears at the hardware store where she works . While he purchases various items including cable ties , masking tape , and rope , Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him . Christian gives Ana his phone number . Later , Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend , José Rodriguez . The next day José , Kate , and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel , where Christian is staying . Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she is dating anyone , specifically José . Ana replies that she is not dating anyone . During the conversation , Ana learns that Christian is also single , but he says he is not romantic . Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian . Later , Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles , which stuns her . Later that night , Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian , who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state . Ana goes outside to get some fresh air , and José attempts to kiss her , but he is stopped by Christian 's arrival . Ana leaves with Christian , but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian 's brother , Elliot . Later , Ana wakes to find herself in Christian 's hotel room , where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself . Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her . He initially says that Ana will first have to fill in paperwork , but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator . Ana goes on a date with Christian , on which he takes her in his helicopter , Charlie Tango , to his apartment . Once there , Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together , which Ana agrees to sign . He also mentions other paperwork , but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear . There , Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission , and there will be no romantic relationship , only a sexual one . The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him . At this point , Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and takes her virginity without making her sign the contract . The following morning , Ana and Christian again have sex . His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting , having previously thought Christian was homosexual , because he was never seen with a woman . Christian later takes Ana out to eat , and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother 's friends , Elena Lincoln , and that his previous dominant / submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility . Christian also reveals that in his first dominant / submissive relationship he was the submissive . Christian and Ana plan to meet again , and he takes Ana home , where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex . Over the next few days , Ana receives several packages from Christian . These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract ; to communicate with him , since she has never previously owned a computer ; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant / submissive contract . She and Christian email each other , with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract , such as only eating foods from a specific list . Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature . Because of these feelings , Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation , where he is a guest speaker . During this time , Ana agrees to sign the dominant / submissive contract . Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract , and they go over Ana 's hard and soft limits . Christian spanks Ana for the first time , and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused . This confusion is exacerbated by Christian 's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family . The two continue with the arrangement without Ana 's having yet signed the contract . After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) , Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian . The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be . Christian fulfils Ana 's request , beating her with a belt , and Ana realises they are incompatible . Devastated , she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate . Background and publication ( edit ) E.L. James in 2012 The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan - fiction websites under the pen name `` Snowqueen 's Icedragon '' . The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer 's characters in Twilight , Edward Cullen and Bella Swan . After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material , James removed the story from the fan - fiction websites and published it on her own website , FiftyShades.com . Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece , with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication . Meyer commented on the series , saying `` that 's really not my genre , not my thing ... Good on her -- she 's doing well . That 's great ! '' This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts . The first , titled Fifty Shades of Grey , was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers ' Coffee Shop , a virtual publisher based in Australia . The second volume , Fifty Shades Darker , was released in September 2011 ; and the third , Fifty Shades Freed , followed in January 2012 . The Writers ' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity , but sales of the novel were boosted by word - of - mouth recommendation . The book 's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed `` Mommy Porn '' by some news agencies . The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women . By the release of the final volume in January 2012 , news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica , attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices . Due to the heightened interest in the series , the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012 . The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature . Many other erotic works quickly became best - sellers following Fifty Shade 's success , while other popular works , such as Anne Rice 's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy , have been reissued ( this time without pseudonyms ) to meet the higher demand . On 1 August 2012 , Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined , making E.L. James its best - selling author , replacing J.K. Rowling , though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey 's sales of 60 million copies . Reception ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , including those of the United Kingdom and the United States . The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical response ( edit ) It has received mixed to negative reviews , with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work . Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Bronte devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was `` the definition of a page - turner '' , noting that the book was both `` troubling and intriguing '' . A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , and that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' although it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor . Earlier , in April 2012 , when E.L. James was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Most Influential People in the World '' , Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy 's fan fiction beginnings . Controversy ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome , as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques . Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity , injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically . In 2012 , the year after the book was published , injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50 % from 2010 ( the year before the book was published ) . This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other `` kinky '' sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book . There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book . Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter , `` The story line is presented as a romance ; however , the underlying theme is that bondage , dominance , and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable . '' The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence . By contrast , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience , '' and `` dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple 's relationship is not BDSM at all , but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship . In 2013 , social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence , or IPV , using the CDC 's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence . The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature , including stalking , intimidation , and isolation . The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC 's definition , including Christian 's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana 's ability to consent , and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman , including constant perceived threat , stressful managing , and altered identity . A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series , compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels . The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder , having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and / or engaged in stalking behaviour , engaging in binge drinking in the last month , and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24 . The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these `` problems '' were drawn to the series , or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context . The study 's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and `` perpetuate dangerous abuse standards . '' The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied , and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it , having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Censorship ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . In February 2015 , the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaption after permitting them for three years in local bookstores , citing morality - related reasons . Media ( edit ) Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and although popular at the box office , critical reactions were mixed to negative . Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack E.L. James announced the film 's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015 . Prior to the soundtrack 's release , the first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on 24 December 2014 . On 7 January 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released . Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack 's third single , `` Salted Wound '' , on 27 January 2015 . Classical album ( edit ) An album of songs selected by E.L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album , and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012 . A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to `` those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades '' . Parodies ( edit ) The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print , in film , online , and on stage . In November 2012 , Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey : A XXX Adaptation , a pornographic film based on the novel , citing copyright and trademark infringement . Smash Pictures , the porn producer , later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight - based form , but later capitulated and stopped production of their film . In print ( edit ) Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies , e.g. : Fifty Shades of Oy Vey ( 2013 ) by E.L. Jamesbergstein Fifty Shames of Earl Grey ( 2012 ) by Fanny Merkin ( a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer ) In film ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Black ( 2016 ) Online ( edit ) Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey , Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction , a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon . On stage ( edit ) Stage productions include : 50 Shades ! The Musical Parody Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal 2010s portal Novels portal Pornography portal Maestra , a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah . `` Holy crow ! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story '' . News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Shifts ' 50 Shades ' Release Date to February 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Boog , Jason ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Media bistro . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out '' . MTV . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ' 50 Shades of Grey , ' a Self - Published E-Book , Is the Future of Publishing . Lizzie Shurnick . The Daily Beast. 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bestseller Success Stories that Started Out as Self - Published Books . Ronald H. Balsom. 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Discreetly Digital , Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Goudreau , Jenna ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Will Fifty Shades of Grey Make ' Mommy Porn ' The Next Big Thing ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James reveals real - life secrets to her readers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewak , Doree ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` The hot sex text '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Erotic novel 50 Shades of Grey unites gals , unnerves some guys '' . Fox News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett - Smith , Meredith ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey : What is the appeal ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . Fifty Shades of Gray Hits a Sales Milestone . The New York Times . 27 February 2014 . page C3 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Sales Hit 100 Million . Andy Lewis . The Hollywood Reporter. 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publishing world is turned on by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . USA Today . 29 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Charlotte ( 1 August 2012 ) , `` Fifty Shades of Grey becomes the bestselling book of all time '' , Daily Express , UK Jump up ^ `` EL James ' Fifty Shades of Grey tops New York Times list '' . UK : BBC . 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erotic book Fifty Shades of Grey becomes UK bestseller '' . UK : BBC . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Spinoff ' Grey ' Stolen From Publisher ( Report ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Release Date Pushed Back to February 13 , 2015 -- Just in Time for Valentine 's Day ! '' . E ! Online . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Influential People in the World : 2012 '' . Time . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Five Things Wrong with This Year 's ' Time 100 ' '' . The Atlantic Wire . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Velvet , Lady . ( 14 February 2015 ) ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A Dominatrix 's View ( Guest Column ) . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Is n't A Movie About BDSM , And That 's A Problem . Huffingtonpost.com ( 16 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher . `` Sex Toy Injuries Surged after ' Fifty Shades of Grey 's was Published '' . The Washington Post . 10 February Jump up ^ Fifty Shades of Grey is an ' assault on marriage ' , say bishops . CatholicHerald.co.uk ( 12 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop : Seeing ' 50 Shades of Grey ' is a sin . Azcentral.com ( 13 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 February Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Walton , Nicole L. ( September 2013 ) . `` '' Double crap ! '' Abuse and harmed identity in Fifty Shades of Grey `` . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 22 ( 9 ) : 733 -- 744 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2013.4344 . PMID 23931257 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Is Fifty Shades triumphant for women ? Or further entrapping them ? '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Nemeth , Julianna M. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Anderson , Melissa L. ; Snyder , Anastasia ; Dotto , Irma ( August 2014 ) . `` Fiction or not ? Fifty Shades is associated with health risks in adolescent and young adult females '' . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 23 ( 9 ) : 720 -- 728 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2014.4782 . PMID 25144515 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades : Exploring the Sexual Revolution '' . Newsweek Special Issue / Topix Media Lab Special # 13 . New York , NY : Topix Media Lab : Page 13 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reading ' Fifty Shades ' linked to unhealthy behaviors '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After movie , Malaysia also bans ' Fifty Shades ' books '' . Malay Mail . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August '' , Billboard.com , 7 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums '' . Classicalite . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Jack ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Music Review : Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 things you do n't know about Fifty Shades of Grey : The Parody Books Keep Coming '' . CBS News . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey , what 's even better than sex ? Ridiculous sex '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein , E.L. ( 2013 ) . Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody . Jump up ^ Merkin , Fanny ; Shaffer , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Fifty Shames of Earl Grey : A Parody . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82199 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Peter ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Business students steam up spreadsheets with ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' treatment '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ Webster , Andy ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` If a Book Annoys You , Ridicule It in Song : ' 50 Shades ! The Musical ' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official author page Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey&oldid=853830855 '' Categories : 2011 British novels BDSM literature British erotic novels British novels adapted into films British romance novels Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Self - published books Fifty Shades Obscenity controversies in literature Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 06 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did fifty shades of grey come from	[ "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James.[1] It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM). Originally self-published as an ebook and a print-on-demand, publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012.\n" ]	[ "British author E. L. James" ]
-8467547657692049461	List of highest-scoring NBA games	List of highest - scoring NBA games - wikipedia List of highest - scoring NBA games Jump to : navigation , search McNichols Arena in Denver was the site of the highest - scoring game in NBA history . Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Phoenix was the site of the highest - scoring playoff game . In basketball , points are used to keep track of the score in a game . Points can be accumulated by making field goals ( worth two points from within the three - point line or three points from beyond the three - point line ) or free throws ( worth one point ) . The team that records the most points at the end of a game is declared the game 's winner . If the game is still tied at the end of regulation play , additional overtime period ( s ) are played in order to determine the winner . Teams only averaged around 80 points per game in the years following the founding of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1946 . Before the introduction of the shot clock , teams often ran out the clock by passing the ball more frequently after they established a lead in a game . If one team chose to stall , the other team ( especially if behind ) would often commit fouls to regain possession . This resulted in very low - scoring games with many fouls , affecting attendance by making fans irritable . Starting in the 1954 -- 55 season , the NBA implemented a 24 - second shot clock . If the offensive team fails to hit the rim with the ball within the allotted time , they would lose possession . This innovation resulted in much higher scoring games . All of the highest - scoring games in the NBA have happened during the shot - clock era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 List 2.1 Highest - scoring regular season games 2.2 Highest - scoring playoff games 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Summary ( edit ) The highest - scoring regular season game is the triple - overtime game between the Detroit Pistons and the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 . The two teams combined to score 370 points , with the Pistons defeating the Nuggets 186 -- 184 . An NBA - record four players scored over 40 points in the game , including the Nuggets ' Kiki Vandeweghe with a game - high 51 . The two teams also set several other NBA records , including the most points scored by one team ( 186 points ) , the most points scored by a losing team ( 184 ) , the most field goals by two teams ( 142 ) , most field goals by one team ( 74 ) and most assists by two teams ( 93 ) . The highest - scoring regular season game in regulation was between the Golden State Warriors and the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 1990 . In that game , Golden State defeated Denver 162 -- 158 . The Warriors ' Chris Mullin scored a game - high 38 points . The Nuggets were coached by Doug Moe from 1980 to 1990 and Paul Westhead from 1990 to 1992 , both of whom employed a run and gun offensive strategy , which focuses on attempting a high number of field goals while also conceding a large number of points on defense . In fact , Moe 's and Westhead 's Nuggets were participants in five of the ten highest - scoring regular season games in NBA history . The Warriors were coached by Don Nelson from 1988 to 1995 and 2006 to 2010 . He employed Nellie Ball , a style of run and gun that uses smaller , more athletic players to outrun opponents . Another notable high scoring regular season game is a March 2 , 1962 game between the Philadelphia Warriors and the New York Knicks . In that game , the Warriors ' Wilt Chamberlain scored an NBA - record 100 points . The highest - scoring playoff game is the double - overtime game between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Phoenix Suns on May 11 , 1992 . The two teams combined to score 304 points , with the Trail Blazers defeating the Suns 153 -- 151 . The Suns ' Kevin Johnson scored a game - high 35 points , with 12 other players also scoring in double figures . The highest - scoring playoff game in regulation occurred when the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Denver Nuggets with a score of 152 -- 133 for a combined score of 285 points on April 26 , 1983 . In that game , the Spurs ' George Gervin scored a game - high 42 points . Most of the highest - scoring games happened before the 1995 -- 96 season , when the average scoring ( points per game ) per team was always in the 100s . Since that season , the average has dropped down to the 90s . Only two post-1995 games make the top - ten lists of both the regular season and playoffs : a May 10 , 2003 game between the Dallas Mavericks and the Sacramento Kings and a December 7 , 2006 game between the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets . Both the Mavericks and the Suns were coached by Nelson and Mike D'Antoni respectively , both of whom also made use of the run and gun style . List ( edit ) Key OT Overtime ( the number indicates the number of overtime periods played , if there were more than one ) * Indicates a game that was won by the road team Highest - scoring regular season games ( edit ) Highest - scoring regular season games Total points Date Location Winning team Result OT Losing team Notes Ref . 370 000000001983 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1983 McNichols Arena Denver , Colorado Detroit Pistons * 186 -- 184 Denver Nuggets NBA records Highest - scoring record The teams combined for 142 field goals The teams combined for 93 total assists 4 players scored at least 40 points Nuggets ' Kiki Vandeweghe scored a game - high 51 points , a career high . Leading scorers Pistons : Isiah Thomas ( 47 ) , John Long ( 41 ) , Kelly Tripucka ( 35 ) Nuggets : Vandeweghe ( 51 ) , Alex English ( 47 ) , Dan Issel ( 28 ) 337 000000001982 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1982 HemisFair Arena San Antonio , Texas San Antonio Spurs 171 -- 166 Milwaukee Bucks Former highest - scoring record 3 players scored 40 + points Spurs ' George Gervin scored a game - high 50 points . Leading scorers Spurs : Gervin ( 50 ) , Mike Mitchell ( 45 ) Bucks : Brian Winters ( 42 ) , Junior Bridgeman ( 31 ) , Bob Lanier ( 29 ) 320 000000001990 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1990 McNichols Arena Denver , Colorado Golden State Warriors * 162 -- 158 -- Denver Nuggets Highest - scoring game in regulation Warriors ' Chris Mullin scored a game - high 38 points . Leading scorers Warriors : Mullin ( 38 ) , Tim Hardaway ( 32 ) , Mitch Richmond ( 29 ) Nuggets : Orlando Woolridge ( 37 ) , Walter Davis ( 33 ) 318 000000001984 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1984 McNichols Arena Denver , Colorado Denver Nuggets 163 -- 155 -- San Antonio Spurs NBA record Both teams combined to score 99 points in a quarter Nuggets ' Kiki Vandeweghe scored a game - high 50 points . Leading scorers Nuggets : Vandeweghe ( 50 ) , Alex English ( 25 ) Spurs : George Gervin ( 38 ) , John Lucas II ( 23 ) 318 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey Phoenix Suns * 161 -- 157 New Jersey Nets Suns ' Steve Nash scored a game - high 42 points . Nets ' Jason Kidd recorded a triple - double Leading scorers Suns : Nash ( 42 ) , Shawn Marion ( 33 ) , Raja Bell ( 24 ) , Amare Stoudemire ( 23 ) Nets : Kidd ( 38 ) , Vince Carter ( 31 ) , Richard Jefferson ( 25 ) 6 316 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 Hershey Sports Arena Hershey , Pennsylvania Philadelphia Warriors 169 -- 147 -- New York Knicks Former highest - scoring record NBA record Warriors ' Wilt Chamberlain scored a game - high 100 points . Leading scorers Warriors : Chamberlain ( 100 ) Knicks : Richie Guerin ( 39 ) , Willie Naulls ( 33 ) , Cleveland Buckner ( 31 ) 6 316 000000001970 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1970 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati Cincinnati Royals 165 -- 151 -- San Diego Rockets Former highest - scoring record Rockets ' Elvin Hayes scored a game - high 40 points Leading scorers Royals : Tom Van Arsdale ( 36 ) , Connie Dierking ( 34 ) , Johnny Green ( 29 ) , Oscar Robertson ( 28 ) , Norm Van Lier ( 22 ) Rockets : Hayes ( 40 ) , Don Kojis ( 23 ) , John Block ( 20 ) 6 316 000000001990 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1990 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Phoenix Suns 173 -- 143 -- Denver Nuggets NBA record Both teams combined to score 174 points in a half The Suns scored 107 points during the first half of the game . Nuggets ' Orlando Woolridge scored a game - high 40 points . Leading scorers Suns : Cedric Ceballos ( 32 ) , Kevin Johnson ( 23 ) , Kenny Battle ( 23 ) , Dan Majerle ( 21 ) , Tom Chambers ( 20 ) Nuggets : Woolridge ( 40 ) , Mahmoud Abdul - Rauf ( 26 ) , Walter Davis ( 22 ) 9 314 000000001990 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1990 HemisFair Arena San Antonio , Texas San Antonio Spurs 161 -- 153 -- Denver Nuggets Spurs ' David Robinson scored a game - high 43 points . Leading scorers Spurs : Robinson ( 43 ) , Terry Cummings ( 31 ) , Sean Elliott ( 29 ) , Reggie Williams ( 22 ) Nuggets : Orlando Woolridge ( 37 ) , Walter Davis ( 32 ) , Todd Lichti ( 29 ) 10 312 000000001959 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1959 Boston Garden Boston Boston Celtics 173 -- 139 -- Minneapolis Lakers Former highest - scoring record Celtics ' Tom Heinsohn scored a game - high 43 points . Leading scorers Celtics : Heinsohn ( 43 ) , Bob Cousy ( 31 ) , Bill Sharman ( 29 ) , Frank Ramsey ( 20 ) Lakers : Elgin Baylor ( 28 ) , Vern Mikkelsen ( 25 ) , Rod Hundley ( 21 ) Highest - scoring playoff games ( edit ) Below are the top 10 highest - scoring playoff games . Four of the games happened before the 1979 -- 80 season , the season in which the three - point line was first implemented . Highest - scoring playoff games Total points Date Location Winner Result OT Loser Notes Ref . 304 000000001992 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1992 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Portland Trail Blazers * 153 -- 151 Phoenix Suns NBA highest - scoring record Suns ' Kevin Johnson scored a game - high 35 points Leading scorers Trail Blazers : Clyde Drexler ( 33 ) , Terry Porter ( 31 ) , Danny Ainge ( 25 ) , Jerome Kersey ( 21 ) Suns : Johnson ( 35 ) , Tom Chambers ( 29 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 23 ) , Dan Majerle ( 21 ) The Trail Blazers won the conference semifinals series 4 -- 1 Last NBA game at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum 285 000000001983 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1983 HemisFair Arena San Antonio , Texas San Antonio Spurs 152 -- 133 -- Denver Nuggets Former highest - scoring record Spurs ' George Gervin scored a game - high 42 points Leading scorers Spurs : Gervin ( 42 ) , Johnny Moore ( 24 ) , Gene Banks ( 22 ) , Mike Mitchell ( 22 ) Nuggets : Dan Issel ( 28 ) , Alex English ( 26 ) , Kiki Vandeweghe ( 22 ) The Spurs won the conference semifinals series 4 -- 1 285 000000001990 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1990 Boston Garden Boston Boston Celtics 157 -- 128 -- New York Knicks Celtics ' Kevin McHale scored a game - high 31 points Leading scorers Celtics : McHale ( 31 ) , Reggie Lewis ( 21 ) Knicks : Patrick Ewing ( 28 ) , Gerald Wilkins ( 24 ) , Johnny Newman ( 21 ) The Knicks won the first round series 3 -- 2 280 000000001987 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1987 Reunion Arena Dallas Dallas Mavericks 151 -- 129 -- Seattle SuperSonics SuperSonics ' Tom Chambers scored a game - high 35 points Leading scorers Mavericks : Mark Aguirre ( 28 ) , Roy Tarpley ( 25 ) SuperSonics : Chambers ( 35 ) , Dale Ellis ( 22 ) The SuperSonics won the first round series 3 -- 1 5 279 000000001967 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1967 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Arena Oakland , California San Francisco Warriors 143 -- 136 -- St. Louis Hawks Former highest - scoring record Warriors ' Rick Barry scored a game - high 47 points Leading scorers Warriors : Barry ( 47 ) , Jeff Mullins ( 26 ) , Nate Thurmond ( 22 ) Hawks : Bill Bridges ( 26 ) , Lou Hudson ( 24 ) , Richie Guerin ( 22 ) , Lenny Wilkens ( 22 ) The Warriors won the division finals series 4 -- 2 6 278 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis St. Louis Hawks * 143 -- 135 Minneapolis Lakers Former highest - scoring record Lakers ' Bobby Leonard scored a game - high 42 points Leading scorers Hawks : Bob Pettit ( 35 ) , Slater Martin ( 26 ) , Cliff Hagan ( 22 ) Lakers : Leonard ( 42 ) , Clyde Lovellette ( 22 ) , Walter Dukes ( 21 ) The Hawks won the division finals series 3 -- 0 6 278 000000002003 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2003 ARCO Arena Sacramento , California Dallas Mavericks * 141 -- 137 Sacramento Kings Mavericks ' Nick Van Exel scored a game - high 40 points Leading scorers Mavericks : Van Exel ( 40 ) , Steve Nash ( 31 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 25 ) , Michael Finley ( 20 ) Kings : Peja Stojaković ( 39 ) , Vlade Divac ( 20 ) The Mavericks won the conference semifinals series 4 -- 3 8 277 000000001985 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1985 Great Western Forum Los Angeles Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 130 -- Phoenix Suns Lakers ' Kareem Abdul - Jabbar scored a game - high 24 points Leading scorers Lakers : Abdul - Jabbar ( 24 ) , Bob McAdoo ( 22 ) , Byron Scott ( 21 ) , Mike McGee ( 20 ) Suns : Alvan Adams ( 23 ) , Jay Humphries ( 21 ) , Mike Sanders ( 20 ) The Lakers won the conference semifinals series 3 -- 0 9 276 000000001967 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1967 The Spectrum Philadelphia Philadelphia 76ers 141 -- 135 San Francisco Warriors Warriors ' Rick Barry scored a game - high 37 points Leading scorers 76ers : Hal Greer ( 32 ) , Wali Jones ( 30 ) , Billy Cunningham ( 26 ) , Chet Walker ( 23 ) Warriors : Barry ( 37 ) , Nate Thurmond ( 24 ) , Tom Meschery ( 20 ) The 76ers won the finals series 4 -- 2 9 276 000000001970 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1970 The Spectrum Philadelphia Milwaukee Bucks * 156 -- 120 -- Philadelphia 76ers Bucks ' Kareem Abdul - Jabbar scored a game - high 33 points Leading scorers Bucks : Abdul - Jabbar ( 33 ) , Jon McGlocklin ( 24 ) , Flynn Robinson ( 20 ) 76ers : Archie Clark ( 20 ) The Bucks won the conference semifinals series 4 -- 1 9 276 000000002013 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2013 United Center Chicago Chicago Bulls 142 -- 134 Brooklyn Nets Bulls ' Nate Robinson scored a game - high 34 points Leading scorers Bulls : Robinson ( 34 ) , Carlos Boozer ( 21 ) Nets : Deron Williams ( 32 ) , Brook Lopez ( 26 ) , Joe Johnson ( 22 ) The Bulls won the first round series 4 -- 3 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It has been the record for 7004123390000000000 ♠ 33 years , 285 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Terry Tyler ( 18 ) , Bill Laimbeer ( 17 ) , Vinnie Johnson ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Mike Evans ( 16 ) , Richard Anderson ( 13 ) , Danny Schayes ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from March 6 , 1982 to December 13 , 1983 . It lasted for 7002647000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 282 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Dave Corzine ( 19 ) , Johnny Moore ( 16 ) , Mike Bratz ( 14 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Sidney Moncrief ( 18 ) , Quinn Buckner ( 18 ) , Marques Johnson ( 14 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Tom Tolbert ( 18 ) , Rod Higgins ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Todd Lichti ( 19 ) , Michael Adams ( 18 ) , T.R. Dunn ( 12 ) , Jerome Lane ( 11 ) , Blair Rasmussen ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ In the fourth quarter , the Spurs scored 53 points and the Nuggets scored 46 points . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Dan Issel ( 17 ) , Howard Carter ( 16 ) , Mike Evans ( 12 ) , Bill Hanzlik ( 11 ) , Richard Anderson ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Gene Banks ( 17 ) , Edgar Jones ( 17 ) , Artis Gilmore ( 15 ) , Keith Edmonson ( 14 ) , Mark McNamara ( 14 ) . Jump up ^ Kidd recorded 38 points , 14 rebounds and 14 assists . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Boris Diaw ( 16 ) , Leandro Barbosa ( 16 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Marcus Williams ( 18 ) , Mikki Moore ( 14 ) , Eddie House ( 12 ) , Nenad Krstić ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from March 2 , 1962 to March 6 , 1982 . It lasted for 7003730900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 4 days . Jump up ^ This is Chamberlain 's career high . Chamberlain also recorded 25 rebounds . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Al Attles ( 17 ) , Paul Arizin ( 16 ) , Tom Meschery ( 16 ) , Guy Rodgers ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Dave Budd ( 13 ) , Donnie Butcher ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ This tied for the record from March 12 , 1970 to March 6 , 1982 . It lasted for 7003437700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 359 days . Jump up ^ Other with double - digit point totals was Wally Anderzunas ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Bingo Smith ( 16 ) , Stu Lantz ( 14 ) , Bernie Williams ( 12 ) , Toby Kimball ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ In the first half , the Suns scored 107 points and the Nuggets scored 67 points . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Mark West ( 16 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 12 ) , Eddie Johnson ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Other with double - digit point totals was Anthony Cook ( 13 ) . Jump up ^ Other with double - digit point totals was Paul Pressey ( 14 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Corey Gaines ( 12 ) , Blair Rasmussen ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from February 27 , 1959 to March 2 , 1962 . It lasted for 7003109900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 3 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Gene Conley ( 14 ) , K.C. Jones ( 12 ) , Jim Loscutoff ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Bobby Leonard ( 16 ) , Ed Fleming ( 13 ) , Boo Ellis ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ It has been the record for 7003926700000000000 ♠ 25 years , 136 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Cliff Robinson ( 16 ) , Kevin Duckworth ( 14 ) , Buck Williams ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Cedric Ceballos ( 19 ) , Andrew Lang ( 13 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from April 26 , 1983 to May 11 , 1992 . It lasted for 7003330300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 15 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Artis Gilmore ( 13 ) , Edgar Jones ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Billy McKinney ( 13 ) , Danny Schayes ( 12 ) , Rob Williams ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Robert Parish ( 18 ) , Ed Pinckney ( 16 ) , Larry Bird ( 15 ) , Dennis Johnson ( 12 ) , Jim Paxson ( 11 ) , John Bagley ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Kiki Vandeweghe ( 13 ) , Charles Oakley ( 11 ) , Mark Jackson ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Rolando Blackman ( 18 ) , Derek Harper ( 18 ) , James Donaldson ( 15 ) , Sam Perkins ( 12 ) , Detlef Schrempf ( 10 ) , Brad Davis ( 10 ) , Bill Wennington ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Xavier McDaniel ( 18 ) , Eddie Johnson ( 14 ) , Kevin Williams ( 14 ) , Russ Schoene ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from April 1 , 1967 to April 26 , 1983 . It lasted for 7003586900000000000 ♠ 16 years , 25 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Jim King ( 13 ) , Tom Meschery ( 13 ) , Fred Hetzel ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Zelmo Beaty ( 19 ) , Joe Caldwell ( 18 ) . Jump up ^ This was the record from March 25 , 1957 to April 1 , 1967 . It lasted for 7003365900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 7 days . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Ed Macauley ( 19 ) , Jack McMahon ( 18 ) , Chuck Share ( 15 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Ed Kalafat ( 17 ) , Vern Mikkelsen ( 16 ) . Jump up ^ Other with double - digit point totals was Walt Williams ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Doug Christie ( 18 ) , Mike Bibby ( 16 ) , Bobby Jackson ( 16 ) , Keon Clark ( 12 ) , Jim Jackson ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Magic Johnson ( 19 ) , James Worthy ( 15 ) , Michael Cooper ( 13 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Maurice Lucas ( 13 ) , Charles Pittman ( 12 ) , Charles Jones ( 12 ) , Rod Foster ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Other with double - digit point totals was Wilt Chamberlain ( 16 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Jeff Mullins ( 16 ) , Jim King ( 15 ) , Fred Hetzel ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Freddie Crawford ( 18 ) , Bob Dandridge ( 18 ) , Len Chappell ( 12 ) , Zaid Abdul - Aziz ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Fred Hetzel ( 17 ) , Wali Jones ( 14 ) , Hal Greer ( 12 ) , Bud Ogden ( 12 ) , Matt Guokas ( 11 ) , Billy Cunningham ( 10 ) , Jim Washington ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals was Kirk Hinrich ( 18 ) , Jimmy Butler ( 16 ) , Luol Deng ( 15 ) , Joakim Noah ( 15 ) , Taj Gibson ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Others with double - digit point totals were Gerald Wallace ( 17 ) , Reggie Evans ( 15 ) , Andray Blatche ( 13 ) . References ( edit ) General Farrell , Erin & Gardella , John ( 2006 ) . Official NBA Guide 2006 -- 07 . Sporting News . p. 223 . ISBN 9780892048540 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA League Averages '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 25 , 2004 ) . `` In 1954 , Shot Clock Revived a Stalled N.B.A. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . October 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , John . `` Highest Scoring Game Ever '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neel , Eric ( December 13 , 2005 ) . `` The big score '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Moe '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Westhead '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Bruce ( November 7 , 1988 ) . `` This Joker Is Wild '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( November 15 , 1990 ) . `` The Nutty Numbers for The Nuggets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Nellie Ball Energizes Warriors and Confounds Opponents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` 50th Anniversary of a Scoring Feat That 's as Much Legend as Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bothamley , Dylan ; Levin , Max . `` Fastbreaks : Back to the Future '' . 82games.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` Want to Play for D'Antoni ? Start Running '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roy S. ( December 13 , 1983 ) . `` The Great Denver Shootout '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons at Denver Nuggets Box Score , December 13 , 1983 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks at San Antonio Spurs Box Score , March 6 , 1982 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Denver Nuggets Box Score , November 2 , 1990 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Points '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs at Denver Nuggets Box Score , January 11 , 1984 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at New Jersey Nets Box Score , December 7 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Warriors vs New York Knicks Box Score , March 2 , 1962 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Rockets at Cincinnati Royals Box Score , March 12 , 1970 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Phoenix Suns Box Score , November 10 , 1990 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at San Antonio Spurs Box Score , November 7 , 1990 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Lakers at Boston Celtics Box Score , February 27 , 1959 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Phoenix Suns Box Score , May 11 , 1992 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at San Antonio Spurs Box Score , April 26 , 1983 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks at Boston Celtics Box Score , April 28 , 1990 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle SuperSonics at Dallas Mavericks Box Score , April 23 , 1987 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Hawks at San Francisco Warriors Box Score , April 1 , 1967 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Hawks at Minneapolis Lakers Box Score , March 25 , 1957 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks at Sacramento Kings Box Score , May 10 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , April 20 , 1985 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Warriors at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score , April 14 , 1967 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score , March 30 , 1970 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets at Chicago Bulls Box Score , April 27 , 2013 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-scoring_NBA_games&oldid=802192236 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Hidden categories : Featured lists CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most team points in a nba playoff game	[ "The highest-scoring playoff game is the double-overtime game between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Phoenix Suns on May 11, 1992. The two teams combined to score 304 points, with the Trail Blazers defeating the Suns 153–151. The Suns' Kevin Johnson scored a game-high 35 points, with 12 other players also scoring in double figures. The highest-scoring playoff game in regulation occurred when the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Denver Nuggets with a score of 152–133 for a combined score of 285 points on April 26, 1983. In that game, the Spurs' George Gervin scored a game-high 42 points." ]	[ "304 points" ]
1547886724559393928	Earth, Wind & Fire	Earth , Wind & Fire - wikipedia Earth , Wind & Fire Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Earth and Fire . For the elements , see classical element . Earth , Wind & Fire Earth , Wind & Fire performing in 2009 Background information Origin Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Genres R&B , soul , funk Years active 1969 -- present Labels Warner Bros. , ARC , Columbia , Legacy , Sanctuary Associated acts Ramsey Lewis , The Emotions , Phoenix Horns Website earthwindandfire.com Members Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Morris O ' Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Past members Maurice White Don Whitehead Wade Flemons Sherry Scott Michael Beal Chet Washington Alex Thomas Yackov Ben Israel Jessica Cleaves Ronnie Laws Roland Bautista Larry Dunn Andrew Woolfolk Al McKay Johnny Graham Fred White Phoenix Horns Don Myrick Sheldon Reynolds Leslie Drayton Jeff Bowen Doug Carn Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Carl Carwell Vincent Canfield Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Michael Harris Louis Satterfield Earth , Wind & Fire ( EWF ) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B , soul , funk , jazz , disco , pop , rock , Latin , and African . They were one of the most successful bands of 1970s . Rolling Stone called them `` innovative , precise yet sensual , calculated yet galvanizing '' and declared that the band `` changed the sound of black pop '' . The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1970 , having grown out of a previous band known as the Salty Peppers . Other members have included Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Fred White , Ralph Johnson , Larry Dunn , Al McKay and Andrew Woolfolk . The band has received 20 Grammy nominations ; they won six as a group and two of its members , Maurice White and Bailey , won separate individual awards . Earth , Wind & Fire has 12 American Music Awards nominations and four awards . They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame , received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and have sold over 100 million records , making them one of the world 's best - selling bands of all time . Five members of Earth , Wind & Fire were also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame : Maurice White , Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Larry Dunn , and Al McKay . The band received Lifetime Achievement awards from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award -- 2002 ) , NAACP ( Hall of Fame -- 1994 ) , and the BET Awards ( Lifetime Achievement Award -- 2002 ) . Earth , Wind & Fire is known for its horn section , energetic and elaborate stage shows , and the contrast between Philip Bailey 's falsetto vocals and Maurice White 's baritone . In the 1970s and early 1980s , the band 's hits `` Shining Star '' , `` That 's the Way of the World '' , `` Devotion '' , `` Reasons '' , `` Sing a Song '' , `` Ca n't Hide Love '' , `` Getaway '' , `` Fantasy '' , `` Love 's Holiday '' , `` September '' , `` Boogie Wonderland '' , `` After the Love Has Gone '' , and `` Let 's Groove '' . Two songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame : `` That 's the Way of the World '' ( 2004 ) and `` Shining Star '' ( 2007 ) . Earth , Wind & Fire is the first African - American act to sell out Madison Square Garden and to receive the MSG Gold Ticket Award . President Barack Obama invited Earth , Wind & Fire to perform at the White House . The kalimba ( African thumb piano ) is played on all of the band 's albums . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1969 -- 1970 : Beginnings 1.2 1970 -- 1973 : Formation and early years 1.3 1973 -- 1980 : Classic period 1.4 1981 -- 1992 : Electronic period 1.5 1993 -- present : Neo-classic period 2 Influence 3 Members 4 Awards and nominations 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 5.2 Top 10 albums 5.3 Top 10 singles 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) 1969 -- 1970 : beginnings ( edit ) In 1969 , Maurice White , a former session drummer for Chess Records and former member of the Ramsey Lewis Trio , joined two friends in Chicago , Wade Flemons and Don Whitehead , as a songwriting team composing songs and commercials in the Chicago area . The three friends got a recording contract with Capitol ; they called themselves `` The Salty Peppers '' and had a marginal hit in the Midwestern area called `` La La Time '' . The Salty Peppers ' second single , `` Uh Huh Yeah '' , did not fare as well , and Maurice moved from Chicago to Los Angeles . He then added to the band singer Sherry Scott and percussionist Yackov Ben Israel , both from Chicago , and then asked his younger brother Verdine how he would feel about heading out to the West Coast . On June 6 , 1970 , Verdine left Chicago to join the band as their new bassist . Maurice began shopping demo tapes of the band , featuring Donny Hathaway , around to different record labels and the band was thus signed to Warner Bros. Records . 1970 -- 1973 : formation and early years ( edit ) Maurice 's astrological sign , Sagittarius , has a primary elemental quality of Fire and seasonal qualities of Earth and Air , according to classical triplicities . ( Sagittarius in the northern hemisphere occurs in the autumn , whose element is earth , and in the southern hemisphere , it is spring , whose element is air . Hence the omission of Water , the fourth classical element . ) Based on this , he changed the band 's name , to `` Earth , Wind & Fire '' . Maurice held further auditions in L.A. adding Michael Beale on guitar , Chester Washington on reeds , and Leslie Drayton on trumpet ; Drayton also served as the group 's musical arranger . Trombonist Alex Thomas completed the then ten - man EWF lineup . The band 's self - titled debut album , Earth , Wind , & Fire , was released in February 1971 to critical acclaim , as was November 1971 's The Need of Love . Both albums were produced by Joe Wissert and a single , from The Need of Love called `` I Think About Lovin ' You '' , with Sherry Scott on lead vocals , provided EWF with their first Top 40 R&B hit . In 1971 , the group also recorded the soundtrack of the Melvin Van Peebles film Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song . The soundtrack was recorded at Paramount Recording Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard and released on Stax Records . The band developed a growing popularity on college campuses but , in spite of this , some members of EWF started to become restless and the band broke up after having been together less than six months . With only Verdine left , Maurice decided to re-form the group . In 1972 , Maurice added vocalist Helena Davis ( who was soon replaced by Jessica Cleaves , a former member of the R&B group The Friends of Distinction ) , Ronnie Laws on the flute and saxophone , rhythm guitarist Roland Bautista , keyboardist Larry Dunn , percussionist Ralph Johnson , and vocalist and Denver native Philip Bailey to the group . Warner Brothers did n't know how to promote this new combo as the only other funk band on their label was Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band . The band successfully auditioned for managers Bob Cavallo and Joe Ruffalo . Cavallo 's management of John Sebastian led to a series of gigs as the opening act for the pop / folk singer and The Lovin ' Spoonful founder . A performance at New York 's Rockefeller Center introduced EWF to Clive Davis , then the President of Columbia Records . Davis was very impressed with the band 's performance and bought their contract from Warner Bros. Their debut album on CBS / Columbia Records , Last Days and Time , featured mostly original material , but Bailey had recommended that the band cover the Pete Seeger song `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' , and the band also remade the Bread hit `` Make It with You '' . The album also includes the original ( Maurice - penned ) composition `` Power '' , an uptempo eight - minute instrumental . In stark contrast to the ballads , `` Power '' features extended fuzz guitar and soprano saxophone solos set against a driving funk beat . 1973 -- 1980 : classic period ( edit ) The band 's albums featured elaborate psychedelic art such as painting The Promise by Morito Suzuki featured on the 2003 album The Promise . The album Head to the Sky was released in the spring of 1973 and gave the group their first two legitimate hit singles , `` Evil '' , co-written by Maurice and Philip , and `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' , both of which reached the top 30 and the top 60 on the R&B and pop charts , respectively . Prior to this album 's release some personnel changes took place as Roland Bautista and Ronnie Laws left the band to pursue new musical opportunities . Philip Bailey had recommended his former Denver East High School classmate , saxophonist Andrew Woolfolk , to the band as replacement for Laws ; Woolfolk had been busy in New York studying sax with sax maestro Joe Henderson and was about to start a career in banking when Bailey called . To fill the void created by Bautista 's departure , guitarists Al McKay ( who had performed with the Ike and Tina Turner Revue and The Watts 103rd St. Rhythm Band ) and Johnny Graham from R&B group New Birth were added to round out the new lineup . Jessica Cleaves left the band following the release of the album ; the album was also their last to be produced by Joe Wissert . As some of the band 's songs required lower register vocals than Bailey 's , and due to the success of `` Evil '' , Maurice altered his role in the group to incorporate that of lead vocalist . Recorded at Colorado 's Caribou Ranch Studio and released in 1974 , Open Our Eyes was a commercially successful LP , selling over a million copies in the US and thus was certified Platinum . At Maurice 's request , Open Our Eyes was co-produced by Charles Stepney with White . Stepney had previously worked with The Dells , The Rotary Connection , Terry Callier , Minnie Riperton , and the Ramsey Lewis Trio , to name a few . Released in May 1974 , the single `` Mighty Mighty '' became Earth , Wind & Fire 's first top 30 hit on the pop charts , peaking at No. 29 . Another single , `` Devotion '' , was a song with a strong spiritual message . Following the completion of this album Maurice 's younger brother , Fred White , joined the band . Fred had played in Chicago clubs as a drummer with Donny Hathaway and Little Feat . On April 6 , 1974 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed at the California Jam , a West Coast rock festival that attracted an audience of 200,000 . Also in 1974 , the band collaborated with Ramsey Lewis on his album Sun Goddess , which reached number one on the Billboard Jazz and Black Album charts and was certified Gold in the US by the RIAA . In 1975 , Earth , Wind & Fire was approached by Sig Shore , producer of the motion picture Super Fly , to record the soundtrack to a new film about the dark side of the recording industry , which he called That 's The Way Of The World . The film also starred EWF as a new recording act known as `` The Group '' ; they performed songs in the film and Maurice had a small speaking part , as leader of `` The Group '' . In the film Harvey Keitel 's character hears `` The Group '' performing and produces their first album . The film 's title is repeated throughout the film as a shrug of the shoulders to the music world . But when each member of the band saw the film , they were all convinced that the motion picture would be a box office bomb , which it eventually was . To avoid being connected with the movie they released the album 's soundtrack , also titled That 's the Way of the World , before the film 's premiere . Recorded at the Caribou Ranch Studio and co-produced by Maurice White and Charles Stepney , That 's the Way of the World became Earth , Wind & Fire 's breakthrough album , spending three weeks at number one on the Billboard Pop Albums Charts , five nonconsecutive weeks atop the Soul Albums chart . That 's the Way of the World was also warmly received critically . For instance , AllMusic 's Alex Henderson described the album as `` one of the strongest albums of the ( 1970s ) '' and `` EWF 's crowning achievement , '' and Billboard Magazine called it `` a very tightly produced and performed package . '' The album made EWF the first black act to top both the Billboard album and singles charts and was certified triple platinum in the US by the RIAA . Included on the album were the hit singles `` Shining Star '' -- which rose to number one on the R&B Singles and Billboard Hot 100 and won the band a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals -- and `` That 's the Way of the World , '' which went to number five and number 12 on the R&B Singles and Billboard Hot 100 , respectively . Because of the album 's tremendous commercial success , the band was able to hire a full horn section , which was dubbed the Phenix Horns . The Phenix Horns , who became an integral part of the band 's sound , were composed of saxophonist Don Myrick , trombonist Louis Satterfield , and trumpeters Rahmlee Davis and Michael Harris . Myrick and Satterfield both worked with Maurice during his days as a session drummer at Chess Records . Subsequent to EWF 's first tour of Europe , where they opened for the rock band Santana , Columbia Records wanted another album released as soon as possible . As a result , EWF returned to the studio in June 1975 and from these recording sessions two singles -- `` Sing a Song '' and `` Ca n't Hide Love '' , the latter written by Clarence `` Skip '' Scarborough -- were spawned . These and other studio recordings were included , along with mostly live concert material from their 1974 and 1975 tours , on the double album Gratitude , released in late 1975 . Gratitude rose to and stayed at number one on the pop and R&B charts for three weeks and six weeks respectively ; it was also the second bestselling R&B album of 1976 and is certified triple Platinum for sales of over 3,000,000 copies in the US by the RIAA . The band was nominated for Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the title track , `` Gratitude . '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' was also Grammy - nominated for Best Arrangement For Voices . Earth , Wind & Fire also won a Rock Music Award in the category of Best Soul Album for Gratitude and Down Beat magazine 's Readers Poll for favorite Rock / Blues Group in 1975 . Additionally , in 1975 , Maurice established a production company called Kalimba Productions to which he signed artists such as his former bandleader Ramsey Lewis , singer Deniece Williams , who had once been a member of Stevie Wonder 's `` Wonderlove '' backup group , and girl group The Emotions , who had a run of hits with Stax Records from 1969 to 1974 . Maurice loaned the band 's signature Phenix Horns and most of the other band members and put on tour with Earth , Wind & Fire these artists and others who were signed to Kalimba Productions . After helping co-produce and arrange Earth , Wind & Fire 's new album , Deniece Williams 's debut album , This Is Niecy , Ramsey Lewis 's Salongo , and The Emotions 's first Columbia Records album Flowers , Charles Stepney died of a heart attack on May 17 , 1976 in Chicago at the age of 43 . With Stepney 's passing Maurice took over and completed the production of the band 's new album , Spirit , which was released in October 1976 . EWF paid tribute to Stepney in the form of the album 's title . The album reached number 2 on the Billboard Pop and R&B Albums Chart and was certified double Platinum in the US by the RIAA ; additionally , Spirit spawned the hit singles `` Getaway '' and `` Saturday Nite . '' During this period EWF concerts started to become loaded with pyrotechnics , magic , laser lights , flying pyramids , levitating guitarists and elaborate production tricks that included the entire group ascending in a pyramid and a disappearing act . The stage magician Doug Henning directed many of their tours throughout the 1970s with his young assistant and eventual successor , David Copperfield . The band also began to be choreographed by George Faison . In 1977 , EWF released their album All ' n All . The album was a hit reaching triple platinum status and spawned the hit singles `` I 'll Write a Song For You , '' `` Serpentine Fire , '' `` Love 's Holiday , '' and `` Fantasy . '' The album was inspired by Maurice White 's month long trip through Argentina and Brazil . The album went on to win two Grammy awards and an American Music Award , and All ' n All became one of Earth , Wind & Fire 's most popular albums . The album went to 3 on the Pop Charts and 1 on the Black Albums chart respectively . In 1978 , EWF picked up three Grammy Awards , the third for their rendition of The Beatles 's `` Got to Get You into My Life . '' EWF 's performance of the song was included on the soundtrack for the movie Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . The film was a commercial failure , as That 's The Way Of The World had been years before ; however , EWF 's cover version of `` Got to Get You into My Life '' was the biggest hit from the movie 's soundtrack , reaching numbers one and nine on the R&B and Pop singles charts , respectively . The year 1978 was also the year when Maurice and EWF 's managers , Cavallo and Ruffalo , worked out a deal for the launch of a new record label called The American Recording Company ( ARC ) , to be distributed through CBS , and the creation of a recording studio , George Massenburg / ARC , also called `` The Complex , '' in West Los Angeles . The year ended with the release of another hit single , entitled `` September '' , which was added to the quintuple Platinum compilation album , The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 , released on November 23 , 1978 . At this time , Bobby Harris of the Dazz Band requested and got Philip Bailey to produce the group 's first album , Kinsman Dazz. Bailey had major input into the group 's vocal arrangements and would go on to co-produce the band 's second album , Dazz . The month of January 1979 saw the band perform `` September '' and `` That 's The Way Of The World '' at the Music for UNICEF Concert , which was broadcast worldwide from the United Nations General Assembly by NBC . Other artists performing at the event were ABBA , the Bee Gees , Olivia Newton - John , Donna Summer and Rod Stewart . Subsequent to this performance , the band donated the royalties from one of their songs to UNICEF and began a tour of Europe and Japan . The group 's ninth album overall , seventh for Columbia Records , and second released on the ARC label was I Am . It was another smash hit , going double Platinum and reaching numbers 3 and 1 on the R&B and Pop charts , respectively . Singles spawned from this album included `` In The Stone , '' `` Ca n't Let Go , '' and the sad David Foster / Bill Champlin - written ballad `` After the Love Has Gone , '' which rose to the number 2 spot on the Billboard Pop and R&B charts and won a Grammy for the Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group in 1980 . Though the band had previously overlooked disco , the summer of 1979 saw EWF topping the dance music charts with their most disco - inspired single , `` Boogie Wonderland , '' which was produced by Maurice and Al McKay and featured The Emotions . ( Its lyrics detail the down side of the discothèque genre and lifestyle . ) Even with the song 's success , Verdine White claims that the band is not a disco band , saying : `` I guess you could say we were at the party but did n't get on the dance floor . '' In October 1980 , the double - album Faces was released and rose to number 2 and number 10 and the R&B and Pop charts , respectively ; it earned Gold status in the US . In a 2007 interview , when asked which EWF album was his favorite , Maurice White replied : `` Probably Faces because we were really in tune , playing together and it gave us the opportunity to explore new areas . '' After the release of this album , longtime rhythm guitarist Al McKay left the band for personal and professional reasons . He was replaced by returning rhythm guitarist Roland Bautista , who gave the band a bit of a hard rock sound with his style of playing . 1981 -- 1992 : electronic period ( edit ) White decided that , given the changing musical landscape , the band needed to incorporate into their work more of the digital sound which was popular at the time . As a result , EWF 's eleventh album , Raise ! , was influenced by this new electronic sound and released in the fall of 1981 . It sold more than a million copies in the US . Raise ! featured the hit single `` Let 's Groove , '' which also went Platinum , and another single `` Wanna Be With You , '' which won EWF a Grammy for Best R&B Vocal Performance By A Duo Or Group . Earth , Wind & Fire appeared at American Bandstand 's 30th Anniversary Special , where they performed `` Let 's Groove '' on October 30 , 1981 . Earth , Wind , and Fire 's Maurice White and Philip Bailey performing in 1982 at the Ahoy Rotterdam , The Netherlands Two years after the release of Raise ! came Powerlight , which included the singles `` Fall In Love With Me , '' a number 17 pop hit , and `` Side By Side '' . `` Powerlight '' went Gold . Also in 1983 , the band contributed the song `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' to the soundtrack of the animated film Rock & Rule . After the fully synthesized album Electric Universe was released in late 1983 to a poor critical and commercial reception , Maurice believed the band needed a break so he put EWF on hiatus in early 1984 . During their hiatus , Philip Bailey released his second and most commercially successful solo project , the gold album Chinese Wall , featuring the Phenix Horns and produced by Phil Collins . The first single from that album , a duet with Collins called `` Easy Lover , '' sold over a million copies , rose to number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the UK Singles Chart respectively , and was Grammy - nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance By A Duo or Group . The song 's video went to the top of MTV 's video playlist and won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Overall Performance in 1985 . Bailey released four gospel albums in this period , and one of them , titled Triumph , won a Grammy Award for Best Gospel Vocal Performance , Male . Maurice White , during this time , produced for Barbra Streisand on her Platinum album Emotion and worked with Neil Diamond on his Gold album Headed for the Future and Cher on her 1987 Platinum album Cher . He also released the self - titled solo album Maurice White in 1985 , which included a cover of `` Stand by Me '' that went to number six on the R&B charts and number eleven on the Adult Contemporary charts . The album also featured an appearance by saxophonist Gerald Albright . Also , during the hiatus , Verdine White wrote and directed videos . He produced Standing in the Light , by the English pop rock and jazz - funk band Level 42 , with Larry Dunn , and promoted go - go bands like Trouble Funk and E.U. The compilation album The Collection was released May 1986 , stayed at number 5 on the UK singles charts for two weeks , and was certified Gold in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry . Phil Collins saw EWF on one of their European tours and became a fan of the band . He came in contact with the Phenix Horns and they eventually worked with his band Genesis on songs including `` No Reply At All '' and `` Paperlate , '' and on such Collins solo hits as `` I Missed Again '' and `` Sussudio '' . In 1987 , CBS Records convinced both Philip Bailey and Maurice White that a reunion of Earth , Wind & Fire would be fruitful . As a result , original members Verdine White , Ralph Johnson and Andrew Woolfolk returned to the band with new members guitarist / vocalist Sheldon Reynolds , lead guitarist Dick Smith , and drummer Sonny Emory . A new horn section dubbed the Earth , Wind & Fire Horns was also created , made up of Gary Bias on the saxophone , Raymond Lee Brown on the trumpet , and Reggie Young on the flugelhorn and trombone . The band 's reformation fostered the 1987 Gold album Touch the World , which was nominated for a Soul Train Award in the category of Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year and rose to number three on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart and number 33 on The Billboard 200 . Featured on the album was a song penned by an unknown songwriter by the name of Skylark , titled `` System of Survival '' . Released as a single , the song became a hit , going to number one on the Billboard R&B charts and Dance charts . Another single titled `` Thinking Of You '' peaked at number one and number three on the R&B and Dance charts as well . In 1988 , the band released the compilation album The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 , which went Gold in the US . The group 's final album released by Columbia Records was 1990 's Heritage , which featured a collaboration with Sly Stone of Sly & the Family Stone . In 1992 , the band released a 55 - track anthology of their career up to that point entitled The Eternal Dance . 1993 -- present : neo-classic period ( edit ) EWF signed once again with Warner Bros. and following this came the release in 1993 of their 16th studio album , Millennium . The album featured the single `` Sunday Morning , '' which earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group , the Billboard top - 40 - charting single `` Spend The Night , '' and a track written by Prince called `` Super Hero . '' Tragedy befell the band in 1993 ; on July 30 , former Phenix Horns saxophonist Don Myrick was fatally shot by the Los Angeles Police Department in a case of mistaken identity . Then on October 13 , former lead vocalist Wade Flemons died from cancer in Battle Creek , Michigan . In 1994 , Earth , Wind & Fire were inducted into the NAACP Hall Of Fame . Earth , Wind & Fire star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Earth , Wind & Fire tribute , Munich Olympic Walk of Stars on 9 April 2011 The band received another tribute in the following year in the form of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . All the original members of the group attended the inauguration ceremony , and in his speech Maurice White attributed EWF 's success to the support of all of their fans . In 1994 , White retired from touring with the band . At the time , he explained that he wanted to take a rest from the rigors of the road . Philip Bailey was given the role of onstage leader of the band . The studio album In the Name of Love was released on Pyramid Records in 1997 to a favorable critical reception . EWF performed at the 1997 Montreux Jazz Festival and gave an encore performance the following year . In 2004 , a DVD of their 1997 performance was released , entitled Earth , Wind & Fire : Live At Montreux 1997 . In 1999 , the group performed on the A&E Network show Live by Request , and in that same year Maurice revealed that the real reason for his ending his touring days in 1995 was because he had contracted Parkinson 's disease in the late 1980s , which made it increasingly difficult for him over the years to handle the rigors of touring . A website entitled www.Startalk.org was set up in 1999 to offer Maurice support with his health struggles and on it were published messages of encouragement from celebrities such as Steven Tyler of Aerosmith , Boyz II Men , Smokey Robinson , Isaac Hayes , Michael Jackson , Eric Clapton and Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine . Maurice , however , had the disease under control , so much so that he occasionally made appearances at Earth , Wind & Fire performances , and continued to write , record , produce and develop new recordings for Earth , Wind & Fire and other artists . On March 6 , 2000 , Earth , Wind & Fire was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to a standing ovation during the 15th annual induction dinner held at New York 's Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . All of the band 's original members from the 1973 -- 80 `` classic period '' , namely Maurice White , Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Larry Dunn , Andrew Woofolk , Fred White and Johnny Graham , attended the ceremony , at which the nine of them played together for the first time in 20 years , performing `` Shining Star '' and `` That 's The Way Of the World '' . After their induction into the Hall of Fame an effort was made by the original band members to fully reunite , but it ultimately proved unfruitful . Earth , Wind & Fire were the specially invited music guests at the June 20 , 2000 White House state dinner hosted by President Bill Clinton on the South Lawn of the White House , in honor of His Majesty Mohammed VI , King of Morocco , and Her Royal Highness Princess Lalla Meryem . So impressed was the King by the band 's performance that he made a successful personal request for EWF to perform in Morocco for his 37th birthday celebration , on August 21 , 2000 . In 2001 , a biographical documentary of the band entitled Shining Stars : The Official Story Of Earth , Wind & Fire was released , directed by Kathryn Arnold . Following the September 11 attacks of that year , the band members donated $25,000 to the American Red Cross at a September 13 show at Virginia 's Verizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheater , the band 's first concert since those events took place . February 24 , 2002 saw Earth , Wind & Fire performing at the closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City , Utah . A live album from the band 's 1980 performance in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , entitled Live In Rio , was released on Maurice White 's Kalimba Records label in 2002 , and that same year EWF was honored with the Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills , California . The award was presented to EWF by ASCAP President and Chairman Marilyn Bergman , Stevie Wonder , and Jimmy Jam . In addition , the band was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame and Hollywood 's RockWalk in 2003 . In 2003 , Kalimba Records released The Promise -- the band 's first studio album in six years . The Promise rose to number 19 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums charts and received critical acclaim upon its release , with People Magazine and Blender Magazine describing the album as `` musically rich '' and `` a classy collection '' , respectively . The track `` Hold Me '' produced and written by Tim & Bob , was Grammy - nominated for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance . The album spawned a kalimba - laden track reminiscent of the classic EW&F sound , titled `` All in the Way '' , which reunited EWF with The Emotions . Featured on the album were two previously unreleased songs from the `` I Am '' recording sessions : `` Where Do We Go From Here '' and `` Dirty '' . On February 8 , 2004 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed in a tribute to funk at the 46th annual Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center , Los Angeles , California . Other artists performing at this tribute were Parliament Funkadelic , OutKast , and Robert Randolph and the Family Band . EWF sang `` Shining Star '' and then at Outkast 's request crooned `` The Way You Move '' with them . Robert Randolph and the Family Band performed their single `` I Need More Love '' and then all of the bands teamed to sing Parliament Funkadelic 's classic `` Give Up the Funk ( Tear the Roof off the Sucker ) '' . Earth , Wind & Fire contributed to the Jimi Hendrix tribute album Power of Soul : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix , released in May 4 , 2004 , with their cover of `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' . In the summer of 2004 Earth , Wind & Fire signed a record deal with Sanctuary Urban Records , owned by Mathew Knowles ( father and manager of r&b / pop singer Beyoncé ) . Gary Bias and Bob Burns , Jr. , of the Earth , Wind & Fire Horns were featured on Queen Latifah 's The Dana Owens Album , which was released on September 28 , 2004 , and reached 16 and 11 on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B / Hip - Hop Album charts , respectively , and was certified Gold . On September 27 , 2004 , former Phoenix Horns trombonist Louis Satterfield died , aged 67 . Kenny G 's cover of `` The Way You Move '' , which was released in November 2004 and charted at number 12 on the Adult Contemporary singles chart , featured the band with Maurice and Philip on lead vocals . EWF and Kenny G performed `` The Way You Move '' on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in January 2005 . On December 11 , 2004 , Earth , Wind & Fire were honored at the first annual Grammy Jam held at Los Angeles 's Wiltern Theater , where several artists such as Stevie Wonder , Yolanda Adams , Sheila E. , Miri Ben - Ari , George Duke , Kanye West , and Randy Jackson paid tribute to the band in the form of performances . Other celebrities who attended the event were Pamela Anderson , Tim Allen , Prince , Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis , Nick Cannon , and Suzanne de Passe . EWF performed on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on December 31 , 2004 . EWF released a single entitled `` Show Me The Way '' , on which they paired with neo soul artist Raphael Saadiq on Sanctuary Records in the fall of 2005 . The single garnered a Grammy nomination and was featured on Illumination , their 19th studio album , which was released on September 20 , 2005 . For this album EWF collaborated with artists such as will.i.am , Kelly Rowland , Outkast 's Big Boi , and Brian McKnight . Illumination reached number eight on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Album Chart and number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Another single spawned from the album , dubbed `` Pure Gold '' , reached number 23 on the Adult Contemporary Charts . The album garnered the admiration of critics , with AllMusic 's Rob Theakston referring to the album as an `` outstanding record '' and Steve Jones of USA Today ' remarking that on the album EWF are as `` vibrant as ever '' . Illumination received a Grammy nomination for Best R&B Album and a Soul Train Music Award in the category R&B - soul album . EWF also received a NAACP Image Award nomination for Best Duo or Group . The February 6 , 2005 , Super Bowl XXXIX pregame show in Jacksonville , Florida saw the band teaming with The Black Eyed Peas to sing `` Where Is the Love ? '' and `` Shining Star '' . In March 2005 , EWF performed in Russia for the first time . In 2004 , Earth , Wind & Fire and Chicago embarked upon a joint national tour , which gave rise to a DVD of a concert that took place at Los Angeles ' Greek Theater entitled Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre . This DVD was released on June 28 , 2005 , and was certified Platinum two months afterward . Chicago and EWF once again toured together in 2005 and collaborated for a new recording of Chicago 's ballad `` If You Leave Me Now , '' that was included on Chicago 's 2005 compilation album Love Songs . As part of an opening act for the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards held on September 18 , 2005 , at Los Angeles ' Shrine Auditorium , the band once more collaborated with The Black Eyed Peas . This was first time a musical artist had opened at the annual awards show . In 2005 , EWF released their first Christmas - themed track entitled `` Gather Round , '' produced and arranged by David Foster and written by Maurice White , Foster , and Philip Bailey . In 2006 , Maurice worked with Maurice Hines ( the brother of famed entertainer Gregory Hines ) to release the Broadway play Hot Feet , which was a jukebox musical whose theme was the music of Earth , Wind & Fire . Maurice co-wrote with Allee Willis -- who wrote `` September , '' `` Boogie Wonderland , '' `` In the Stone , '' and `` Sunday Morning '' for the band -- several new songs for the play . EWF performed alongside Mary J. Blige and Ludacris `` Runaway Love '' at the 49th Grammy Awards held at Los Angeles 's Staples Center . Earth , Wind & Fire performing at the opening ceremony of the 2008 U.S. Open August 25 , 2008 Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire , an album featuring cover versions of EWF 's material , was released on Stax Records on March 27 , 2007 . Executively produced by Maurice , the album featured artists such as Chaka Khan , Kirk Franklin , Lalah Hathaway , Mint Condition , Dwele , Meshell Ndegeocello , and Angie Stone . Dwele and Meshell Ndegeocello 's renditions of `` That 's The Way Of The World '' and `` Fantasy '' , respectively , were each nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Urban / Alternative Performance . The band was the opening act at a special edition of American Idol entitled `` Idol Gives Back '' ( which aired April 25 , 2007 ) and performed a medley of `` Boogie Wonderland '' , `` Shining Star '' and `` September '' . At the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo , Norway , on December 11 , 2007 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed `` Fantasy '' and `` September '' . Hosted by Kevin Spacey and Uma Thurman , the Nobel Peace Prize Concert was broadcast to over 100 countries . Other artists who performed included Melissa Etheridge , Alicia Keys , Annie Lennox , and Kylie Minogue . Earth , Wind & Fire performed on the opening night of one of the largest musical events in Latin America , Chile 's Viña del Mar Festival . The band so impressed the audience with their performance that the band was bestowed with the Gaviota de Plata ( English translation : the Silver Seagull ) , the highest award that can presented to an artist performing at the Viña del Mar Festival . The intro to EWF 's song `` In the Stone '' has been used for several years as the introductory theme for the event 's broadcasts . Maurice White , Ralph Johnson , Philip Bailey , and Verdine White each received an honorary degree from the Arts and Media College at Columbia College Chicago during the college 's 2008 commencement exercises . Verdine White and Bailey both gave brief speeches during the ceremony , followed by all four honorees ' giving an impromptu performance of `` Shining Star ''. , EWF performed at the opening ceremony of the 2008 US Open , which was hosted by Forest Whitaker and served to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the founding of tennis 's Open Era with a parade of more than 25 former US Open singles champions . Earth , Wind & Fire performed at the White House on February 22 , 2009 , for the Governors ' Dinner ; they were the first musical artists to perform there since Barack Obama took office . The band toured once more with Chicago in 2009 for a tour of thirty US cities . On April 26 , 2009 , EWF performed at the 39th New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival . Less than two weeks prior to this , former keyboard player Robert Brookins died from a heart attack ; aged 46 . In 2010 , EWF performed at the 40th New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival . In that same year , bandmembers Philip Bailey , Verdine White and Ralph Johnson participated in the recording of the `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' single . 2010 was also the year that saw Earth , Wind & Fire 's original members Maurice White , Phillip Bailey , Verdine White , Al McKay and Larry Dunn all inducted into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame . In November 2011 , the band was given the Legend Award at the Soul Train Awards at Atlanta , Georgia 's Fox Theatre . In 2012 , EWF were bestowed with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 20th Annual Trumpet Awards , held at Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Atlanta . On February 29 , 2012 , early guitarist Roland Bautista died , aged 60 , of natural causes . On April 30 , 2013 , Earth Wind & Fire were featured vocalists on ' Something About You ' taken from LL Cool J 's new album `` Authentic ( LL Cool J album ) '' , along with former Pussycat Doll Melody Thornton and Charlie Wilson . Now , Then & Forever , the group 's first album in eight years , was released September 10 , 2013 . On January 13 , 2014 , former percussionist Beloyd Taylor , who co-wrote the band 's 1976 hit `` Getaway '' , died ; and on May 2 former vocalist Jessica Cleaves died , aged 65 , following complications from a stroke . On September 13 , 2014 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed at Proms in the Park at Hyde Park with the BBC Concert Orchestra On October 21 , 2014 , Earth , Wind & Fire released their first ever holiday album entitled Holiday . On December 8 , 2014 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed at the Kennedy Center Honors , honoring Al Green . On December 14 , 2014 , Earth , Wind & Fire performed at the Christmas in Washington event . Maurice White died on February 4 , 2016 , after a suffering for some years with Parkinson 's disease . He was survived by his wife , his two sons , daughter and his brothers Verdine and Fred . Influence ( edit ) Earth , Wind & Fire 's songs have been covered by artists such as Nokaut , Point of Grace , D'Angelo , CDB , Dionne Warwick , The 5th Dimension , Pomplamoose Lenny White , Patti LaBelle , The Manhattans , Wynonna Judd , Yolanda Adams , New York Voices , Donny Osmond , Chaka Khan , 112 , the Vienna Boys ' Choir , Herb Alpert , Musiq Soulchild and Tito Puente . Earth , Wind & Fire 's songs have been sampled by numerous artists , including UGK , A Tribe Called Quest , Wyclef Jean , Missy Elliott , Snoop Dogg , Nas Jay Z , Amerie , The Fugees , LL Cool J , De La Soul , Common , Frank Zappa , Naughty by Nature , P Diddy , The Roots , Will Smith , Cee - Lo Green , Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes of TLC , Public Enemy , EPMD , Lupe Fiasco , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony , Tupac Shakur , Brand Nubian and MC Lyte . Earth , Wind & Fire have influenced artists such as Beyoncé , Usher , will.i.am , Janelle Monáe , Mary J. Blige , Prince , Pharrell Williams , India. Arie , The Neptunes , Jon Secada , Wyclef Jean , Common , Phil Collins , Boney James , Angie Stone , Raphael Saadiq , The All - American Rejects , Jesse McCartney , Musiq Soulchild , Solange Knowles , Babyface , OutKast , Jamiroquai , Five for Fighting , Lenny Kravitz , Marc Broussard , Omarion , Rob Bourdon of Linkin Park , Eric Benét , Jill Scott , Justin Timberlake , Sheila E. , Marcus Miller , Erykah Badu , Jamie Foxx , Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy , Meshell Ndegeocello , Wynton Marsalis , DNCE , Meghan Trainor and Mario . Miles Davis described EWF as his `` all time favorite band '' saying , `` they have everything ( horns , electric guitar , singers and more ) in one band '' . Quincy Jones has proclaimed himself to be the `` biggest fan of Earth , Wind & Fire since day one . '' Dionne Warwick has named Earth , Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time . David Foster has mentioned Earth , Wind & Fire as his favorite band of all time on the show Hit Man Returns : David Foster and friends ( 2011 ) . In this concert he showed his respect to Maurice White publicly . In the movie BAADASSSSS ! , the actor Khalil Kain portrayed a young Maurice White leading the early incarnation of Earth , Wind & Fire . Released at the Sundance Film Festival , the film was based on Melvin Van Peebles ' struggle to film and distribute the movie Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song and was directed by his son Mario Van Peebles . Earth , Wind & Fire 's songs have also been featured in many movies all over the world . These movies include Anchorman , Last Vegas , The Intouchables , Night at the Museum ( film series ) , and Caddyshack . Earth , Wind & Fire 's songs have also been featured in many television shows . These shows include The Mentalist , True Blood , The Office , Glee , Daredevil , and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Earth , Wind & Fire band members Maurice White -- vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba ( founding member -- 1970 -- 1984 ; 1987 -- 2005 -- he passed in 2016 ) Philip Bailey -- vocals , conga , percussion , kalimba ( 1972 -- 1984 ; 1987 -- present ) Verdine White -- bass , percussion , vocals ( 1970 -- 1984 ; 1987 -- present ) Ralph Johnson -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1972 -- 1984 ; 1987 -- present ) B. David Whitworth -- percussion , vocals ( 1996 -- present ) Myron McKinley -- keyboards , musical director ( 2001 -- present ) John Paris -- drums , vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Philip Bailey , Jr. -- vocals , percussion ( 2008 -- present ) Morris O'Connor -- lead guitar , vocals ( 2008 -- present ) Serg Dimitrijevic -- rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Earth , Wind , & Fire Discography ( edit ) Main article : Earth , Wind & Fire discography Studio albums ( edit ) Earth , Wind & Fire ( 1971 ) The Need of Love ( 1971 ) Last Days and Time ( 1972 ) Head to the Sky ( 1973 ) Open Our Eyes ( 1974 ) That 's the Way of the World ( 1975 ) Spirit ( 1976 ) All ' n All ( 1977 ) I Am ( 1979 ) Faces ( 1980 ) Raise ! ( 1981 ) Powerlight ( 1983 ) Electric Universe ( 1983 ) Touch the World ( 1987 ) Heritage ( 1990 ) Millennium ( 1993 ) In the Name of Love ( 1997 ) The Promise ( 2003 ) Illumination ( 2005 ) Now , Then & Forever ( 2013 ) Holiday ( 2014 ) Top 10 Albums ( edit ) The following albums reached the Top Ten on either the United States Billboard 200 pop albums chart or the United Kingdom UK Albums Chart . 1975 : That 's the Way of the World ( US # 1 ) 1975 : Gratitude ( US # 1 ) 1976 : Spirit ( US # 2 ) 1977 : All ' N All ( US # 3 ) 1979 : I Am ( US # 3 ; UK # 5 ) 1980 : Faces ( US # 10 ; UK # 10 ) 1981 : Raise ! ( US # 5 ) Top 10 singles ( edit ) The following singles reached the Top Ten on either the United States Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart or the United Kingdom UK Singles Chart . 1975 : `` Shining Star '' ( US # 1 ) 1975 : `` Sing a Song '' ( US # 5 ) 1978 : `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( US # 9 ) 1978 : `` September '' ( US # 8 ; UK # 3 ) 1979 : `` Boogie Wonderland '' ( featuring The Emotions ) ( US # 6 ; UK # 4 ) 1979 : `` After the Love Has Gone '' ( US # 2 ; UK # 4 ) 1981 : `` Let 's Groove '' ( US # 3 ; UK # 3 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Earth , Wind & Fire List of best - selling music artists List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Earth , Wind & Fire '' . AllMusic . 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Jump up ^ `` Start Festival of Viña del Mar with the new seven wonders '' . lasnoticiasmexico.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earth , Wind & Fire el gran ganador del Festival de Viña del Mar '' . UPI.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Only at Columbia : No Pomp and Circumstance for These Grads -- They Rock the House with Earth , Wind & Fire '' . Reuters . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only at Columbia : No Pomp and Circumstance for These Grads -- They Rock the House with Earth , Wind & Fire '' . prnewswire.com. 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Open Honors Champions Past in 2008 Opening Ceremony '' . usopen.org . Jump up ^ Akers , Mary Ann ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Obamas Woo Governors With Spinach and Soul '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` Classic pop bands unite to tour , create hits '' . CNN . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montoya , Maria ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decisions , decisions : Etta James , Earth , Wind and Fire or Dave Matthews Band ? '' . nola.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singer / Producer / Songwriter Robert Brookins has Died '' . Radiofacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Song '' . wearetheworldfoundation.org . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Earth , Wind & Fire ( @ EarthWindFire ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ruggieri , Melissa . `` Trumpet Awards to honor media stars , humanitarians and leaders '' . www.accessatlanta.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EARTH , WIND AND FIRE DROPPING NEW ALBUM SEPT. 10 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. `` Getaway '' songwriter Beloyd Taylor SoulTracks -- Soul Music Biographies , News and Reviews `` . SoulTracks.com . 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Jump up ^ `` On the Record : Janelle Monae talks Earth , Wind , and Fire '' . rhapsody.com . Mar 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Soulful survivor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Sway . `` Prince Hoops - Shooting Music Expert '' . mtv . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scaggs , Austin . `` Q&A : Pharrell Williams '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Salute -- Earth , Wind & Fire 30th Anniversary '' . Billboard Magazine . 113 ( 28 ) . July 14 , 2001 . p. 36 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Meadley , Phil ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` N * E * R * D : ' We 're just Hendrix fans ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miserandino , Dominick A. `` Secada , Jon -- Latino singer - songwriter '' . thecelebritycafe.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ MC Cracken II , Rich . `` '' Interpretations '' Various artists perform their version of hits by Earth , Wind and Fire `` . metrospirit.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EWF HONORED : 27 years of blowing up the spot , vets pay tribute '' . eurweb.com . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nathan , David . `` Dionne Warwick interview by David Nathan '' . soulmusic.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ty , Burr ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` Van Peebles scores with look back at ' Sweetback ' '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` How to Get the Man 's Foot Outta Your Ass '' . imdb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Chartstats.com -- UK Album and Singles Database for Earth , Wind & Fire '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth , Wind & Fire -- Charts -- Billboard Albums and Awards on allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Earth , Wind & Fire -- Charts -- Billboard Singles on allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Philip ; Keith Zimmerman ; Kent Zimmerman ( 2014 ) . Shining Star : Braving the Elements of Earth , Wind & Fire . New York : Viking . ISBN 9780670785889 . OCLC 852221287 . Mulhern , Tom . Bass Heroes : Styles , Stories & Secrets of 30 Great Bass Players : from the Pages of Guitar Player Magazine . Backbeat Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 274 - 7 Payne , Jim . Weinger , Harry . The Great Drummers of R&B , Funk & Soul . Mel Bay Publications , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7866 - 7303 - 6 External Links ( edit ) Find more aboutEarth , Wind & Fireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Earth , Wind & Fire at AllMusic Earth , Wind & Fire discography at Discogs ( hide ) Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio Love Songs Ultimate Collection Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2000 Performers Eric Clapton Earth , Wind & Fire ( Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , Andrew Woolfolk ) The Lovin ' Spoonful ( Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , Zal Yanovsky ) The Moonglows ( Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , Bobby Lester ) Bonnie Raitt James Taylor Early influences Nat King Cole Billie Holiday Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Clive Davis Sidemen Hal Blaine King Curtis James Jamerson Scotty Moore Earl Palmer VIAF : 125622002 LCCN : n91107833 ISNI : 0000 0001 2152 1145 GND : 10276699 - X SUDOC : 086230093 BNF : cb139033925 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 535afeda - 2538 - 435d - 9dd1 - 5e10be586774 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire&oldid=818990796 '' Categories : Earth , Wind & Fire Musical groups established in 1970 American funk musical groups Musical groups from Chicago African - American musical groups Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Grammy Award winners American soul musical groups Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners 1970 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did earth wind and fire come out	[ "The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1970, having grown out of a previous band known as the Salty Peppers.[4][5] Other members have included Philip Bailey, Verdine White, Fred White, Ralph Johnson, Larry Dunn, Al McKay and Andrew Woolfolk. The band has received 20 Grammy nominations; they won six as a group and two of its members, Maurice White and Bailey, won separate individual awards.[2] Earth, Wind & Fire has 12 American Music Awards nominations and four awards.[2] They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and have sold over 100 million records, making them one of the world's best-selling bands of all time.[6][7][8][4][9]" ]	[ "1970" ]
-3967631942552769174	List of FIFA World Cup finals	List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals Germany celebrating after their win against Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent 2018 World Cup in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 2026 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=850537277 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won last men's soccer world cup	[ "The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Russia in 2018, was won by France, who beat Croatia 4–2 in regulation time.\n" ]	[ "France" ]
-7247248607204674783	Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption	Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption - wikipedia Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Jump to : navigation , search `` Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption '' Author Stephen King Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Crime Fiction Published in Different Seasons Publisher Viking Press Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Publication date 1982 Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is a novella by Stephen King , from his 1982 collection Different Seasons , subtitled Hope Springs Eternal . It is loosely based on the Leo Tolstoy short story `` God Sees the Truth , But Waits '' . It was adapted for the screen in 1994 as The Shawshank Redemption , which was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994 , including Best Picture . In 2009 , it was adapted for the stage as the play The Shawshank Redemption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Adaptations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In Maine 1948 , Andy Dufresne , a banker , is tried and convicted for the double murder of his wife and her lover , despite his claims of innocence . He is sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary to serve a double life sentence . There , he meets Red , a prisoner who smuggles items from the outside world . Andy , who had been an amateur geologist before being jailed , asks Red to get him a rock hammer for shaping rocks he collects from the exercise yard into small sculptures . One of the next items he orders from Red is a large poster of Rita Hayworth . Over the ensuing years , Andy regularly requests more posters from Red , including pin - ups of Marilyn Monroe and Raquel Welch . When asked , Andy tells Red that he likes to imagine he can step through the pictures and be with the actresses . One day , Andy and other prisoners are tarring a roof when Andy overhears a guard complaining about the amount of tax he will have to pay on a sum of money bequeathed to him . Andy approaches the guard , and tells him a way that he can legally shelter the money from taxation . Later , a gang of prison rapists called `` The Sisters '' , led by Bogs Diamond , assault Andy . However , when Andy makes himself useful to the guards , they protect him from `` The Sisters '' . One night , Bogs is found in his cell unconscious and severely beaten . Andy is also allowed to stay alone in his cell instead of having a cellmate , like most other prisoners . Andy 's work assignment is later shifted from the laundry to the prison 's library . The new assignment also allows Andy to spend more time doing financial paperwork for the staff . Andy applies to the Maine State Senate for funding to expand the library . For years , he gets no response to his weekly letters until the Senate finally sends him $200 , thinking Andy will stop requesting funds . Instead of ceasing his letter writing , he starts writing twice as often . His diligent work results in a major expansion of the library 's collection , and he also helps a number of prisoners earn equivalency diplomas . The corrupt warden of Shawshank , Norton , realizes that a man of Andy 's skills is useful . He has started a program called `` Inside - Out '' where convicts do work outside the prison for slave wages . Normal companies outside can not compete with the cost of Inside - Out workers , so they offer Norton bribes not to bid for contracts . Andy helps Norton launder the money . One day , Andy hears from another prisoner , Tommy Williams , whose former cellmate had bragged about killing a rich golfer and a lawyer 's wife ( Andy latches onto the idea that the word `` lawyer '' could easily have been mixed up with `` banker '' , the professions being similarly viewed by the uneducated public ) , and framing the lawyer for the crime . Upon hearing Tommy 's story , Andy realizes that this evidence could possibly result in a new trial and a chance at freedom . Norton scoffs at the story , however , and as soon as possible , he makes sure Tommy is moved to another prison . Andy is too useful to Norton , and he knows details about Norton 's shady dealings . Andy eventually resigns himself to the fact that his legal vindication has become nonexistent . Before he was sentenced to life , Andy managed to sell off his assets and invest the proceeds under a pseudonym . This alias , Peter Stevens , has a driver 's license , Social Security card , and other credentials . The documents required to claim Stevens ' assets and assume his identity are in a safe deposit box in a Portland bank ; the key to the box is hidden under a rock along a wall lining a hay field in the small town of Buxton , not far from Shawshank . After 18 years in prison , Andy shares the information with Red , describing exactly how to find the place and how one day `` Peter Stevens '' will own a small seaside resort hotel in Zihuatanejo , Mexico . Red , confused about why Andy has confided this information in him , reflects on Andy 's continued ability to surprise . One morning , after he has been incarcerated for nearly 27 years , Andy disappears from his locked cell . After searching the prison grounds and surrounding area without finding any sign of him , the warden looks in Andy 's cell and discovers that the current poster pasted to his wall ( Linda Ronstadt ) covers a man - sized hole . Andy had used his rock hammer not just to shape rocks , but also to slowly chip away at the wall . Once through the wall , he broke into a sewage pipe , crawled through it , emerged into a field beyond the prison 's outer perimeter , and vanished . His prison uniform is found two miles away from the outfall and it is assumed that he drowned . A few weeks later , Red gets a blank postcard from a small Texas town near the Mexican border , and surmises that Andy crossed the border there . Shortly afterwards , Red is paroled . After nearly 40 years ' imprisonment , he finds the transition to life `` outside '' a difficult process . On the weekends , he hitchhikes to Buxton , searching for suitable hay fields from Andy 's `` directions '' . After several months of wandering the rural town roads , he finds a field with a rock wall on the correct side , with a black rock in it . Under this rock , he finds a letter addressed to him from `` Peter Stevens '' inviting him to join Peter in Mexico . With the letter is $1,000 in cash . The story ends with Red violating his parole to follow Andy to Mexico . Adaptations ( edit ) The novella has been adapted into a film , The Shawshank Redemption , and a play of the same name . Actor Morgan Freeman , who portrayed Red in the film , stated in an interview that this novella is his favorite book . See also ( edit ) Stephen King short fiction bibliography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You May Not Have Known About The Shawshank Redemption '' . IFC . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION '' . Oscars.org . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jasper Rees ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Shawshank Redemption hits the West End '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( 11 May 2005 ) . `` 10 QUESTIONS : MORGAN FREEMAN '' . IGN . External links ( edit ) The Shawshank Redemption on IMDb Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Creepshow ( 1982 ) Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) N. ( 2010 ) Road Rage ( 2012 ) The Dark Man ( 2013 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Hayworth_and_Shawshank_Redemption&oldid=801962032 '' Categories : Novellas by Stephen King American novellas American novels adapted into films 1982 American novels Wrongful convictions in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն 日本語 Polski Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 02 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the girl on the poster in shawshank redemption	[ "In Maine 1948, Andy Dufresne, a banker, is tried and convicted for the double murder of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. He is sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary to serve a double life sentence. There, he meets Red, a prisoner who smuggles items from the outside world. Andy, who had been an amateur geologist before being jailed, asks Red to get him a rock hammer for shaping rocks he collects from the exercise yard into small sculptures. One of the next items he orders from Red is a large poster of Rita Hayworth. Over the ensuing years, Andy regularly requests more posters from Red, including pin-ups of Marilyn Monroe and Raquel Welch. When asked, Andy tells Red that he likes to imagine he can step through the pictures and be with the actresses." ]	[ "Rita Hayworth" ]
491280638676770594	RJ Mitte	RJ Mitte - wikipedia RJ Mitte Jump to : navigation , search RJ Mitte Mitte in April 2015 Roy Frank Mitte III ( 1992 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Jackson , Mississippi , U.S. Occupation Actor , film producer Years active 2006 -- present Known for Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Roy Frank `` RJ '' Mitte III ( born August 21 , 1992 ) is an American actor , producer , and model . He is best known for his role as Walter `` Flynn '' White Jr. on the AMC series Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) . Like his character on the show , he has cerebral palsy . After moving to Hollywood in 2006 , he began training with personal talent manager Addison Witt . They sought acting opportunities where his disability would serve to educate viewers , which led him to audition for the role in Breaking Bad . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Activism 4 Model 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music videos 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Mitte was born in Jackson , Mississippi . He was delivered by emergency caesarian and was not breathing at the time of his birth , which resulted in permanent brain damage . He was adopted a few weeks later by Roy Frank Mitte Jr. and Dyna Mitte , who later separated . He was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of three , and doctors put his legs in casts for six months in an attempt to straighten his feet . Mitte was fitted with leg braces and used crutches throughout most of his childhood ; however , over time , his body became stronger through sports and exercise , he no longer needed any walking devices by the time he was a teenager . In 2006 , he moved with his family to Los Angeles , where his younger sister Lacianne Carriere had received an offer for a role in a film project . Mitte was raised by his mother following the separation of his parents , and from the age of 13 was financially responsible for the family , which by then also included his sister who was born when Mitte was 11 years old . He remains responsible and takes on multiple jobs to bring in an income . Career ( edit ) RJ Mitte speaking at Texas A&M University -- Commerce in April 2015 After receiving several roles as an extra , including in the Disney series Hannah Montana , Mitte became interested in films and decided to take acting lessons . Shortly after , he was offered the role of Walter White Jr. , who also has cerebral palsy , in the AMC series Breaking Bad . At the 2013 Media Access Awards , Mitte received the SAG - AFTRA Harold Russell Award for his portrayal of Walter White , Jr. on the series , and also presented the eponymous RJ Mitte Diversity Award to deaf actor Ryan Lane . The Screen Actors Guild named Mitte as the spokesman for actors with disabilities and he is the representative of `` Inclusion in the Arts and Media of Performers with Disabilities '' , which employs artists with disabilities . In 2011 he starred in the short horror film Stump . That same year , he worked as executive producer of the documentary Vanished : The Tara Calico Story , that deals with the disappearance of Tara Calico . In 2012 Mitte was cast in the thriller film House of Last Things . In 2013 , Mitte appeared in the music video for `` Dead Bite '' by rapcore band Hollywood Undead . In January 2014 , he began a recurring role on the ABC Family drama series Switched at Birth portraying Campbell , a premed student paralyzed from a snowboarding accident who uses a wheelchair . On July 14 , 2016 , Mitte was announced as part of British Channel 4 's coverage of the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games . Mitte is producing and will star in the film Wildflowers , along with his teenage sister , Lacianne Carriere . He is also working as a producer on a documentary called The Kids of Widney High . He hopes to branch out into directing . Activism ( edit ) Mitte appeared on the cover of the February / March 2015 issue of Neurology Now ( published by the American Academy of Neurology ) . The issue included a short biography and his views on cerebral palsy , bullying , and his acting career . He is also a celebrity ambassador for United Cerebral Palsy . Model ( edit ) In Spring 2014 , Mitte modelled for a Gap campaign . In June 2015 , Mitte walked for Vivienne Westwood on a catwalk . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Stump Short film 2013 House of Last Things Tim 2015 Dixieland CJ 2016 Who 's Driving Doug Doug 2017 The Recall Brendan Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Hannah Montana School Jock Uncredited Episode : `` Schooly Bully '' 2008 -- 2013 Breaking Bad Walter `` Flynn '' White , Jr . 53 episodes 2013 Vegas Russ Auster Episode : `` Paiutes '' 2014 Switched at Birth Campbell Bingman 9 episodes 2016 Robot Chicken Walter White , Jr. ( voice ) Episode : `` Food '' 2017 The Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls Participant Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Title Role 2013 Hollywood Undead `` Dead Bite '' Child 2013 Steel Panther `` Party Like Tomorrow is the End of the World '' 2016 Nothing but Thieves `` If I Get High '' 2016 3 Doors Down `` In the Dark '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Project Result 2011 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Breaking Bad Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Breaking Bad Nominated 2012 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor 17 - 21 Breaking Bad Nominated 2013 Media Access Award SAG - AFTRA Harold Russell Award Breaking Bad Awarded 2013 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Breaking Bad Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tina Calabro ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' actor RJ Mitte finds ' perfect role ' prepared him to become an activist '' . The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Strauss ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` For teen star of ' Breaking Bad , ' real - life disability is no obstacle '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RJ Mitte -- Breaking Bad Is Good Interview , ABILITY Magazine . Jump up ^ `` RJ Mitte of ' Breaking Bad ' on Living with Cerebral Palsy '' . YouTube . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George Rush ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` It 's not an act - I really do have cerebral palsy '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Natasha Wasinkski ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad 's ' R.J. Mitte talks about living with cerebral palsy '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Calabro , Tina ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' actor RJ Mitte finds ' perfect role ' prepared him to become an activist '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' costar RJ Mitte on ability , disabilities , and filming in Portland '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Interview The Daily Telegraph 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Erin Clements ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` RJ Mitte , Miley Cyrus Appeared On ' Hannah Montana ' Together '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Media Access Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Kathi ( April 2012 ) . `` For Mitte , ' Bad ' Rep is Good '' . Independence Today . Jump up ^ `` Stump ( 2011 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanished : The Tara Calico Story '' . Indiegogo . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Switched at Birth ' : ' Breaking Bad 's ' R.J. Mitte Makes His Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Childers , Linda ( February 2015 ) . `` Breaking Good : After the role of a lifetime , Breaking Bad 's RJ Mitte is busting stereotypes about cerebral palsy and speaking out against bullying '' . Neurology Now . American Academy of Neurology . 11 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 25 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. NNN. 0000461241.05321. d5 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Ambassadors '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gap Spring Campaign 2014 Jump up ^ Time . Breaking Bad Walt Jr . Vivienne Westwood Fashion Show Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) RJ Mitte on IMDb RJ Mitte discusses Breaking Bad at AMCtv.com RJ Mitte -- Breaking Bad Is Good Interview with ABILITY Magazine ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 121191329 LCCN : no2010072929 GND : 1043468242 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RJ_Mitte&oldid=804920793 '' Categories : 1992 births 21st - century American male actors American adoptees American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from Louisiana People with cerebral palsy People from Lafayette , Louisiana Living people Models with disabilities Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who plays walter white's son on breaking bad	[ "Roy Frank \"RJ\" Mitte III (born August 21, 1992) is an American actor, producer, and model. He is best known for his role as Walter \"Flynn\" White Jr. on the AMC series Breaking Bad (2008–13).[1] Like his character on the show, he has cerebral palsy. [1] After moving to Hollywood in 2006, he began training with personal talent manager Addison Witt.[2] They sought acting opportunities where his disability would serve to educate viewers, which led him to audition for the role in Breaking Bad.[3]" ]	[ "Roy Frank \"RJ\" Mitte III" ]
8728819436773049926	The Lady of Rage	The Lady of Rage - wikipedia The Lady of Rage This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Lady of Rage Birth name Robin Yvette Allen February 6 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Origin Farmville , Virginia Genres Hip hop Occupation ( s ) Rapper actress singer Years active 1988 -- present Labels Death Row Records ( 1991 -- 1997 ) , Boss Lady Entertainment , Doggystyle Records Associated acts Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Tha Dogg Pound , RBX , 2Pac , Gang Starr Robin Yvette Allen ( born February 6 , 1970 ) , better known by her stage name The Lady of Rage , is an American rapper , singer and actress best known for collaborations with several Death Row Records artists , including Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg on the seminal albums The Chronic and Doggystyle . She has been described as `` one of the most skillful female MCs '' with a `` mastery of flow '' and `` hard - core lyrics '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical and acting career 2 Rapping technique 3 Discography 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 5 References 6 External links Musical and acting career ( edit ) In the summer of 1988 , the Lady of Rage met Shahkim , now known as Black Rushn of the Original Outlaw Brothers , a rap group from Queens , New York . After convincing her he could get her a record deal , he brought her into his group . The members of the Outlaw Brothers made Rage a member of the group and they eventually were signed to a production deal with the L.A. Posse ( who went on to produce several big hits for LL Cool J ) . At the time , the L.A. Posse had several artists within their group including , MC Wind and The Real Roxanne . They also had several relationships with different labels . Rage , along with all the artists in the camp worked diligently out of Chung King Studios in lower Manhattan recording , writing and continuing to record . In 1991 , Lady of Rage met with Chubb Rock , providing vocals for his track , `` Bring Em Home Safe '' on his The One album , which she recorded under the name of ' Rockin ' Robin ' . Dr. Dre then discovered her after the L.A. Posse let him listen to some of the tracks on their album and the vocals she recorded for the L.A. Posse 's They Come in All Colors in 1991 . She appeared on several tracks from Dr. Dre 's 1992 classic The Chronic album , and on Snoop Doggy Dogg 's Doggystyle in 1993 . In 1994 , she released the hit single `` Afro Puffs '' ( from the soundtrack to Above the Rim ) which reached # 5 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart . She also made an appearance on Tha Dogg Pound 's album Dogg Food on the track `` Do What I Feel '' . Though she had made more than a dozen appearances on soundtracks as well as albums from her Death Row Records cohorts , the Lady of Rage did n't release an album until ' 97 . Her debut solo album , Necessary Roughness , was released in June 1997 and peaked at # 7 on the Billboard R&B Album chart and 32 on the Billboard 200 Albums chart . Her solo album was originally called Eargasm and was continually pushed back - it was meant to have been the next album on Death Row Records after The Chronic , and then after Doggystyle , before finally being released in 1997 . After the release of her album and a guest - appearance with Gang Starr alongside Kurupt ( `` You Know My Steez ( Three Men and a Lady Remix ) '' ) in 1998 , Rage left Death Row Records and the music industry to focus on acting , appearing in an episode of Kenan & Kel . The Lady of Rage then went on to be featured in the television sitcom , The Steve Harvey Show on The WB as Coretta Cox , a recurring role she played from 1997 to 2000 . She also had a role in Next Friday as Baby D , baby sister of Day Day 's ex-girlfriend . In 2000 , she made another appearance on Snoop Dogg 's `` Set It Off '' on his album Tha Last Meal , a solo track `` Unfucwitable '' on Snoop Dogg Presents ... Doggy Style Allstars Vol. 1 and `` Batman & Robin '' , which appeared on Snoop Dogg 's Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss album . In 2007 she signed to Shante Broadus ' label , Boss Lady Entertainment , and recorded a street album called From VA 2 LA . She also made appearances on Bigg Snoop Dogg Presents ... Welcome to tha Chuuch : Da Album and Cali Iz Active . She is currently a part of the FEM ( Females Earning Money ) Movement along with fellow female rappers Babs ( of Da Band ) , Lady Luck , and Amil . In 2008 , she performed with MC Lyte , Yo - Yo , and Salt - n - Pepa at the BET Hip Hop Awards . In the summer of 2010 she joined Snoop Dogg during his headlining set at the Rock the Bells festival concert series , along with Warren G , RBX and Tha Dogg Pound for a performance of the classic Doggystyle album in its entirety . Rage is currently part of the group N'Matez , along with Daz Dillinger , Kurupt , and RBX . Rage signed on to play herself in the upcoming , `` Dogg Pound 4 Life '' , a biopic revolving around the rise of the infamous 1990 's `` Tha Dogg Pound '' . Also starring ; Azad Arnaud ( Son Of Daz Dillinger ) as `` Daz Dillinger '' , Curtis Young ( son of Dr. Dre ) as `` Dr. Dre '' , Redman as `` Suge Knight '' , DaDa as `` Tupac Shakur '' & Melvin Jackson Jr as `` Kurupt '' . Rapping technique ( edit ) Lady of Rage describes much of her rapping technique in the book How to Rap - she notes the importance of having a strong vocabulary , writing poetry , having different styles of flow , using ' rests ' , researching lyrics , taking your time to write lyrics , working with producers , doing guide vocals , and her compound rhymes in the track ' Unfucwitable ' are broken down . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums Necessary Roughness ( 1997 ) Mixtapes VA 2 LA ( 2005 ) Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Steve Harvey Show ( 1997 - 2000 ) ... Coretta `` The Ox '' Cox Kenan & Kel ( 1 episode ) ( 1999 ) ... Yovanda Film ( edit ) Life After Death Row ( 2006 ) ... Herself Confessions of a Thug ( 2005 ) The Lady Of Rage : A Rapper of the Hip - Hop Concerts ( 2004 ) ... Robin Yvette Allen / Herself ( voice ) Thug Life ( 2001 ) ... Robin Allen Next Friday ( 2000 ) ... Baby D ' Ride ( 1998 ) ... Peaches References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Exclusive Interview With The Lady Of Rage - Rap and Hip Hop Music Network Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at Archive.is . Raptalk.net ( 2006 - 12 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p45179 ^ Jump up to : https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p45179/credits Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p45179/charts-awards/billboard-singles Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p45179/charts-awards Jump up ^ / / The Lady Of Rage Interview ( February 2007 ) / / West Coast News Network / / . Dubcnn.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0706437/ Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1469958 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 138 - 139 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 176 , 285 - 286 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 89 - 90 . External links ( edit ) Lady of Rage at AllMusic The Lady of Rage on IMDb GND : 135058333 ISNI : 0000 0000 5550 2682 LCCN : no97056695 MusicBrainz : 147a3ceb - ebeb - 4ce8 - 96e6 - b2b3616dca04 VIAF : 14378306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_of_Rage&oldid=847929346 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people African - American female rappers Death Row Records artists African - American actresses American actresses African - American musicians Rappers from Virginia Southern hip hop musicians People from Farmville , Virginia Gangsta rappers Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 19 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played coretta on the steve harvey show	[ "After the release of her album and a guest-appearance with Gang Starr alongside Kurupt (\"You Know My Steez (Three Men and a Lady Remix)\") in 1998,[4] Rage left Death Row Records and the music industry to focus on acting, appearing in an episode of Kenan & Kel.[8] The Lady of Rage then went on to be featured in the television sitcom, The Steve Harvey Show on The WB as Coretta Cox, a recurring role she played from 1997 to 2000. She also had a role in Next Friday as Baby D, baby sister of Day Day's ex-girlfriend.[8]\n" ]	[ "The Lady of Rage" ]
-1907295172811143150	Prime Minister of Israel	Prime minister of Israel - Wikipedia Prime minister of Israel Jump to : navigation , search Prime Minister of Israel רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה ‬ Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel Incumbent Benjamin Netanyahu since 31 March 2009 Prime Minister 's Office Style His Excellency Residence Beit Aghion Nominator Knesset Appointer President of Israel Term length 4 years ( maximum ) Inaugural holder David Ben - Gurion Formation 14 May 1948 Deputy Deputy Prime Minister Website pmo.gov.il The Prime Minister of Israel ( Hebrew : רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה ‬ , Rosh HaMemshala , lit . Head of the Government , Hebrew acronym : רה ״ מ ‬ ; Arabic : رئيس الحكومة ‎ , Ra'īs al - Ḥukūma ) is the head of government of Israel and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics . Although the President of Israel is the country 's head of state , the President 's powers are largely ceremonial ; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power . The official residence of the Prime Minister , Beit Aghion is in Jerusalem . The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud , the ninth person to hold the position ( excluding caretakers ) . Following an election , the President nominates a member of the Knesset to become Prime Minister after asking party leaders whom they support for the position . The nominee then presents a government platform and must receive a vote of confidence in order to become Prime Minister . In practice , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the governing coalition . Between 1996 and 2001 , the Prime Minister was directly elected , separately from the Knesset . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Direct election 1.2 2003 onwards 2 Order of succession 2.1 Acting , Vice and Deputy Prime Minister 2.2 Interim government 3 Prime Minister 's residence 4 List of Prime Ministers of Israel 4.1 Term of office in years 4.2 List of Prime Ministers by longevity 5 Living former Prime Ministers 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History The office of Prime Minister came into existence on 14 May 1948 , the date of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel , when the provisional government was created . David Ben - Gurion , leader of Mapai and head of the Jewish Agency became Israel 's first Prime Minister . The position became permanent on 8 March 1949 , when the first government was formed . Ben - Gurion retained his role until late 1953 , when he resigned in order to settle in the Kibbutz of Sde Boker . He was replaced by Moshe Sharett . However , Ben - Gurion returned in a little under two years to reclaim his position . He resigned for a second time in 1963 , breaking away from Mapai to form Rafi . Levi Eshkol took over as head of Mapai and prime minister . He became the first Prime Minister to head the country under the banner of two parties when Mapai formed the Alignment with Ahdut HaAvoda in 1965 . In 1968 he also became the only party leader to command an absolute majority in the Knesset , after Mapam and Rafi merged into the Alignment , giving it 63 seats in the 120 - seat Knesset . On 26 February 1969 , Eshkol became the first Prime Minister to die in office , and was temporarily replaced by Yigal Allon . However , Allon 's stint lasted less than a month , as the party persuaded Golda Meir to return to political life and become prime minister in March 1969 . Meir was Israel 's first woman prime minister , and the third in the world ( after Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Indira Gandhi ) . Meir resigned in 1974 after the Agranat Commission published its findings on the Yom Kippur War , even though it had absolved her of blame . Yitzhak Rabin took over , though he also resigned towards the end of the eighth Knesset 's term following a series of scandals . Those included the suicide of Housing Minister Avraham Ofer after police began investigating allegations that he had used party funds illegally , and the affair involving Asher Yadlin ( the Governor - designate of the Bank of Israel ) , who was sentenced to five years in prison for having accepted bribes . Rabin 's wife , Leah , was also found to have had an overseas bank account , which was illegal in Israel at the time . Menachem Begin became the first right - wing prime minister when his Likud won the 1977 elections , and retained the post in the 1981 elections . He resigned in 1983 for health reasons , passing the reins of power to Yitzhak Shamir . After the 1984 elections had proved inconclusive with neither the Alignment nor Likud able to form a government , a national unity government was formed with a rotating prime ministership -- Shimon Peres took the first two years , and was replaced by Shamir midway through the Knesset term . Although the 1988 elections produced another national unity government , Shamir was able to take the role alone . Peres made an abortive bid to form a left - wing government in 1990 , but failed , leaving Shamir in power until 1992 . Rabin became prime minister for the second time when he led Labour to victory in the 1992 elections . After his assassination on 4 November 1995 , Peres took over as prime minister . Direct election Israel This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Israel Constitution ( show ) Basic Laws Jerusalem Law Law of Return Presidency ( show ) President ( list ) Reuven Rivlin Executive ( show ) Prime Minister ( list ) Benjamin Netanyahu Office of the Prime Minister Deputy leaders Cabinet Current ( 34th ) Security Cabinet Kitchen Cabinet State Comptroller Legislature ( show ) Speaker : Yuli Edelstein Members ( Arab ) Leader of the Opposition Isaac Herzog Knesset Guard Elections ( show ) Political parties Elections Law Central Elections Committee Referendums Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President : Esther Hayut Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit Administrative divisions ( show ) Districts Local government Municipalities Local councils Regional councils Foreign relations ( show ) Arab League International law Status of territories Israel , Palestine , United Nations Israel and the European Union Ambassadors Other countries Atlas During the thirteenth Knesset ( 1992 -- 1996 ) it was decided to hold a separate ballot for prime minister modeled after American presidential elections . This system was instituted in part because the Israeli electoral system makes it all but impossible for one party to win a majority . While only two parties -- Mapai / Labour and Likud -- had ever led governments , the large number of parties or factions in a typical Knesset usually prevents one party from winning the 61 seats needed for a majority . In 1996 , when the first such election took place , the outcome was a surprise win for Benjamin Netanyahu after election polls predicted that Peres was the winner . However , in the Knesset election held at the same time , Labour won more votes than any other party ( 27 % ) . Thus Netanyahu , despite his theoretical position of power , needed the support of the religious parties to form a viable government . Ultimately Netanyahu failed to hold the government together , and early elections for both prime minister and the Knesset were called in 1999 . Although five candidates announced their intention to run , the three representing minor parties ( Benny Begin of Herut -- The National Movement , Azmi Bishara of Balad and Yitzhak Mordechai of the Centre Party ) dropped out before election day , and Ehud Barak beat Netanyahu in the election . However , the new system again appeared to have failed ; although Barak 's One Israel alliance ( an alliance of Labour , Gesher and Meimad ) won more votes than any other party in the Knesset election , they garnered only 26 seats , the lowest ever by a winning party or alliance . Barak needed to form a coalition with six smaller parties in order to form a government . In early 2001 , Barak resigned following the outbreak of the al - Aqsa Intifada . However , the government was not brought down , and only elections for prime minister were necessary . In the election itself , Ariel Sharon comfortably beat Barak , taking 62.4 % of the vote . However , because Likud only had 21 seats in the Knesset , Sharon had to form a national unity government . Following Sharon 's victory , it was decided to do away with separate elections for prime minister and return to the previous system . 2003 onwards The 2003 elections were carried out in the same manner as prior to 1996 . Likud won 38 seats , the highest by a party for over a decade , and as party leader Sharon was duly appointed PM . However , towards the end of his term and largely as a result of the deep divisions within Likud over Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan , Sharon broke away from his party to form Kadima , managing to maintain his position as prime minister and also becoming the first prime minister not to be a member of either Labour or Likud ( or their predecessors ) . However , he suffered a stroke in January 2006 , in the midst of election season , leading Ehud Olmert to become acting prime minister in the weeks leading to the elections . He was voted by the cabinet to be interim prime minister just after the 2006 elections , when Sharon had reached 100 days of incapacitation . He thus became Israel 's third interim prime minister , only days before forming his own new government as the official Prime Minister of Israel . In 2008 , amid accusations of corruption and challenges from his own party , Olmert announced that he would resign . However his successor Tzipi Livni was unable to form a coalition government . In the election in the following year , while Kadima won the most seats , it was the Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu who was given the task of forming a government . He was able to do so , thus beginning his second term as Prime Minister of Israel . In the 2013 election , the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu alliance emerged as the largest faction . After forming a coalition , Netanyahu secured his third prime ministership . Order of succession If the prime minister dies in office , the cabinet chooses an interim prime minister , to run the government until a new government is placed in power . Yigal Allon served as interim prime minister following Levi Eshkol 's death , as did Shimon Peres following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin . According to Israeli law , if a prime minister is temporarily incapacitated rather than dies ( as was the case following Ariel Sharon 's stroke in early 2006 ) , power is transferred to the acting prime minister , until the prime minister recovers ( Ehud Olmert took over from Sharon ) , for up to 100 days . If the prime minister is declared permanently incapacitated , or that period expires , the President of Israel oversees the process of assembling a new governing coalition , and in the meantime the acting prime minister or other incumbent minister is appointed by the cabinet to serve as interim prime minister . In the case of Sharon , elections were already due to occur within 100 days of the beginning of his coma ; thus , the post-election coalition - building process pre-empted the emergency provisions for the selection of a new prime minister . Nevertheless , Olmert was appointed interim prime minister on 16 April 2006 , after the elections , just days before he had formed a government on 4 May 2006 , to become the official prime minister . Acting , Vice and Deputy prime minister Main article : Deputy leaders of Israel Aside from the position of Acting Prime Minister , there are also Vice Prime Ministers and Deputy Prime Ministers . Interim government Main article : Deputy leaders of Israel § Interim Government Prime minister 's residence During his term of office , the prime minister lives in Jerusalem . Since 1974 , the official residence of the prime minister is Beit Aghion , at the corner of Balfour and Smolenskin streets in Rehavia . List of Prime Ministers of Israel Main article : List of Prime Ministers of Israel Term of office in years Main article : List of Prime Ministers of Israel § Term of office in years List of Prime Ministers by longevity Main article : List of Prime Ministers of Israel by longevity Living former prime Ministers As of March 2017 , there are two living former Prime Ministers . The most recent Prime Minister to die was Shimon Peres ( 1977 ; 1984 -- 1986 ; 1995 -- 1996 ) , who died on 28 September 2016 . Benjamin Netanyahu , who served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 1999 , is currently serving and is thus excluded from this list . Ehud Barak ( 1999 -- 2001 ) ( 1942 - 02 - 12 ) February 12 , 1942 ( age 76 ) Ehud Olmert ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( 1945 - 09 - 30 ) September 30 , 1945 ( age 72 ) See also Prime Minister 's Office ( Israel ) Beit Aghion Beit Rosh ha - Memshala References Jump up ^ Flags of the Israel Defense Forces Jump up ^ Basic Law : The Government ( 2001 ) Sections 7a , 13d . Jump up ^ Prime Minister Netanyahu . Remember ? Maariv , 30 August 2005 Jump up ^ Q&A : Israel 's political future BBC News , 11 January 2006 Jump up ^ From modesty to monstrosity Haaretz , 1 May 2009 Further reading Avner , Yehuda ( 2010 ) . The Prime Ministers : An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership . Israel : Toby Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59264 - 278 - 6 . OCLC 758724969 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Israel . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the prime minister of israel located	[ "The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה‬, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: רה״מ‬; Arabic: رئيس الحكومة‎, Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma) is the head of government of Israel and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics. Although the President of Israel is the country's head of state, the President's powers are largely ceremonial; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the Prime Minister, Beit Aghion is in Jerusalem. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud, the ninth person to hold the position (excluding caretakers)." ]	[ "Jerusalem" ]
-1779609764701133260	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight c. 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=837241074 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first twenty dollar bill made	[ "1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green." ]	[ "1861" ]
7467210135563663535	Novak Djokovic	Novak Djokovic - wikipedia Novak Djokovic Jump to : navigation , search `` Djokovic '' redirects here . For other people , see Djokovic ( surname ) . Novak Djokovic Djokovic at the 2017 Aegon International Eastbourne Native name Новак Ђоковић Novak Đoković Country ( sports ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Serbia ( 2006 -- present ) Residence Monte Carlo , Monaco ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) 22 May 1987 ( age 30 ) Belgrade , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia Height 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Turned pro 2003 Plays Right - handed ( two - handed backhand ) Coach ( es ) Andre Agassi Mario Ančić Prize money US $ 109,805,403 All - time leader in earnings Official website novakdjokovic.com Singles Career record 783 -- 163 ( 82.77 % in Grand Slam and ATP World Tour main draw matches , and in Davis Cup ) Career titles 68 ( 7th in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 ( 4 July 2011 ) Current ranking No. 6 ( 11 September 2017 ) Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open W ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) French Open W ( 2016 ) Wimbledon W ( 2011 , 2014 , 2015 ) US Open W ( 2011 , 2015 ) Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) Olympic Games SF ( 2008 , 2012 ) Doubles Career record 45 -- 60 ( 42.86 % ) Career titles Highest ranking No. 114 ( 30 November 2009 ) Current ranking No. 237 ( 21 August 2017 ) Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 1R ( 2006 , 2007 ) French Open 1R ( 2006 ) Wimbledon 2R ( 2006 ) US Open 1R ( 2006 ) Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2010 ) Hopman Cup F ( 2008 , 2013 ) Medal record ( hide ) Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Singles Last updated on : 11 September 2017 Signature of Novak Djokovic . Novak Djokovic ( Serbian : Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , pronounced ( nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ ) ( listen ) ; born 22 May 1987 ) is a Serbian professional tennis player widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most ( equal with Roy Emerson ) in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of July 2017 . Djokovic has won an all - time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single - season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal ) , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five - time ITF World Champion , and four - time ATP year - end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star , and the Order of the Republika Srpska . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Tennis career 2.1 Juniors 2.2 Start of professional career 2.3 2006 : First ATP titles 2.4 2007 : Reaching the top ten and first major final 2.5 2008 : First major title and Olympic bronze medal 2.6 2009 : Ten finals , five titles and emergence of the Big Four 2.7 2010 : Davis Cup title and US Open runner - up 2.8 2011 : Three majors , five masters and ascent to No. 1 2.9 2012 : Fifth major , three masters and return to No. 1 2.10 2013 : Fourth Australian Open title and three masters 2.11 2014 : Second Wimbledon title , four masters and return to No. 1 2.12 2015 : Three majors , six masters , eleven titles and ranking points record 2.13 2016 : Nole Slam , four masters , and new ranking points record 2.14 2017 : Split with team and long injury hiatus 3 Rivalries 3.1 Djokovic vs. Nadal 3.2 Djokovic vs. Federer 3.3 Djokovic vs. Murray 3.4 Djokovic vs. Wawrinka 3.5 Djokovic vs. Tsonga 4 Place among the all - time greats 5 Playing style and equipment 5.1 Coaching and personal team 6 Sponsorships and business ventures 6.1 Investments 7 In popular culture 8 Philanthropy 9 Career statistics 9.1 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline 9.2 Year -- End Championships performance timeline 9.3 Records 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early and personal life Djokovic was born on 22 May 1987 in Belgrade , SR Serbia , Yugoslavia , to parents Srđan and Dijana ( née Žagar ) . Novak 's father is Montenegrin in origin and his mother is Croatian by background , with Novak considering himself to be Serbian . His two younger brothers , Marko and Djordje , are also tennis players with professional aspirations . A resident in Monte Carlo , Djokovic was coached by former Slovak tennis player Marián Vajda from 2006 until Boris Becker took over the role of head coach in December 2013 . Djokovic is a self - described fan of languages , speaking Serbian , English , French , German , and Italian . He met his future wife , Jelena Ristić , in high school , and began dating her in 2005 . The two became engaged in September 2013 , and on 10 July 2014 the couple got married on Sveti Stefan in Montenegro , while a church wedding was held in the same place , on 12 July 2014 , in the Church of Saint Stephen ( Serbian : Црква Светог Архиђакона Стефана ) which belongs to Praskvica Monastery . On 24 April 2014 , Djokovic announced that he and Ristić were expecting their first child . Their son Stefan was born in October 2014 . In April 2017 , it was confirmed that they were expecting their second child . Their daughter Tara was born in September 2017 . Djokovic began playing tennis at the age of four . In the summer of 1993 , the six - year - old was spotted by Yugoslav tennis player Jelena Genčić at Mount Kopaonik , where Djokovic 's parents ran a fast - food parlour . Upon seeing Djokovic play tennis , she stated : `` This is the greatest talent I have seen since Monica Seles . '' Genčić worked with young Djokovic over the following six years before realizing that , due to his rapid development , going abroad in search of increased level of competition was the best option for his future . To that end , she contacted Nikola Pilić and in September 1999 the 12 - year - old moved to the Pilić tennis academy in Oberschleißheim , Germany , spending four years there . At the age of 14 , he began his international career , winning European championships in singles , doubles , and team competition . Djokovic is known for his often humorous off - court impersonations of his fellow players , many of whom are his friends . This became evident to the tennis world after his 2007 US Open quarterfinal win over Carlos Moyá , where he entertained the audience with impersonations of Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova . His impersonations have also become popular on YouTube . Djokovic did an impression of John McEnroe after his fourth round match victory at the 2009 US Open , before playing a brief game with McEnroe , much to the delight of the audience . Djokovic is a member of the `` Champions for Peace '' club , a group of famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport , created by Peace and Sport , a Monaco - based international organization . Djokovic is a member of the Serbian Orthodox Church . On 28 April 2011 , Patriarch Irinej of Serbia awarded Djokovic the Order of St. Sava I class , the highest decoration of the Serbian Orthodox Church , for his contributions to monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo and Metohija and charitable work in Serbia . He is a keen fan of Serbian football club Red Star Belgrade , Italian club A.C. Milan and Portuguese club S.L. Benfica . He is good friends with fellow Serbian tennis player Ana Ivanovic , whom he has known since the two were children growing up in Serbia , through Djokovic 's uncle and Ivanovic 's father . Tennis career Novak Djokovic Singles Ranking History Chart Singles Ranking Composite History Chart ( Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic ) Juniors As a member of the Yugoslav national team , Djokovic reached the final of the 2001 Junior Davis Cup for players under 14 , in which he lost his match in singles . In juniors , Djokovic compiled a singles win / loss record of 40 -- 11 ( and 23 -- 6 in doubles ) , reaching a combined junior world ranking of No. 24 in February 2004 . At the junior Grand Slam tournaments his best showing was at the Australian Open where he reached the semi-finals in 2004 . He did not play at Wimbledon but he did play at the Jr French Open and Jr US Open . Start of professional career Djokovic turned professional in 2003 . At the beginning of his professional career , he mainly played in Futures and Challenger tournaments , winning three of each type from 2003 to 2005 . His first tour - level tournament was Umag in 2004 , where he lost to Filippo Volandri in the round of 32 . Djokovic made his first Grand Slam tournament appearance by qualifying for the 2005 Australian Open , where he was defeated by eventual champion Marat Safin in the first round in straight sets , after defeating future rival Stanislas Wawrinka in qualifying . However , he went on to reach the third round of both Wimbledon and the US Open , coming back from two sets down to defeat Guillermo García - López in the former , and beating Gaël Monfils and Mario Ančić in the latter . Djokovic participated in four Masters events and qualified for two of them , his best performance coming in Paris , where he reached the third round and defeated fourth seed Mariano Puerta along the way . 2006 : first ATP titles Djokovic became one of the 40 best players in the world singles rankings after making his first quarterfinal appearance at a Grand Slam event , coming at the French Open , and also by reaching the fourth round at Wimbledon that year . Three weeks after Wimbledon , Djokovic won his first ATP title at the Dutch Open in Amersfoort without losing a set , defeating Nicolás Massú in the final . He won his second career title at the Moselle Open in Metz , and moved into the top 20 for the first time in his career . Djokovic also reached his first career Masters quarterfinal at Madrid during the indoor hardcourt season . On 9 April 2006 , Djokovic clinched a decisive Davis Cup win against Great Britain by defeating Greg Rusedski in four sets in the fourth match of the tie , giving Serbia and Montenegro an insurmountable 3 -- 1 lead in their best - of - five series , thus keeping the country in the Group One Euro / African Zone of Davis Cup . Afterwards , Djokovic briefly considered moving from Serbia to play for Great Britain . Following this match - up , the British media spoke of Djokovic 's camp negotiating with the Lawn Tennis Association about changing his international loyalty by joining British tennis ranks . The nineteen - year - old Djokovic , who was ranked sixty - third in the world at the time , mostly dismissed the story at first by saying that the talks were not serious , describing them as `` the British being very kind to us after the Davis Cup . '' However , more than three years later , in October 2009 , Djokovic confirmed that the talks between his family and the LTA throughout April and May 2006 were indeed serious : Britain was offering me a lot of opportunities and they needed someone because Andy ( Murray ) was the only one , and still is . That had to be a disappointment for all the money they invest . But I did n't need the money as much as I had done . I had begun to make some for myself , enough to afford to travel with a coach , and I said , ' Why the heck ? ' I am Serbian , I am proud of being a Serbian , I did n't want to spoil that just because another country had better conditions . If I had played for Great Britain , of course I would have played exactly as I do for my country but deep inside , I would never have felt that I belonged . I was the one who took the decision . 2007 : reaching the top ten and first major final Djokovic began 2007 by defeating Australian Chris Guccione in the final of the tournament in Adelaide , before losing in the fourth round of the Australian Open to eventual champion Roger Federer in straight sets . His performances at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells , and Key Biscayne , where he was the runner - up and champion respectively , pushed him into the world 's top 10 . Djokovic lost the Indian Wells final to Rafael Nadal , but defeated Nadal in Key Biscayne in the quarterfinals before defeating Guillermo Cañas for the title in the finals . After winning his first Master Series title , Djokovic returned to Serbia to help his country enter the Davis Cup World Group in a match against Georgia . Djokovic won a point by defeating Georgia 's George Chanturia . Later , he played in the Monte Carlo Masters , where he was defeated by David Ferrer in the third round , and at the Estoril Open , where he defeated Richard Gasquet in the final . Djokovic then reached the quarterfinals of both the Internazionali d'Italia in Rome , where he lost to Nadal , and the Hamburg Masters , where he was defeated by Carlos Moyà . At the French Open , Djokovic reached his first major semi-final , losing to eventual champion Nadal . At Wimbledon , Djokovic won a five - hour quarterfinal against Marcos Baghdatis . In his semi-final match against Nadal , he was forced to retire with elbow problems in the third set , after winning the first and losing the second set . Djokovic during his first round match against Robin Haase at the 2007 US Open Djokovic 's next tournament was the Rogers Cup in Montreal , and he defeated world No. 3 Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals , world No. 2 Nadal in the semi-finals , and world No. 1 Federer in the final . This was the first time a player had defeated the top three ranked players in one tournament since Boris Becker in 1994 . Djokovic was also only the second player , after Tomáš Berdych , to have defeated both Federer and Nadal since they became the top two players in the world . After this tournament , Björn Borg stated that Djokovic `` is definitely a contender to win a Grand Slam ( tournament ) . '' The following week at the Cincinnati Masters , Djokovic lost in the second round to Moyà in straight sets . Nevertheless , he went on to reach the final of the US Open , where he had five set points in the first set and two in the second set , but lost them all before losing the match in straight sets to the top - seeded Federer . Djokovic won his fifth title of the year at the BA - CA TennisTrophy in Vienna , defeating Stanislas Wawrinka in the final . His next tournament was the Madrid Masters , where he lost to David Nalbandian in the semi-finals . Djokovic , assured of finishing the year as world No. 3 , qualified for the year - ending Tennis Masters Cup , but did not advance beyond the round robin matches . He received the Golden Badge award for the best athlete in Serbia , and the Olympic Committee of Serbia declared him the best athlete in the country . Djokovic played a key role in the 2007 play - off win over Australia by winning all his matches and helping promote the Serbia Davis Cup team to the 2008 World Group . In Serbia 's tie against Russia in Moscow in early 2008 , Djokovic was sidelined due to influenza and was forced to miss his first singles match . He returned to win his doubles match , teaming with Nenad Zimonjić , before being forced to retire during his singles match with Nikolay Davydenko . 2008 : first major title and Olympic bronze medal Djokovic started the year by playing the Hopman Cup with fellow Serbian world No. 3 Jelena Janković . While he won all his round - robin matches , the team lost 1 -- 2 in the final to the second - seeded American team of Serena Williams and Mardy Fish . At the Australian Open , Djokovic reached his second consecutive Grand Slam final without dropping a set , including a victory over three - time defending champion Federer in the semi-finals . By reaching the semi-finals , Djokovic became the youngest player to have reached the semi-finals in all four Grand Slam events . In the final , Djokovic defeated unseeded Frenchman Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in four sets to earn his first Grand Slam singles title . This marked the first time since the 2005 Australian Open that a Grand Slam singles title was not won by Federer or Nadal . Djokovic 's next tournament was the Dubai Tennis Championships , where he lost in the semi-finals to Roddick . At the Pacific Life Masters in Indian Wells , Djokovic won his ninth career singles title , needing three sets to defeat American Mardy Fish in the final . Djokovic won his tenth career singles title and fourth Master Series singles crown at the Internazionali d'Italia in Rome after defeating Wawrinka in the final . The following week at the Hamburg Masters , he lost to Nadal in the semi-finals . At the French Open , Djokovic was the third - seeded player behind Federer and Nadal . He lost to Nadal in the semi-finals in straight sets . Winning the Masters Cup On grass , Djokovic once again played Nadal , this time in the Artois Championships final in Queen 's Club , where he lost in two sets . Djokovic entered Wimbledon seeded third but lost in the second round to Safin , ending a streak of five consecutive majors where he had reached at least the semi-finals . Djokovic then failed to defend his 2007 singles title at the Rogers Cup in Toronto -- he was eliminated in the quarterfinals by eighth - seeded Andy Murray . The following week at the Cincinnati Masters , Djokovic advanced to the final , beating Nadal . In the final , he again lost to Murray in straight sets . His next tournament was the 2008 Summer Olympics , his first Olympics . He and Nenad Zimonjić , seeded second in men 's doubles , were eliminated in the first round by the Czech pairing of Martin Damm and Pavel Vízner . Seeded third in singles , Djokovic lost in the semi-finals to Nadal . Djokovic then defeated James Blake , the loser of the other semi-final , in the bronze medal match . After the Olympics , Djokovic entered the US Open seeded third , where he defeated Roddick in the quarterfinals . To a smattering of boos in a post-match interview , Djokovic criticized Roddick for accusing him of making excessive use of the trainer during matches . His run at the US Open ended in the semi-finals when he lost to Federer in four sets , in a rematch of the previous year 's final . Djokovic went on to play four tournaments after the US Open . At the Thailand Open , he lost to Tsonga in straight sets . In November , Djokovic was the second seed at the year - ending Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai . In his first round - robin match , he defeated Argentine Juan Martín del Potro in straight sets . He then beat Nikolay Davydenko in three sets , before losing his final round - robin match against Tsonga . Djokovic qualified for the semi-finals , where he defeated Gilles Simon . In the final , Djokovic defeated Davydenko to win his first Tennis Masters Cup title . 2009 : ten finals , five titles and emergence of the Big four Main article : 2009 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic started the year at the Brisbane International , where he was upset by Ernests Gulbis in the first round . At the Sydney International , he lost to Jarkko Nieminen in the semi-finals . As defending champion at the Australian Open , Djokovic retired from his quarterfinal match with former world No. 1 Andy Roddick . After losing in the semi-finals of the Open 13 tournament in Marseille to Tsonga , Djokovic won the singles title at the Dubai Tennis Championships , defeating Ferrer to claim his twelfth career title . The following week , Djokovic was the defending champion at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , but lost to Roddick in the quarterfinals . At the Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne , Djokovic beat Federer in the semi-finals , before losing to Murray in the final . Djokovic reached the final of the next ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event , the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters on clay , losing to Nadal in the final . At the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome , Djokovic failed to defend the title he had won the previous year , losing in the final . Djokovic was the top seed at his hometown tournament , the Serbia Open in Belgrade . He defeated first - time finalist Łukasz Kubot to win his second title of the year . As third seed at the Madrid Open , Djokovic advanced to the semi-finals without dropping a set . There , he faced Nadal and lost despite holding three match points . The match , at 4 hours and 3 minutes , was the longest three - set singles match on the ATP World Tour in the Open Era . At the French Open , he lost in the third round to German Philipp Kohlschreiber . Djokovic began his grass court season at the Gerry Weber Open where , after the withdrawal of Federer , he competed as the top seed . He advanced to the final , where he lost to German Tommy Haas . Djokovic lost to Haas in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon . During the US Open Series , Djokovic made the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup in Montreal before losing to Roddick . At the Cincinnati Masters , Djokovic defeated third - ranked Nadal in the semi-finals before losing in the final to world No. 1 Federer . At the US Open , Djokovic made the semi-finals , having dropped only two sets , defeating Ivan Ljubičić , 15th seed Radek Štěpánek and 10th seed Fernando Verdasco before being defeated by Federer . At the China Open in Beijing , Djokovic defeated Victor Hănescu , Viktor Troicki , Verdasco , and Robin Söderling en route to the final , where he defeated Marin Čilić in straight sets to win his third title of the year . Djokovic then lost in the semi-finals of the inaugural Shanghai ATP Masters 1000 to Davydenko . At the Swiss Indoors in Basel , Djokovic defeated Jan Hernych to make it to the quarterfinals , where he recovered from a deficit to defeat Wawrinka before going on to win his semi-final against Štěpánek . In the final , he defeated home favourite and three - time defending champion Federer to win his fourth title of the year . At the last Masters 1000 event of the year at the BNP Paribas Masters in Paris , Djokovic won his first Masters 1000 title of the year by defeating Nadal in the semi-finals , before outlasting Gaël Monfils in the final . Coming into the year - ending ATP World Tour Finals in London as the defending champion , Djokovic defeated Davydenko in his first round - robin match before losing his second match to Söderling . Despite victory over Nadal in his third round - robin match , Djokovic failed to make the semi-finals . Djokovic ended the year as the world No. 3 for the third consecutive year , having played 97 matches , the most of any player on the ATP World Tour , with a 78 -- 19 win - loss record . In addition to leading the ATP World Tour in match wins , he reached a career best ten finals , winning five titles . Djokovic also played a large role in promoting Serbia to the 2009 World Group . On 6 -- 8 March 2010 , he played a key role in bringing Serbia to the World Group quarterfinals for the first time in its independent history , winning both singles matches in the home tie against the United States against Sam Querrey and John Isner . 2010 : Davis Cup title and US Open runner - up Main article : 2010 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic started his year by playing in the AAMI Classic , an exhibition event . In his first match , he defeated Haas before losing to Fernando Verdasco in his second . At the 2010 Australian Open , Djokovic lost a five - setter to Tsonga in the quarterfinals . Despite the loss , he attained a career - high ranking of world No. 2 and went on to reach the semi-finals of the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam , where he lost to Youzhny . At the Dubai Tennis Championships , Djokovic reached the final , this time defeating Youzhny to win his first title of the year . Djokovic then took part in Serbia 's Davis Cup tie against the United States on clay in Belgrade and helped his country reach its first quarterfinal in the Davis Cup with a 3 -- 2 victory , defeating Querrey and Isner . At the Indian Wells Masters , Djokovic lost in the fourth round to Ljubičić . At the Miami Masters , he lost in his opening match to Olivier Rochus . Djokovic then announced that he had ceased working with Todd Martin as his coach . In his first clay - court tournament of the year at the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters , top - seeded Djokovic reached the semi-finals with wins over Wawrinka and David Nalbandian before losing to Verdasco . Djokovic again lost to Verdasco at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome , this time in the quarterfinals . As the defending champion at his hometown event , the Serbia Open in Belgrade , he withdrew in the quarterfinals while trailing Filip Krajinović . Djokovic entered the French Open seeded third . He defeated Evgeny Korolev , Kei Nishikori , Victor Hănescu , and Robby Ginepri en route to the quarterfinals , where he lost to Jürgen Melzer in five sets . Djokovic entered Wimbledon as the third seed , defeating Rochus , Taylor Dent , Albert Montañés , Lleyton Hewitt , and Yen - Hsun Lu en route to the semi-finals , which he lost to Tomáš Berdych in straight sets . Djokovic then competed at the Rogers Cup in Toronto , where he lost to Federer in the semi-finals . Djokovic also competed in doubles with Nadal in a one - time , high - profile partnership . This had not happened since 1976 , when Jimmy Connors and Arthur Ashe as world No. 1 and No. 2 paired together as a doubles team . They lost in the first round to Canadians Milos Raonic and Vasek Pospisil . Djokovic then lost to Roddick in the quarterfinals of the Cincinnati Masters . Djokovic at the 2010 US Open As the third seed at the US Open , Djokovic came very close to losing in his opening round against Viktor Troicki in extreme heat . He then defeated Philipp Petzschner , James Blake , Mardy Fish , and number 17 seed Gaël Monfils , all in straight sets , to reach the US Open semi-finals for the fourth consecutive year . There , he defeated Federer in five sets after saving two match points with forehand winners while serving to stay in the match at 4 -- 5 in the 5th set . It was Djokovic 's first victory over Federer at the US Open in four attempts , and his first victory over Federer in a Major since the 2008 Australian Open . Djokovic went on to lose to Nadal in the final , a match that saw Nadal complete his career Grand Slam . After helping Serbia defeat the Czech Republic 3 -- 2 to make it to the Davis Cup final , Djokovic competed at the China Open as the top seed and defending champion . He won the title for the second successive year , after defeating Maoxin Gong , Mardy Fish ( walkover ) , Gilles Simon , and John Isner en route to the final . Djokovic then defeated Ferrer in the final . At the Shanghai Masters , Djokovic made a semi-final appearance , losing to Federer . Djokovic played his final tournament of the year at the ATP World Tour Finals in London . Djokovic was placed in Group A along with Nadal , Berdych , and Roddick . Djokovic won his first round - robin match against Berdych . He next lost to Nadal . He defeated Roddick in his final round - robin match and advanced to the semi-finals , where he lost to Federer in two sets . Djokovic went on to win his two singles rubbers in Serbia 's Davis Cup finals victory over France . This started a long unbeaten run that went on into 2011 . Djokovic finished the year ranked world No. 3 , his fourth successive finish at this position . He was awarded the title `` Serbian Sportsman of the year '' by the Olympic Committee of Serbia and `` Serbian Athlete of the year '' by DSL Sport . Serbia progressed to the Davis Cup final , following the victories over Croatia ( 4 -- 1 ) and the Czech Republic ( 3 -- 2 ) . Serbia came from 1 -- 2 down to defeat France in the final tie 3 -- 2 in Belgrade to win the nation 's first Davis Cup Championship . In the final , Djokovic scored two singles points for Serbia , defeating Gilles Simon and Gaël Monfils . He was the backbone of the Serbian squad , going 7 -- 0 in singles rubbers to lead the nation to the title , although the honour of winning the deciding rubber in the final went to compatriot Viktor Troicki . 2011 : three majors , five Masters and ascent to No. 1 Main article : 2011 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic celebrates upon defeating Jo - Wilfried Tsonga and clinching the world No. 1 ranking following his victory in the semi-finals of the 2011 Wimbledon Championships Djokovic won ten tournaments in 2011 , including Grand Slam tournament victories at the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Djokovic also captured a record - breaking five ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles , and set a new record for the most prize money won in a single season on the ATP World Tour ( $12 million ) . His level dropped at season 's end beginning with a back injury and ended with a poor showing at the ATP World Tour Finals . Djokovic finished the season with a 70 -- 6 record and a year - end ranking of world No. 1 . Pete Sampras declared Djokovic 's 2011 season as the best he has ever seen in his lifetime , calling it `` one of the best achievements in all of sports . '' Boris Becker called Djokovic 's season `` one of the very best years in tennis of all time '' , adding that it `` may not be the best statistically , but he 's beaten Federer , he 's beaten Nadal , he 's beaten everybody that came around to challenge him in the biggest tournaments in the world . '' Rafael Nadal , who lost to Djokovic in six finals on three different surfaces , described Djokovic 's performances as `` probably the highest level of tennis that I ever saw . '' Djokovic was named 2011 ITF World Champion . He also received the Golden Bagel Award by winning 13 sets with the result of 6 -- 0 during the season . In the semi-finals of the 2011 Davis Cup , Djokovic played a crucial rubber match for Serbia against Juan Martín del Potro of Argentina , where he retired while trailing , after reaggravating a back injury sustained during the US Open tournament . This secured Argentina 's place in the final . This marked Djokovic 's third loss of his 2011 season , and his second retirement . 2012 : fifth major , three Masters and return to No. 1 Main article : 2012 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic began his season by winning the 2012 Australian Open . He won his first four rounds against Paolo Lorenzi , Santiago Giraldo , Nicolas Mahut and Lleyton Hewitt , respectively . In the quarterfinals he defeated David Ferrer in three sets . In the semi-final , Djokovic beat Murray in five sets after 4 hours and 50 minutes , coming back from a two - sets - to - one deficit and fending off break points at 5 - all in the fifth set . In the final , Djokovic beat Nadal in five sets , coming from a break down in the final set to win 7 -- 5 . At 5 hours and 53 minutes , the match was the longest final in Open Era Grand Slam history , as well as the longest match in Australian Open history , surpassing the 5 - hour and 14 - minute 2009 semi-final between Nadal and Fernando Verdasco . Djokovic reached his first French Open final in 2012 Djokovic was beaten by John Isner in the semi-finals at Indian Wells . He successfully defended his title in Miami . In the Monte Carlo final , he lost in straight sets to Nadal , unable to prevent Nadal from earning his record - breaking eighth consecutive title there . Djokovic also lost in straight sets to Nadal at the Rome Masters 2012 final . Djokovic reached his maiden French Open final in 2012 by defeating Federer , reaching the finals of all four majors consecutively . Djokovic had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once , having won last year 's Wimbledon and US Open titles as well as this year 's Australian Open , but was beaten by Nadal in the final in four sets . Following the French Open , Djokovic was unsuccessful in defending his Wimbledon title from the prior year , losing to Roger Federer in four sets in the semi-finals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Djokovic was chosen as the flag bearer for Serbia . On 2 August 2012 , Djokovic defeated French fifth seed Tsonga and advanced to the semi-finals of Olympics , where he was beaten by Murray in straight sets . In the bronze medal match he lost to Del Potro , finishing 4th . He successively defended his Rogers Cup title , dropping just a single set to Tommy Haas . Following the Rogers Cup , Djokovic would make the finals of the Cincinnati Masters but lost to Roger Federer in straight sets . At the US Open on 9 September , Djokovic reached his third consecutive final at Flushing Meadows by beating fourth - seeded David Ferrer in a match suspended a day earlier due to rain . He then lost the final to Murray in five sets . Djokovic went on to defend his China Open title , defeating Tsonga in straight sets . The following week he won the Shanghai Masters by defeating Murray in the final . With Federer 's withdrawal from the Paris Masters , Djokovic was guaranteed to regain his world No. 1 ranking . On 12 November 2012 , Djokovic won the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals by defeating Federer in the final . Because of his achievements in the 2012 season , Djokovic was named the 2012 ITF World Champion in men 's singles by the International Tennis Federation . 2013 : fourth Australian Open title and three Masters Main article : 2013 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic began the 2013 season by defeating Murray in the final of the 2013 Australian Open to win a record third consecutive Australian Open trophy and the sixth major of his career . A week later , he participated in a Davis Cup match against Belgium , where he defeated Olivier Rochus in straight sets to give the Serbian team a 2 -- 0 lead . On 2 March 2013 , Djokovic won the thirty - sixth professional single 's title of his career by defeating Tomáš Berdych in the final of the Dubai Tennis Championships . Another solid week of tennis saw Djokovic reach the semi-finals at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , before losing to del Potro , bringing an end to his twenty - two match winning streak . The following week , Djokovic went into the Miami Masters as defending champion , but lost in the fourth round to Tommy Haas in straight sets . In April , Djokovic played for Serbia as the country faced the United States in the Davis Cup quarterfinals . Djokovic clinched the tie for his team by defeating John Isner and Sam Querrey . Later that month , he defeated eight - time champion Nadal in straight sets in the final of the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters to clinch his first title in Monte Carlo . In May , he was defeated by Grigor Dimitrov in three sets in the second round of the Mutua Madrid Open in Madrid . The following week , he lost to Berdych at the quarterfinal stage of the Rome Masters . Djokovic began his French Open campaign with a straight three sets win over David Goffin in the first round and also defeated Guido Pella in straight sets in the second round . In the third round , Djokovic defeated Dimitrov in three sets . In the fourth round he came back from a set down and defeated Philipp Kohlschreiber of Germany in four sets and in the process he had reached a 16th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal . Djokovic then lost to Nadal in the semi-final in five sets . In the finals of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , Djokovic lost to Murray in straight sets . At the Rogers Cup , he lost to Nadal in the semi-final in three sets . Later , Djokovic lost to Isner in the quarterfinals in Cincinnati . Djokovic went on to reach the US Open final , where he met Nadal for the 37th time in his career ( a new open era record ) . He went on to lose in four sets . In early October , Djokovic collected his fourth Beijing title by defeating Nadal in the final in straight sets . He also collected his second Shanghai Rolex Masters title , extending his winning streak to 20 -- 0 over the last 2 seasons at the hard court Asian swing of the tour . Djokovic won his 16 Masters 1000 title in Paris at the end of the season , beating David Ferrer in the final . At the 2013 ATP World Tour Finals Djokovic retained the trophy , beating Nadal in straight sets . 2014 : second Wimbledon title , four Masters and return to No. 1 Main article : 2014 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic began the year with a warmup tournament win , the 2013 Mubadala World Tennis Championship . At the Australian Open , he won his first four matches in straight sets , against Lukáš Lacko , Leonardo Mayer , Denis Istomin and number 15 seed Fabio Fognini respectively . He met Wawrinka in the quarterfinals of the tournament , the second consecutive year the two had met at the event . Despite coming back from two sets to one down , Djokovic fell 9 -- 7 in the fifth set , ending his 25 -- match winning streak in Melbourne , as well as his streak of 14 consecutive Grand Slam tournament semi-finals . The week of 27 January marked the first time since 2011 that Djokovic has not been a Grand Slam title holder . Djokovic also would play in the Dubai Tennis Championships but lost to eventual champion Roger Federer in the semi-finals . However , Djokovic would avenge his loss to Federer , winning his third Indian Wells Masters title , beating Federer in the final . Continuing his good run , he beat world No. 1 Nadal in the final of the Miami Masters in straight sets . Suffering from a wrist injury which hampered him throughout the Monte - Carlo Masters , Djokovic lost the semi-finals to Federer in straight sets . After returning from injury , Djokovic won his third Rome title by beating Nadal in the final of the Italian Open . He subsequently donated the $500,000 in prize money that he had received to the victims of the 2014 Southeast Europe floods . Djokovic reached the final of the French Open losing only two sets in six matches , but lost in the final to Nadal in four sets . It was Djokovic 's first defeat in the last 5 matches between both . At the Wimbledon Championships Djokovic defeated Roger Federer in the final in five sets . With this victory he replaced Rafael Nadal again as the world number one . Djokovic played at the Rogers Cup , losing to eventual first - time champion Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in straight sets . He followed that with a loss to Tommy Robredo at the Cincinnati Masters . At the US Open , Djokovic reached the semi-finals , where he lost in four sets to Kei Nishikori . Djokovic returned to Beijing with a fifth trophy in six years , defeating Murray in the semi-final and Berdych in the final . The following week he was beaten by Federer in the semi-final of Shanghai Masters . He then won the Paris Bercy masters title , without losing a single set , beating Raonic in the final . In the world tour finals , Djokovic created a record by winning three round robin matches with a loss of just nine games . By reaching the semi-final , he also secured the year - end number 1 ranking for the third time , tying him with Nadal at fifth position . He was awarded the World Tour Finals trophy after Federer withdrew before the finals . This marked the 7th title of the season for him and the 4th title at the World Tour Finals . 2015 : three majors , six Masters , eleven titles and ranking points record Main article : 2015 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic during his match against Bernard Tomic at the 2015 Wimbledon Djokovic began the season at the Qatar Open in Doha , where he won his first two rounds for the loss of just 6 games , however lost in the quarterfinals against Ivo Karlović in three tight sets . He rebounded from this defeat well at the Australian Open , where he made it through the first five rounds without dropping a set . In the semi-finals he faced defending champion Stan Wawrinka , the man who beat him the previous year . He twice lost a set lead , however came roaring back in the fifth to take it to love , and set up a third final against Andy Murray . After splitting the first two sets in tiebreakers , Djokovic suddenly found his form after dropping his serve at the start of the third set , going on to win 12 of the last 13 games to record a four set victory over the Scot , and win an Open Era record - breaking fifth title in Melbourne , overtaking Roger Federer and Andre Agassi . He moved into equal eighth on the all - time list of men with the most Major titles , tying Agassi , Ivan Lendl , Jimmy Connors , Ken Rosewall and Fred Perry . He next competed at the Dubai Tennis Championships and lost to Roger Federer in the final . After 2 weeks , Djokovic defeated John Isner and Andy Murray en route to his 21st Masters 1000 title , beating Federer in three sets in Indian Wells . In Miami , he defeated David Ferrer and John Isner en route to winning his fifth title defeating Andy Murray in three sets . With his 22nd Masters title , Djokovic became the first player to complete the Indian Wells -- Miami title sweep three times . In April , Djokovic clinched his second Monte - Carlo Masters by beating Tomas Berdych in the final . Djokovic withdrew from the 2015 Madrid Masters . He won the title for the fourth time at the Rome Masters , making it 4 out of 4 titles in Masters 1000 events entered by Djokovic in 2015 . He continued his good form on clay at the French Open , by reaching the final without dropping a set in the first five rounds , including a quarterfinal clash with Nadal and a five set semi-final victory over No. 3 seed Andy Murray which took two days to complete . This meant he became only the second man to have won against Nadal at the French Open . However , he lost the next match and the tournament to No. 8 seed Stan Wawrinka in four sets , after having prevailed in the first set and being up a break in the fourth set and up 40 -- 0 on Wawrinka 's serve in a subsequent game . He lost six of the final seven games of the match . With this loss , Djokovic was denied his first victory at the French Open and a personal career Grand Slam . Five weeks later , he rebounded again from a tough loss in Paris , just like 2014 , coming from two sets down to beat Kevin Anderson in the fourth round , and then going on to claim his third Wimbledon title in his fourth final at the All England Club , with a four set win over Roger Federer . Prior to the final Grand Slam event of the year , Djokovic had the chance to become the first man in history to complete the full set of Masters 1000 titles in Cincinnati , and reached the final for the fifth time , however he was once again beaten by Federer , making it a fifth straight defeat in a Cincinnati final . At the 2015 US Open , Djokovic reached the final for the sixth time in his career , achieving the feat of reaching all four grand slam finals in a single calendar year . In the final of the tournament , he faced Federer once again , defeating him in four sets to win his third grand slam title of the year , his second title at Flushing Meadows , and his tenth career Grand Slam singles title , becoming the fifth man in the Open Era to win ten or more Grand Slam singles titles , as well as only the third man to reach all four Major finals in a calendar year . He returned to Beijing in October , winning the title for the sixth time , defeating Nadal in straight sets in the final to bring his overall record at the tournament to 29 -- 0 . Djokovic then reached the final of the Paris Masters , where he defeated Murray in straight sets , taking his fourth title there and a record sixth ATP Masters 1000 tournament in one year . After losing to Federer in the round - robin stage of the 2015 ATP World Tour Finals he took on the third seed again in the final . He beat Federer in straight sets winning his fifth World Tour Finals title and he became the first player to win four consecutive end - of - year finals tournaments . 2016 : Nole Slam , four Masters , and New ranking points record Main article : 2016 Novak Djokovic tennis season Djokovic collected his 60th career title in Doha , defeating Nadal in two sets in a final that lasted 73 minutes . He broke his own ATP ranking points record , bringing it up to 16,790 . Djokovic then proceeded to win his sixth Australian Open . On his road to his Open Era record sixth title in Melbourne , he defeated Roger Federer in four sets in the semi-finals , and in a rematch of the 2015 final , he defeated Andy Murray , in three straight sets . He quickly rebounded from an eye infection at the Dubai open to collect a fifth Indian Wells Masters title , defeating Rafael Nadal in the semi-finals , and Milos Raonic in the final . Djokovic 's dominant run resulted in a situation , where Nos. 2 and 3 ( Andy Murray and Roger Federer ) could combine their points and still not have enough to pass Djokovic . Djokovic at the 2016 US Open On 3 April 2016 , Djokovic won the 2016 Miami Open for the third consecutive year , and did so without dropping a set en route to his sixth career Miami Open title , tying him with Andre Agassi for most ever Miami Open men 's singles titles . In addition , 2016 marked the third consecutive year that Djokovic swept both Indian Wells and the Miami Open , the first male singles player to ever do that . This was also the fourth time in his career Djokovic won both Miami and Indian Wells back - to - back . His finals win in Miami saw Djokovic surpass Roger Federer to become the all - time leading prize money winner on the ATP tour with career earnings of $98.2 million . After an early round exit at the Monte Carlo Masters , Djokovic quickly bounced back by winning the Madrid title for the second time in his career with a three set victory over Murray . They met again in the Rome Masters final one week later with Murray the victor , despite a sluggish performance , Djokovic defeated Nadal and Nishikori in two long quarterfinals and semi-finals . Djokovic defeated Andy Murray in the final of the 2016 French Open in four sets , making him the reigning champion of all four major tournaments , a historic feat the media dubbed the `` Nole Slam . '' With his French Open triumph , Djokovic became the 8th player in history ( and the second oldest ) to achieve a Career Grand Slam , the third player in history to hold all four Grand Slam titles at the same time , and the first player to win $100 million in prize money . However , at Wimbledon , his major win streak came to an end in the third - round when he lost to American Sam Querrey in four sets . It was his earliest exit in a Grand Slam since the 2009 French Open . In late July , Djokovic returned to form by winning his fourth Rogers cup title , and 30th Masters 1000 title overall , without dropping a set . In August , Novak is beaten in the first round of the Olympic men 's singles in Rio de Janeiro by Juan Martín del Potro . It was Djokovic 's first opening round defeat since January 2009 , when Ernest Gulbis defeated him at the 2009 Brisbane International . In the final slam of the year , the US Open , Djokovic advanced to the final but was defeated by Stan Wawrinka in four sets . Djokovic was defeated by Roberto Bautista Agut and Marin Cilic in the semi-finals and quarterfinals in Shanghai and Paris . As a result of this , he lost the No. 1 ranking to Andy Murray . However , a runner - up finish at the World Tour Finals indicated his best performances in nearly three months . After the season , he parted ways with his coach of three years , Boris Becker . 2017 : split with team and long injury hiatus Main article : 2017 Novak Djokovic tennis season In January , Djokovic defended his title in Doha defeating new world no. 1 Andy Murray in three sets . At the 2017 Australian Open , he was upset in the second round by world no . 117 Denis Istomin of Uzbekistan . This was the first time since 2007 that Djokovic had failed to reach the quarterfinals at the Australian Open , and the first time ever in his career that he had lost to a player ranked outside of the top 100 in a Grand Slam tournament . In February and March , Djokovic played at the Mexican Open and the Indian Well Masters , but in both events was eliminated by Nick Kyrgios in third and fourth round , respectively . In April , Djokovic reached the quarterfinals of the Monte - Carlo Masters , losing to David Goffin . After the tournament , he decided to split with his long - time coach Marián Vajda , fitness specialist Gebhard Phil - Gritsch and physioterapeut Miljan Amanović , citing the need to find a winning spark . A better showing at the Madrid Masters saw Djokovic reach the semi-finals , losing to Nadal in straight sets . A runner - up at the Rome masters indicated solid improvements in his form . On 21 May 2017 , he announced that Andre Agassi would become his new coach , starting at the 2017 French Open . However , as the defending champion , he lost at Roland Garros in the quarterfinals to Dominic Thiem . He prepared for Wimbledon at the Eastbourne International , playing his first non-Wimbledon tournament on grass since 2010 Aegon Championships . He won the tournament , beating Gaël Monfils in the final . This marked his first grass title outside Wimbledon . He made it to the quarterfinals at Wimbledon before retiring against Tomas Berdych while down a set and a break , due to an elbow injury which he claimed had been bothering him for a year and a half . On 26 July , Djokovic announced that he would miss the 2017 US Open and the rest of the 2017 season to fully recover from his elbow injury . Rivalries See also : Big Four ( tennis ) Djokovic vs. Nadal Main article : Djokovic -- Nadal rivalry Djokovic and Nadal have met 50 times , an Open Era record for head - to - head meetings between male players , and Djokovic currently leads 26 -- 24 . Nadal leads on grass 2 -- 1 and clay 15 -- 7 , while Djokovic leads on hard courts 18 -- 7 . This rivalry is listed as the third greatest rivalry in the last decade by ATPworldtour.com . Djokovic is the first player to have at least ten match wins against Nadal and the only person to defeat Nadal seven times consecutively ( which he did twice ) . The two share the record for the longest Grand Slam final match ever played ( 5 hours and 53 minutes ) , which was the 2012 Australian Open final . In the 2011 Wimbledon final , Djokovic won in four sets , which was his first victory over Nadal in a Major . By doing so , he became the only person other than Federer to defeat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament final . Djokovic also defeated Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final to capture his third major title of the year and fourth overall . By beating Nadal , Djokovic became the second player to defeat Nadal in more than one Grand Slam final ( the other being Federer ) , and the first player to beat Nadal in a Slam final on a surface other than grass ( Wawrinka beat Nadal in Australian open final in 2014 ) . In 2012 , Djokovic defeated Nadal in the Australian Open final which made Nadal the first player to lose in three consecutive Grand Slam finals . At the 2012 Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters in April , Nadal finally beat Djokovic for the first time since November 2010 . They had met in seven finals from January 2011 to January 2012 , all of which Djokovic won . In the final at Monte Carlo , an in - form Nadal crushed Djokovic . Nadal again defeated Djokovic in the final of the Rome Masters tournament . At the 2012 French Open , Djokovic faced Nadal in the final . For the second time in tennis history , two opposing tennis players played four consecutive Grand Slams finals against each other . They also became the only players in history , except for Venus and Serena Williams , to have faced the same opponent in the finals of each of the four different Grand Slam events . Nadal eventually won in four sets after multiple rain delays that forced the final to be concluded on the following Monday afternoon . In 2013 , Djokovic defeated Nadal in straight sets in the final of the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters to clinch his first title in Monte Carlo . This was his third clay win against Nadal . At the 2013 French Open semi-final , Nadal defeated Djokovic to up his record to 20 -- 15 against Djokovic , and again at the 2013 Rogers Cup semi-final . On 9 September 2013 , Djokovic lost to Nadal in the 2013 US Open finals in four sets . In 2014 , Djokovic defeated Nadal in 3 sets at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia Masters 1000 tournament in Rome to claim his 3rd title there . At the 2014 French Open , they played in the final , with Djokovic attempting to capture the Career Grand Slam . Nadal won in four sets to capture the French Open for the ninth time . At the 2015 French Open , Djokovic finally defeated nine - time champion and five - time consecutive defending champion at Roland Garros , thus ending Nadal 's 39 - match win streak at the French Open . He became only the second man in history to have defeated Nadal at the tournament ( after Robin Soderling in 2009 ) , and the first to do so in straight sets . Djokovic vs. Federer Main article : Djokovic -- Federer rivalry Djokovic and Federer at the 2013 ATP World Tour Finals Djokovic and Federer have faced each other 45 times ( not including one occasion when there was a walkover in favour of Djokovic ) , and Djokovic currently leads 23 -- 22 . They are split 4 -- 4 on clay , split 17 -- 17 on hard court , whereas Djokovic leads on grass 2 -- 1 . Djokovic is the only player other than Nadal who has defeated Federer in consecutive Grand Slam tournament matches . Federer ended Djokovic 's 41 - match winning start to the 2011 season at the 2011 French Open semi-finals . However , Federer would lose to Djokovic in the following year in straight sets . Djokovic played Federer in his first Major final at the 2007 US Open and lost in three sets . Djokovic has the most wins against Federer ( tied with Nadal ) . The two had three encounters at the Australian Open ( in 2007 , 2008 , and 2011 ) , which Federer won in straight sets in 2007 and Djokovic won in straight sets in the other two . The two have met five years in a row at the US Open with Federer triumphant in their first three encounters , while their last two meetings ( in 2010 and 2011 ) were five - set matches in which Djokovic saved two match points before going on to win . On 6 July 2012 , Djokovic lost to Federer in the Wimbledon semi-final . On 12 November 2012 , Djokovic won the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals by defeating Roger Federer in straight sets in the final . The two met again during the finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic emerging victorious after a 5 set match and with the victory reclaiming the world number one spot from Nadal . Federer withdrew from the 2014 ATP World Tour final and Djokovic successfully defended his title , the first walkover in a final in the tournament 's 45 - year history . In the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , despite `` an extraordinary second - set tiebreaker in which Federer saved seven set points to level the match '' at 1 -- 1 , Djokovic went on to claim a 3 -- 1 victory and even the lifetime record between the two players . The two met again in another Grand Slam final in 2015 , this time at the 2015 US Open , where Djokovic defeated Federer in 4 tight sets to claim his second US Open title and tenth Grand Slam . The two would also meet in the 2016 Australian Open semi-finals , where Djokovic played virtually flawless tennis in the first two sets to eventually claim a 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 victory en route to capturing a record 6th Australian Open and his 11th Grand Slam title . Djokovic vs. Murray Main article : Djokovic -- Murray rivalry Djokovic and Andy Murray have met 36 times with Djokovic leading 25 -- 11 . Djokovic leads 5 -- 1 on clay , 20 -- 8 on hard courts , and Murray leads 2 -- 0 on grass . The two are almost exactly the same age , with Murray being a week older than Djokovic . They went to training camp together , and Murray won the first match they ever played as teenagers . The pair have met 17 times in finals , and Djokovic leads 10 -- 7 . Nine of the finals were ATP Masters 1000 finals , with Djokovic ahead 5 -- 4 . Their most notable match in this category was a three set thriller at the final of the 2012 Shanghai Masters , in which Murray held five championship point opportunities in the second set ; however , Djokovic saved each of them , forcing a deciding set . He eventually prevailed to win his first Shanghai Masters title , ending Murray 's 12 -- 0 winning streak at the event . This , and the three set match they played in Rome in 2011 , were voted the ATP World Tour match of the Year , for each respective season . They have also met in seven Grand Slam tournament finals : The 2011 Australian Open , the 2012 US Open , the 2013 Australian Open , the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , the 2015 Australian Open , the 2016 Australian Open and most recently , the 2016 French Open . Djokovic has won in Australia four times and won at the French Open , while it was Murray who emerged the victor at the US Open and Wimbledon . Djokovic and Murray also played an almost five - hour - long semi-final match in the 2012 Australian Open , which Djokovic won 7 -- 5 in the fifth set after Murray led two sets to one . Murray and Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Games , with Murray winning in straight sets . The two met in the final of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , where second seed Murray defeated Djokovic in straight sets , the first time since 2010 that Djokovic had failed to win a set in a Grand Slam match . In the final of the 2015 Paris Masters , Djokovic triumphed in two sets and became the first man to win six Masters tournaments in one season . At the 2016 Australian Open final , in a rematch of the previous final , Djokovic won in three sets and captured his sixth Australian Open title . In the 2016 clay court season , Djokovic and Murray met in the final of the 2016 Mutua Madrid Open , where Djokovic captured his record breaking 29th Masters 1000 title in three sets . One week later , however , Murray comfortably beat Djokovic in straight sets in the 2016 Internazionali BNL d'Italia final , denying Djokovic his 30th Masters 1000 crown and interrupting his path to becoming the first player to break through the 100 million dollar prize money mark . At the apex of the clay court season , the 2016 French Open , Djokovic and Murray met once again at the final . Despite losing the first set 3 -- 6 , Djokovic went on to win the next three sets 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 and claim his maiden French Open title . This win completed Djokovic 's Career Grand Slam and denied Murray his first French Open title . Djokovic vs. Wawrinka In this matchup Djokovic leads 19 -- 5 , however the two have contested numerous close matches , including four five - setters at Grand Slam level . Wawrinka and Djokovic have played three consecutive Australian Open years , each match going to five sets , and a five - setter in the US Open : in the 2013 Australian Open fourth round , which Djokovic won 12 -- 10 in a fifth set ; at the 2013 US Open semi-finals , which Djokovic won 6 -- 4 in a fifth set ; and at the 2014 Australian Open quarterfinals , which Wawrinka won 9 -- 7 in a close fifth set . Wawrinka 's win broke Djokovic 's impressive run of 14 consecutive semi-finals in Grand Slam play , ended a 28 - match winning streak , and prevented Djokovic from capturing a record fifth Australian Open crown . Djokovic got revenge in the 2015 Australian Open , winning 6 -- 0 in the fifth set , but again it went the distance . At the 2015 French Open final , Wawrinka defeated Djokovic in four sets to claim his second major title . In 2015 , Djokovic defeated Wawrinka at the Paris Masters . At the 2016 US Open , Wawrinka beat Djokovic in a Grand Slam final for the second time . Suffering from a foot injury for the latter stages of the match , Djokovic lost in four sets . He did not attribute his loss to the injury , but rather to Wawrinka 's courageous play at decisive moments in the match . Contrary to most high - profile rivalries , they have played doubles together . Despite Djokovic 's 19 -- 5 overall record against Wawrinka , Wawrinka leads Djokovic 2 -- 0 in Grand Slam finals and 3 -- 2 in all ATP finals . During Djokovic 's run of eight appearances at Grand Slam finals from 2014 Wimbledon through the 2016 US Open , his only two losses came at the hands of Wawrinka . Moreover , in Djokovic 's 21 Grand Slam championship matches , Wawrinka is the only opponent he has not defeated and the only opponent outside the Big Four who has defeated him . Djokovic vs. Tsonga Djokovic and Jo - Wilfried Tsonga have met 22 times with Djokovic leading 16 -- 6 . Their first meeting was in the final of the 2008 Australian Open ; Djokovic and Tsonga had defeated the top two players , Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal in their respective semi-finals in straight sets . Djokovic won this match in 4 sets to win his first Grand Slam singles title . Their next meeting at a Grand Slam event was again at the Australian Open , in the 2010 quarterfinals , exactly two years to the day since Djokovic defeated Tsonga to win his first Grand Slam singles title . However , this time it was Tsonga who prevailed , winning in five sets after Djokovic fell ill during the match . It would n't be until another year - and - a-half until they met again , with the stakes even higher -- in the semi-finals at Wimbledon in 2011 , with the winner advancing to his first Wimbledon final . It was their first meeting on grass , and Djokovic prevailed in four sets to advance to his first Wimbledon final , and in the process ending the seven - and - a-half - year reign of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the top of the rankings . At the 2012 French Open , Djokovic and Tsonga met again in an important quarterfinals match , with Djokovic prevailing in five sets after more than four hours of play . They met again two months later at the Olympics , with Djokovic winning in straight sets in the quarterfinals . They met in the final of the 2012 China Open , with Djokovic once again victorious in straight sets . The pair were drawn in the same pool for the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals . Djokovic defeated Tsonga in his first ( of three ) round robin matches . It was Djokovic 's fifth win over Tsonga in 2012 . Their most recent Grand Slam tournament meeting was in the quarter - finals of the 2016 US Open . Djokovic won after Tsonga retired while two sets to love down . Place among the all - time greats Djokovic became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam Following his tremendous success in the 2011 season , Djokovic began to feature on all - time greatest lists . In late 2011 , Rod Laver chose Djokovic as number six in his top ten male players of the Open Era . According to Tim Henman 's June 2012 statement , Djokovic is `` probably a top eight player in tennis history '' . Andre Agassi stated in September 2012 that Federer , Nadal and Djokovic `` may very well be the greatest three players to ever play tennis '' . In his September 2013 men 's greatest players of all - time list , International Business Times ' writer Jason Le Miere put the Serb in seventh place . In April 2015 , Henman offered another comment on Djokovic 's standing among the all - time greats , saying `` it 's only a matter of time before he is considered alongside Federer and Nadal as one of the greatest players of all time '' . Having proclaimed him `` one of the all - time greats '' in November 2014 , John McEnroe put Djokovic in all - time top five following his 2015 Wimbledon win , Djokovic 's ninth Grand Slam tournament title : `` My top four are Laver , Sampras , Roger and Nadal but Novak is at number five and rising '' . Andrew Castle stated in January 2016 that Djokovic is `` undoubtedly moving towards being considered the sport 's all - time greatest player '' . In June 2016 , a panel of more than forty ESPN experts ranked Djokovic as number eight on their top twenty all - time combined list of both male and female tennis players ; he was number five among the males , behind Federer , Laver , Sampras , and Borg . Djokovic is widely considered to be one of the greatest returners in the history of the sport , an accolade given to him even by Andre Agassi , who was considered to be the best returner ever . Though staying clear of best ever conversations , tennis coach Nick Bollettieri has continually been praising Djokovic as the `` most complete player ever '' and the `` most perfect player of all time '' : When you look at match players in the history of tennis , I do n't believe that anybody can equal everything on the court that Djokovic does . I do n't think you can find a weakness in his game . His movement , personality , his return of serve , his serve , excellent touch , not hesitant in coming to the net , great serve . Over all , almost every player has a downfall ; to me he does n't have one . He 's perhaps the best put - together player that I 've seen over 60 years . Tennis pundits have classified many of Djokovic 's matches as some of the greatest contests ever , with the 2012 Australian Open final being considered the greatest match ever seen , as a testament to his greatness as a tennis player . Some longtime analysts claim that the Djokovic - Nadal rivalry ranks as the best rivalry in tennis history primarily because of the quality of matches they produce . Playing style and equipment Djokovic is an all - court player with emphasis on aggressive baseline play . His groundstrokes from both wings are consistent , deep , and penetrating . His backhand is widely regarded as one of the best in today 's game . His best shot is his backhand down the line , with great pace and precision . He is also known as one of the greatest movers on the court with superior agility , court coverage and defensive ability , which allows him to hit winners from seemingly defensive positions . After great technical difficulties during the 2009 season ( coinciding with his switch to the Head racket series ) , his serve is one of his major weapons again , winning him many free points ; his first serve is typically hit flat , while he prefers to slice and kick his second serves wide . Djokovic 's return of serve is a powerful weapon for him , with which he can be both offensive and defensive . Djokovic is rarely aced because of his flexibility , length and balance . Djokovic is highly efficient off both the forehand and backhand return , often getting the return in play deep with pace , neutralizing the advantage the server usually has in a point . John McEnroe considers Djokovic to be the greatest returner of serve in the history of the men 's game . Occasionally , Djokovic employs a well - disguised backhand underspin drop shot and sliced backhand . Djokovic commented on the modern style of play , including his own , in interview with Jim Courier after his semi-final win against Andy Murray in the 2012 Australian Open tournament : I had a big privilege and honour to meet personally today Mr. Laver , and he is one of the biggest , and greatest players ever to play the game , thank you for staying this late , sir , thank you ... even though it would actually be better if we played a couple times serve and volley , but we do n't know to play ... we are mostly around here ( points to the area near the baseline ) , we are running , you know , around the baseline ... Entering the pro circuit , Djokovic used the Head Liquidmetal Radical , but changed sponsors to Wilson in 2005 . He could n't find a Wilson racquet he liked , so Wilson agreed to make him a custom racquet to match his previous one with Head . After the 2008 season , Djokovic re-signed with Head , and debuted a new paint job of the Head YouTek Speed Pro at the 2009 Australian Open . He then switched to the Head YouTek IG Speed ( 18x20 ) paint job in 2011 , and in 2013 , he again updated his paint job to the Head Graphene Speed Pro , which included an extensive promotional campaign . Djokovic uses a hybrid of Head Natural Gut ( gauge 16 ) in the mains and Luxilon Big Banger ALU Power Rough ( gauge 16L ) in the crosses . He also uses Head Synthetic Leather Grip as a replacement grip . In 2012 , Djokovic appeared in a television commercial with Maria Sharapova promoting the use of Head rackets for many techniques such as golf and ten - pin bowling . In assessing Djokovic 's 2011 season , Jimmy Connors said that Djokovic gives his opponents problems by playing `` a little bit old - school , taking the ball earlier , catching the ball on the rise , ( and ) driving the ball flat . '' Connors adds that a lot of the topspin that Djokovic 's opponents drive at him comes right into his zone , thus his ability to turn defence into offence well . Coaching and personal team In the period 2004 and 2005 , Djokovic was coached by Dejan Petrovic . From fall 2005 until June 2006 , he was coached by Riccardo Piatti , who divided his time between the 18 - year - old and Ivan Ljubičić . Player and coach reportedly parted ways over the latter 's refusal to work full - time with Djokovic . From June 2006 until May 2017 , Djokovic was coached by Slovakian former professional tennis player Marián Vajda . They met for the first time during that year 's French Open , after which Vajda was hired to be the 19 - year - old 's coach . On occasion Djokovic employed additional coaches on part - time basis : in 2007 , during the spring hardcourt season , he worked with Australian doubles ace Mark Woodforde with specific emphasis on volleys and net play while from August 2009 until April 2010 American Todd Martin joined the coaching team , a period marked by his ill - fated attempt to change Djokovic 's serve motion . From early 2007 until 2017 , Djokovic worked with physiotherapist Miljan Amanović , who was previously employed by Red Star Belgrade , and NBA player Vladimir Radmanović . From the fall 2006 , Djokovic had an Israeli fitness coach , Ronen Bega , but the two parted ways during spring 2009 since Djokovic decided to make a change after identifying his conditioning as a weakness in his game following continual losses to Nadal . In April 2009 , ahead of the Rome Masters , Djokovic hired Austrian Gebhard Phil - Gritsch ( formerly worked with Thomas Muster ) to join the team in fitness coach capacity . In July 2010 , before the Davis Cup clash away at Croatia , Djokovic made another addition to his team -- nutritionist Igor Četojević who additionally focuses on Chinese medicine and does acupuncture . He allegedly discovered that the tennis player suffers from gluten intolerance , using applied kinesiology , and that he can not eat gluten , purging it from his diet . It appeared to have worked as Djokovic began feeling stronger , quicker , and much more fit . He eventually settled on a vegan diet . He later added the occasional consumption of fish to his dietary regimen . After Djokovic 's Wimbledon win in July 2011 , Četojević left the team . A Wall Street Journal article noted , `` He had an otherworldly season in 2011 and has been the world 's most consistent player since . His devotion to his diet has only gotten stronger . ( In 2016 ) he opened a vegan restaurant in Monte Carlo , where he lives . '' After retiring from professional tennis in August 2011 , Serbian player Dušan Vemić joined Djokovic 's team as assistant coach and hitting partner for Novak . The collaboration ended before the 2013 US Open . Six - time major champion and former world No. 1 Boris Becker , who had mostly worked as television pundit for BBC Sport and Sky Sports since retiring from playing in 1999 , was announced as Djokovic 's new head coach in December 2013 . According to Djokovic , the Becker appointment was done with input from the player 's existing head coach Marián Vajda who reportedly wanted to spend more time with his family and was looking to have his coaching workload somewhat reduced . For Becker , in addition to working alongside Vajda , the job entailed special emphasis on Grand Slam tournaments as Djokovic felt he missed out on winning a couple of majors over the previous two seasons due to a lack of mental edge in the final stages of those tournaments . Becker 's first tournament coaching Djokovic was the 2014 Australian Open . On 5 May 2017 , Djokovic confirmed that he had come to a mutual agreement to terminate his coaching relationship with Vajda , as well as Phil - Gritsch and Amanović . In a statement on his website , Djokovic cited the reasons for the personnel shakeup : `` Novak and the team members decided to part ways after a detailed analysis of the game , achieved results in the previous period , and also after discussing private plans of each team member . Despite the fantastic cooperation so far , Djokovic felt he needed to make a change , and to introduce new energy in order to raise his level of play . '' Sponsorships and business ventures Djokovic endorses Serbian telecommunications company Telekom Srbija and German nutritional supplement brand FitLine . Since turning professional in 2003 , Djokovic has been wearing Adidas clothing . At the end of 2009 , Djokovic signed a 10 - year deal with the Italian clothing company Sergio Tacchini after Adidas refused to extend his clothing contract ( choosing instead to sign Andy Murray ) . Tacchini does n't make shoes so Djokovic continued with Adidas as his choice of footwear . His sponsorship contract with Tacchini was incentive heavy , and due to Djokovic 's disproportionate success and dominance in 2011 , the company fell behind on bonus payments , leading to the termination of the sponsorship contract . From 2011 , Djokovic began to wear custom Red and Blue Adidas Barricade 6.0 's shoes , referring to the colours of the Serbian national flag . By April 2012 , the Tacchini deal had fallen first short and then apart . At that point , he was set to join forces with Nike , Inc. , but instead , on 23 May 2012 , Uniqlo appointed Djokovic as its global brand ambassador . The five - year sponsorship , reportedly worth € 8 million per year , began on 27 May 2012 in Paris ' Roland - Garros French Open Tennis Tournament . A year later , Djokovic 's long - term footwear deal with Adidas was announced ahead of 2013 French Open . Djokovic during the 2017 French Open In August 2011 , Djokovic became the brand ambassador of Swiss watch manufacturer Audemars Piguet . Less than a month later , Djokovic signed a sponsorship deal with German car company Mercedes - Benz . In March 2012 , Djokovic was announced by Bombardier Aerospace as its latest Learjet brand ambassador , thus joining the likes of actor and pilot John Travolta , architect Frank Gehry , maestro Valery Gergiev , and classical pianist Lang Lang . From January 2014 Djokovic has been endorsing French car manufacturer Peugeot . At the same time he entered into an endorsement deal with Japanese watch manufacturer Seiko , having just ended his affiliation with their rivals Audemars Piguet . In early 2015 , ahead of Australian Open , Djokovic teamed up with Australian banking corporation ANZ for a social media campaign to raise money for local communities across the Asia Pacific region . At the same time his partnership with Jacob 's Creek , an Australian wine brand owned by Orlando Wines , was announced in regards to the production and distribution of ' Made By ' film series , a documentary style content meant to `` show a side of Novak not seen before as he recounts never before told life stories from Belgrade , Serbia , celebrating what has made him the champion he is today '' . According to Forbes , Djokovic earned US $31 million in endorsements during 2014 , behind only Roger Federer ( US $58 million ) , Tiger Woods ( $50 million ) , Phil Mickelson ( $48 ) , LeBron James ( $44 ) , Kevin Durant ( $35 ) , and Rory McIlroy ( $32 ) . Since 2004 , the business end of Djokovic 's career has been handled by Israeli managers Amit Naor ( former pro tennis player turned sports agent ) and Allon Khakshouri , the duo that also had Marat Safin and Dinara Safina as their clients . In June 2008 , after the duo entered into partnership with CAA Sports , the sports division of Hollywood talent firm Creative Artists Agency , meaning that the famous company started representing tennis players for the first time , Djokovic formally signed with CAA Sports . After Djokovic 's contract with CAA Sports expired during summer 2012 , he decided to switch representation , announcing IMG Worldwide as his new representatives in December 2012 . On 22 May 2017 , Djokovic was unveiled as a brand ambassador of Lacoste after a five - year partnership with Uniqlo . Investments In 2005 , as Djokovic moved up the tennis rankings , he ventured into the business world . Most of these activities are channeled through Family Sport , a legal entity in Serbia founded and run by members of his immediate family . Registered as a limited liability company , Family Sport initially focused on hospitality , specifically the restaurant business , by establishing Novak Café & Restaurant , a franchise themed around Djokovic 's tennis success . Over time , the company , whose day - to - day operations are mostly handled by Novak 's father Srdjan and uncle Goran , expanded its activities into real estate , sports / entertainment event organization , and sports apparel distribution . The company launched Novak Café & Restaurant in 2008 in the Belgrade municipality of Novi Beograd , the flagship location in a franchised chain of theme café - restaurants . During 2009 , two more locations were added -- one in Kragujevac and the other in Belgrade , the city 's second , in September at the neighbourhood of Dorćol overlooking the playing courts of Serbia Open whose inaugural edition took place several months earlier . On 16 December 2011 a location in Novi Sad was opened , however , it operated just over three years before closing in late March 2015 . It was announced in late 2012 that Djokovic had purchased the entire existing 2013 production of donkey cheese , which is produced by a single farm in Serbia . It was believed that it was done to ensure a reliable supply for his chain of restaurants in Serbia . One week later , it was proven that the story was exaggerated . Banja Luka in neighbouring Republika Srpska got its Novak Café & Restaurant location on 16 October 2015 within Hotel Trešnja on Banj hill . In February 2008 , the company reached an agreement with local authorities in the city of Kragujevac about jointly entering into a real estate development deal that was to include 4 hectares of city - owned land at Veliki Park being developed into a tennis centre with 14 courts . But by 2010 the company pulled out of these plans . In March 2008 , Family Sport won a municipal authority - organized tender in Novi Beograd by submitting an € 11 million bid for the 3.8 hectares of land located in Ivan Ribar neighbourhood ; with the ambitious plan to build a big tennis centre there . As of spring 2013 , construction was yet to commence . In 2009 , the company managed to buy an ATP tournament known as the Dutch Open and bring it to Serbia where it became -- Serbia Open . With the help of Belgrade city authorities , the tournament 's inaugural edition was held during May 2009 at the city - owned ' Milan Gale Muškatirović ' courts , located at an attractive spot in Dorćol neighbourhood . On Monday , 4 July 2011 , one day after Djokovic won Wimbledon , Family Sport organized the homecoming reception in front of the National Assembly building with more than 80,000 people gathering to greet him . In May 2015 , right after winning his fourth Rome Masters title , Djokovic launched a line of nutritional food products , called Djokolife . Unveiled in Milan at the Lombardy regional administrative headquarters , the project saw Djokovic represented by Withers LLP international law firm . Serbian press reported in February 2016 about Djokovic 's uncle 's buying hectares of arable land on their company 's behalf in the Lipovac village near Topola in Serbia 's Šumadija region with a view of turning it into vineyards and moving into the winemaking business . In popular Culture Owing to his extroverted personality , fluency in several languages , and willingness to go along with comedic concepts , Djokovic became a fixture on entertainment - based TV talk shows around the globe immediately upon achieving a measure of prominence via results on the tennis court . After winning the Australian Open , his first major , in early 2008 , Djokovic appeared on the American late - night programme The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . In May 2008 , he was a special guest during the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest , held in Belgrade that year . He threw a big tennis ball into the crowd , announcing the start of the voting and together with one of the show 's co-presenters , Željko Joksimović , Djokovic sang a song about Belgrade . Boris Malagurski interviewing Djokovic for documentary film Belgrade Throughout late April and early May 2009 , during ATP Master Series tournaments in Rome and Madrid , respectively , the Serb was a guest on the Fiorello Show hosted by Italian comedian Rosario Fiorello followed by an appearance on Pablo Motos ' show El Hormiguero . During the week off , in - between the two tournaments , Djokovic came home to Belgrade where he was interviewed by Nenad Lj . Stefanović on the RTS ' hour - long , flagship one - on - one talk programme Svedok . In 2009 , and 2010 , Djokovic won an Oscar of Popularity for the most popular male athlete in Serbia . Djokovic is also featured in the music video for the song `` Hello '' by Martin Solveig and Dragonette . The video , filmed at Stade Roland Garros , shows Solveig facing off against Bob Sinclar , another DJ , in a tennis match . When the referee calls a crucial ball `` Out '' , Djokovic enters the arena and convinces the referee otherwise . In 2010 , the Serbian blues - rock band Zona B recorded the song `` The Joker '' , dedicating it to Djokovic . Djokovic 's international television appearances particularly intensified during his successful 2011 season . After winning Wimbledon and reaching the number one spot on the ATP list , he again appeared on Leno 's Tonight Show as well as on Conan O'Brien 's show on TBS . Djokovic 's dramatic win at the US Open was followed by another television blitz including spots on Live with Regis and Kelly , CBS ' The Early Show , NBC 's Today as well as a walk - on appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . On 25 June 2011 , its seventieth Congress in Chicago , all the members unanimously awarded Djokovic the Order of Serbian National Defense in America I class , the highest decoration of the SND . The order was given to him because of his merits in the international sport scene and his contributions to the reputation of Serbs and Serbia around the world . In mid-November 2011 , he made a triumphant return to Rai 1 's Il più grande spettacolo dopo il weekend , hosted by Fiorello . In late November during the ATP World Tour Finals in London he was a guest on David Frost 's interview programme Frost Over The World on Al Jazeera English . He was voted the 19th most influential man on AskMen.com 's Top 49 Most Influential Men of 2011 . On invitation from film producer Avi Lerner , Djokovic became part of the high - budget Hollywood movie production The Expendables 2 in a cameo playing himself , which he shot on 29 November 2011 in a warehouse in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia . However , his bit part was cut out of the final version of the movie . He appeared on the cover of Italian GQ 's March 2012 issue . Also , in March he was profiled on the CBS show 60 Minutes by their correspondent Bob Simon . He was named amongst the 100 most influential people of 2012 by TIME magazine . On 26 October 2012 , he appeared on Canal+ 's Le Grand Journal . Djokovic with Emir Kusturica in Andrićgrad in January 2014 , where he received Key to the City Before the 2014 US Open , Djokovic went on the Late Show with David Letterman on 19 August 2014 . In February 2015 , following his 2015 Australian Open win , Djokovic made a return appearance on RTS ' Svedok for another hour - long sitdown with Nenad Lj . Stefanović in prime time . His 2015 Wimbledon win got him a spot via a live linkup on CBS This Morning where he was interviewed by Charlie Rose and Gayle King . In late August 2015 , ahead of the 2015 US Open , shortly after his appointment as the UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador was announced , Djokovic appeared on All in with Chris Hayes on MSNBC , also publicizing his foundation 's partnership with the World Bank to promote early childhood development . Two weeks later , the day after his US Open win , Djokovic went on another blitz of the New York City - based media . Starting with the morning shows -- with a return to NBC 's Today for an in - studio interview with Matt Lauer , Savannah Guthrie , and Carson Daly followed by a return to CBS This Morning , this time in studio , with Charlie Rose , Gayle King , and Norah O'Donnell , and finally a guest spot on Live ! with Kelly and Michael . Later in the day he went on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert late - night comedy programme for a walk - on appearance that included firing a serve at Stephen Colbert who hid behind Captain America 's shield . Djokovic is also popular on video sharing sites due to his famous imitations of other tennis players such as Maria Sharapova , Rafael Nadal , Serena Williams and Ana Ivanovic . Philanthropy In 2007 , Djokovic founded the Novak Djokovic Foundation . The organization 's mission is to help children from disadvantaged communities to grow up and develop in stimulating and safe environments . In August 2015 , Djokovic was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador . The foundation partnered with the World Bank in August 2015 to promote early childhood education in Serbia . Following his historic 2016 Australian Open victory , Djokovic donated $20,000.00 to Melbourne City Mission 's early childhood education programme to help disadvantaged children . Career Statistics Main article : Novak Djokovic career statistics Grand Slam tournament performance timeline Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament , or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended . This table is current through the 2017 Wimbledon Championships . Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open 1R 1R 4R QF QF QF 2R 6 / 13 58 -- 7 89 % French Open 2R QF SF SF 3R QF SF SF QF 1 / 13 59 -- 12 83 % Wimbledon 3R 4R SF 2R QF SF SF 3R QF 3 / 13 58 -- 10 85 % US Open 3R 3R SF SF SF 2 / 12 62 -- 10 86 % Win -- Loss 0 -- 0 5 -- 4 9 -- 4 19 -- 4 18 -- 3 15 -- 4 19 -- 4 25 -- 1 24 -- 3 24 -- 3 22 -- 3 27 -- 1 21 -- 2 9 -- 3 12 / 51 237 -- 39 86 % Note : Djokovic 's quarterfinal match at the 2011 French Open and his second round match at the 2016 US Open were walkovers ( so not counted as wins ) Finals : 21 ( 12 titles , 9 runner - ups ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Runner - up 2007 US Open Hard Roger Federer 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 Winner 2008 Australian Open Hard Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Runner - up US Open ( 2 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 Winner 2011 Australian Open ( 2 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Winner 2011 Wimbledon Grass Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Winner 2011 US Open Hard Rafael Nadal 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 Winner 2012 Australian Open ( 3 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 Runner - up 2012 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 Runner - up 2012 US Open ( 3 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 7 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 Winner 2013 Australian Open ( 4 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Runner - up 2013 Wimbledon Grass Andy Murray 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 Runner - up 2013 US Open ( 4 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 Runner - up 2014 French Open ( 2 ) Clay Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Winner 2014 Wimbledon ( 2 ) Grass Roger Federer 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Winner 2015 Australian Open ( 5 ) Hard Andy Murray 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 Runner - up 2015 French Open ( 3 ) Clay Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Winner 2015 Wimbledon ( 3 ) Grass Roger Federer 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Winner 2015 US Open ( 2 ) Hard Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Winner 2016 Australian Open ( 6 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 Winner 2016 French Open Clay Andy Murray 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Runner - up 2016 US Open ( 5 ) Hard Stan Wawrinka 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 Year -- End Championships performance timeline Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win % Year - end Championship ATP Finals Did Not Qualify RR RR SF RR DNQ 5 / 10 31 -- 11 74 % Year -- End Championships finals : 6 ( 5 titles , 1 runner - up ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Winner 2008 Shanghai Hard ( i ) Nikolay Davydenko 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 Winner 2012 London Hard ( i ) Roger Federer 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 Winner 2013 London Hard ( i ) Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Winner 2014 London Hard ( i ) Roger Federer Walkover Winner 2015 London Hard ( i ) Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Runner - up 2016 London Hard ( i ) Andy Murray 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Records Main article : List of career achievements by Novak Djokovic All - time tournament records Event Since Record accomplished Players matched ATP Rankings 1973 Highest number of ranking points as World No. 1 ( 16,950 ) Stands alone Grand Slams 1978 Holding all 4 Majors titles on 3 different surfaces at once Stands alone Grand Slams 1877 3 consecutive finals at each Grand Slam Stands alone Grand Slams 1877 Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam Don Budge Grand Slams 1978 13 hardcourt finals Roger Federer Grand Slams 1978 88 % ( 120 -- 16 ) hardcourt match winning percentage Stands alone ATP World Tour 1970 Holding all 4 Grand Slams and Year - End Championship at once Stands alone ATP World Tour 1970 35 Top - tier hardcourt tournaments won ( Big Titles ) Stands alone ATP World Tour 1970 10 Top tier tournaments won in a season ( 2015 ) Stands alone ATP World Tour 1970 18 Top tier tournament finals in a row Stands alone ATP World Tour 1970 15 straight finals reached in a season ( 2015 ) Stands alone ATP Masters 1000 1990 30 titles overall Rafael Nadal ATP Masters 1000 1990 22 hardcourt Masters titles Stands alone ATP Masters 1000 1990 8 different titles Stands alone ATP Masters 1000 1990 6 titles won in a single season ( 2015 ) Stands alone ATP Masters 1000 1990 83 % career Masters match winning percentage Stands alone Open Era records These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis and in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series since 1990 . Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements . ( show ) Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched 2015 Wimbledon -- 2016 French Open Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam Stands alone 2015 Wimbledon -- 2016 French Open Holding all 4 Major titles on three different surfaces at once Stands alone 2015 Wimbledon -- 2016 French Open Holding all 4 Major titles at once Rod Laver 2008 Australian Open -- 2016 French Open Career Grand Slam Rod Laver Andre Agassi Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2015 Wimbledon -- 2016 Wimbledon 30 consecutive match wins Stands alone 2010 US Open -- 2016 French Open 3 + consecutive finals in all 4 Majors Stands alone 2015 Australian Open -- 2015 US Open All 4 Major finals in a season Rod Laver Roger Federer 2012 Australian Open Longest Grand Slam final ( by duration ) vs. Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal ( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Australian Open 2008 -- 2016 6 titles overall Stands alone Australian Open 2011 -- 2013 3 consecutive titles Stands alone Australian Open 2011 -- 2014 25 consecutive match wins Stands alone French Open 2011 -- 2016 6 consecutive semi-finals Stands alone US Open 2012 Longest final ( by duration ) vs. Andy Murray Mats Wilander Ivan Lendl ( show ) Time span Record accomplished Players matched Year - End Championship records 2012 -- 2015 4 consecutive titles Stands alone 2012 -- 2015 15 consecutive match wins Stands alone ATP Masters 1000 records 2007 -- 2016 30 titles overall Rafael Nadal 2007 -- 2016 22 hardcourt titles Stands alone 2007 -- 2013 1 + titles at 8 different tournaments Stands alone 2007 -- 2016 2 + finals in all 9 different tournaments Stands alone 2015 6 titles in 1 season Stands alone 2015 8 finals in 1 season Stands alone 2015 First 3 titles of the year won in 1 season Stands alone 2011 31 consecutive match wins Stands alone 2015 39 match wins in 1 season Stands alone 2007 -- 2016 6 Miami Masters titles overall Andre Agassi 2008 -- 2016 5 Indian Wells Masters titles overall Roger Federer 2009 -- 2015 4 Paris Masters titles overall Stands alone 2012 -- 2015 3 Shanghai Masters titles overall Stands alone Other significant records 2009 -- 2016 Three - peat at 7 different tournaments Stands alone 2006 -- 2016 Winning head - to - head record against each other member of the Big Four Stands alone 2006 -- 2015 20 + wins over four different opponents ( Nadal , Federer , Murray & Berdych ) Stands alone 2011 -- 2015 5 years winning 20 + matches vs. Top 10 opponents Stands alone 2015 31 match wins vs. Top 10 opponents in 1 season Stands alone 2015 Defeated all Top 10 players in a season Stands alone 2011 5 consecutive match wins against World No. 1 player in finals ( Rafael Nadal ) Stands alone 2007 Youngest player to defeat the Top 3 players in succession ( Roddick , Nadal & Federer ) Stands alone 2009 -- 2015 6 China Open titles Stands alone 2016 All - time prize money leader ( $104,820,785 ) Stands alone 2015 Most prize money won in a season ( $21,646,145 ) Stands alone 2009 Longest best - of - three match with tiebreak in last set ( by duration ) vs. Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal 2004 -- 2017 82.8 % career match winning percentage Stands alone 2004 -- 2017 84.0 % career hardcourt match winning percentage Stands alone See also Tennis portal Biography portal Serbia portal Book : Novak Djokovic ATP World Tour Awards Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles All - time tennis records -- men 's singles ATP World Tour records List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions Tennis tournament records and statistics List of Open Era tennis records 2012 Summer Olympics national flag bearers List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors Notes Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ Clay , Grass and Hardcourt . Jump up ^ Top tier tournaments are Grand Slams , World Tour Finals and Masters 1000 series . They 're also known as `` Big Tournaments '' or `` Big Titles '' Jump up ^ Indian Wells , Miami , Monte Carlo , Madrid , Rome , Canada , Shanghai and Paris . Jump up ^ The final took 5 hours , 53 minutes to complete . Jump up ^ The final took 4 hours , 54 minutes to complete . Jump up ^ Known as `` Tennis Masters Cup '' ( 2000 -- 2008 ) and `` ATP World Tour Finals '' ( 2009 -- present ) . Jump up ^ Djokovic did not play in the 9th tournament ( Madrid ) . Jump up ^ Indian Wells , Miami , and Monte Carlo . Jump up ^ Djokovic proceeded to defeat Nadal at the 2011 US Open and 2012 Australian Open , where their rankings were by then reversed . Jump up ^ The match took 4 hours , 3 minutes to complete . References Jump up ^ `` DJOKOVIC , Novak '' . ATPWorldTour.com . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DJOKOVIC , Novak '' . novakdjokovic.com . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . 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International Watch . 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Doerr , Elizabeth ( 5 July 2014 ) . `` Wimbledon 2014 Showdown : Roger Federer 's Rolex vs. Novak Djokovic 's Seiko And More '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Terlato , Peter ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Novak Djokovic Has Launched A Social Media Campaign That Will Donate $2 To Charity For Every Post '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Join in the # HeadbandForGood '' . rallyforgood.anz.com . Jump up ^ `` Novak 's Next Hit : Novak Djokovic and Jacob 's Creek Release ' Made By ' Films Series # MADEBY '' . Jacob 's Creek press release . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ CAA Sports teams with tennis ; SportsBusinessDaily.com , 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Djokovic Signs With CAA Sports ; OnTennis , 24 June 2008 Jump up ^ `` Djokovic Hires IMG to Manage Career After Leaving CAA '' . Bloomberg. 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Just Became Lacoste 's ' New Crocodile ' '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family Sport '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Svečano otvoren NOVAK CAFE & RESTAURANT na Dorćolu ! '' . Djokovic press release . 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Café & Restaurant opened in Novi Sad '' . Djokovic press release . 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ M.S. ( 28 March 2015 ) . `` Đokovići zatvorili restoran u Novom Sadu '' . Blic . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Emma ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Want Some Donkey Cheese ? You 'll Have to Ask Novak Djokovic '' . Time . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Do n't Worry : Donkey Cheese Is Still Available '' . NY Times . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Elling , Steve ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Novak Djokovic reveals truth behind ' donkey cheese ' claims '' . The National . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mirjana Despot ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Banjaluka dobila Novak Café na Banj brdu '' . PressRS.ba . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ T. Č. ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` U Banjoj Luci otvoren restoran Novaka Đokovića '' . Klix.ba . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Teniski centar Đokovića od jeseni ; B92 , 3 July 2008 Jump up ^ `` Đokovići odustali od gradnje teniskog centra u Kragujevcu '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic.rs . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Đokovićima plac za 11 miliona evra , B92.net , 11 March 2008. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ Srbija će imati dva Vimbldona , Blic.com , 12 March 2008. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ Predstavljeni nacrti ' TC Đoković ' , B92.net , 6 February 2010. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ Đokovići grade spa centar i restorane uz teniske terene , Blic.rs , 10 November 2010. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Novak Tennis Center '' . Teniskicentarnovak.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Trifunovic , Dragan . `` Djokovic reception -- aerial video '' . Vimeo.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic reception '' ( in Serbian ) . Prva.rs . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Novak introduces DJOKOlife project '' . Djokovic press release . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Djokolife - Regione Lombardia '' . milanophotoevents.com . Jump up ^ `` DJOKOVIC PRESENTA LA LINEA DJOKOLIFE '' ( in Italian ) . fraintesa.it. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nebojša Radšić ( 5 February 2016 ) . `` PORODIČNI BIZNIS Đokovići ulažu u vinograde '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic.rs . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pobedio i sve političare : Novak Đoković najuticajniji u Srbiji '' ( in Serbian ) . sportal.rs. 24 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Đoković : Ja sam dokaz da ništa nije nemoguće '' . Politika.rs ( in Serbian ) . 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 9 : Djokovic As Pop Culture Phenomenon '' . hyperink.com . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic high fives Jay Leno , dances with Katie Holmes '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Počeo Eurosong : Đoković otvorio glasanje '' . RTV. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PFiorello Show , Djokovic imita Nadal e la Sharapova '' . televisionando.it . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic y Ana Ivanović vistan ' El Hormiguero ' '' ( in Spanish ) . europapress.es . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Svedok : Novak Đoković '' . RTS ( in Serbian ) . 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Blic Online Novak Đoković o `` Oskaru popularnosti '' , Blic.rs ; retrieved 9 March 2011. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Martin Solveig & Dragonette -- `` Hello '' `` . allthingsgomusic.com. 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Novak Djokovic Official Website , Novakdjokovic.rs ; retrieved 9 March 2011. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ Zdenko Kolar : `` Svirati bluz je privilegija '' Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Balkanrock.com ; retrieved 9 March 2011. ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Đoković oduševio američku publiku '' . novimagazin.rs. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic on Today '' . Today . 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic : An Unauthorized Biography '' . books.google.rs. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Орден СНО Новаку Ђоковићу '' . Snd-us.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic da Fiorello : 10 minuti di noia '' ( in Italian ) . ilpost.it. 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Over the World -- The number one '' . firstpost.com . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Novak Djokovic No 19 ? '' . AskMen . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Tennis Ace Novak Djokovic To Do Cameo In ' Expendables 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tennis ace Djokovic gets Expendables role ; OMG ! from Yahoo UK , 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Z.N. ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Nole izbačen iz `` Plaćenika '' `` . mondo.rs . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Z.N. ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` Novak Đoković na naslovnoj strani magazina `` GQ '' `` . Blic . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Saporito ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Novak Djokovic profile '' . Time . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Đoković gostovao na francuskoj televiziji '' ( in Serbian ) . Sportska centrala. 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Novak Djokovic appears on Late Show With David Letterman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Svedok : Novak Đoković '' . RTS ( in Serbian ) . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic talks third Wimbledon title and family '' . CBS This Morning. 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One - on - one with Novak Djokovic '' . All in with Chris Hayes . 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic shows off US Open trophy on TODAY '' . Today . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Open champ Djokovic 's `` huge sigh of relief '' after match point `` . CBS This Morning. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Faces Off Against Novak Djokovic '' . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nole na pragu deset miliona '' ( in Serbian ) . Vesti online . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Foundation raises $1,400,000 for children at inaugural dinner '' . 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador '' . 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank , Novak Djokovic Foundation Partner to Promote Early Childhood Development in Serbia and Globally '' . 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank , Novak Djokovic Foundation -- Education '' . 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas Doman about Child Development Methods '' . 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Foundation donates $20,000 to Melbourne City Mission early childhood learning program '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Titles : Federer Leads But Novak 's Strike Rate Dazzles '' , Association of Tennis Professionals , 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The rules of tennis simply do not apply to Novak Djokovic '' . eurosport.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Novak Djokovic is the Third Male to Ever Hold All Four Major Grand Slam Titles at the Same Time '' . scout.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic wins French Open , completes career Grand Slam '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Nets 30th Consecutive Victory in Grand Slams '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Ahmed . `` Exceptional season for Novak Djokovic among best ever '' . thenational.ae . The National Newspaper , UAE , 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Men 's Singles Championship Final '' . ESPN Sports . 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic wins epic final '' . ABC Radio Grandstand . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic domination total as he wins sixth Melbourne title '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , we look back at how he won them '' . skysports.com . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic reaches sixth consecutive French Open semi-final '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray wins Open , first Slam '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic ends spectacular year with record ATP World Tour Finals title '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic Receives Year - End No. 1 Trophy '' . atpworldtour.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic Claims Slice of Masters 1000 History With Paris Crown '' . ATP. 8 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Petrequin , Samuel ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Novak Djokovic grinds out historic win at Monte Carlo Masters '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Monte Carlo Masters 2015 : Novak Djokovic makes history with victory over Tomas Berdych in final '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records continue to tumble around Djokovic '' . foxsportsasia.com . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic Wins Record 28th Masters 1000 Crown In Miami '' , ATP , 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak sets gold standard in record - breaking 2015 season '' , 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Federer , Nadal And Djokovic Represent Golden Age For Men 's Tennis '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic Passes $100 Million Prize Money Milestone '' , ATP , 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal defeats Djokovic in classic '' . BBC News . 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Further reading Grossekathöfer , Maik ( 7 October 2011 ) . `` Street Fighter , Artist and Patriot : Tennis Star Djokovic Is the Pride of New Serbia '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Price , S.L. ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` Staring Down History '' . Sports Illustrated . 114 ( 21 ) . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Scocca , Tom ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Novak Djokovic : GQ Men of the Year 2011 '' . GQ . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Bowers , Chris ( 2014 ) . Novak Djokovic and the Rise of Serbia : The Sporting Statesman . John Blake . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78219 - 770 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Novak Djokovic . Official site Novak Djokovic Foundation Novak Djokovic at the Association of Tennis Professionals Novak Djokovic at the International Tennis Federation Novak Djokovic at the Davis Cup Novak Djokovic on IMDb Novak Djokovic ( Achievement predecessor & successor ) Sporting positions Preceded by Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Rafael Nadal World No. 1 July 4 , 2011 -- July 9 , 2012 November 5 , 2012 -- October 6 , 2013 July 7 , 2014 -- November 6 , 2016 Succeeded by Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Andy Murray Preceded by Mardy Fish US Open Series Champion 2012 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Awards Preceded by Rafael Nadal ATP Most Improved Player 2006 , 2007 Succeeded by Jo - Wilfried Tsonga Preceded by Olivera Jevtić Nađa Higl Davor Štefanek The Best Athlete of Serbia 2007 2010 , 2011 2015 Succeeded by Milorad Čavić Milica Mandić Incumbent Preceded by Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal ATP Player of the Year 2011 , 2012 2014 , 2015 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Andy Murray Preceded by Robin Söderling David Ferrer Golden Bagel Award 2011 -- 2013 2015 Succeeded by David Ferrer Incumbent Preceded by Rafael Nadal ITF World Champion 2011 -- 2015 Succeeded by Andy Murray Preceded by Rafael Nadal BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2011 Succeeded by Usain Bolt Preceded by Rafael Nadal Sebastian Vettel Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2012 2015 , 2016 Succeeded by Usain Bolt Usain Bolt Preceded by Rafael Nadal Best Male Tennis Player ESPY Award 2012 , 2013 2015 , 2016 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Incumbent Preceded by Rafael Nadal Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year 2012 Succeeded by Roger Federer Records Preceded by Roger Federer ATP Prize money leader April 4 , 2016 -- Incumbent Olympic Games Preceded by Jasna Šekarić Flagbearer for Serbia London 2012 Succeeded by Ivana Anđušić Maksimović Novak Djokovic Entourage Marko Djokovic ( brother ) Djordje Djokovic ( brother ) Marián Vajda ( coach 2006 - 2017 ) Boris Becker ( coach 2013 - 2016 ) Andre Agassi ( coach 2017 ) Career Achievements Statistics World No. 1 Rivalry with Roger Federer Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Andy Murray Big Four Notable matches 2012 Australian Open final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final Timelines 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Seasons 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2014 2015 US Open 2011 2015 World Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 Indian Wells 2008 2011 2014 2015 2016 Miami 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 Monte - Carlo 2013 2015 Rome 2008 2011 2014 2015 Madrid 2011 2016 Canada 2007 2011 2012 2016 Cincinnati Finals : 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 Shanghai 2012 2013 2015 Paris 2009 2013 2014 2015 Olympics 2008 Davis Cup Novak Djokovic Official Website Big Four Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer -- Nadal Djokovic -- Federer Djokovic -- Nadal Federer -- Murray Djokovic -- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 3 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 6 ) Canada ( 2 ) Cincinnati ( 7 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 2 ) Paris ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 3 ) Monte Carlo ( 10 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 5 ) Rome ( 7 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 1 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 1 ) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 6 ) Monte Carlo ( 2 ) Madrid ( 2 ) Rome ( 4 ) Canada ( 4 ) Shanghai ( 3 ) Paris ( 4 ) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami ( 2 ) Madrid ( 1 ) Rome ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 2 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 4 ) Paris ( 1 ) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Novak Djokovic in Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open men 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1986 ) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer French Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1971 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1972 ) Andrés Gimeno ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Björn Borg ( 1975 ) Björn Borg ( 1976 ) Adriano Panatta ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Björn Borg ( 1982 ) Mats Wilander ( 1983 ) Yannick Noah ( 1984 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1985 ) Mats Wilander ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Michael Chang ( 1990 ) Andrés Gómez ( 1991 ) Jim Courier ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1994 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1995 ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1997 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 1998 ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2002 ) Albert Costa ( 2003 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2004 ) Gastón Gaudio ( 2005 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2006 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2007 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2012 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2015 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Wimbledon ( Open Era ) gentlemen 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Rod Laver ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) John Newcombe ( 1971 ) John Newcombe ( 1972 ) Stan Smith ( 1973 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1976 ) Björn Borg ( 1977 ) Björn Borg ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Boris Becker ( 1986 ) Boris Becker ( 1987 ) Pat Cash ( 1988 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1991 ) Michael Stich ( 1992 ) Andre Agassi ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Richard Krajicek ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Pete Sampras ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Pete Sampras ( 2001 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Roger Federer ( 2013 ) Andy Murray ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Roger Federer US Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1971 ) Stan Smith ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1976 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1979 ) John McEnroe ( 1980 ) John McEnroe ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Pete Sampras ( 1991 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1992 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1998 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Marat Safin ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Pete Sampras ( 2003 ) Andy Roddick ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Roger Federer ( 2009 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Andy Murray ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Marin Čilić ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Male tennis players who have won 3 or more Grand Slam singles titles in one season ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 3 ) ( 1934 ) Fred Perry ( 3 ) ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 4 ) ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 3 ) ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 3 ) ( 1958 ) Ashley Cooper ( 3 ) ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 4 ) ( 1964 ) Roy Emerson ( 3 ) ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 4 ) ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 3 ) ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 3 ) ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 ) ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) Men 's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year Four wins 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Three wins 1933 : Jack Crawford ( AC&FC&WI ) 1934 : Fred Perry ( AC&WI&US ) 1955 : Tony Trabert ( FO&WI&US ) 1956 : Lew Hoad ( AO&FO&WI ) 1958 : Ashley Cooper ( AC&WI&US ) 1964 : Roy Emerson ( AC&WI&US ) 1974 : Jimmy Connors ( AO&WI&US ) 1988 : Mats Wilander ( AO&FO&US ) 2004 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2006 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2007 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2010 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&WI&US ) 2011 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&WI&US ) 2015 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&WI&US ) Two wins 1903 : Laurence Doherty ( WI&US ) 1920 : Bill Tilden ( WI&US ) 1921 : Bill Tilden ( WI&US ) 1925 : René Lacoste ( FC&WI ) 1927 : René Lacoste ( FC&US ) 1928 : Henri Cochet ( FC&US ) 1932 : Ellsworth Vines ( WI&US ) 1935 : Fred Perry ( FC&WI ) 1936 : Fred Perry ( WI&US ) 1937 : Don Budge ( WI&US ) 1939 : Bobby Riggs ( WI&US ) 1947 : Jack Kramer ( WI&US ) 1950 : Budge Patty ( FC&WI ) 1951 : Dick Savitt ( AC&WI ) ) 1952 : Frank Sedgman ( WI&US ) 1953 : Ken Rosewall ( AC&FO ) 1959 : Alex Olmedo ( AC&WI ) 1960 : Neale Fraser ( WI&US ) 1961 : Roy Emerson ( AC&US ) 1963 : Roy Emerson ( AC&FC ) 1965 : Roy Emerson ( AC&WI ) 1967 : Roy Emerson ( AC&FC ) 1967 : John Newcombe ( WI&US ) 1973 : John Newcombe ( AO&US ) 1977 : Guillermo Vilas ( FO&US ) 1978 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1979 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1980 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1981 : John McEnroe ( WI&US ) 1982 : Jimmy Connors ( WI&US ) 1984 : John McEnroe ( WI&US ) 1986 : Ivan Lendl ( FO&US ) 1987 : Ivan Lendl ( FO&US ) 1989 : Boris Becker ( WI&US ) 1992 : Jim Courier ( AO&FO ) 1993 : Pete Sampras ( WI&US ) 1994 : Pete Sampras ( AO&WI ) 1995 : Pete Sampras ( WI&US ) 1997 : Pete Sampras ( AO&WI ) 1999 : Andre Agassi ( FO&US ) 2005 : Roger Federer ( WI&US ) 2008 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&WI ) 2009 : Roger Federer ( FO&WI ) 2013 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&US ) 2016 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&FO ) 2017 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI ) AC = Australasian / Australian Championships , AO = Australian Open , FC = French Championships , FO = French Open , WI = Wimbledon , US = U.S. National Championships / US Open Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Novak Djokovic 's Achievements Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) world No. 1 singles players Ilie Năstase ( 1973 / 1974 -- 40 w ) John Newcombe ( 1974 -- 8 w ) Jimmy Connors ( 1974 / 1983 -- 268 w ) Björn Borg ( 1977 / 1981 -- 109 w ) John McEnroe ( 1980 / 1985 -- 170 w ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 / 1990 -- 270 w ) Mats Wilander ( 1988 / 1989 -- 20 w ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 / 1992 -- 72 w ) Boris Becker ( 1991 -- 12 w ) Jim Courier ( 1992 / 1993 -- 58 w ) Pete Sampras ( 1993 / 2000 -- 286 w ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 / 2003 -- 101 w ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 -- 6 w ) Marcelo Ríos ( 1998 -- 6 w ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 -- 2 w ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1999 -- 6 w ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 -- 1 w ) Marat Safin ( 2000 / 2001 -- 9 w ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2000 / 2001 -- 43 w ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2001 / 2003 -- 80 w ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2003 -- 8 w ) Andy Roddick ( 2003 / 2004 -- 13 w ) Roger Federer ( 2004 / 2012 -- 302 w ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 / 2017 -- 145 w ) Novak Djokovic ( 2011 / 2016 -- 223 w ) Andy Murray ( 2016 / 2017 -- 41 w ) ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23 , 1973 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of September 11 , 2017 Year - end championships winners singles ( 1970 ) Stan Smith ( 1971 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1975 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1976 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1977 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1978 ) John McEnroe ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1982 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Boris Becker ( 1989 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 ) Andre Agassi ( 1991 ) Pete Sampras ( 1992 ) Boris Becker ( 1993 ) Michael Stich ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Boris Becker ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Alex Corretja ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) David Nalbandian ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Nikolay Davydenko ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Roger Federer ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ATP Masters Series : Singles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Michael Chang 1997 : Michael Chang 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Mark Philippoussis 2000 : Àlex Corretja 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Lleyton Hewitt 2003 : Lleyton Hewitt 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Ivan Ljubičić 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Miami Masters 1990 : Andre Agassi 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Pete Sampras 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Thomas Muster 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Richard Krajicek 2000 : Pete Sampras 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Andre Agassi 2004 : Andy Roddick 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Nikolay Davydenko 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Roddick 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Andy Murray 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Monte - Carlo Masters 1990 : Andrei Chesnokov 1991 : Sergi Bruguera 1992 : Thomas Muster 1993 : Sergi Bruguera 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Marcelo Ríos 1998 : Carlos Moyá 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Cédric Pioline 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Guillermo Coria 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Stan Wawrinka 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Rafael Nadal 2017 : Rafael Nadal Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990 : Juan Aguilera 1991 : Karel Nováček 1992 : Stefan Edberg 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Andriy Medvedev 1996 : Roberto Carretero 1997 : Andriy Medvedev 1998 : Albert Costa 1999 : Marcelo Ríos 2000 : Gustavo Kuerten 2001 : Albert Portas 2002 : Roger Federer 2003 : Guillermo Coria 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Tommy Robredo 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Rafael Nadal 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Rafael Nadal Rome Masters 1990 : Thomas Muster 1991 : Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Jim Courier 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Àlex Corretja 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Magnus Norman 2001 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Félix Mantilla 2004 : Carlos Moyá 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . Canada Masters 1990 : Michael Chang 1991 : Andrei Chesnokov 1992 : Andre Agassi 1993 : Mikael Pernfors 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Wayne Ferreira 1997 : Chris Woodruff 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Thomas Johansson 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Andrei Pavel 2002 : Guillermo Cañas 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic Cincinnati Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Pete Sampras 1993 : Michael Chang 1994 : Michael Chang 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Pete Sampras 2000 : Thomas Enqvist 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Carlos Moyá 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Andre Agassi 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Andy Roddick 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Roger Federer 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Roger Federer 2016 : Marin Čilić Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990 : Boris Becker 1991 : Boris Becker 1992 : Goran Ivanišević 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Boris Becker 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Boris Becker 1997 : Petr Korda 1998 : Richard Krajicek 1999 : Thomas Enqvist 2000 : Wayne Ferreira 2001 : Tommy Haas 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Nikolay Davydenko 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray Paris Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Boris Becker 1993 : Goran Ivanišević 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Thomas Enqvist 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Greg Rusedski 1999 : Andre Agassi 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Sébastien Grosjean 2002 : Marat Safin 2003 : Tim Henman 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Tomáš Berdych 2006 : Nikolay Davydenko 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2009 : Novak Djokovic 2010 : Robin Söderling 2011 : Roger Federer 2012 : David Ferrer 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray World rankings -- Top ten tennis players as of week of 11 September 2017 ATP singles ATP doubles WTA singles WTA doubles Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray Alexander Zverev Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic Dominic Thiem Stan Wawrinka Grigor Dimitrov Pablo Carreño Busta Henri Kontinen John Peers Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Nicolas Mahut Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Pierre - Hugues Herbert Horia Tecău Jean - Julien Rojer Garbiñe Muguruza Simona Halep Elina Svitolina Karolína Plíšková Venus Williams Caroline Wozniacki Johanna Konta Svetlana Kuznetsova Dominika Cibulková Jeļena Ostapenko Lucie Šafářová Martina Hingis Chan Yung - jan Bethanie Mattek - Sands Elena Vesnina Ekaterina Makarova Andrea Hlaváčková Sania Mirza Peng Shuai Lucie Hradecká Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten European male singles tennis players as of 11 September 2017 1 . Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 2 . Roger Federer ( 2 1 ) 3 . Andy Murray ( 3 1 ) 4 . Alexander Zverev ( 4 2 ) 5 . Marin Čilić ( 5 2 ) 6 . Novak Djokovic ( 6 1 ) 7 . Dominic Thiem ( 7 1 ) 8 . Stan Wawrinka ( 8 4 ) 9 . Grigor Dimitrov ( 9 ) 10 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( 10 9 ) Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten Serbian male singles tennis players as of 11 September 2017 1 . Novak Djokovic ( 6 1 ) 2 . Viktor Troicki ( 47 5 ) 3 . Janko Tipsarević ( 68 1 ) 4 . Dušan Lajović ( 80 5 ) 5 . Laslo Đere ( 95 3 ) 6 . Filip Krajinović ( 111 15 ) 7 . Nikola Milojević ( 159 1 ) 8 . Miljan Zekić ( 289 10 ) 9 . Peđa Krstin ( 291 22 ) 10. Danilo Petrović ( 303 25 ) Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten Serbian male doubles tennis players as of 11 September 2017 1 . Nenad Zimonjić ( 39 2 ) 2 . Viktor Troicki ( 99 9 ) 3 . Novak Djokovic ( 236 3 ) 4 . Dušan Lajović ( 276 67 ) 5 . Ilija Bozoljac ( 350 11 ) 6 . Nikola Milojević ( 356 11 ) 7 . Ilija Vučić ( 429 60 ) 8 . Nikola Čačić ( 438 7 ) 9 . Danilo Petrović ( 456 1 ) 10 . Darko Jandrić ( 582 120 ) Awards of Olympic Committee of Serbia Sportsman of The Year 1994 : Stevan Pletikosić 1995 : Aleksandar Đorđević 1996 : Vladimir Grbić 1997 : Nikola Grbić 1998 : Dejan Bodiroga 1999 : Nedeljko Jovanović 2000 : Vladimir Grbić 2001 : Aleksandar Šoštar 2002 : Dejan Bodiroga 2003 : Milorad Čavić 2004 : Aleksandar Šapić 2005 : Vladimir Vujasinović 2006 : Nikola Stojić 2007 : Novak Đoković 2008 : Milorad Čavić 2009 : Milorad Čavić 2010 : Novak Đoković 2011 : Novak Đoković 2012 : Andrija Prlainović 2013 : Novak Đoković 2014 : Novak Đoković 2015 : Novak Đoković 2016 : Filip Filipović Sportswoman of The Year 1994 : Jasna Šekarić 1995 : Jasna Šekarić 1996 : Aleksandra Ivošev 1997 : Jasna Šekarić 1998 : Olivera Jevtić 1999 : Olivera Jevtić 2000 : Jasna Šekarić 2001 : Jelena Dokić 2002 : Mara Kovačević 2003 : Silvija Erdelji 2004 : Jasna Šekarić 2005 : Jasna Šekarić 2006 : Olivera Jevtić 2007 : Jelena Janković 2008 : Jelena Janković 2009 : Nađa Higl 2010 : Zorana Arunović 2011 : Jovana Brakočević 2012 : Milica Mandić 2013 : Ivana Španović 2014 : Nikolina Moldovan 2015 : Ivana Španović 2016 : Tijana Bogdanović Men 's Team of The Year 1995 : Basketball team 1996 : Basketball team 1997 : Basketball team 1998 : Basketball team 1999 : Handball team 2000 : Voleyball team 2001 : Water polo team 2002 : Basketball team 2003 : Water polo team 2004 : Water polo team 2005 : Water polo team 2006 : Water polo team 2007 : Water polo team 2008 : Water polo team 2009 : Water polo team 2010 : Voleyball team 2011 : Water polo team 2012 : Water polo team 2013 : Voleyball team 2014 : Basketball team 2015 : Water polo team 2016 : Water polo team Women 's Team of The Year 1995 : Shooting team 1996 : Karate club `` Soko Štark '' 1997 : Karate club `` Knjaz Miloš '' 1998 : Handball club `` Budućnost '' 1999 : Chess team 2001 : Handball team 2005 : Junior basketball team 2006 : Volleyball team 2007 : Volleyball team 2008 : Volleyball team 2009 : Volleyball team 2010 : Volleyball team 2011 : Volleyball team 2012 : Fed Cup team 2013 : Handball team 2015 : Basketball team 2016 : Volleyball team Young Athlete of The Year 2010 : Velimir Stjepanović 2011 : Uroš Kovačević 2012 : Dušan Mandić 2013 : Andrija Šljukić 2014 : Nemanja Majdov 2015 : Tijana Bogdanović 2016 : Nikola Jakšić Coach of The Year 2009 : Dejan Udovičić 2010 : Marián Vajda 2011 : Marián Vajda 2012 : Dragan Jović 2013 : Saša Bošković 2014 : Dragan Plavšić 2015 : Dejan Savić 2016 : Dejan Savić Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt VIAF : 305231272 LCCN : no2013092898 GND : 1041696558 BNF : cb16906324t ( data ) NDL : 001199507 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novak_Djokovic&oldid=800081623 '' Categories : Novak Djokovic 1987 births Living people Serbian male tennis players Australian Open ( tennis ) champions French Open champions US Open ( tennis ) champions Wimbledon champions World No. 1 tennis players Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia Serbian people of Montenegrin descent Serbian people of Croatian descent Expatriate sportspeople in Monaco Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's singles Hopman Cup competitors Laureus World Sports Awards winners Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Members of the Serbian Orthodox Church Olympic bronze medalists for Serbia Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic tennis players of Serbia Recipients of the Order of Karađorđe 's Star Serbia and Montenegro male tennis players Serbian expatriates in Germany Serbian expatriates in Monaco Sports world record holders Sportspeople from Belgrade Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics UNICEF people Hidden categories : CS1 Serbian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times has djokovic won the french open	[ "Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles, the fourth most (equal with Roy Emerson) in history, and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks. In majors, Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles, three Wimbledon titles, two US Open titles and one French Open title. In 2016, he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam; by winning the 2016 French Open, Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once, the first since Rod Laver in 1969,[16] and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces.[17] Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate (82.8%) in the Open Era, as of July 2017.[18][19]" ]	[ "one" ]
-8032743124545518863	Catholic (term)	Catholic ( term ) - wikipedia Catholic ( term ) This article is about the term . For the church in full communion with the Pope , see Catholic Church . For the beliefs and practices of other denominations that use this term , see Catholicity . Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The word catholic ( with lowercase c ; derived via Late Latin catholicus , from the Greek adjective καθολικός ( katholikos ) , meaning `` universal '' ) comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου ( katholou ) , meaning `` on the whole '' , `` according to the whole '' or `` in general '' , and is a combination of the Greek words κατά meaning `` about '' and ὅλος meaning `` whole '' . The term Catholic ( usually written with uppercase C in English ) was first used to describe the Christian Church in the early 2nd century to emphasize its universal scope . In the context of Christian ecclesiology , it has a rich history and several usages . The word in English can mean either `` of the Roman Catholic faith '' or `` relating to the historic doctrine and practice of the Western Church '' . Many Christians use it to refer more broadly to the whole Christian Church or to all believers in Jesus Christ regardless of denominational affiliation ; it can also more narrowly refer to Catholicity , which encompasses several historic churches sharing major beliefs . `` Catholicos '' , the title used for the head of some churches in Eastern Christian traditions , is derived from the same linguistic origin . In non-ecclesiastical use , it derives its English meaning directly from its root , and is currently used to mean the following : including a wide variety of things ; all - embracing universal or of general interest ; liberal , having broad interests , or wide sympathies ; or inclusive , inviting and containing strong evangelism . The term has been incorporated into the name of the largest Christian communion , the Roman Catholic Church ( also called the Catholic Church ) . All of the three main branches of Christianity in the East ( Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Church and Church of the East ) had always identified themselves as Catholic in accordance with Apostolic traditions and the Nicene Creed . Anglicans , Lutherans , and some Methodists also believe that their churches are `` Catholic '' in the sense that they too are in continuity with the original universal church founded by the Apostles . However , each church defines the scope of the `` Catholic Church '' differently . For instance , the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox churches , and Church of the East , each maintain that their own denomination is identical with the original universal church , from which all other denominations broke away . Distinguishing beliefs of Catholicity , the beliefs of most Christians who call themselves `` Catholic '' , include the episcopal polity , that bishops are considered the highest order of ministers within the Christian religion , as well as the Nicene Creed of AD 381 . In particular , along with unity , sanctity , and apostolicity , catholicity is considered one of Four Marks of the Church , found the line of the Nicene Creed : `` I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church . '' During the medieval and modern times , additional distinctions arose regarding the use of the terms Western Catholic and Eastern Catholic . Before the East -- West Schism , those terms had just the basic geographical meanings , since only one undivided Catholicity existed , uniting the Latin speaking Christians of West and the Greek speaking Christians of the East . After the split of 1054 terminology became much more complicated , resulting in the creation of parallel and confronting terminological systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historical use 2.1 Ignatius of Antioch 2.2 Other second - century uses 2.3 Cyril of Jerusalem 2.4 Theodosius I 2.5 Augustine of Hippo 2.6 St Vincent of Lerins 2.7 Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church 2.8 Lutheran Churches 3 Contemporary use 3.1 Catholic Church 3.2 Orthodoxy 3.3 Protestantism 3.4 Independent Catholicism 4 Avoidance of use 5 Notes and references 5.1 See also 5.2 Notes 5.3 References 6 External links Etymology The Greek adjective katholikos , the origin of the term `` catholic '' means `` universal '' . Directly from the Greek , or via Late Latin catholicus , the term catholic entered many other languages , becoming the base for the creation of various theological terms such as catholicism and catholicity ( Late Latin catholicismus , catholicitas ) . The term `` catholicism '' is the English form of Late Latin catholicismus , an abstract noun based on the adjective `` catholic '' . The Modern Greek equivalent καθολικισμός ( katholikismos ) is back - formed and usually refers to the Catholic Church . The terms `` catholic '' , `` catholicism '' and `` catholicity '' is closely related to the use of the term Catholic Church . The earliest evidence of the use of that term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna . Exhorting Christians to remain closely united with their bishop , he wrote : `` Wherever the bishop shall appear , there let the multitude ( of the people ) also be ; even as , wherever Jesus Christ is , there is the Catholic Church . '' From the second half of the second century , the word `` catholic '' began to be used to mean `` orthodox '' ( non-heretical ) , `` because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth , and to represent the whole Church , while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local '' . In 380 , Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term `` Catholic Christian '' exclusively to those who followed the same faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter of Alexandria . Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 315 -- 386 ) , Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) further developed the use of the term `` catholic '' in relation to Christianity . Historical use Ignatius of Antioch Ignatius of Antioch The earliest recorded evidence of the use of the term `` Catholic Church '' is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 107 to Christians in Smyrna . Exhorting Christians to remain closely united with their bishop , he wrote : `` Wherever the bishop shall appear , there let the multitude ( of the people ) also be ; even as , wherever Jesus Christ is , there is the Catholic Church . '' Of the meaning for Ignatius of this phrase J.H. Srawley wrote : This is the earliest occurrence in Christian literature of the phrase ' the Catholic Church ' ( ἡ καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία ) . The original sense of the word is ' universal ' . Thus Justin Martyr ( Dial. 82 ) speaks of the ' universal or general resurrection ' , using the words ἡ καθολικὴ ἀνάστασις . Similarly here the Church universal is contrasted with the particular Church of Smyrna . Ignatius means by the Catholic Church ' the aggregate of all the Christian congregations ' ( Swete , Apostles Creed , p. 76 ) . So too the letter of the Church of Smyrna is addressed to all the congregations of the Holy Catholic Church in every place . And this primitive sense of ' universal ' the word has never lost , although in the latter part of the second century it began to receive the secondary sense of ' orthodox ' as opposed to ' heretical ' . Thus it is used in an early Canon of Scripture , the Muratorian fragment ( circa 170 A.D. ) , which refers to certain heretical writings as ' not received in the Catholic Church ' . So too Cyril of Jerusalem , in the fourth century , says that the Church is called Catholic not only ' because it is spread throughout the world ' , but also ' because it teaches completely and without defect all the doctrines which ought to come to the knowledge of men ' . This secondary sense arose out of the original meaning because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth , and to represent the whole Church , while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local . By Catholic Church Ignatius designated the universal church . Ignatius considered that certain heretics of his time , who disavowed that Jesus was a material being who actually suffered and died , saying instead that `` he only seemed to suffer '' ( Smyrnaeans , 2 ) , were not really Christians . Other second - century uses The term is also used in the Martyrdom of Polycarp ( 155 ) and in the Muratorian fragment ( about 177 ) . Cyril of Jerusalem As mentioned in the above quotation from J.H. Srawley , Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 315 -- 386 ) , who is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Anglican Communion , distinguished what he called the `` Catholic Church '' from other groups who could also refer to themselves as an ἐκκλησία ( assembly or church ) : Since the word Ecclesia is applied to different things ( as also it is written of the multitude in the theatre of the Ephesians , And when he had thus spoken , he dismissed the Assembly ( Acts 19 : 14 ) , and since one might properly and truly say that there is a Church of evil doers , I mean the meetings of the heretics , the Marcionists and Manichees , and the rest , for this cause the Faith has securely delivered to you now the Article , `` And in one Holy Catholic Church '' ; that you may avoid their wretched meetings , and ever abide with the Holy Church Catholic in which you were regenerated . And if ever you are sojourning in cities , inquire not simply where the Lord 's House is ( for the other sects of the profane also attempt to call their own dens houses of the Lord ) , nor merely where the Church is , but where is the Catholic Church . For this is the peculiar name of this Holy Church , the mother of us all , which is the spouse of our Lord Jesus Christ , the Only - begotten Son of God ( Catechetical Lectures , XVIII , 26 ) . Theodosius I Theodosius I Theodosius I , Emperor from 379 to 395 , declared `` Catholic '' Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire , declaring in the Edict of Thessalonica of 27 February 380 : It is our desire that all the various nations which are subject to our clemency and moderation , should continue the profession of that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter , as it has been preserved by faithful tradition and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus and by Peter , Bishop of Alexandria , a man of apostolic holiness . According to the apostolic teaching and the doctrine of the Gospel , let us believe in the one Deity of the Father , Son and Holy Spirit , in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity . We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title Catholic Christians ; but as for the others , since in our judgment they are foolish madmen , we decree that they shall be branded with the ignominious name of heretics , and shall not presume to give their conventicles the name of churches . They will suffer in the first place the chastisement of the divine condemnation , and in the second the punishment which our authority , in accordance with the will of heaven , will decide to inflict . Theodosian Code XVI. i. 2 Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo Only slightly later , Saint Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) also used the term `` Catholic '' to distinguish the `` true '' church from heretical groups : In the Catholic Church , there are many other things which most justly keep me in her bosom . The consent of peoples and nations keeps me in the Church ; so does her authority , inaugurated by miracles , nourished by hope , enlarged by love , established by age . The succession of priests keeps me , beginning from the very seat of the Apostle Peter , to whom the Lord , after His resurrection , gave it in charge to feed His sheep ( Jn 21 : 15 -- 19 ) , down to the present episcopate . And so , lastly , does the very name of Catholic , which , not without reason , amid so many heresies , the Church has thus retained ; so that , though all heretics wish to be called Catholics , yet when a stranger asks where the Catholic Church meets , no heretic will venture to point to his own chapel or house . Such then in number and importance are the precious ties belonging to the Christian name which keep a believer in the Catholic Church , as it is right they should ... With you , where there is none of these things to attract or keep me ... No one shall move me from the faith which binds my mind with ties so many and so strong to the Christian religion ... For my part , I should not believe the gospel except as moved by the authority of the Catholic Church . -- St. Augustine ( 354 -- 430 ) : Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental , chapter 4 : Proofs of the Catholic Faith . -- St. Augustine ( 354 -- 430 ) : Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental , chapter 4 : Proofs of the Catholic Faith . St. Vincent of Lerins A contemporary of Augustine , St. Vincent of Lerins , wrote in 434 ( under the pseudonym Peregrinus ) a work known as the Commonitoria ( `` Memoranda '' ) . While insisting that , like the human body , church doctrine develops while truly keeping its identity ( sections 54 - 59 , chapter XXIII ) , he stated : In the Catholic Church itself , all possible care must be taken , that we hold that faith which has been believed everywhere , always , by all . For that is truly and in the strictest sense ' catholic , ' which , as the name itself and the reason of the thing declare , comprehends all universally . This rule we shall observe if we follow universality , antiquity , consent . We shall follow universality if we confess that one faith to be true , which the whole church throughout the world confesses ; antiquity , if we in no wise depart from those interpretations which it is manifest were notoriously held by our holy ancestors and fathers ; consent , in like manner , if in antiquity itself we adhere to the consentient definitions and determinations of all , or at the least of almost all priests and doctors . -- A Commonitory for the Antiquity and Universality of the Catholic Faith Against the Profane Novelties of All Heresies , section 6 , end of chapter II Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church See also : Western Catholic ( disambiguation ) and Eastern Catholic ( disambiguation ) During early centuries of Christian history , majority of Christians who followed doctrines represented in Nicene Creed were bound by one common and undivided Catholicity that was uniting the Latin speaking Christians of West and the Greek speaking Christians of the East . In those days , terms `` eastern Catholic '' and `` western Catholic '' had their basic geographical meanings , generally corresponding to existing linguistic distinctions between Greek East and Latin West . In spite of various and quite frequent theological and ecclesiastical disagreements between major Christian sees , common Catholicity was preserved until the great disputes that arose between 9th and 11th century . After the East -- West Schism , the notion of common Catholicity was broken and each side started to develop its own terminological practice . All major theological and ecclesiastical disputes in the Christian East or West have been commonly accompanied by attempts of arguing sides to deny each other the right to use the word `` Catholic '' as term of self - designation . After the acceptance of Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Rome , Orthodox Christians in the East started to refer to adherents of Filioquism in the West just as `` Latins '' considering them no longer to be `` Catholics '' . The dominant view in the Eastern Orthodox Church , that all Western Christians who accepted Filioque interpolation and unorthodox Pneumatology ceased to be Catholics , was held and promoted by famous Eastern Orthodox canonist Theodore Balsamon who was patriarch of Antioch . He wrote in 1190 : For many years the once illustrious congregation of the Western Church , that is to say , the Church of Rome , has been divided in spiritual communion from the other four Patriarchates , and has separated itself by adopting customs and dogmas alien to the Catholic Church and to the Orthodox ... So no Latin should be sanctified by the hands of the priests through divine and spotless Mysteries unless he first declares that he will abstain from Latin dogmas and customs , and that he will conform to the practice of the Orthodox . On the other side of the widening rift , Eastern Orthodox were considered by western theologians to be Schismatics . Relations between East and West were further estranged by the tragic events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 and Sack of Constantinople in 1204 . Those bloody events were followed by several failed attempts to reach reconciliation ( see : Second Council of Lyon , Council of Florence , Union of Brest , Union of Uzhhorod ) . During the late medieval and early modern period , terminology became much more complicated , resulting in the creation of parallel and confronting terminological systems that exist today in all of their complexity . During the Early Modern period , a special term `` Acatholic '' was widely used in the West to mark all those who were considered to hold heretical theological views and irregular ecclesiastical practices . In the time of Counter-Reformation the term Acatholic was used by zealous members of the Catholic Church to designate Protestants as well as Eastern Orthodox Christians . The term was considered to be so insulting that the Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church , held in Temeswar in 1790 , decided to send an official plea to emperor Leopold II , begging him to ban the use of the term `` Acatholic '' . Lutheran churches The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord , a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches , teaches that `` the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new , but the true catholic faith , and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church '' . When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor in 1530 , they believe to have `` showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture , and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils '' . Contemporary use The term `` Catholic '' is commonly associated with the whole of the church led by the Roman Pontiff , the Catholic Church . Other Christian churches that use the description `` Catholic '' include the Eastern Orthodox Church and other churches that believe in the historic episcopate ( bishops ) , such as the Anglican Communion . Many of those who apply the term `` Catholic Church '' to all Christians object to the use of the term to designate what they view as only one church within what they understand as the `` whole '' Catholic Church . In the English language , the first known use of the term is in Andrew of Wyntoun 's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland , `` He was a constant Catholic / All Lollard he hated and heretic . '' Catholic Church See also : Catholic Church and Roman Catholic ( term ) The Catholic Church , led by the Pope in Rome , usually distinguishes itself from other churches by calling itself the `` Catholic '' , however has also used the description `` Roman Catholic '' . Even apart from documents drawn up jointly with other churches , it has sometimes , in view of the central position it attributes to the See of Rome , adopted the adjective `` Roman '' for the whole church , Eastern as well as Western , as in the papal encyclicals Divini illius Magistri and Humani generis . Another example is its self - description as `` the holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church '' ( or , by separating each adjective , as the `` Holy , Catholic , Apostolic and Roman Church '' ) in the 24 April 1870 Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith of the First Vatican Council . In all of these documents it also refers to itself both simply as the Catholic Church and by other names . The Eastern Catholic Churches , while united with Rome in the faith , have their own traditions and laws , differing from those of the Latin Rite and those of other Eastern Catholic Churches . The contemporary Catholic Church has always considered itself to be the historic Catholic Church , and consider all others as `` non-Catholics '' . This practice is an application of the belief that not all who claim to be Christians are part of the Catholic Church , as Ignatius of Antioch , the earliest known writer to use the term `` Catholic Church '' , considered that certain heretics who called themselves Christians only seemed to be such . Regarding the relations with Eastern Christians , Pope Benedict XVI stated his wish to restore full unity with the Orthodox . The Roman Catholic Church considers that almost all of the ancient theological differences have been satisfactorily addressed ( the Filioque clause , the nature of purgatory , etc . ) , and has declared that differences in traditional customs , observances and discipline are no obstacle to unity . Recent historic ecumenical efforts on the part of the Catholic Church have focused on healing the rupture between the Western ( `` Catholic '' ) and the Eastern ( `` Orthodox '' ) churches . Pope John Paul II often spoke of his great desire that the Catholic Church `` once again breathe with both lungs '' , thus emphasizing that the Roman Catholic Church seeks to restore full communion with the separated Eastern churches . Orthodoxy See also : Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Church , and Church of the East All of the three main branches of Christianity in the East ( Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Church and Church of the East ) are continuing to identify themselves as Catholic in accordance with Apostolic traditions and the Nicene Creed . The Eastern Orthodox Church firmly upholds the ancient doctrines of Eastern Orthodox Catholicity and commonly uses the term Catholic , as in the title of The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church . So does the Coptic Orthodox Church that belongs to Oriental Orthodoxy and considers its communion to be `` the True Church of the Lord Jesus Christ '' . Non of the Eastern Churches , Orthodox or Oriental , have any intention to abandon ancient traditions of their own Catholicity . Protestantism Most Reformation and post-Reformation churches use the term Catholic ( often with a lower - case c ) to refer to the belief that all Christians are part of one Church regardless of denominational divisions ; e.g. , Chapter XXV of the Westminster Confession of Faith refers to the `` catholic or universal Church '' . It is in line with this interpretation , which applies the word `` catholic '' ( universal ) to no one denomination , that they understand the phrase `` one holy catholic and apostolic Church '' in the Nicene Creed , the phrase the Catholic faith in the Athanasian Creed and the phrase `` holy catholic church '' in the Apostles ' Creed . The term is used also to mean those Christian churches that maintain that their episcopate can be traced unbrokenly back to the apostles and consider themselves part of a catholic ( universal ) body of believers . Among those who regard themselves as Catholic but not Roman Catholic are Anglicans and Lutherans , who stress that they are both Reformed and Catholic . The Old Catholic Church and the various groups classified as Independent Catholic Churches also lay claim to the description Catholic . Traditionalist Catholics , even if they may not be in communion with Rome , consider themselves to be not only Catholics but the `` true '' Roman Catholics . Some use the term `` Catholic '' to distinguish their own position from a Calvinist or Puritan form of Reformed - Protestantism . These include a faction of Anglicans often also called Anglo - Catholics , 19th century Neo-Lutherans , 20th century High Church Lutherans or evangelical - Catholics and others . Methodists and Presbyterians believe their denominations owe their origins to the Apostles and the early church , but do not claim descent from ancient church structures such as the episcopate . However , both of these churches hold that they are a part of the catholic ( universal ) church . According to Harper 's New Monthly Magazine : The various Protestant sects can not constitute one church because they have no intercommunion ... each Protestant Church , whether Methodist or Baptist or whatever , is in perfect communion with itself everywhere as the Roman Catholic ; and in this respect , consequently , the Roman Catholic has no advantage or superiority , except in the point of numbers . As a further necessary consequence , it is plain that the Roman Church is no more Catholic in any sense than a Methodist or a Baptist . -- Henry Mills Alden , Harper 's New Monthly Magazine Volume 37 , Issues 217 - 222 As such , according to one viewpoint , for those who `` belong to the Church , '' the term Methodist Catholic , or Presbyterian Catholic , or Baptist Catholic , is as proper as the term Roman Catholic . It simply means that body of Christian believers over the world who agree in their religious views , and accept the same ecclesiastical forms . Independent catholicism Some Independent Catholics accept that , among bishops , that of Rome is primus inter pares , and hold that conciliarism is a necessary check against ultramontanism . They are however , by definition , not recognised by the Catholic Church . Avoidance of use Some Protestant churches avoid using the term completely , to the extent among many Lutherans of reciting the Creed with the word `` Christian '' in place of `` catholic '' . The Orthodox churches share some of the concerns about Roman Catholic papal claims , but disagree with some Protestants about the nature of the church as one body . Notes and references See also Religion portal Anglo - Catholicism Anglican Catholic Church Anglican Use Catechism of the Catholic Church Catholicism Christianity Independent Catholic Churches Liberal Catholic Church List of popes Old Catholic Church Universal Catholic Church Notes Jump up ^ Western Christianity includes both the ( Roman ) Catholic Church , Protestant Churches that share historic ties with the Catholic Church , as well as independent Catholic Churches that split later References Jump up ^ `` Catholic '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ ( cf . Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` On Being Catholic , '' by Claire Anderson M. Div . Jump up ^ `` catholic '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beliefs and Social Issues , FAQ '' . United Methodist Church . Retrieved December 2009 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ELCA Terminology '' . Evengelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved December 2009 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary ( 4th ed . ) . Jump up ^ F.L. Cross , Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , 1977 : 175 . Jump up ^ Christliche Religion , Oskar Simmel Rudolf Stählin , 1960 , 150 ^ Jump up to : Inventing Latin Heretics : Byzantines and the Filioque in the Ninth Century at Google Books pp . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter VIII. -- Let nothing be done without the bishop '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Angle , Paul T. ( 2007 ) . The Mysterious Origins of Christianity . Wheatmark , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 821 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ignatius Epistle to the Smyrnaeans '' . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Sourcebook : Theodosian Code XVI '' . Jump up ^ Angle , Paul T. ( 2007 ) . The Mysterious Origins of Christianity . Wheatmark , Inc . ISBN 9781587368219 . Jump up ^ J.H. Srawley ( 1900 ) . `` Ignatius Epistle to the Smyrnaeans '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( J.H. Srawley , The Epistles of St. Ignatius , Bishop of Antioch , vol. II , ) pp. 41 - 42 Jump up ^ another edition , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` As certain unbelievers maintain , that He only seemed to suffer , as they themselves only seem to be Christians '' . Ignatius said these heretics did not believe in the reality of Christ 's flesh , which did suffer and was raised up again : `` They confess not the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ , which suffered for our sins , and which the Father , of His goodness , raised up again '' ( Smyrnaeans , 7 ) and called them `` beasts in the shape of men , whom you must not only not receive , but , if it be possible , not even meet with '' ( Smyrnaeans , 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` Catechetical Lecture 18 ( Ezekiel xxxvii ) '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bettenson , Henry ( 1967 ) . Documents of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press US . p. 22 . ISBN 9780195012934 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5. -- Against the Title of the Epistle of Manichæus '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Vincent of Lerins . `` A Commonitory for the Antiquity and Universality of the Catholic Faith Against the Profane Novelties of All Heresies '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vincent of Lerins . `` A Commonitory for the Antiquity and Universality of the Catholic Faith Against the Profane Novelties of All Heresies '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Heresy and the Making of European Culture : Medieval and Modern Perspectives at Google Books p. 42 Jump up ^ Радња Благовештенског сабора народа србског у Сремским Карловцима at Google Books p. 210 ^ Jump up to : Ludwig , Alan ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Luther 's Catholic Reformation '' . The Lutheran Witness . When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession before Emperor Charles V in 1530 , they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture , and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome . They boldly claim , `` This is about the Sum of our Doctrine , in which , as can be seen , there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures , or from the Church Catholic , or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers '' ( AC XXI Conclusion 1 ) . The underlying thesis of the Augsburg Confession is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new , but the true catholic faith , and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church . In fact , it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church ( see AC XXIII 13 , XXVIII 72 and other places ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Steven Kovacevich , Apostolic Christianity and the 23,000 Western Churches , especially p. 15 Jump up ^ Basic Principles Of The Attitude of The Russian Orthodox Church toward the Other Christian Confessions , adopted by the Jubilee Bishops ' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church , 14 August 2000 Jump up ^ `` Catholic '' , in Oxford English Dictionary ( 1989 ) , New York : Oxford University Press , ( spelling modernized ) . Jump up ^ English translation by Henry Edward Manning in Philip Schaff , Creeds of Christendom : Volume II . The History of Creeds Jump up ^ Pope Pius IX ; Vatican ( 1870 - 04 - 24 ) . `` First Vatican Council -- Session 3 : Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Smyrnaeans , 2 Jump up ^ Second Vatican Council Decree on Ecumenism Archived 6 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 16 Jump up ^ Encyciclical Ut unum sint , 54 Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones Jump up ^ Obituary of Pope John Paul II Jump up ^ Catholicity and the Church at Google Books pp . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Our Coptic Church Jump up ^ Alden , Henry Mills ( 1868 ) . Harper 's new monthly magazine , Volume 37 , Issues 217 - 222 . Harper 's Magazine Co . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 25 . The various Protestant sects can not constitute one church because they have no intercommunion ... each Protestant Church , whether Methodist or Baptist or whatever , is in perfect communion with itself everywhere as the Roman Catholic ; and in this respect , consequently , the Roman Catholic has no advantage or superiority , except in the point of numbers . As a further necessary consequence , it is plain that the Roman Church is no more Catholic in any sense than a Methodist or a Baptist . ^ Jump up to : Harper 's magazine , Volume 37 . Harper 's Magazine Co. 1907 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 25 . For those who `` belong to the Church , '' the term Methodist Catholic , or Presbyterian Catholic , or Baptist Catholic , is as proper as the term Roman Catholic . It simply means that body of Christian believers over the world who agree in their religious views , and accept the same ecclesiastical forms . Jump up ^ `` Nicene Creed '' . The Lutheran Church , Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nicene Creed '' . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nicene Creed '' . International Lutheran Fellowship . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . External links Look up Catholic or catholic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Catholic '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first time the word catholic was used	[ "The word catholic (with lowercase c; derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the Greek adjective καθολικός (katholikos), meaning \"universal\"[1][2]) comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου (katholou), meaning \"on the whole\", \"according to the whole\" or \"in general\", and is a combination of the Greek words κατά meaning \"about\" and ὅλος meaning \"whole\".[3][4] The term Catholic (usually written with uppercase C in English) was first used to describe the Christian Church in the early 2nd century to emphasize its universal scope. In the context of Christian ecclesiology, it has a rich history and several usages." ]	[ "in the early 2nd century" ]
9119205050899969650	List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers	List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included . Any goals scored during the penalty shoot - out are excluded . As of the 2018 final , sixty - two individuals have scored the total of seventy - seven goals in the all of finals history . Ten players have scored multiple goals in the finals , while half of these players have done so in a single game . Geoff Hurst is the only men 's player to score a hat trick in a final . Five players have done so via a penalty kick . Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final , as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent 's net . He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018 . Only two scorers , Pelé and Kylian Mbappe , scored a finals goal as teenagers . ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who were alive before the 2010 final . Contents 1 Finals goalscorers 2 Players with most goals in the Finals 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Finals goalscorers ( edit ) Year Player Team Score Minute Result Report Ref 1930 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Carlos Peucelle Argentina 1 -- 1 20 ' Guillermo Stábile Argentina 2 -- 1 37 ' Pedro Cea Uruguay 2 -- 2 57 ' Santos Iriarte Uruguay 3 -- 2 68 ' Héctor Castro Uruguay 4 -- 2 89 ' 1934 Antonín Puč Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 71 ' 2 -- 1 Report Raimundo Orsi Italy 1 -- 1 81 ' Angelo Schiavio Italy 2 -- 1 95 ' 1938 Gino Colaussi Italy 1 -- 0 6 ' 4 -- 2 Report Pál Titkos Hungary 1 -- 1 8 ' Silvio Piola Italy 2 -- 1 16 ' Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) Italy 3 -- 1 35 ' György Sárosi Hungary 2 -- 3 70 ' Silvio Piola ( 2 ) Italy 4 -- 2 82 ' 1950 Friaça Brazil 1 -- 0 47 ' 2 -- 1 Report Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1 -- 1 66 ' Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 2 -- 1 79 ' 1954 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 1 -- 0 6 ' 3 -- 2 Report Zoltán Czibor Hungary 2 -- 0 8 ' Max Morlock West Germany 1 -- 2 10 ' Helmut Rahn West Germany 2 -- 2 18 ' Helmut Rahn ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 2 84 ' 1958 Nils Liedholm Sweden 1 -- 0 4 ' 5 -- 2 Report Vavá Brazil 1 -- 1 9 ' Vavá ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 1 32 ' Pelé Brazil 3 -- 1 55 ' Zagallo Brazil 4 -- 1 68 ' Agne Simonsson Sweden 2 -- 4 80 ' Pelé ( 2 ) Brazil 5 -- 2 90 ' 1962 Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 15 ' 3 -- 1 Report Amarildo Tavares da Silveira Brazil 1 -- 1 17 ' Zito Brazil 2 -- 1 69 ' Vavá ( 3 ) Brazil 3 -- 1 78 ' 1966 Helmut Haller West Germany 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Geoff Hurst England 1 -- 1 18 ' Martin Peters England 2 -- 1 78 ' Wolfgang Weber West Germany 2 -- 2 89 ' Geoff Hurst ( 2 ) England 3 -- 2 101 ' Geoff Hurst ( 3 ) England 4 -- 2 120 ' 1970 Pelé ( 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 0 18 ' 4 - 1 Report Roberto Boninsegna Italy 1 -- 1 37 ' Gérson Brazil 2 -- 1 66 ' Jairzinho Brazil 3 -- 1 71 ' Carlos Alberto Brazil 4 -- 1 86 ' Johan Neeskens Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 ' ( p ) 2 -- 1 Report Paul Breitner West Germany 1 -- 1 25 ' ( p ) Gerd Müller West Germany 2 -- 1 43 ' 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 1 -- 0 38 ' 3 -- 1 Report Dick Nanninga Netherlands 1 -- 1 82 ' Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 105 ' Daniel Bertoni Argentina 3 -- 1 115 ' 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 1 -- 0 57 ' 3 -- 1 Report Marco Tardelli Italy 2 -- 0 69 ' Alessandro Altobelli Italy 3 -- 0 81 ' Paul Breitner ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 1 83 ' 1986 José Luis Brown Argentina 1 -- 0 23 ' 3 -- 2 Report Jorge Valdano Argentina 2 -- 0 56 ' Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 1 -- 2 74 ' Rudi Völler West Germany 2 -- 2 81 ' Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 3 -- 2 84 ' 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1 -- 0 85 ' ( p ) 1 -- 0 Report 1994 No goals scored . Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Report 1998 Zinedine Zidane France 1 -- 0 27 ' 3 -- 0 Report Zinedine Zidane ( 2 ) France 2 -- 0 45 + 1 ' Emmanuel Petit France 3 -- 0 90 + 3 ' 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 1 -- 0 67 ' 2 -- 0 Report Ronaldo ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 79 ' 2006 Zinedine Zidane ( 3 ) France 1 -- 0 7 ' ( p ) 1 -- 1 Report Marco Materazzi Italy 1 -- 1 19 ' Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Andrés Iniesta Spain 1 -- 0 116 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2014 Mario Götze Germany 1 -- 0 113 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2018 Mario Mandžukić France 1 -- 0 18 ' ( o.g. ) 4 -- 2 Report Ivan Perišić Croatia 1 -- 1 28 ' Antoine Griezmann France 2 -- 1 38 ' ( p ) Paul Pogba France 3 -- 1 59 ' Kylian Mbappe France 4 -- 1 65 ' Mario Mandžukić Croatia 2 -- 4 69 ' Players with most goals in the finals ( edit ) Geoff Hurst is the only player to have scored a hat - trick in a World Cup final . Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quartz Staff ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé became only the second teenager to score in a World Cup final '' . Quartz . Quartz . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` I Scored a Goal in the FIFA World Cup Final '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Player photographs FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals_goalscorers&oldid=851578210 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has scored the most goals in a world cup final	[ "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n" ]	[ "Geoff Hurst", "Vavá", "Pelé", "Zinedine Zidane" ]
-8534438774022986880	List of heads of state of Nigeria	List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia List of heads of state of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution ( show ) Human rights Government ( show ) President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly ( show ) Senate House of Representatives Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Subdivisions ( show ) States State governors Local Government Areas Elections ( show ) Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria , from independence in 1960 to the present day . From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria , Elizabeth II , who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor - General . Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President . In 1979 , under the 1979 Constitution , the President gained executive powers , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution , the head of state and government has been called the President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monarch ( 1960 -- 1963 ) 1.1 Governor - General 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 5 Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) 6 Third Republic ( 1993 ) 7 Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic 9 Living former heads of state 10 References 11 External links Monarch ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne . Queen Reign Royal House Prime Minister No Portrait Name Start End Duration Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 3 years , 0 days Windsor Balewa Governor - General ( edit ) Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 , rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government , with the sole of exception of James Robertson , the former colonial governor , who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government . Governor - General Term of office Monarch Prime Minister No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 2 years , 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Under the 1963 Constitution , the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state . The President was elected by Parliament for a five - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) Prime Minister ( s ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966 ( deposed . ) 2 years , 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( assassinated . ) 177 days Federal Military Government General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed . ) 8 years , 362 days Federal Military Government General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated . ) 199 days Federal Military Government 5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned . ) 3 years , 258 days Federal Military Government Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Under the 1979 Constitution , the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President was head of both state and government . The President was elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 6 Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983 ( deposed . ) 4 years , 91 days National Party of Nigeria Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Major - General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 7 Major - General Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 ( deposed . ) 1 year , 239 days Supreme Military Council 8 General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993 ( resigned . ) 7 years , 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit ) The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution . The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989 , when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ) , the military Head of State , promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993 . IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989 , and his government established two political parties : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991 , while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest . M.K.O. Abiola , a wealthy Yoruba businessman , won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 9 Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993 ( deposed . ) 83 days Independent Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 10 General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- 1998 ) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998 ( died in office . ) 4 years , 203 days Provisional Ruling Council 11 General Abdulsalami Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999 ( resigned . ) 355 days Provisional Ruling Council Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit ) Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President is head of both state and government . The President is elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President . Status Denotes Vice President acting as President President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 12 Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 8 years , 0 days People 's Democratic Party 13 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ( 1951 -- 2010 ) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010 ( died in office . ) 2 years , 341 days People 's Democratic Party 14 Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 -- ) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 5 years , 25 days People 's Democratic Party 15 Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 2 years , 275 days All Progressives Congress Living former heads of state ( edit ) Name Term / Reign Office Date of birth Elizabeth II 1952 -- 1961 Queen of Nigeria ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Yakubu Gowon 1966 -- 1975 Military ruler ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1934 ( age 83 ) Olusegun Obasanjo 1976 -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 Military ruler President of Nigeria ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Shehu Shagari 1979 -- 1983 President of Nigeria ( 1925 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1925 ( age 93 ) Ibrahim Babangida 1985 -- 1993 Military ruler ( 1941 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Ernest Shonekan President of Nigeria ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998 -- 1999 Military ruler ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Goodluck Jonathan 2010 -- 2015 President of Nigeria ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1957 ( age 60 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents & Heads of State '' . StateHouse , Federal Republic of Nigeria . Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010 External links ( edit ) State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=818808193 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Hausa Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latviešu Norsk Occitan Suomi Svenska Türkçe Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first military head of state in nigerian	[ "\n\nHead of State\nTerm of Office\nMilitary\n\n\n№\nPortrait\nName\nTook Office\nLeft Office\nDuration\n\n\n2\n\nMajor-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi\n(1924–1966)\n16 January 1966\n12 July 1966\n(assassinated.)\n177 days\nFederal Military Government\n\n\n3\n\nGeneral Yakubu Gowon\n(1934–)\n1 August 1966\n29 July 1975\n(deposed.)\n8 years, 362 days\nFederal Military Government\n\n\n4\n\nGeneral Murtala Mohammed\n(1938–1976)\n29 July 1975\n13 February 1976\n(assassinated.)\n199 days\nFederal Military Government\n\n\n5\n\nMajor-General Olusegun Obasanjo\n(1937–)\n13 February 1976\n1 October 1979\n(resigned.)\n3 years, 258 days\nFederal Military Government\n\n" ]	[ "Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi" ]
-5940629411623834760	Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong	Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong - Wikipedia Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) This article is part of a series on the History of Hong Kong Timeline Prehistoric Imperial ( 221 BC -- 1800s ) Bao'an County and Xin'an County British Hong Kong Colonial ( 1800s -- 1930s ) Convention of Chuenpi Treaty of Nanking Convention of Peking Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Occupied ( 1940s ) Modern Hong Kong ( 1950s -- 1997 ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Handover to Chinese rule Hong Kong since 2000 By topic Aviation Bus Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Technical standards History of China / of the United Kingdom Hong Kong portal The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China , referred to as `` the Handover '' internationally or `` the Return '' in China , took place on 1 July 1997 . The landmark event marked the end of British administration in Hong Kong , and is often regarded as the fall of the British Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Talks 2.1 Before the negotiations 2.2 Negotiations begin 2.3 British concession 3 Sino - British Joint Declaration 4 Drafting of Basic Law 5 Tide of migration 6 Last governor 7 Handover ceremony 8 Additional effects 8.1 Before and after handover 8.2 Rose Garden Project 8.3 Views of the Kowloon Walled City 8.4 Views of Rennie 's Mill 9 International reaction 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Bibliography 12.1 Primary sources 13 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Great Britain acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842 , Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 , and leased the New Territories in 1898 . Hong Kong 's territory was acquired from three separate treaties : the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 , the Convention of Peking in 1860 , and The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in 1898 , which gave the UK the control of Hong Kong Island , Kowloon ( area south of Boundary Street ) , and the New Territories ( area north of Boundary Street and south of the Sham Chun River , and outlying islands ) , respectively . Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon had been ceded to the United Kingdom in perpetuity , the control on the New Territories was a 99 - year lease . The finite nature of the 99 - year lease did not hinder Hong Kong 's development as the New Territories were combined as a part of Hong Kong . However , by 1997 , it was impractical to separate the three territories and only return the New Territories . In addition , with the scarcity of land and natural resources in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon , the New Territories were being developed with large - scale infrastructures and other developments , with the break - even day lying well past 30 June 1997 . Thus , the status of the New Territories after the expiry of the 99 - year lease became important for Hong Kong 's economic development . When the People 's Republic of China obtained its seat in the United Nations as a result of the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it began to act diplomatically on the sovereignty issues of Hong Kong and Macau . In March 1972 , the Chinese UN representative , Huang Hua , wrote to the United Nations Decolonization Committee to state the position of the Chinese government : `` The questions of Hong Kong and Macau belong to the category of questions resulting from the series of unequal treaties which the imperialists imposed on China . Hong Kong and Macau are part of Chinese territory occupied by the British and Portuguese authorities . The settlement of the questions of Hong Kong and Macau is entirely within China 's sovereign right and do not at all fall under the ordinary category of colonial territories . Consequently they should not be included in the list of colonial territories covered by the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial territories and people . With regard to the questions of Hong Kong and Macau , the Chinese government has consistently held that they should be settled in an appropriate way when conditions are ripe . '' The same year , on 8 November , the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution on removing Hong Kong and Macau from the official list of colonies . In March 1979 , the Governor of Hong Kong Murray MacLehose paid his first official visit to the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , taking the initiative to raise the question of Hong Kong 's sovereignty with Deng Xiaoping . Without clarifying and establishing the official position of the PRC government , the arranging of real estate leases and loans agreements in Hong Kong within the next 18 years would become difficult . In response to concerns over land leases in the New Territories , MacLehose proposed that British administration of the whole of Hong Kong , as opposed to sovereignty , be allowed to continue after 1997 . He also proposed that contracts include the phrase `` for so long as the Crown administers the territory '' . In fact , as early as the mid-1970s , Hong Kong had faced additional risks raising loans for large - scale infrastructure projects such as its Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) system and a new airport . Caught unprepared , Deng asserted the necessity of Hong Kong 's return to China , upon which Hong Kong would be given special status by the PRC government . MacLehose 's visit to the PRC raised the curtain on the issue of Hong Kong 's sovereignty : Britain was made aware of the PRC 's aspiration to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong and began to make arrangements accordingly to ensure the sustenance of her interests within the territory , as well as initiating the creation of a withdrawal plan in case of emergency . Three years later , Deng received the former British Prime Minister Edward Heath , who had been dispatched as the special envoy of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to establish an understanding of the PRC 's view with regards to the question of Hong Kong ; during their meeting , Deng outlined his plans to make the territory a special economic zone , which would retain its capitalist system under Chinese sovereignty . In the same year , Edward Youde , who succeeded MacLehose as the 26th Governor of Hong Kong , led a delegation of five Executive Councillors to London , including Chung Sze - yuen , Lydia Dunn , and Roger Lobo . Chung presented their position on the sovereignty of Hong Kong to Thatcher , encouraging her to take into consideration the interests of the native Hong Kong population in her upcoming visit to China . In light of the increasing openness of the PRC government and economic reforms on the mainland , the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought the PRC 's agreement to a continued British presence in the territory . However , the PRC took a contrary position : not only did the PRC wish for the New Territories , on lease until 1997 , to be placed under the PRC 's jurisdiction , it also refused to recognize the `` unfair and unequal treaties '' under which Hong Kong Island and Kowloon had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity . Consequently , the PRC recognized only the British administration in Hong Kong , but not British sovereignty . Talks ( edit ) Major events during 1979 -- 1997 * 24 March 1979 : Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray MacLehose was invited to visit Guangzhou and Beijing to find out the attitude of the Chinese government on the issue of Hong Kong . 29 March 1979 : Sir Murray MacLehose met the then vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and raised the issue of Hong Kong for the first time . Deng remarked that the investors could set their minds at peace . 4 April 1979 : The Kowloon -- Canton through - train routes were restored after 30 years of non-service . 3 May 1979 : The Conservative Party won the U.K. Election . 29 October 1979 : Premier Hua Guofeng visited Britain and had a meeting with Margaret Thatcher . Both of them expressed their concern to maintain the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong . 12 May 1980 : Tabled by the Conservative Party in the British government , a new status `` British Dependent Territories Citizens '' was introduced . This status proposal was widely opposed by Hong Kong people . 3 April 1981 : Lord Carrington met Deng Xiaoping in his visit to Beijing . 30 September 1981 : Chairman of the NPC Ye Jianying issued nine guiding principles concerning a peaceful reunification of Taiwan and mainland China . 30 October 1981 : The House of Commons passed the new British Nationality Act . November 1981 : The Beijing government invited some Hong Kong citizens to help organising a united front in the handling of the Hong Kong issue . 6 January 1982 : Chinese Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang received Humphrey Atkins . Zhao insisted that the PRC would uphold its sovereignty over Hong Kong . 10 March 1982 : Vice Premier Gu Mu received Sir John Bremridge , promising to maintain Hong Kong 's stability and prosperity . 6 April 1982 : Deng Xiaoping revealed his wish to have official contact with the British government . 8 May 1982 : Sir Edward Youde arrived as the 26th Governor of Hong Kong . May 1982 : Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang collected advice from Hong Kong notables such as Lee Ka - shing and Ann tse - kei . 15 June 1982 : Deng Xiaoping officially announced the position of the Chinese government in the context of the Hong Kong 97 Issue , marking the first public statement on part of the PRC with regards to the issue . Before the negotiations ( edit ) In the wake of Governor MacLehose 's visit , Britain and the PRC established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question , paving the way for Thatcher 's first visit to the PRC in September 1982 . Margaret Thatcher , in discussion with Deng Xiaoping , reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory , particularly in light of binding treaties , including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 , the Convention of Peking in 1856 , and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890 . In response , Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong ; the PRC , as the successor of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland , would recover the entirety of the New Territories , Kowloon and Hong Kong Island . China considered treaties about Hong Kong as unequal and ultimately refused to accept any outcome that would indicate permanent loss of sovereignty over Hong Kong 's area , whatever wording the former treaties had . During talks with Thatcher , China planned to invade and seize Hong Kong if the negotiations set off unrest in the colony . Thatcher later said that Deng told her bluntly that China could easily take Hong Kong by force , stating that `` I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon '' , to which she replied that `` there is nothing I could do to stop you , but the eyes of the world would now know what China is like '' . After her visit with Deng in Beijing , Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office . At a press conference , Thatcher re-emphasised the validity of the three treaties , asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms : `` There are three treaties in existence ; we stick by our treaties unless we decide on something else . At the moment , we stick by our treaties . '' . At the same time , at the 5th session of the 5th National People 's Congress , the constitution was amended to include a new Article 31 which stated that the country might establish Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) when necessary . The additional Article would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong and later Macau , putting into social consciousness the concept of `` One country , two systems '' . The concept would prove useful to deploy until the territories were secured and conditions were ripe for its gradual abrogation . Negotiations begin ( edit ) A few months after Thatcher 's visit to Beijing , the PRC government had yet to open negotiations with the British government regarding the sovereignty of Hong Kong . Shortly before the initiation of sovereignty talks , Governor Youde declared his intention to represent the population of Hong Kong at the negotiations . This statement sparked a strong response from the PRC , prompting Deng Xiaoping to denounce talk of `` the so - called ' three - legged stool ' '' , which implied that Hong Kong was a party to talks on its future , alongside Beijing and London . At the preliminary stage of the talks , the British government proposed an exchange of sovereignty for administration and the implementation of a British administration post-handover . The PRC government refused , contending that the notions of sovereignty and administration were inseparable , and although it recognised Macau as a `` Chinese territory under Portuguese administration '' , this was only temporary . In fact , during informal exchanges between 1979 and 1981 , the PRC had proposed a `` Macau solution '' in Hong Kong , under which it would remain under British administration at China 's discretion . However , this had previously been rejected following the 1967 Leftist riots , with the then Governor , David Trench , claiming the leftists ' aim was to leave the UK without effective control , or `` to Macau us '' . The conflict that arose at that point of the negotiations ended the possibility of further negotiation . During the reception of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath during his sixth visit to the PRC , Deng Xiaoping commented quite clearly on the impossibility of exchanging sovereignty for administration , declaring an ultimatum : the British government must modify or give up its position or the PRC will announce its resolution of the issue of Hong Kong sovereignty unilaterally . In 1983 , Typhoon Ellen ravaged Hong Kong , causing great amounts of damage to both life and property . The Hong Kong dollar plummeted on Black Saturday , and the Financial Secretary John Bremridge publicly associated the economic uncertainty with the instability of the political climate . In response , the PRC government condemned Britain through the press for `` playing the economic card '' in order to achieve their ends : to intimidate the PRC into conceding to British demands . British concession ( edit ) Governor Youde with nine members of the Hong Kong Executive Council travelled to London to discuss with Prime Minister Thatcher the crisis of confidence -- the problem with morale among the people of Hong Kong arising from the ruination of the Sino - British talks . The session concluded with Thatcher 's writing of a letter addressed to the PRC Premier Zhao Ziyang . In the letter , she expressed Britain 's willingness to explore arrangements optimising the future prospects of Hong Kong while utilising the PRC 's proposals as a foundation . Furthermore , and perhaps most significantly , she expressed Britain 's concession on its position of a continued British presence in the form of an administration post-handover . Two rounds of negotiations were held in October and November . On the sixth round of talks in November , Britain formally conceded its intentions of either maintaining a British administration in Hong Kong or seeking some form of co-administration with the PRC , and showed its sincerity in discussing PRC 's proposal on the 1997 issue . Obstacles were cleared . Simon Keswick , chairman of Jardine Matheson & Co. , said they were not pulling out of Hong Kong , but a new holding company would be established in Bermuda instead . The PRC took this as yet another plot by the British . The Hong Kong government explained that it had been informed about the move only a few days before the announcement . The government would not and could not stop the company from making a business decision . Just as the atmosphere of the talks was becoming cordial , members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong felt impatient at the long - running secrecy over the progress of Sino - British talks on the Hong Kong issue . A motion , tabled by legislator Roger Lobo , declared `` This Council deems it essential that any proposals for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this Council before agreement is reached '' , was passed unanimously . The PRC attacked the motion furiously , referring to it as `` somebody 's attempt to play the three - legged stool trick again '' . At length , the PRC and Britain initiated the Joint Declaration on the question of Hong Kong 's future in Beijing . Zhou Nan , the then PRC Deputy Foreign Minister and leader of the negotiation team , and Sir Richard Evans , British Ambassador to Beijing and leader of the team , signed respectively on behalf of the two governments . Sino - British Joint Declaration ( edit ) Main article : Sino - British Joint Declaration The Sino - British Joint Declaration was signed by the Prime Ministers of the People 's Republic of China and the United Kingdom governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing . The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People 's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985 . In the Joint Declaration , the People 's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong ( including Hong Kong Island , Kowloon , and the New Territories ) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would restore Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997 . In the document , the People 's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong . In accordance with the `` One Country , Two Systems '' principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People 's Republic of China , the socialist system of the People 's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) , and Hong Kong 's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years . This would have left Hong Kong unchanged until 2047 . The Joint Declaration provided that these basic policies should be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law . The ceremony of the signing of the Sino - British Joint Declaration took place at 18 : 00 , 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great Hall of the People . The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60 - 80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony . The number was finally extended to 101 . The list included Hong Kong government officials , members of the Legislative and Executive Councils , chairmen of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank , prominent businessmen such as Li Ka - shing , Pao Yue - kong and Fok Ying - tung , and also Martin Lee Chu - ming and Szeto Wah . Drafting of Basic Law ( edit ) Main article : Basic Law of Hong Kong The Basic Law was drafted by a Drafting Committee composed of members from both Hong Kong and mainland China . A Basic Law Consultative Committee formed purely by Hong Kong people was established in 1985 to canvas views in Hong Kong on the drafts . The first draft was published in April 1988 , followed by a five - month public consultation exercise . The second draft was published in February 1989 , and the subsequent consultation period ended in October 1989 . The Basic Law was formally promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the NPC , together with the designs for the flag and emblem of the HKSAR . Some members of the Basic Law drafting committee were ousted by Beijing following the 4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square protests , after voicing views supporting the students . The Basic Law was said to be a mini-constitution drafted with the participation of Hong Kong people . The political system had been the most controversial issue in the drafting of the Basic Law . The special issue sub-group adopted the political model put forward by Louis Cha . This `` mainstream '' proposal was criticised for being too conservative . According to Clauses 158 and 159 of the Basic Law , powers of interpretation and amendment of the Basic Law are vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress and the National People 's Congress , respectively . Hong Kong 's people have limited influence . Tide of migration ( edit ) After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , the Executive Councillors and the Legislative Councillors unexpectedly held an urgent meeting , in which they agreed unanimously that the British Government should give the people of Hong Kong the right of abode in the United Kingdom . More than 10,000 Hong Kong residents rushed to Central in order to get an application form for residency in the United Kingdom . On the eve of the deadline , over 100,000 lined up overnight for a BN ( O ) application form . While mass migration did begin well before 1989 , the event did lead to the peak migration year in 1992 with 66,000 leaving . Many citizens were pessimistic towards the future of Hong Kong and the transfer of the region 's sovereignty . A tide of emigration , which was to last for no less than five years , broke out . At its peak , citizenship of small countries , such as Tonga , was also in great demand . Singapore , which also had a predominantly Chinese population , was another popular destination , with the country 's Commission ( now Consulate - General ) being besieged by anxious Hong Kong residents . By September 1989 , 6000 applications for residency in Singapore had been approved by the Commission . Some consul staff were suspended or arrested for their corrupt behaviour in granting immigration visas . In April 1997 , the acting immigration officer at the US Consulate - General , James DeBates , was suspended after his wife was arrested for smuggling of Chinese migrants into the United States . The previous year , his predecessor , Jerry Stuchiner , had been arrested for smuggling forged Honduran passports into the territory before being sentenced to 40 months in prison . Canada ( Vancouver and Toronto ) , United Kingdom ( London , Glasgow , and Manchester ) , Australia ( Sydney and Melbourne ) , and the United States ( San Francisco and New York ) were , by and large , the most popular destinations . The United Kingdom devised the British Nationality Selection Scheme , granting 50,000 families British citizenship under the British Nationality Act ( Hong Kong ) 1990 . Vancouver was among the most popular destinations , earning the nickname of `` Hongcouver '' . Richmond , a suburb of Vancouver , was nicknamed `` Little Hong Kong '' . Other popular settlements are found in Auckland , New Zealand and Dublin , Ireland . All in all , from the start of the settlement of the negotiation in 1984 to 1997 , nearly 1 million people emigrated ; consequently , Hong Kong suffered serious loss of capital . Last Governor ( edit ) Main article : 1994 Hong Kong electoral reform Chris Patten became the last governor of Hong Kong . This was regarded as a turning point in Hong Kong 's history . Unlike his predecessors , Patten was not a diplomat , but a career politician and former Member of Parliament . He introduced democratic reforms which pushed PRC -- British relations to a standstill and affected the negotiations for a smooth handover . Patten introduced a package of electoral reforms in the Legislative Council . These reforms proposed to enlarge the electorate , thus making voting in the Legislative Council more democratic . This move posed significant changes because Hong Kong citizens would have the power to make decisions regarding their future . Handover ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Hong Kong handover ceremony The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997 . The principal British guest was Prince Charles , who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen . The newly elected Prime Minister , Tony Blair , the Foreign Secretary Robin Cook , the departing Governor Chris Patten and General Sir Charles Guthrie , Chief of the Defence Staff , also attended . Representing the People 's Republic of China were the President , Jiang Zemin , the Premier , Li Peng , and the first Chief Executive Tung Chee - hwa . The event was broadcast around the world . Additional effects ( edit ) Before and after handover ( edit ) Unchanged after 30 June 1997 Changed after 30 June 1997 English continued as an official language and is still taught in all schools . However , many schools teach in Cantonese in parallel with Mandarin and English . The border with the mainland , while now known as the boundary , continued to be patrolled as before , with separate immigration and customs controls . Hong Kong citizens were still required to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit , in order to visit mainland China . Citizens of mainland China still did not have the right of abode in Hong Kong . Instead , they had to apply for a permit to visit or settle in Hong Kong from the PRC government . Hong Kong remained a common law jurisdiction , with a separate legal system from that used in the mainland , with previous laws remaining in force provided that they did not conflict with the Basic Law . The Hong Kong dollar continued to be used as the sole currency , and the responsibility of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority . The Bank of China had already started issuing banknotes in 1994 . Hong Kong continued to operate as a separate customs territory from mainland China under Article 116 of the Basic Law . Hong Kong remained an individual member of various international organisations , such as the World Trade Organization and APEC . Hong Kong , which remained an individual member of the International Olympic Committee , continued to send its own team to international sporting events such as the Olympics . Hong Kong maintained Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas , as well as in the Greater China Region . These include the offices in London , Washington DC , Brussels and Geneva , previously known as Hong Kong Government Offices . Many countries ' consulates - general in Hong Kong remained outside the jurisdiction of their embassies in Beijing , such as the United States Consulate General , which reports directly to the Department of State . The Chung Hwa Travel Service , which functioned as Taiwan 's de facto mission in Hong Kong , continued to function as before , issuing visas to visitors from Hong Kong , mainland China and other countries . In 2011 it was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong . Hong Kong continued to negotiate and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries and territories . Agreements with Taiwan signed in 1996 remained in force after the change of sovereignty , and were replaced by `` the air transportation agreement between Taiwan and Hong Kong '' , which retained international regulations , such as regulations on customs . Signs ( and fonts ) , labels , and roadway construction standards on Hong Kong roads and expressways continue to follow the European Union roadway standards , particularly those of the UK . Hong Kong continued to drive on the left , unlike Mainland China , which drives on the right . Vehicle registration plates continued to be modelled on those of the United Kingdom , white on the front and yellow on the back , with the vehicle registration mark in a similar font . Hong Kong - registered vehicles still required special cross-border plates to travel to and from mainland China , similar to those of Guangdong . Vehicles registered in the mainland can enter Hong Kong under the Hong Kong mainland China driving scheme . Hong Kong citizens continued to have easier access to many countries , including those in Europe and North America , with Hong Kong SAR passport holders having visa - free access to 154 other countries and territories . Many former colonial citizens could still use British National ( Overseas ) and British citizen passports after 1997 . ( Main article : British nationality law and Hong Kong ) It continued to have more political freedoms than mainland China , with the holding of demonstrations and the annual memorial to commemorate the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 continuing to be held in Victoria Park . It continued to have a multi-party political system . This is separate from the Communist - led United Front on the mainland . It continued to have more freedom of the press than mainland China , under Article 27 of the Basic Law , despite the growing influence of Beijing . It also continued to have more religious freedoms , with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong remaining under the jurisdiction of the Holy See , instead of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association on the mainland . The Falun Gong spiritual practice also remained legal in Hong Kong , despite encountering opposition from the SAR government . Many other technical standards from the United Kingdom , such as electrical plugs ( BS1363 ) are still used in Hong Kong . However , telephone companies changed from installing UK - style BS 6312 telephone sockets to installing US - style RJ11 ones . Hong Kong also adopted the digital TV standard devised in mainland China for TV transmissions , instead of DVB - T , to replace PAL - I. ( Main article : Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong ) Hong Kong retained a separate international dialling code ( 852 ) and telephone numbering plan from that of the mainland . Calls between Hong Kong and the mainland still required international dialling . Hong Kong retained a separate ISO 3166 code , HK . It also retained a top - level domain , . hk . However , the Chinese code CN - 91 was also used . Hong Kong retained its own separate postal services , with Hongkong Post operating separately from China Post . Hong Kong was not made part of the Chinese postcode system , nor did it introduce a postcode system of its own . The Hong Kong government continued to make a subvention to the English Schools Foundation , responsible for English - medium schools , which would not be phased out until 2016 . The former British military drill , marching and words of command in English continued in all disciplinary services including all civil organisations . The PLA soldiers of the Chinese Garrison in Hong Kong have their own drills and Mandarin words of command . Statues of British monarchs remained . Queen Victoria 's statue remains in Victoria Park . King George VI 's statue similarly remained in Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens . British - inspired road names remain unchanged . From 2012 , secondary education moved away from the English model of five years secondary schooling plus two years of university matriculation to the Chinese model of three years of junior secondary plus another three years of senior secondary , while university education was extended from three years to four . The Chief Executive became the head of government , elected by a selection committee , who were mainly elected from among professional sectors and business leaders . The Governor was appointed by the United Kingdom . The Legislative Council , elected in 1995 , was dissolved and replaced by a Provisional Legislative Council , before elections were held to a new Council , in which only 20 out of 60 seats were directly elected . The decision to dissolve the Legislative Council and replace it with a Provisional Legislative Council was criticised by representatives of the UK government . Foreign nationals were not allowed to stand for directly elected seats in the Legislative Council , only for indirectly elected seats . All public office buildings now flew the flags of the PRC and the Hong Kong SAR . The Union Flag now flew only outside the British Consulate - General and other British premises . The British national anthem God Save the Queen , was no longer played after closedown on television stations . The Chinese national anthem , March of the Volunteers was now played instead . At international sporting events such as the Olympics , Hong Kong was now known as Hong Kong , China . Hong Kong athletes and teams compete under the Hong Kong SAR flag instead of the British flag of Hong Kong , and gold medallists were honoured with the Chinese national anthem , instead of the British national anthem . The Court of Final Appeal replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal . The Supreme Court was replaced by the High Court . The Attorney General was replaced by the Secretary for Justice . The Central People 's Government was now formally represented in Hong Kong by a Liaison Office , dealing with domestic matters . This had been established under British rule as the Xinhua News Agency Hong Kong Branch , before it adopted its present name in 2000 . The Hong Kong SAR Government was now formally represented in Beijing by the Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China was represented in Hong Kong by a Commissioner . The People 's Liberation Army established a Garrison , taking over responsibility for defence from British Forces Overseas Hong Kong . The Prince of Wales Building was renamed the Chinese People 's Liberation Army Forces Hong Kong Building , while the Prince of Wales Barracks was similarly renamed the Central Barracks , with effect from January 2002 . Flags were no longer flown at the Cenotaph to remember the war dead ; previously British troops raised flags representing the British Army , Royal Navy and Royal Air Force every morning , lowering them again before sunset . Government House was not used as the residence of the first Chief Executive , Tung Chee - hwa . However , his successor , Donald Tsang , moved into the compound in 2006 . Queen Elizabeth II 's portrait was removed from public offices . Coins issued since 1993 no longer had the Queen 's head , instead having the Bauhinia . Postage stamps now displayed the words `` Hong Kong , China '' . A set of definitive stamps , bearing the words `` Hong Kong '' with no connotation of sovereignty , was introduced in January 1997 . The `` Royal '' title was dropped from almost all organisations that had been granted it , with the exception of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club . The Crown was removed from the crest of the Hong Kong Police Force , and replaced by the Bauhinia . Legal references to the `` Crown '' were replaced by references to the `` State '' . Barristers who had been appointed Queen 's Counsel would now be known as Senior Counsel . The British honours system was replaced by a local system , in which the Grand Bauhinia Medal was the highest award . Public holidays changed , with British - inspired occasions , such as the Queen 's Official Birthday , Liberation Day , and Remembrance Day being replaced by PRC National Day and Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day . Double Ten Day , commemorating the establishment of the Republic of China , was abolished as a public holiday in 1950 . Many of the red Royal Mail pillar boxes were removed from the streets of Hong Kong and replaced by green Hongkong Post boxes . All others were re-painted . British citizens ( without right of abode in Hong Kong ) were no longer able to work in Hong Kong without a visa ; the policy was changed on 1 April 1997 . The United Kingdom was now represented by the British Consulate - General , which reports directly to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . This has responsibility for British citizens , instead of the Hong Kong Immigration Department . Previously , the country 's commercial interests were represented by a British Trade Commission . It was headed by a Senior Trade Commissioner , who became the first Consul - General . Hong Kong was no longer linked to the Commonwealth and no longer participated in related organisations or events . Consular missions of Commonwealth member states in Hong Kong were no longer known as Commissions , but as Consulates - General . Countries which did not have diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom , but had diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China , such as North Korea and Iran , were allowed to establish or re-open Consulates - General . Consulates of countries which maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan were closed . Only South Africa , which was to establish relations with the People 's Republic of China from 1998 , was allowed to keep its Consulate General open for an interim period . Hong Kong 's aircraft registration prefix changed from VR to B , bringing it into line with mainland China and Taiwan . Newspapers , such as the South China Morning Post , changed to heading their pages with `` National '' , rather than `` Local '' and ' China ' , and began including Chinese names in Chinese characters . However , the online edition still uses `` China '' and only displays Chinese names in Roman script . A giant golden statue of a Bauhinia blakeana was erected in a public space outside the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre , named Golden Bauhinia Square , along with a Reunification Monument . Rose Garden project ( edit ) Main article : Port and Airport Development Strategy After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , the Hong Kong government proposed a grand `` Rose Garden Project '' to restore faith and solidarity among the residents . As the construction of the new Hong Kong International Airport would extend well after the handover , Governor Wilson met PRC Premier Li Peng in Beijing to ease the mind of the PRC government . The communist press published stories that the project was an evil plan to bleed Hong Kong dry before the handover , leaving the territory in serious debt . After three years of negotiations , Britain and the PRC finally reached an agreement over the construction of the new airport , and signed a Memorandum of Understanding . Removing hills and reclaiming land , it took only a few years to construct the new airport . Views of the Kowloon Walled City ( edit ) Main article : Kowloon Walled City The Walled City was originally a single fort built in the mid-19th century on the site of an earlier 17th century watch post on the Kowloon Peninsula of Hong Kong . After the ceding of Hong Kong Island to Britain in 1842 ( Treaty of Nanjing ) , Manchu Qing Dynasty authorities of China felt it necessary for them to establish a military and administrative post to rule the area and to check further British influence in the area . The 1898 Convention which handed additional parts of Hong Kong ( the New Territories ) to Britain for 99 years excluded the Walled City , with a population of roughly 700 . It stated that China could continue to keep troops there , so long as they did not interfere with Britain 's temporary rule . Britain quickly went back on this unofficial part of the agreement , attacking Kowloon Walled City in 1899 , only to find it deserted . They did nothing with it , or the outpost , and thus posed the question of Kowloon Walled City 's ownership squarely up in the air . The outpost consisted of a yamen , as well as buildings which grew into low - lying , densely packed neighbourhoods from the 1890s to 1940s . The enclave remained part of Chinese territory despite the turbulent events of the early 20th century that saw the fall of the Qing government , the establishment of the Republic of China and later , a Communist Chinese government ( PRC ) . Squatters began to occupy the Walled City , resisting several attempts by Britain in 1948 to drive them out . The Walled City became a haven for criminals and drug addicts , as the Hong Kong Police had no right to enter the City and China refused maintainability . The 1949 foundation of the People 's Republic of China added thousands of refugees to the population , many from Guangdong ; by this time , Britain had had enough , and simply adopted a `` hands - off '' policy . A murder that occurred in Kowloon Walled City in 1959 set off a small diplomatic crisis , as the two nations each tried to get the other to accept responsibility for a vast tract of land now virtually ruled by anti-Manchurian Triads . After the Joint Declaration in 1984 , the PRC allowed British authorities to demolish the City and resettle its inhabitants . The mutual decision to tear down the walled city was made in 1987 . The government spent up to HK $ 3 billion to resettle the residents and shops . Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation , and some even obstructed the demolition in every possible way . Ultimately , everything was settled , and the Walled City became a park . Views of Rennie 's Mill ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rennie 's Mill got its name from a Canadian businessman named Alfred Herbert Rennie , who established a flour mill at Junk Bay . The business failed , and Rennie hanged himself there in 1908 . The incident gave the Chinese name for the site Tiu Keng Leng ( 吊頸嶺 ) , meaning `` Hanging ( neck ) Ridge '' . The name was later formally changed to similar - sounding Tiu King Leng ( 調景嶺 ) because it was regarded as inauspicious . In the 1950s the ( British ) Government of Hong Kong settled a considerable number of refugees from China -- former Nationalist soldiers and other Kuomintang supporters -- at Rennie 's Mill , following the Chinese civil war . For many years the area was a Kuomintang enclave known as `` Little Taiwan '' , with the flag of the Republic of China flying , its own school system and practically off - limits to the Royal Hong Kong Police Force . In 1996 the Hong Kong government finally forcibly evicted Rennie 's Mill 's residents , ostensibly to make room for new town developments , as part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town , but widely understood to be a move to please the Communist Chinese government before Hong Kong reverted to Communist Chinese rule in 1997 . Before the eviction , Rennie 's Mill could be reached by the winding , hilly and narrow Po Lam Road South . At that time , Rennie 's Mill 's only means of public transport were the routes 90 and 290 of Kowloon Motor Bus , which were operated by minibuses , and by water transport . International reaction ( edit ) The Republic of China on Taiwan promulgated the Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs on 2 April 1997 by Presidential Order , and the Executive Yuan on 19 June 1997 ordered the provisions pertaining to Hong Kong to take effect on 1 July 1997 . The United States -- Hong Kong Policy Act or more commonly known as the Hong Kong Policy Act ( P.L no . 102 - 383m 106 Stat. 1448 ) is a 1992 act enacted by the United States Congress . It allows the United States to continue to treat Hong Kong separately from China for matters concerning trade export and economics control after the handover . The United States was represented by then Secretary of State Madeleine Albright at the Hong Kong handover ceremony . However , she partially boycotted it in protest of China 's dissolution of the democratically elected Hong Kong legislature . In popular culture ( edit ) Scholars have begun to study the complexities of the transfer as shown in the popular media , such as films , television and video and online games . For example , Hong Kong director Fruit Chan made a sci - fi thriller The Midnight After ( 2014 ) that stressed the sense of loss and alienation represented by survivors in an apocalyptic Hong Kong . Chan infuses a political agenda in the film by playing on Hong Kongers ' collective anxiety towards communist China . Yiman Wang has argued that America has viewed China through the prisms of films from Shanghai and Hong Kong , with a recent emphasis on futuristic disaster films set in Hong Kong after the transfer goes awry . The handover is central to the plot of the 1998 action film Rush Hour . It is also mentioned in another 1998 film -- Knock Off . The handover is the backdrop for `` A Death in Hong Kong '' , the first episode the tenth series of Murder , She Wrote . Hong Kong Cantopop artist Sam Hui has made numerous references to 1997 including the song `` Could Not Care Less About 1997 '' ( 話知你 97 ) . Chinese American rapper Jin Auyeung has a song called `` 1997 '' in his Cantonese album ABC , which he makes references to the handover , ten years since Hong Kong 's return to China . Zero Minus Ten , a James Bond novel by Raymond Benson , is set largely in Hong Kong during the days leading up to the Handover . The 2012 James Bond film Skyfall features a villain who had been an MI6 agent in Hong Kong until the Handover , when he was handed over to the Chinese for his unauthorized hacking of their security networks . The Doctor Who Unbound audio drama Sympathy for the Devil by Jonathan Clements is set on the eve of the Handover and involves an attempted defection by a war criminal , only hours before China takes control . Hong Kong 97 , a 1994 American movie starring Robert Patrick , is set in Hong Kong during the 24 hours before the end of British rule . Hong Kong 97 , a 1995 Japanese homebrew SNES game , is set in Hong Kong around the time of the transition . The player controls Chin ( Jackie Chan ) , who was called by the Hong Kong government to kill the invading Chinese , including Tong Shau Ping . The game gained a cult following due to its very poor quality and absurd plot . The handover has been referred to numerous times in the movies of Fight Back to School series by Stephen Chow . The handover of Hong Kong is referenced multiple times and witnessed in the 1997 film Chinese Box , starring Jeremy Irons and Gong Li . The film itself was filmed leading up to and during the handover . The 2014 video game , Wargame : Red Dragon features a campaign based around a fictional conflict between the British Army and People 's Liberation Army when the latter invade Hong Kong in order to reclaim it . See also ( edit ) Hong Kong portal History of Chinese immigration to Canada Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom Transfer of sovereignty over Macau Hong Kong -- Mainland conflict Bibliography ( edit ) Collins , Lawrence ; Morse , C.G.J. ; McClean , David ; Briggs , Adrian ; Harris , Jonathan ; McLachlan , Campbell ; Hill , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Dicey , Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws ( 14th ed . ) . Sweet & Maxwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 88360 - 4 . Fawcett , J.J. ; Carruthers , J.M. ; North , Peter ( 2008 ) . Cheshire , North & Fawcett : Private International Law . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928438 - 2 . Flowerdew , John . The final years of British Hong Kong : The discourse of colonial withdrawal ( Springer , 1998 ) . Lane , Kevin . Sovereignty and the status quo : the historical roots of China 's Hong Kong policy ( Westview Press , 1990 ) . Mark , Chi - kwan . `` To ' educate ' Deng Xiaoping in capitalism : Thatcher 's visit to China and the future of Hong Kong in 1982 . '' Cold War History ( 2015 ) : 1 - 20 . Tang , James TH . `` From empire defence to imperial retreat : Britain 's postwar China policy and the decolonization of Hong Kong . '' Modern Asian Studies 28.02 ( 1994 ) : 317 - 337 . Primary sources ( edit ) Patten , Chris ( 2006 ) . Cousins and Strangers : America , Britain , and Europe in a New Century . Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0805082579 . Patten , Chris ( 2006 ) . Not Quite the Diplomat : Home truths about World Affairs . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0141021447 . Patten , Chris ( 1999 ) . East and West : The Last Governor of Hong Kong on Power Freedom and the Future . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6981 - 2 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feeling the Stones : Reminiscences by David Akers - Jones , David Akers - Jones , Hong Kong University Press , 2004 , page 109 ^ Jump up to : The Hong Kong Reader : Passage to Chinese Sovereignty , Ming K. Chan , Gerard A. Postiglione , M.E. Sharpe , 1996 , page 45 ^ Jump up to : Elections , Political Change and Basic Law Government : Hong Kong in Search of a Political Form , Suzanne Pepper in Elections and Democracy in Greater China , Larry Diamond , Ramon H. Myers , OUP Oxford , 2001 , page 55 Jump up ^ Lord MacLehose , The Guardian , 2 June 2000 Jump up ^ Strong Borders , Secure Nation : Cooperation and Conflict in China 's Territorial Disputes , M. Taylor Fravel , Princeton University Press , 2008 , page 224 Jump up ^ Hong Kong : The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile - diligence , Wei - Bin Zhang , Nova Publishers , 2006 , page 68 ^ Jump up to : Hong Kong 's Journey to Reunification : Memoirs of Sze - yuen Chung , Sze Yuen Chung , Chinese University Press , 2001 , page 123 ^ Jump up to : How Mrs Thatcher lost Hong Kong , The Independent , Robert Cottrell , 30 August 1992 ^ Jump up to : Hong Kong : China 's Challenge , Michael B. Yahuda , Routledge , 1996 , page 45 Jump up ^ Hong Kong : The Road to 1997 , Roger Buckley , Cambridge University Press , 1997 , page 109 Jump up ^ Ezra F. Vogel : Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China . Library of Congress Cataloging - in - Publication Data 2011 . Pages 496 - 7 . 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Foreign Broadcast Information Service , National Technical Information Service , 1993 , page 79 Jump up ^ ON THIS DAY : 26 September 1984 : UK and China agree Hong Kong handover , BBC News Online Jump up ^ A Rough Road ahead , Taiwan Review , 1 March 1990 Jump up ^ Corruption by Design : Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong , Melanie Manion , Harvard University Press , page 80 Jump up ^ In the Court of the King of Tonga , The New York Times Company , 1992 Jump up ^ Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong , Chicago Tribune , 12 July 1989 Jump up ^ 6,000 from HK given residency here , The New Paper , 21 September 1989 , page 2 Jump up ^ U.S. Immigration Officer in Hong Kong Investigated for Corruption , The New York Times , 6 April 1997 Jump up ^ Smuggling People , Newsweek , 17 March 1997 Jump up ^ Text of the British Nationality Act ( Hong Kong ) 1990 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Chinese Vancouver : A decade of change , Vancouver Sun , 30 June 2007 Jump up ^ A tale of two solitudes written anew , Globe and Mail , 26 October 2001 Jump up ^ Fosh , Patricia . Chan , Andy . Chow , Wilson WS . Snape , Ed . Westwood , Robert . ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ) Hong Kong Management and Labour . United Kingdom : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22269 - 9 . Jump up ^ China Live : People Power and the Television Revolution , Mike Chinoy , Rowman & Littlefield , 1999 , page 395 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Night - Sunday 1 July , BBC News , 27 June 2007 Jump up ^ Education and colonial transition in Singapore and Hong Kong : Comparisons and contrasts , Jason Tan in Changing Educational Contexts , Issues and Identities : 40 Years of Comparative Education , Michael Crossley , Patricia Broadfoot , Michele Schweisfurth , Routledge , 2007 , page 198 Jump up ^ Lok Ma Chau Control Point to provide 24 - hour passenger clearance services , Government Information Centre , 8 January 2003 Jump up ^ LCQ1 : Immigration clearance and entry visas to the Mainland for non-Chinese Hong Kong permanent residents with foreign passports , Government Information Centre , 15 February 2012 Jump up ^ General Information on the Right of Abode in Hong Kong , Immigration Department Jump up ^ Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People 's Republic of China , Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Jump up ^ China Briefing 's Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta , China Briefing Media , Ltd. , 2004 , page 245 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Monetary Authority Jump up ^ Bank of China Authorized to Issue HKD and MOP ( 1987 - 1992 ) , Bank of China Jump up ^ Hong Kong operates as a separate Customs territory , Government Information Centre , 30 September 2000 Jump up ^ Address Via Video - Conference - A challenge to APEC business , Address given by Rt Hon Mike Moore , Director - General , World Trade Organization , 12 September 1999 ^ Jump up to : Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong China Jump up ^ Official report of proceedings , 11 November 1982 , Legislative Council Jump up ^ Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan Jump up ^ The First Decade : The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives , Yue - man Yeung , Chinese University Press , 2007 , page 87 Jump up ^ Is name change a game changer ? , Taipei Times , 17 July 2011 Jump up ^ List of Air Services Agreements and Air Services Transit Agreements , Department of Justice Jump up ^ New air accord a result of compromise , analysts say , Taipei Times , 1 July 2002 Jump up ^ Celebrating 50 years of UK road signs , Auto Express , 8 January 2015 Jump up ^ Hong Kong & Macau , Andrew Stone , Chung Wah Chow , Reggie Ho , Lonely Planet , 2008 , page 278 Jump up ^ Recognition of vehicle registration mark on moving vehicles in an outdoor environment , N.H.C. Yung * , K.H. Au & A.H.S. Lai , Laboratory for Intelligent Transportation Systems Research , University of Hong Kong , IEEE Conference On Intelligent Transportation Systems , Proceedings , Itsc , 1999 , p. 418 - 422 Jump up ^ Cross-border licence plates go for a million yuan on black market , South China Morning Post , 14 December 2012 Jump up ^ New entry plan for mainland cars , South China Morning Post , 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Visa - free access for HKSAR Passport , Hong Kong Immigration Department Jump up ^ Tens of Thousands Gather in Hong Kong to Remember the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre , Time Magazine , 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Political Development in Hong Kong : State , Political Society , and Civil Society , Ngok Ma , Hong Kong University Press , 2007 , page 135 Jump up ^ United Front chief Sun Chunlan tells young Hongkongers to love their country and make the most of close ties with China , South China Morning Post , 6 October 2015 Jump up ^ Hong Kong * Country report Freedom of the Press 2015 , Freedom House Jump up ^ Pope appoints Hong Kong bishop to Macau , Vatican Radio , 16 January 2016 Jump up ^ Spiegel , Mickey ( 2002 ) . Dangerous Meditation : China 's Campaign Against Falungong . Human Rights Watch . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 269 - 6 . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in China , Frommer 's Jump up ^ The RJ System of telephone plugs and sockets is gradually replacing the BT System in Hong Kong , Office of the Telecommunications Authority ( OFTA ) , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Jump up ^ World Radio TV Handbook , WRTH Publications Ltd , 2008 , page 642 Jump up ^ Hong Kong , China , International Telecommunication Union , 19 February 2013 Jump up ^ China International Business : The Monthly Publication of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation , P.R.C , Issues 7 - 12 , Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation , 2002 Jump up ^ ISO Online Browsing Platform : HK Jump up ^ Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Jump up ^ ISO Online Browsing Platform : CN Jump up ^ Hongkong , China , Universal Postal Union Jump up ^ ESF 's new chief executive Belinda Greer looks to boost efficiency , South China Morning Post , 19 November 2013 Jump up ^ Training , Hong Kong Police Force Jump up ^ Victoria Park , Leisure and Cultural Services Department Jump up ^ Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens ^ Jump up to : 17 holidays to stay after 1997 , South China Morning Post , 12 September 1994 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Undergraduate Education Reform Under `` 3 + 3 + 4 '' , University Design Consortium , Arizona State University Jump up ^ Annex I : Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China Jump up ^ Chris Patten - Governor of Hong Kong , BBC , Politics 97 Jump up ^ Results of the 1998 Legislative Council Election Jump up ^ An interview with the former British Prime Minister Thatcher just before Britain 's handover of Hong Kong back to China on July 1 , 1997 ; Reporter / Producer : Susan Yu ; Published on 1 July , 1997 and viewable on YouTube . Jump up ^ Lau in passport battle , The Independent , 16 December 1997 Jump up ^ God Save the Queen , TVB Pearl , 1987 Jump up ^ Vickers , Edward . `` Learning to Love the Motherland : ' National Education ' in Post-Retrocession Hong Kong '' in Designing History in East Asian Textbooks : Identity Politics and Transnational Aspirations , p. 94 . Routledge ( Abingdon ) , 2011 . ISBN 9780415602525 . Jump up ^ Fifa investigates Hong Kong over China match booing , BBC News Online , 25 November 2015 Jump up ^ A Brief Overview of the Court of Final Appeal , Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Jump up ^ Hong Kong 's Court of Final Appeal : The Development of the Law in China 's Hong Kong , Simon N.M. Young , Yash Ghai Cambridge University Press , 2013 , page 227 Jump up ^ Secretary for Justice , Mr Rimsky Yuen , SC , JP , Department of Justice Jump up ^ In Watching Hong Kong , China Loses The Shades , New York Times , 20 February 2000 Jump up ^ Renamed Xinhua becomes a new force in Hong Kong 's politics , Taipei Times , 21 January 2000 Jump up ^ Welcome Message Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) of the People 's Republic of China in Beijing Jump up ^ Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Jump up ^ Hong Kong forces withdrawal outlined , The Independent , 19 July 1993 Jump up ^ PLA Hong Kong Garrison Head Office to Use New Name , People 's Daily , 31 December 2001 Jump up ^ Confusion over flags leaves Cenotaph bare , South China Morning Post , 21 July 1997 ^ Jump up to : Change in Hong Kong Is Slow but Sure , The New York Times , 9 October 1997 Jump up ^ CE moves into Government House today , Government of Hong Kong , 12 January 2006 ^ Jump up to : A Battle Royal Rocks Imperial Yacht Club , Christian Science Monitor , 10 June 1996 Jump up ^ Viewpoint : Bauhinia Coins , Hong Kong Monetary Authority , 18 November 1999 Jump up ^ Hong Kong , Government Press , 1999 , page 354 Jump up ^ Hongkong Post Annual Report , Hongkong Post , Government Press , 1996 , page 30 Jump up ^ Continuity and Change in the Legal System , The Other Hong Kong Report 1998 , edited by Larry Chuen - ho Chow , Yiu - Kwan Fan , Chinese University Press , 1998 , page 39 Jump up ^ About Us , Hong Kong Bar Association Jump up ^ Xinhua News Agency , 3 July 1997 Jump up ^ Far Eastern Economic Review , 1968 , page 450 Jump up ^ Hong Kong to cover British insignia on postboxes to ' avoid confusion ' , The Guardian , 7 October 2015 Jump up ^ Hong Kong after the change of sovereignty , Jane McNair and Professor Peter Willoughby , Deacons Graham & James , Hong Kong SAR , Offshore Investment , January 1999 , issue 92 Jump up ^ The UK 's relations with Hong Kong : 30 years after the Joint Declaration , Tenth Report of Session 2014 -- 15 , Foreign Affairs Select Committee , House of Commons , 6 Mar 2015 , page 16 PDF Jump up ^ Hong Kong 's New Constitutional Order : The Resumption of Chinese Sovereignty and the Basic Law , Yash Ghai , Hong Kong University Press , 1997 , page 167 Jump up ^ Hunting with the Tigers : Doing Business with Hong Kong , Indonesia , South Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan , Thailand , and Vietnam , Claudia Cragg , Pfeiffer & Company , 1993 , page 417 Jump up ^ Chief Executive holds ' useful , cordial ' talks with British Prime Minister , Government of Hong Kong , 22 October 1997 Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games Federation - Hong Kong Jump up ^ About the Consulate - General , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Singapore Jump up ^ Hong Kong 's Transition to Chinese Rule : The Limits of Autonomy , Ralf Horlemann , Routledge , 2003 , page 78 Jump up ^ Liberian consulate forced to close , South China Morning Post , 10 Oct 1997 Jump up ^ Statement on Future South Africa / Hong Kong Relations by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs , Mr Aziz Pahad , 12 June 1997 Jump up ^ Hong Kong -- A New Era -- Civil Aviation , Hong Kong Yearbook 1997 , Hong Kong SAR Government Jump up ^ China News , South China Morning Post Jump up ^ Summary of World Broadcasts : Asia , Pacific , Issues 3986 - 3998 , page G - 8 Jump up ^ Before and After Suzie : Hong Kong in Western Film and Literature , Thomas Y.T. Luk , James P. Rice New Asia College , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , 2002 , page 88 Jump up ^ A Concise History of Hong Kong , John M. Carroll , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 7 Jun 2007 , page 195 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Metamorphisis Denis Bray , Hong Kong University Press , 2001 , page 232 Jump up ^ A Modern History of Hong Kong , Steve Yui - Sang Tsang , Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 , page 253 Jump up ^ Lim , Patricia . ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ) . Discovering Hong Hong 's Cultural Heritage . Central , Hong Kong : Oxford University Press . ISBN Volume One 0 - 19 - 592723 - 0 Jump up ^ Hong Kong 's infamous Walled City to be converted into park area , Michael Browning , Knight Ridder , Ottawa Citizen , 29 January 1987 , page c9 Jump up ^ Riot police evict Hong Kong residents from Walled City , Associated Press , The News , 3 July 1992 Jump up ^ Kowloon Walled City Park - History / Background , Leisure and Cultural Services Department Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice ( Republic of China ) : Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs : Legislative History Jump up ^ Hong Kong 's reversion to China : effective monitoring critical to assess U.S. DIANE Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4289 - 7837 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Albright To Attend Hong Kong Transfer Ceremony '' . CNN Time . 16 April 1997 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smooth Hong Kong handover lifts China 's image '' . CNN World . 15 July 1997 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Chia - rong Wu , `` Hong Kong Identity in Question : Fruit Chan 's Uncanny Narrative and ( Post - ) 97 Complex . '' American Journal of Chinese Studies ( April 2017 ) , Vol. 24 Issue 1 , pp 43 - 56 . Jump up ^ Yiman Wang , Remaking Chinese Cinema : Through the Prism of Shanghai , Hong Kong , and Hollywood ( 2014 ) pp 114 , 131 Jump up ^ China on Screen : Cinema and Nation , Chris Berry , Mary Ann Farquhar , Columbia University Press , 2006 , page 2 ^ Jump up to : Singh , Harminder ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Hong Kong 's return to Chinese sovereignty '' . South China Morning Post . Alibaba Group . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knock Off 1998 , Amazon.com Jump up ^ A Death in Hong Kong , BBC Two , 27 Feb 2009 Jump up ^ Sam Hui 許冠傑 - 話知你 97 ( 電影『新半斤八两』主題曲 ) Jump up ^ Artist : Jin Title : 1997 Album : ABC Track No : 9 Jump up ^ Zero Minus Ten ( James Bond 007 ) , Amazon.co.uk Jump up ^ Will James Bond bow to Beijing 's censorship ? , South China Morning Post , 12 November 2012 Jump up ^ Hong Kong ' 97 , Entertainment Weekly , 4 November 1994 Jump up ^ Racism , Violence & Madness Make This Awful Hong Kong Game One to Remember , Kotaku , 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Chinese Box ( 1997 ) FILM REVIEW ; A Meditation on the Meaning of Hong Kong , Stephen Holden , The New York Times 17 April 1998 External links ( edit ) Hong Kong SAR 's 20th Anniversary History of Hong Kong since 1997 1990s Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong Asian Financial Crisis 1998 1st Legislative Council elections Opening of the Hong Kong International Airport 1999 Right of abode debate 1st District Council elections 2000s 2000 2nd Legislative Council elections Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen 2002 2nd Chief Executive election Article 23 legislation debate 2003 SARS epidemic Death of Leslie Cheung CEPA 2003 July 1 march 2nd District Council elections Death of Anita Mui Murder of Robert Kissel 3rd Legislative Council elections 2005 Resignation of Tung Chee - hwa 2005 Chief Executive election Opening of Hong Kong Disneyland 2005 electoral reform WTO Ministerial Conference 2006 Opening of Ngong Ping 360 Demolition of Star Ferry Pier 2007 3rd Chief Executive election MTR -- KCR merger 3rd District Council elections Legislative Council by - election 2008 Edison Chen photo scandal Olympic Games 4th Legislative Council elections Hong Kong acid attacks Global Financial Crisis 2009 East Asian Games 2009 flu pandemic in Hong Kong 2010s Hong Kong Express Rail Link controversy Legislative Council by - election 2010 electoral reform 2010 Manila hostage crisis 2011 818 incident Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration 4th District Council elections 2012 Protests against Kong Qingdong 4th Chief Executive election Moral and national education controversy 5th Legislative Council elections Lamma Island ferry collision 2013 Hong Kong Television Network controversy Dock strike 2014 2014 electoral reform Umbrella Revolution Beating of Ken Tsang 2015 Causeway Bay Books disappearances Drinking water contamination HKU pro-vice - chancellor selection controversy 5th District Council elections 2016 Mongkok civil unrest New Territories East by - election LegCo candidates ' disqualification 6th Legislative Council elections LegCo oath - taking controversy 2017 5th Chief Executive election Imprisonment of democracy activists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong&oldid=809148138 '' Categories : History of Hong Kong British Hong Kong 1997 in Hong Kong 1997 in China 1997 in the United Kingdom 1997 in international relations 1990s in Hong Kong China -- United Kingdom relations Sovereignty July 1997 events Hidden categories : Use Hong Kong English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English Use dmy dates from March 2014 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Русский Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was hong kong given back to china	[ "The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China, referred to as \"the Handover\" internationally or \"the Return\" in China, took place on 1 July 1997. The landmark event marked the end of British administration in Hong Kong, and is often regarded as the fall of the British Empire." ]	[ "1 July 1997" ]
9033304030798120958	FIFA World Cup awards	FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 August 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Diego Godín Marcelo Luka Modrić Philippe Coutinho Kevin De Bruyne Kylian Mbappé Harry Kane Cristiano Ronaldo While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only two Asian players have been named in All - Star teams , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea . Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves . All three players were selected in 2002 . Similarly , only two African players have been named in All - Star teams , Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Player Scored against Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Germany 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez Uruguay 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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About Wikipedia	who got the golden boot in 2010 world cup	[ "\n\nTop Goalscorer[12][13]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nTop goalscorer\n\nGoals\n\nRunners-up\n\nGoals\n\nThird place\n\nGoals\n\n\n1930 Uruguay\n\n Guillermo Stábile\n\n8\n\n Pedro Cea\n\n5\n\n Bert Patenaude\n\n4\n\n\n1934 Italy\n\n Oldřich Nejedlý\n\n5[a]\n\n Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio\n\n4\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1938 France\n\n Leônidas\n\n7[b]\n\n György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola\n\n5\n\n\n1950 Brazil\n\n Ademir\n\n8[c]\n\n Óscar Míguez\n\n Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra\n\n4\n\n\n1954 Switzerland\n\n Sándor Kocsis\n\n11\n\n Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst\n\n6\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1958 Sweden\n\n Just Fontaine\n\n13\n\n Pelé Helmut Rahn\n\n\n1962 Chile\n\n Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez\n\n4\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1966 England\n\n Eusébio\n\n9\n\n Helmut Haller\n\n6\n\n Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer\n\n4\n\n\n1970 Mexico\n\n Gerd Müller\n\n10\n\n Jairzinho\n\n7\n\n Teófilo Cubillas\n\n5\n\n\n1974 West Germany\n\n Grzegorz Lato\n\n7\n\n Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens\n\n5\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\n1978 Argentina[17]\n\n Mario Kempes\n\n6\n\n Teófilo Cubillas\n\n Rob Rensenbrink\n\n5\n\n\nGolden Shoe[8]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nGolden Shoe\n\nGoals\n\nSilver Shoe\n\nGoals\n\nBronze Shoe\n\nGoals\n\n\n1982 Spain\n\n Paolo Rossi\n\n6\n\n Karl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n5\n\n Zico\n\n4\n\n\n1986 Mexico\n\n Gary Lineker\n\n Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona\n\nNone[18]\n\n\n1990 Italy\n\n Salvatore Schillaci\n\n Tomáš Skuhravý\n\n Roger Milla Gary Lineker\n\n4\n\n\n1994 United States\n\n Oleg Salenko[d] Hristo Stoichkov[e]\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n Kennet Andersson Romário\n\n5[f]\n\n\n1998 France[20]\n\n Davor Šuker\n\n Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri\n\n5\n\nNone[g]\n\n\n2002 South Korea/Japan[21]\n\n Ronaldo\n\n8[h]\n\n Miroslav Klose Rivaldo\n\n\n2006 Germany[23]\n\n Miroslav Klose\n\n5\n\n Hernán Crespo\n\n3[i]\n\n Ronaldo\n\n3[i]\n\n\nGolden Boot[8]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nGolden Boot\n\nGoals\n\nSilver Boot\n\nGoals\n\nBronze Boot\n\nGoals\n\n\n2010 South Africa\n\n Thomas Müller\n\n5[j]\n\n David Villa\n\n5[j]\n\n Wesley Sneijder\n\n5[j]\n\n\n2014 Brazil\n\n James Rodríguez\n\n6\n\n Thomas Müller\n\n5\n\n Neymar\n\n4[k]\n\n\n2018 Russia\n\n Harry Kane\n\n Antoine Griezmann\n\n4[l]\n\n Romelu Lukaku\n\n4[l]\n\n\nNotes\n\n\n\n\nJump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals, which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany. However, FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006, making Nejedlý the outright top scorer.[14]\n\nJump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals. However, in November 2006, FIFA confirmed that in the quarter-final tie against Czechoslovakia, he had scored once, not twice as FIFA had originally recorded, meaning he had scored only seven goals in total.[14]\n\nJump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950, as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain (6–1). The 5–0 goal had been credited to Jair, but is now credited to Ademir.[15][16]\n\nJump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages. His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored.\n\nJump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker, Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each, and both received the Golden Shoe.[9]\n\nJump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals (Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio) by having three assists each.[9][19]\n\nJump up ^ Both runners-up had the same number of assists, and each received the Silver Shoe.\n\nJump up ^ During the tournament, after the group stage match against Costa Rica, Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal, and FIFA granted him the change.[22]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Eight players had scored three goals. Ronaldo, Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist, and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime (308 minutes for Crespo, 411 for Ronaldo, 559 for Zidane).[24]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Villa, Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals. Müller won by virtue of having more assists (3) than the rest (each had one). Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder, and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán.[25]\n\nJump up ^ Neymar, Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament. Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors (480; Messi played 693 minutes, and Van Persie, 548).[26]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Griezmann, Lukaku, Denis Cheryshev, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals. Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists (2) than the rest (Lukaku had one, the rest had zero). Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists (one) than Cheryshev, Ronaldo or Mbappé (zero).[27]\n\n\n" ]	[ "Thomas Müller" ]
-8049831817025128670	Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice	Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Wikipedia Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Jump to : navigation , search `` Dawn of Justice '' redirects here . For the Colombian film `` Dawn of Justice '' , see Garras de oro . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Written by Chris Terrio David S. Goyer Based on Characters from DC Comics Starring Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Amy Adams Jesse Eisenberg Diane Lane Laurence Fishburne Jeremy Irons Holly Hunter Gal Gadot Music by Hans Zimmer Junkie XL Cinematography Larry Fong Edited by David Brenner Production companies RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Entertainment Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) ( Auditorio Nacional ) March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 151 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million ( gross ) $250 million ( net ) Box office $873.3 million Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder , it is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) , following 2013 's Man of Steel . It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter , and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live - action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live - action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman , Aquaman , the Flash , and Cyborg . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with defeating . The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller , but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film is different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the `` Death of Superman '' story arc . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit . Additional filming also took place in Chicago . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D , 4DX , premium large formats , and 70 mm prints by Warner Bros. Pictures . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend and never recovered , ultimately earning over $870 million worldwide . It received generally unfavorable reviews from critics for its tone and pacing , though some praised its visual style and acting performances . An extended cut dubbed the `` Ultimate Edition '' , which features 31 minutes of additional footage , was released digitally on June 28 , 2016 and on Blu - ray and DVD on July 19 , 2016 . A follow - up sequel titled Justice League was released in November 2017 , and a Superman solo sequel is in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music and soundtrack 4 Release 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Eighteen months after the battle between Superman and General Zod in Metropolis , Superman has become a controversial figure . Billionaire Bruce Wayne , who has operated in Gotham City as the vigilante Batman for two decades , sees Superman as an existential threat to humanity . After learning of Batman 's form of justice , Clark Kent seeks to expose him via Daily Planet articles . Wayne learns that Russian weapon trafficker Anatoli Knyazev has been contacting LexCorp mogul Lex Luthor . Meanwhile , Luthor unsuccessfully tries to persuade Senator June Finch to allow him to import kryptonite retrieved from the Indian Ocean following Zod 's terraforming attempt , claiming he wants to maintain it as a `` deterrent '' against future Kryptonian threats . He instead makes alternative plans with Finch 's subordinate and gains access to Zod 's body and the Kryptonian scout ship . Bruce attends a gala at LexCorp to steal encrypted data from the company 's mainframe , but has it taken from him by an antiquities dealer named Diana Prince ; she eventually returns it to Bruce . While decrypting the drive , Bruce dreams of a post-apocalyptic world , where he leads a group of rebels against a fascist Superman . He is awoken from his vision by an unidentified person who warns him of Lois Lane 's crucial role in the future , and urges him to find `` the others '' . Wayne later discovers that Luthor is also investigating metahumans . One of them is Prince herself , who is shown in a photo taken during World War I. Wayne admits to Alfred Pennyworth that he plans to steal the kryptonite to weaponize it , should it become necessary to fight Superman . At a congressional hearing , as Finch questions Superman on the validity of his actions , a bomb goes off and kills everyone present but Superman . Believing he should have detected the bomb , and frustrated by his failure to save them , Superman goes into self - imposed exile . Batman breaks into LexCorp and steals the kryptonite , planning to use it to battle Superman by building a powered exoskeleton , creating a kryptonite grenade launcher , and a kryptonite - tipped spear . Meanwhile , Luthor enters the Kryptonian ship and accesses a vast technology database accumulated from over 100,000 worlds . Later , Luthor kidnaps Lois and Martha Kent , Clark 's adoptive mother , to bring Superman out of exile . He reveals to him that he manipulated Superman and Batman by fueling their distrust for each other . Luthor demands that Superman kill Batman in exchange for Martha 's life . Superman tries to explain the situation to Batman , but instead Batman fights Superman and eventually Wins . Before Batman can kill him with the spear , Superman Begs Batman to `` save Martha '' , whose name is also shared with Bruce 's late mother , confusing him long enough for Lois to arrive and explain what Superman meant . Realizing how far he has fallen and unwilling to let an innocent die , Batman rescues Martha , while Superman confronts Luthor on the scout ship . Luthor executes his backup plan , unleashing a genetically engineered monster with DNA from both Zod 's body and his own . Diana Prince arrives unexpectedly ; revealing her metahuman nature , she joins forces with Batman and Superman to eliminate the creature . When they are all outmatched , Superman realizes its vulnerability to kryptonite , and retrieves the spear to kill it . In the creature 's last moments , it fatally wounds Superman . Luthor is arrested and Batman confronts him in prison , warning Luthor that he will always be watching him . Luthor gloats that Superman 's death has made the world vulnerable to powerful alien threats . A memorial is held for Superman in Metropolis . Clark is also declared dead , with various friends and family members including Bruce Wayne and Diana Prince attending for him in Smallville . Martha gives an envelope to Lois , which contains an engagement ring from Clark . After the funeral , Bruce expresses his regrets to Diana about how he failed Superman . He reveals to her that he plans to form a team of metahumans , starting with those from Luthor 's files , to help protect the world in Superman 's absence . After they leave , the dirt atop Clark 's coffin levitates . Cast ( edit ) Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman A billionaire socialite and owner of Wayne Enterprises who dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained , masked vigilante . The Batsuit in this film is made of fabric as opposed to the armored suits in previous portrayals , and a mechanical suit is also featured which Batman uses in his fight against Superman . On Batman 's suit , Zack Snyder commented `` I had a really strong idea about what I wanted to do -- I really wanted to do sort of a fabric - based Batman ; not what 's become the more normal , armored Batman . That 's how we evolved it . '' Unlike previous versions who spoke in a deeper voice as Batman , this version uses a voice modulator to distort his real voice , with Affleck stating a well known billionaire would likely have his voice recognized . When asked what makes this Batman different from the previous portrayals , Affleck said this Batman `` is a little older , he 's a little more world weary . He 's been around the block once or twice so he 's a little wiser but he 's definitely more cynical and a little darker and more jaded '' , adding that Batman has gotten `` more exposed to the violence and the criminal element of that world over time . '' The film 's Batman was influenced by Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns , which shows Batman in his 50s . Snyder said , `` I definitely wanted an older Batman . I wanted a war - weary Batman . That 's why , in a lot of ways , Ben was really perfect for me - we kind of aged him a little bit . It worked really great . I 'm really excited about the Batman we created . '' On Affleck 's casting as Batman , Snyder said , `` Ben provides an interesting counter-balance to Henry 's Superman . He has the acting chops to create a layered portrayal of a man who is older and wiser than Clark Kent and bears the scars of a seasoned crime fighter , but retain the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne . '' Affleck praised Snyder for tackling the impact of the destruction caused in Metropolis in the previous installment , saying , `` One of the things I liked was Zack 's idea of showing accountability and the consequences of violence and seeing that there are real people in those buildings '' , adding , `` And in fact , one of those buildings was Bruce Wayne 's building so he knew people who died in that Black Zero event '' . Brandon Spink portrays a young Bruce Wayne . Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman : A Metropolis - based Kryptonian survivor and a journalist for the Daily Planet who uses his extraterrestrial abilities to protect humanity . Superman 's suit in Batman v Superman is somewhat similar to that in Man of Steel , but with enhanced , high - tech - style surface detail and a shinier , more metallic - looking cape . A quote written in Kryptonian was added into Superman 's symbol which says `` Where we had thought to stand alone , we will be with all the world '' . As to how Superman has embraced his role as a hero since the previous installment , Cavill said `` He 's more used to this gig , doing his best to save as many lives as he can '' , further explaining , `` He is no longer frantic . He 's no longer a wet - behind - the - ears kind of superhero . '' And as to how Superman views Batman 's approach to crime fighting , Cavill said `` He does n't agree with his form of justice . For this farm boy , who tries to do things the right way , justice at any cost is not something he can come to terms with '' hoping to use his position as a journalist for the Daily Planet to `` show the world what this Batman dude is doing . '' The film addresses the destruction caused by Superman and Zod in Metropolis , a part of Man of Steel that was criticized for being too extensive for Superman , to which Snyder responded `` I was surprised because that 's the thesis of Superman for me , that you ca n't just have superheroes knock around and have there be no consequences '' . On what the public perception of Superman is in the film , Cavill said `` In this movie , everyone has split into different directions as to how they feel about this alien '' , adding , `` Some people love him , some hate him . Other people fear him . Is he a tyrant ? '' When asked how Superman has evolved since Man of Steel , Cavill said `` Superman himself is n't that different . He does , however , have to deal with a new set of problems because he 's now been revealed to the world . This film is more about how the world in general -- and Batman in particular -- sees this alien , and less about the evolution of Superman . '' Cavill described Superman and Batman as being the `` two sides of the same coin . They have the same goal , but use very different methods to achieve it . Understandably , that leads them to clash with one another , and their conflict is an historic moment . '' Amy Adams as Lois Lane : A reporter for the Daily Planet and love interest of Clark Kent . About her role , Adams stated that `` Lois is still sort of like the key to the information . She 's the girl going out and getting it and figuring it out and putting it together and all of that , so she 's very much involved . '' When asked on her thoughts on portraying Lois Lane in the film , Adams replied `` I love that she 's fearless . I 'm not that way so it 's really fun that she really is not afraid of the consequences . '' On Lois Lane and Clark Kent 's relationship in the film , Adams said , `` What 's great about this is that , as far as the relationship with Lois and Clark goes , when we meet them you can tell that they 've been in a relationship for while , '' further explaining , `` So it was great to get to develop that sort of intimacy and that sort of friendship that I 've developed with Henry , to get to bring that to the screen . '' She also described Clark Kent as being Lois Lane 's connection to humanity and said , `` She may have some tunnel vision , but she 's got a job and moral standards . ( When ) we met her before , she would do anything to get the story -- now Clark has instilled some faith in humanity in her . Her relationship with Clark is the closest thing she has to anything faith - based , you know ? Although moving in with Clark brings issues . '' Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor : An eccentric young businessman and hereditary CEO of LexCorp who is obsessed with defeating Superman . Luthor is usually depicted as bald in the comics while the film 's version of Luthor depicts him with hair throughout the majority of the film . When speaking about his portrayal of Luthor compared to previous portrayals , Eisenberg said , `` When you 're doing a movie like this and playing a character that 's already been played , the further away it is from those previous incarnations the better '' , adding , `` Because chances are , especially with a guy like Gene Hackman or Kevin Spacey , you 're not going to get favorably compared . '' Eisenberg explained his character 's background as having `` a core of reality '' , saying , `` ( Luthor ) has a backstory that 's tragic and an emotional inner life that 's authentic . That 's in the movie . It was my interest in playing the character with a real emotional core , and this writer , Chris Terrio 's interest in creating a character that seemed viable in reality . '' On Luthor 's behavior and attitude towards Superman , Eisenberg said , `` He is a narcissist of the first order but complicated in that way as well in that he is terribly troubled and competitive and vengeful . He looks at Superman not as somebody to destroy but as genuine threat to humanity . '' Eisenberg described his role as Lex Luthor as his most advantageous role yet , saying , `` In a lot of ways Luthor is more of a stretch than any character you would do in an independent movie , which is normally the place you stretch . So in that way it was not at all compromised . If anything it was the best , most advantageous role I 've ever been given . The opportunity to do an interesting character on a movie of that scale is incredibly rare . '' Eisenberg describes a theme in the film , saying `` It raises the question of how one man can have so much power . These are the kind of things that we talk about authoritarian states . They 're addressing geopolitics in this movie and not in a way that 's pretentious or esoteric '' . Diane Lane as Martha Kent : Clark 's adoptive mother . On her role as Superman 's mother , Lane stated , `` I always said if I had a son that would be the ultimate test . Raise a good man -- there 's something noble about that . '' When asked on her experience working with Zack Snyder on Batman v Superman , Lane said she was impressed by Snyder 's imagination and added , `` Who gets offered the opportunity to bring such things to the screen for millions of people ? That 's tremendous . It 's an honor and a burden , and I ca n't imagine shouldering that load . '' On Martha Kent 's support for her son Superman , Lane stated , `` I think that she 's reminding him he does have a choice '' , further explaining , `` He does n't have to be yoked to this destiny . He can actually feel the pleasure of making the choice . '' Laurence Fishburne as Perry White : The editor - in - chief of the Daily Planet and Clark and Lois ' boss . When asked about reprising his role in the film , Fishburne said , `` I was happy to come back to the character . I got really excited when I read it and I saw what was at the center at the movie , which was this huge fight between these two titans . '' On Perry White 's role in the film , Fishburne said , `` He 's dealing with the fact that his medium looks like it 's going the way of the dinosaurs , so that 's a difficult position to be in '' , adding , the `` good news is he 's got a great reporter like Lois Lane and a new great reporter like Clark Kent who are interested and hungry to do the job . '' Describing Perry White 's working relationship with Lois Lane , Fisburne stated , `` She 's my favorite child and she 's my problem child . '' On his experience filming and his character 's interactions , Fishburne said , `` It was really just a couple of days in the beginning with Lois , Clark , and Perry . And the rest was just me with Lois , figuring out how to get her where she needed to go . But the relationships I think were established really well in Man of Steel . '' Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth : Bruce Wayne 's butler , chief of security and trusted confidant . Irons described his take on Alfred Pennyworth as being `` quite a different Alfred than we have seen so far . Zack Snyder had very clear views about what he wanted . I would just say he 's more hands - on perhaps than just a butler . '' When asked what makes his Alfred different than from previous portrayals , Irons said , `` Zack Snyder , the director , wanted to create a completely different Alfred . So I felt I did n't have to carry any baggage from previous ones . It 's sort of a reincarnation , if you 'd like . I had a feeling I was creating my own Alfred , more of a man who can actually do anything if he has to . '' According to Irons , Alfred is `` a bit of a grease monkey , and he 's very involved in the decisions Bruce makes . '' On how Alfred would be in the film , Irons stated , `` He has an interesting history . He 's a very competent man . He 's the sort of man I think anyone would like to be married to . He can sort of do everything : change light bulbs , blow up bridges if he has to . '' Holly Hunter as June Finch : United States Senator from Kentucky who heads the political argument on Superman and his actions . Describing her experience on being in the film , Hunter said , `` It was really fun to be part of a giant , massive piece of machinery , headed up by Zack Snyder , who is thoroughly at home in that uber mega environment . Most people would have a nervous breakdown with that kind of pressure , and he 's enthralled . '' When asked how she got involved in the film , Hunter said , `` Zack asked me . He came to me with an offer , and I was like , ' Yeah , that would be fun . ' It 's fun to mix it up . I have scenes with Superman . He looks phenomenal . And to see Ben ( Affleck , who plays Batman ) and Henry ( Cavill , who plays Superman ) together is quite formidable . '' On acting in a superhero film , Hunter stated , `` Being somebody who 's like a theater geek that I am , I can just go right back to Aeschylus and Euripides and Sophocles . They were writing about gods and goddesses versus humans , and how gods could distort , pervert or help people get what they want . And so , for me , this did n't feel foreign because that was the translation that it went through for me ; that was my filter . '' On her character 's views on Superman , Hunter stated , `` What is her problem with Superman ? That absolute power corrupts absolutely . When power is acting autonomously , unilaterally with no legislation , with no boundaries , with no law , except for the ones that he deems in his own mind , that can be detrimental . '' Describing her character , Hunter said , `` I thought that , you know , as a senator , she brought her female - ness to the job in how she listened , in her curiosity , in her ability to evaluate '' , adding , `` ( It ) felt very female to me . '' Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazonian warrior that is the crown princess of Themyscira . Wonder Woman 's suit is made out of chrome - painted polyurethane , and she uses her hand wraps and sword harnesses . Gadot described her character as having `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day , she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . Describing Wonder Woman 's compassion , Gadot stated , `` It 's all her heart -- that 's her strength . I think women are amazing for being able to show what they feel . I admire women who do . '' On her thoughts on portraying Wonder Woman , Gadot said , `` You know Wonder Woman ; she 's amazing . I love everything that she represents and everything that she stands for . She 's all about love and compassion and truth and justice and equality , and she 's a whole lot of woman . For me , it was important that people can relate to her . '' Describing her role in the film , Gadot said , `` In this movie you get a glimpse of who Wonder Woman is -- she 's being introduced into this DC Comics universe . But we were talking about her strengths , her façade , her attitude . Why is she acting the way she is ? '' On Wonder Woman 's battle scene with Doomsday , Gadot stated , `` I remember after we did that take , Zack came to me and he said , ' Did you just have a smirk ? ' I said , ' Yeah . ' And he asked , ' Why ? I think I like it , but why ? ' ' Well , if he 's gon na mess with her , then she 's gon na mess with him . And she knows she 's gon na win . ' At the end of the day , Wonder Woman is a peace seeker . But when fight arrives , she can fight . She 's a warrior and she enjoys the adrenaline of the fight . '' Gadot also stated `` I do n't want people to think she is perfect '' , further explaining , `` She can be naughty . '' On Gadot 's casting as Wonder Woman , Snyder said `` Wonder Woman is arguably one of the most powerful female characters of all time and a fan favorite in the DC Universe . Not only is Gal an amazing actress , but she also has that magical quality that makes her perfect for the role . '' Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered the role as Faora Hu - Ul in Man of Steel but declined because she was pregnant at that time ; this allowed her to be later cast as Wonder Woman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Scoot McNairy as Wallace Keefe : An amputee employee of Wayne Enterprises who is crippled during the destruction of Metropolis and holds Superman responsible . McNairy describes his character as a type of character who he has never played before and stated `` getting into that thing was definitely something I had to wrap my head around emotionally in order to play that character . '' When asked if the character was being kept as a surprise until the film 's release , McNairy said `` I do n't know if I 'd call it necessarily a surprise . I would say it 's a character that lends itself to the story being told . '' On his thoughts on being in the film , McNairy stated `` Playing in that world with comic books you 've been reading since you were a kid , being someone in that world , it 's awesome . '' Callan Mulvey as Anatoli Knyazev : A Russian terrorist who works for Luthor . On casting Mulvey in the film , Zack Snyder stated `` I just had the good fortune to work with Callan on 300 : Rise of an Empire and was very impressed with his incredible talent '' , further adding , `` He 's a fantastic actor and I 'm looking forward to having the chance to work with him again . '' On working with Snyder again , Mulvey stated `` Zack is such a visionary , so I know it 's going to be an amazing project . Talent as a director aside , people really love working for Zack and being on his sets , which says it all really . '' Tao Okamoto as Mercy Graves : Assistant to Luthor . On her role in the film , Okamoto said `` It was so fascinating . I did n't have a big speaking role . I used to act as sassy girls all the time as a model so that was n't so challenging to me . But I enjoyed it so much , being mean . I tried to be mean . '' On Okamoto 's casting , Snyder said `` Tao is a striking presence whose beauty is aptly rivaled by her amazing abilities as an actress . I 'm really excited to have her joining us on this adventure . '' Robin Atkin Downes as Doomsday : A monstrous creature created by Kryptonian technology , initiated by Luthor adding his own blood and General Zod 's DNA into the system , after learning how to do so from the Kryptonian AI aboard the crash site of the alien ship of the same origin . Downes portrayed the character through motion - capture and voice - over work . The role was kept under such heavy secrecy that Downes did not know who he was playing until the second trailer was released . On his role , Downes stated that he was proud to be part of the film and expressed his admiration in helping bring Doomsday to life in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . When asked why Doomsday was chosen to be in the film , Zack Snyder stated `` To go up against heroes like Batman and Superman , we wanted to introduce one of the DC Universe 's most iconic and powerful villains '' , further explaining , `` He is essentially an unstoppable force . He poses a real threat to the world within the film . '' Snyder has confirmed Doomsday will return in the DCEU , stating `` Well , you have Doomsday , right ? He does n't just crawl out of the ground . He has his own mythology , right ? So that has to be explored . '' Downes has previously provided voice roles for various DC animated films and shows as well as DC video games . Additionally , Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Lauren Cohan portray Thomas and Martha Wayne , Bruce Wayne 's deceased parents , Patrick Wilson portrays the President of the United States in a voice role , and Michael Cassidy portrays Jimmy Olsen , a CIA agent . Reprising their roles from Man of Steel are Harry Lennix as Secretary Calvin Swanwick , Christina Wren as Major Carrie Farris , Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent , Rebecca Buller as Jenny Jurwich , Chad Krowchuk as Glen Woodburn , and Carla Gugino as the Kryptonian A.I. Kelor . The corpse of General Zod also appears in the film in a crucial role ; however , Michael Shannon did not film any scenes for the film and the corpse was created using the physique of fitness model Greg Plitt and a head - shot of Shannon . Mark Edward Taylor portrays Jack O'Dwyer , an executive of Wayne Enterprises . Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa , and Ray Fisher appear as Barry Allen / Flash , Arthur Curry / Aquaman , and Victor Stone / Cyborg respectively in brief appearances , which led to their inclusion in the Justice League film . Joe Morton appears in a role as Silas Stone , Victor 's father . U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy makes a cameo appearance as Senator Purrington , whilst U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow also makes a cameo as the Governor of New Jersey . Neil deGrasse Tyson , Soledad O'Brien , Anderson Cooper , Nancy Grace and Charlie Rose appear as themselves . Jena Malone was cast as S.T.A.R. Labs scientist Jenet Klyburn , but her scenes were cut from the theatrical release , along with Man of Steel characters Coburn Goss as Father Leone and Joseph Cranford as Pete Ross ; they were restored for the Ultimate Edition home media release . Talk show host Jon Stewart has a cameo in the extended cut . To further establish the interconnection between the films of the shared universe , Chris Pine appears on Diana Prince 's photo as Steve Trevor , which he reprised in Wonder Woman . Production ( edit ) Further information : Batman in film § Batman vs. Superman , and Superman in film § Batman vs. Superman ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Development ( edit ) `` ... after Man of Steel finished and we started talking about what would be in the next movie , I started subtly mentioning that it would be cool if he faced Batman ... You 're in a story meeting talking about , like , who should ( Superman ) fight if he fought this giant alien threat Zod who was basically his equal physically , from his planet , fighting on our turf ... You know , who to fight next ? ... But I 'm not gon na say at all that when I took the job to do Man of Steel that I did it in a subversive way to get to Batman . I really believe that only after contemplating who could face ( Superman ) did Batman come into the picture . '' -- Snyder , on how Batman came into the film In June 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that director Zack Snyder and screenwriter David S. Goyer would return for a Man of Steel sequel , with the studio considering the release for the film in 2015 . The following month , Snyder confirmed at San Diego Comic - Con International that the sequel to Man of Steel would feature Superman and Batman meeting for the first time on film . Goyer and Snyder would co-write the story , with Goyer authoring the script , and Christopher Nolan involved in an advisory role as executive producer . According to Snyder , the film would take inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns . In November 2013 , Snyder clarified his film would not be based upon the aforementioned graphic novel . `` If you were going to do that , you would need a different Superman . We 're bringing Batman into the universe that now this Superman lives in . '' Batman v Superman marks the first appearance of Wonder Woman in a live - action , theatrical film , which Warner Bros. had been developing as far back as 1996 . In December 2013 , Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite the script , due to Goyer 's commitments to other projects . Further commenting on the influences , Terrio revealed in an article published by the Wall Street Journal that the movie would draw inspiration from Nolan 's Batman trilogy , Italian semiotician Umberto Eco 's 1972 essay `` The Myth of Superman '' , and the W.H. Auden poem `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' which contrasts the quotidian details of normal people 's lives with the epic struggles of mythological figures . According to him , `` In superhero stories , Batman is Pluto , god of the underworld , and Superman is Apollo , god of the sky . That began to be really interesting to me -- that their conflict is not just due to manipulation , but their very existence . '' The Joker and the Riddler were supposed to appear in the film , but Snyder ultimately decided to cut them from the final script . The film 's official title , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , was revealed in May 2014 . Snyder stated that having the `` v '' in the title instead of `` vs . '' was a way `` to keep it from being a straight ' versus ' movie , even in the most subtle way '' . Henry Cavill later stated , `` I would n't call this a Superman sequel ( ... ) This is Batman versus Superman . It 's a separate entity altogether . It 's introducing the Batman character and expanding upon the universe , which was kicked off by Man of Steel . '' Forbes noted that although the film originated as a sequel to Man of Steel , it was `` revamped into a backdoor pilot for Justice League and / or an eventual stand - alone Batman movie . '' As part of a settlement with his heirs , this is the first Batman production that lists Bill Finger as a co-creator . Casting ( edit ) From left : Zack Snyder ( director ) , Holly Hunter , Jeremy Irons , Gal Gadot , Jesse Eisenberg , Amy Adams , Henry Cavill and Ben Affleck at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Kevin Costner , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Harry Lennix and Christina Wren reprise their roles from Man of Steel . Joining the cast are Ben Affleck as Batman , Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman , Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor , Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth , Ray Fisher as Cyborg , Jason Momoa as Aquaman , and Tao Okamoto as Luthor 's assistant Mercy Graves . Scoot McNairy and Callan Mulvey were cast as Wallace Keefe and Anatoli Knyazev , while Jena Malone was cast as Jenet Klyburn , a character that was featured exclusively in the Ultimate Edition home media release . Dawn of Justice is Affleck 's second film as a comic book superhero ; he played Daredevil in the 2003 film of the same name , and was initially reluctant to accept playing Batman , citing that he `` felt ( he ) did n't fit the traditional mold . But once Zack ( Snyder ) showed ( him ) the concept , and that it would be both different from the great movies that Chris ( topher Nolan ) and Christian ( Bale ) made , but still in keeping with tradition , ( he ) was excited . '' Affleck previously stated in 2006 that Daredevil had `` inoculated ( him ) from ever playing another superhero '' . Snyder cast an older Batman to be a layered juxtaposition against a younger Superman ; while `` bear ( ing ) the scars of a seasoned crime fighter , but retain ( ing ) the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne . '' Nolan was involved with the casting of Affleck and he was the first actor Snyder approached for the part . The director had also discussed the part with Josh Brolin . Bale admitted he wanted to play Batman again after The Dark Knight Rises , though he stated that his Batman does not belong in any other film and he was never approached by Warner Bros. to play the role again . On casting Eisenberg as Lex Luthor , Snyder offered , `` Having Jesse in the role allows us to explore that interesting dynamic , and also take the character in some new and unexpected directions '' . Bryan Cranston was considered for the role before Eisenberg was cast . Producer Charles Roven revealed that this incarnation of Wonder Woman would use the character 's origins in The New 52 , wherein the character would be a demigoddess , and the daughter of Zeus . This deviates from the character 's original origins , where she was `` a clay figure brought to life by the gods '' . Olga Kurylenko was considered for the role of Wonder Woman before Gadot was cast . Dawn of Justice is Ray Fisher 's feature film debut , and the first live - action film to feature Cyborg , whose role will become more significant in future DC Comics films . It is also the live - action theatrical debut of Aquaman . The casting of Affleck , Gadot , and Eisenberg was criticized . Affleck 's casting caused significant backlash from comic book fans , with multiple online petitions demanding his removal from the role ; unlike previous Batman actors , he was not considered intimidating enough for the role by the protesters . Conversely , PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III supported Affleck 's casting as Batman , stating , `` Way back when the news was new I wrote a PopMatters article defending the choice of Ben Affleck as Batman . I 'll let that one speak for itself . '' Via social media , fans criticized Gadot 's small frame in contrast to Wonder Woman 's warrior - like build in the comics . Responding to this , Gadot stated that she had been participating in various training regimens to achieve a body that stays closer to the source material . Fans also criticized Eisenberg 's casting , feeling that the then - 30 - year - old was too young for the role , and not physically imposing enough . Upon the film 's release , both Affleck and Gadot received considerable praise for their performances , despite the overall negative reception of the film itself . Design ( edit ) Michael Wilkinson reprised his duties as costume designer . He updated the Superman suit from Man of Steel so that it `` feels fresh and right for this installment of Zack Snyder 's comic - book universe '' . The first Batsuit featured in the film is influenced by The Dark Knight Returns ; unlike the suits seen in previous live - action Batman films , it is made of cloth instead of armor and is a cast of the physique of fitness model Rossano Rea . An image of the Wonder Woman costume was revealed at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , in which the costume desaturates the red , blue , and gold colors that make up the costume of most versions of the character . A second Batsuit was also unveiled at Comic - Con , and unlike the first , it is armored . Aquaman 's look in this film shows him `` tattooed in Maori - like patterns '' , and wearing a suit `` decked out in shades of gold , black and silver armor '' . According to the Warner Bros. Studios lot , the next generation Batmobile combined inspiration from both the sleek , streamlined design of classic Batmobiles and the high - suspension , military build from the more recent Tumbler from The Dark Knight Trilogy . Designed by production designer Patrick Tatopoulos , the Batmobile is about 20 feet long and 12 feet wide . The glasses Cavill wears as Clark Kent are made by British spectacle designer Tom Davies . Filming ( edit ) In September 2013 , Larry Fong joined the crew as cinematographer , having previously worked with Zack Snyder on 300 , Watchmen , and Sucker Punch . Initial filming commenced on October 19 , 2013 , at East Los Angeles College , to shoot an American football game between Gotham City University and rival Metropolis State University . At the end of the month , construction began on the Kent farm seen in Man of Steel for the film . Principal photography involving the main cast of the film began on May 19 , 2014 , in Detroit , Michigan , with scenes featuring Gal Gadot as Diana Prince being filmed early on May 16 . While filming in Michigan , the production spent a total of $199 million in the state . The scene of a state funeral at the Arlington National Cemetery , a tribute by the United States Army , was actually filmed in Michigan as well , using green screen . Additional filming began in Chicago , Illinois in November 2014 . Other locations included the Michigan Motion Picture Studios , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University , Yorkville , Illinois , and New Mexico . Sequences of the film , including a scene depicting the murder of Bruce Wayne 's parents , were filmed using IMAX cameras . The planned shoot in Morocco was shifted to New Mexico due to incidents related to the 2014 Ebola outbreak . Principal photography wrapped on December 5 , 2014 . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( soundtrack ) Hans Zimmer composed the film score , emphasizing a challenge to not reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan 's trilogy . Junkie XL , who provided additional music in Man of Steel , also returned for this film , helping to compose the theme for Batman . Originally , Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material , with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score , but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration . Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to tell the story and after the release of the film , Zimmer announced that he was retired from superhero films . The soundtrack album of the film was released on March 18 , 2016 by WaterTower Music . Songs featured in the film include : `` Kang Ling ( An Instrument Made From A Human Thigh Bone ) '' , a traditional song performed by the monks of the Dip Tse Chok Ling Monastery , Dharamshala ; `` Night and Day '' and `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' written by Cole Porter and performed by Richard Cheese ; `` Shostakovich : Waltz II ( Jazz Suite No. 2 ) '' written by Dmitri Shostakovich performed by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Chailly ; and `` Amazing Grace '' arranged and performed by John Allan and again performed by the Canadian Scottish Regiment Pipes and Drums and the United States Third Marine Aircraft Wing Band . Release ( edit ) In November 2013 , it was announced that the film would be released on July 17 , 2015 . In January 2014 , Warner Bros. announced that Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice was delayed from its original release date of July 17 , 2015 , and moved to May 6 , 2016 , in order to give the filmmakers `` time to realize fully their vision , given the complex visual nature of the story . '' The release date was moved once again in August 2014 from May 6 , 2016 , to March 25 , 2016 , with a Warner Bros. insider saying the studio was `` not flinching '' in regards to the previous opening date being on the same day as Marvel Studios ' Captain America : Civil War , but instead stating that March 2016 was a `` fantastic corridor '' for them . According to sources obtained by The Hollywood Reporter , Warner Bros. considered the possibility of having a 70mm release for the film , which was partially shot in the 65mm IMAX format . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , followed by a New York City premiere on March 20 at Radio City Music Hall . Following the Brussels attacks , Warner Bros. originally cancelled the red carpet of the London premiere , but decided to carry on with the premiere for the fans . The film was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on March 25 in 3D . It opened simultaneously in North America , China and Japan , the world 's three largest film markets , as well as additional international territories , with the exception of Poland , where theaters do not open on Good Friday . The film debuted simultaneously across 30,000 screens in nearly every major foreign territory across 61 markets , including China , with domestic open across roughly 4,242 locations of which 3,500 theaters ( 85 % ) were in 3D , 390 IMAX screens , 470 PLF locations , 150 D - Box theaters and ten 70 mm prints . Marketing ( edit ) The Batman and Superman costumes from the film at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con An estimated $165 million marketing effort helped promote Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International , Snyder introduced the film 's first footage intended to be exclusive to the event . A teaser trailer was scheduled to be screened in selected cinemas on April 20 , 2015 . However , on April 16 , the trailer leaked online , and within a few hours Snyder officially released the trailer to Twitter . At the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , Snyder and the cast attended to present an initial trailer of the film . The trailer was , unlike the teaser , which received mixed response , positively received by attendees , who gave the trailer a standing ovation . Mark Hughes of Forbes said the trailers `` both set the stage for a story about the world 's distrust and fear of Superman , Batman 's rage at Superman and intention to duke it out with the Man of Steel , and Wonder Woman 's participation in a big fight featuring the ' Trinity . ' '' Warner Bros. Consumer Products partnered - up with `` a powerhouse slate of global licensees for a broad , multi-category licensing and merchandising program '' , including Mattel , Lego , Rubies , Funko , Thinkway Toys , Hot Toys , Junkfood , Bioworld , Pez , Seiko , Converse and among many other licensees to sell merchandise related to the film . Fiat Chrysler Automobiles was also a licensee for the film , offering a special edition Jeep Renegade in exchange for a near - exclusive product placement deal ; aside from Bruce Wayne 's Aston Martin , all vehicles in the film were either from Chrysler , Dodge , Jeep , Ram , or Iveco . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -- Cross Fire , an original companion novel tied to the film , telling a tie - in story set before the events of the movie , was published by Scholastic Corporation . A five - issue comic - book prelude exploring what happened in the weeks and months leading up to the events of the film was released as a tie - in with Dr Pepper 's character - branded bottles . Also , there are a series of four minicomics found in Batman v Superman - branded General Mills cereals . Additionally , those who purchased Batman v Superman - themed Doritos Family Fun Mix at Walmart received the comic book prequel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -- Upstairs / Downstairs . Rocksteady Studios released a downloadable content for the video game Batman : Arkham Knight that featured the Batmobile and Batsuit from the film . The third trailer debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on December 3 , 2015 . It received positive responses , with Scott Mendelson of Forbes calling the trailer a `` Saturday morning cartoon nerd 's wildest dreams . '' Molly Driscoll of CS Monitor stated that it looks like the film `` will continue the trend of adapting comic book stories as timely tales . '' Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter noted that based on the trailer 's content , the film might be the anti-Civil War , referring to Marvel 's Captain America : Civil War as `` Superman and Batman complete the comic book trope by overcoming their differences to fight a common foe , alongside a third hero , who saves them both -- that feels the most fresh , especially in light of the Civil War trailer . While that ended with a showdown between three heroes , this trailer moves beyond that to show three heroes standing united . '' However , it was criticized for revealing that , with Rob Tornoe of NewsWorks pointing out that this trailer was targeting the `` broadest audience '' rather than just fans , as studios try to `` maximize a film 's opening day box office . '' An advertisement for the film on Turkish Airlines ' Boeing 777 - 300ER at Istanbul Atatürk Airport Warner Bros. did not buy a Super Bowl 50 commercial ; instead , they worked with Turkish Airlines to put together a pair of Batman v Superman - themed airline commercials . McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the spots `` inform interested parties about the culture , geography and history of Batman and Superman 's individual stomping grounds , each one filled with Easter eggs for the comic book faithful and newcomer alike . '' Jesse Eisenberg 's part as Lex Luthor in these commercials was praised , as Dirk Libbey of CinemaBlend noted that `` he matches up well with Bruce Wayne by playing the welcoming billionaire business man . It 's a far cry from the somewhat cartoonish villain we 've seen in the clips from the film . '' The final trailer was released to the public on February 11 , 2016 , which was described as `` intense '' by Kwame Opam of The Verge . Mendelson of Forbes felt that Warner Bros. `` probably would n't have even dropped this one had the prior trailer back in December been received better . So now we have this fourth and final sell , and at least they are going out on a high note . '' Jonathon Dornbush of Entertainment Weekly said that the footage `` works to establish Batman as his own independent crime fighting force , while also providing a deeper look at his existential struggle against Superman . '' In February 2016 , Warner Bros. and Doritos formed a partnership , creating a website offering fans the opportunity to enter codes found on Doritos purchases branded with the film 's logo , and enter to win movie tickets , tech toys , and a trip the premiere in New York City . Warner Bros also partnered with Omaze to give fans who donated a chance to win `` The Ultimate Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Experience '' , while benefiting three nonprofit organizations nominated by Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill and Jesse Eisenberg . `` The Ultimate Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Experience '' offered a fan and their friend the chance to win tickets to the premiere of the film , as well as fly on a helicopter with Cavill or ride in the Batmobile with Affleck . Hendrick Motorsports drivers Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. drove cars based on Superman and Batman respectively , at Auto Club Speedway on March 20 , 2016 . A tie - in endless runner video game to the film , entitled Batman vs Superman -- Who Will Win ? , debuted March 16 , 2016 , released by Warner Bros. International Enterprises . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $166 million in the USA & Canada in its opening weekend , the eighth - biggest opening of all time , ahead of The Dark Knight Rises ' $160.9 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $422.5 million , which stands as the second - biggest for Warner Bros. and the fifth - biggest of all time . It became the fourth film to have a global opening above $400 million . It also had an IMAX worldwide opening weekend total of $36 million from 945 IMAX screens , the third - biggest ever , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $48 million ) and Jurassic World ( $44 million ) . However , both inside and outside of the United States , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice experienced a notable poor Friday - to - Sunday hold and set a new record for the worst Friday - to - Sunday drop for a superhero movie release in modern box office history with a 58 % decline , which was previously held by Fantastic Four . In its second weekend , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice experienced a `` historic '' box - office drop , with an 81.2 % decline on Friday that was `` one of the biggest Friday - to - Friday drops any blockbuster has ever seen '' , and an overall 68.4 % drop for the weekend despite not `` facing any big competition at the box office '' , making it the second largest decline for a marquee superhero title , behind only 2003 's Hulk . Brad Brevet , writing for Box Office Mojo , reported that `` it appeared Batman v Superman was looking at a drop anywhere from 58 -- 68 % and it ended up settling in on the wrong side of those expectations . '' Scott Mendelson , writing for Forbes , said `` Whether or not the movie is any good , and whether or not audiences respond to the picture , is best measured by the second and third weekends ... Yes , we 're still talking about a $15.35 million second Friday and a $50 m+ second weekend , but in terms of legs , this film sadly does n't seem to have any . '' Continuing this trend , in its third weekend , the film dropped by 54.3 % in which Brad Brevet concluded in a follow - up for Box Office Mojo that `` the legs on this one are proving quite short . '' In the weeks leading up to the film 's release , advance ticket sales outpaced The Dark Knight Rises , The Avengers , and Furious 7 . Worldwide , it was estimated to gross between $300 -- 340 million in over 35,000 screens in its opening weekend . It passed the $50 million mark in IMAX ticket sales on its second weekend , grossing a total of $53.4 million from 571 IMAX screens . Warner Bros. domestic distribution chief Jeff Goldstein described the film 's box office performance as a `` fantastic result , by any measure . '' Box office analyst Jeff Bock said `` Still , outside of Christopher Nolan 's two Dark Knight movies , and Tim Burton 's Batman films when you adjust for inflation , this is the highest - grossing property in DC 's bullpen thus far . It tops Man of Steel by more than $200 million , '' and that `` overall , BvS successfully relaunched DC 's cinematic universe , but they are nowhere near Disney / Marvel in terms of critical reception and box office prowess . One can only hope that bigger and better is still on the way . '' The film needed to reach $800 million in revenue at the box office to `` recoup its investment '' according to financial analysts . Despite surpassing this amount , it was considered `` a disappointment '' for failing to reach $1 billion , This resulted in Warner Bros. , in May 2016 , creating DC Films , giving a dedicated executive team responsibility for films based on DC Comics , similar to the dedicated Marvel Comics focus of Marvel Studios within the larger Walt Disney Studios group . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice grossed $330.4 million in North America and $542.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $873.3 million , making it the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2016 behind Captain America : Civil War , Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , Finding Dory , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , and The Secret Life of Pets . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $105.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . North America ( edit ) Following reports of pre-tickets sales in both the United States and Canada on February 29 , many insiders and analysts predicted an opening weekend haul between $120 -- 140 million for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , with projections as high as $185 million . However , Warner Bros. insiders were more conservative in their estimates projecting in the lower range of $110 million . According to Deadline.com , an undisclosed rival studio box office analyst indicated that if the film is truly pacing in tandem with The Dark Knight Rises , then Dawn of Justice could possibly be looking at a $180 million+ debut . The film also became Fandango 's top pre-selling superhero film ever , beating The Dark Knight Rises and Avengers : Age of Ultron , representing 90 % of the site 's weekend 's ticket sales . A survey carried out showed that the introduction of Wonder Woman is a primary draw for moviegoers . It pre-sold around $20 -- 25 million worth of advance tickets . Dawn of Justice made $27.7 million in Thursday previews from around 3,800 theaters which is the biggest of 2016 , the biggest Easter weekend preview , the second - biggest for a superhero film ( behind The Dark Knight Rises ) , and the seventh - biggest of all time of which $3.0 million came from IMAX showings , also a new record for Easter weekend . On its opening day , it earned $81.59 million from 4,242 theaters , including previews , marking the biggest pre-summer opening day of all time , the second - biggest superhero Friday opening and the fourth - biggest opening - day and fourth - biggest single - day gross , with $9 million coming from IMAX showings . Excluding the Thursday previews , it earned $53.89 million on Friday which is the fifth - biggest ever . It fell 37.8 % on Saturday , which is the second - worst superhero opening Friday - to - Saturday drop , only behind the 40 % drop of The Dark Knight Rises . In total , it earned $166 million for its debut weekend , setting records for the biggest March and pre-summer openings , ( these have since been broken by Beauty and the Beast ) the biggest Easter opening , the second - biggest opening for Warner Bros. , the biggest for a DC Comics property , and the eighth - biggest opening of all time . Conversely , the film holds the record for the worst superhero Friday - to - Sunday drop with a 58 % decline , eclipsing the previous 48 % decline record held by Fantastic Four in 2015 . IMAX comprised 11 % or $18 million of the weekend 's gross from 388 theaters which is the fifth - biggest of all time ( a record it shares with Age of Ultron ) and 3D represented 40 % ( $68 million ) of the total ticket sales . RealD 3D comprised $47 million of the opening gross . Premium large formats generated $17.6 million ( 10 % ) , with $3.6 million of that coming from Cinemark XD auditoriums from 475 theaters . Following its record breaking opening weekend , it posted the biggest March Monday with $15.05 million , a drop of 55 % from its Sunday gross . This broke The Hunger Games ' previous record of $10.8 million , and also the biggest March Tuesday with $12.2 million . It made $209 million in its first week full which stands at the eleventh - biggest opening week of all time and surpassed the lifetime total Batman Begins . Despite earning $15.35 million in its second Friday , the film dropped 81.2 % and broke the record for the biggest Friday - to - Friday drop for a comic book adaptation film , not including $27.7 million worth of previews which represented an even larger decline . It fell precipitously by 69.1 % in its second weekend , grossing $51.3 million from 4,256 theaters ( an addition of 14 cinemas ) due to poor reviews and mixed word of mouth , establishing itself an infamous record for the seventh steepest drop for a superhero / comic book adapted film and the steepest decline since the - 69 % posted by X-Men Origins : Wolverine in 2009 , despite facing little to no competition or new wide - releases and having the added benefit of 30 % K -- 12 schools off , and 9 % of colleges on break , per ComScore . The steep drop also marks the fourth - biggest for a film that opened above $100 million ( tied with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ) . In its third weekend it was overtaken by the comedy The Boss after falling 54 % with $23.3 million . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice proved to be front - loaded , failing to generate significant revenue after its opening weekend / week release . It earned just 1.99 times ( $330 million ) its opening weekend numbers ( $166 million ) , which is lower than Man of Steel 's 2.28 multiplier . Like other DC films , such as Watchmen , Green Lantern and Man of Steel , it opened to record breaking numbers but then dropped the following weekend onward due largely to bad critical reception and mixed word of mouth from audiences . It earned just 1.99 times its opening weekend , the worst ( multiplier ) for a film opening above $100 million . A similar result was followed by DC 's third superhero film , Suicide Squad released in August 2016 , although Suicide Squad became less front loaded than Dawn of Justice . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , it was projected to open between $180 -- 200 million ; however , Deadline.com pointed out that these figures were only early predictions pegged to the performance of similar films in their respective territories . It opened in ten countries on Wednesday , March 23 , 2016 , earning $7 million and debuting at No. 1 in all markets on approximately 5,900 screens . The following day , the film was released in 38 additional countries , earning $33.1 million on 19,700 screens for a two - day total of $44 million . On March 25 , it opened in the remaining 17 countries delivering $67.2 million in revenue , for a three - day total of $115.3 million in 62 countries on more than 30,000 screens . Through Sunday , March 27 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $256.5 million from 66 countries on over 40,000 screens , making it the biggest superhero opening weekend of all time , the biggest overall March opening , the second - biggest opening ever for Warner Bros. , and the fifth - biggest international opening on record . The film 's accomplishements also included the second - biggest IMAX opening record of $18 million , behind only Jurassic World which tallied $23.5 million . 3D accounted 59 % or $149.86 million of the weekend gross led by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 88 % ) , Brazil ( 81 % ) , Russia ( 55 % ) , and France ( 51 % ) . As with North America , the film witnessed a steep decline in its second Friday internationally , falling 72 % to $19.2 million , with the biggest decline in the U.K. ( 77 % ) and China ( 87 % ) . Its second weekend earnings fell 66 % overall to $85.25 million . Despite the decline , the film topped the box office for three consecutive weekends . In Mexico , it had the biggest opening day for Warner Bros. and the second - biggest of all time with $5.8 million , including record - breaking midnight showings . It also scored the biggest opening day of all time in Brazil ( $3.5 million ) and the biggest opening day for a superhero film in Germany ( $2.8 million ) . Elsewhere , it opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $9 million ) , Australia ( $2.5 million ) , India ( $2.54 million ) , Russia ( $1.9 million ) , South Korea ( $1.7 million ) , Japan ( $1.2 million ) , the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong ( $1.1 million respectively ) . In China , it earned $21.22 million on its opening day , including around $1.34 million worth of previews , which is the biggest for Warner Bros. and the sixth - biggest Hollywood opening day of all time . However , other Chinese sources have the film open to around $20 million . In terms of opening weekends , the biggest openings were recorded in China ( $57.2 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $20.7 million ) , Mexico ( $18.2 million ) , Brazil ( $12 million ) , South Korea ( $10.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.9 million ) , France ( $8.6 million ) , Germany ( $8.1 million ) , Russia ( $7.7 million ) , India ( $6.6 million ) , Spain ( $6.1 million ) and Japan ( $4.5 million ) . It broke all - time opening record in Brazil and Warner Bros. opening records in Mexico , Hong Kong , India , Malaysia , Singapore , Vietnam , Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Peru , Puerto Rico and Venezuela . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it benefited from the long Easter weekend holiday and despite a distinctly mixed bag of reviews in the U.K. press , it posted an opening £ 14.62 million or $20.7 million from 612 theaters , a record for 2016 so far and for a superhero title on straight Friday to Sunday , but fell short of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron , when accounting for previews . In Japan , it opened in third place , behind two local films , Assassination Classroom : Graduation and Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 . In South Korea , it scored the biggest March opening after opening on a Tuesday and dominating 68.3 % of the market share with $10.2 million . In China , after scoring the biggest Hollywood opening Friday ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , it earned an estimated $57.2 million from approximately 16,000 screens in its opening weekend , besting all other DC Comics adaption film just by its weekend haul except for Man of Steel and gave Warner Bros. its biggest three day opening there with $7 million coming from 557 IMAX screens . However , the opening figure fell below analysts projections of $70 -- 80 million . It held the top spot for its first seven days only , after which it faced stiff competitions from local productions , and fell dramatically from then onwards in accruing revenue . As a result , it fell to third place in its second weekend after falling enormously by 78 % to $12.7 million , a record for a superhero film . It became the Warner Bros . ' highest - grossing film of all time in India , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines and Vietnam . It also crossed $100 million Latin American markets , making it Warner Bros . ' second highest - grossing film there . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America are China ( $95 million ) , which analysts predicted that it would not cross $100 million there , followed by the UK ( $52.1 million ) , Mexico ( $36 million ) and Brazil ( $35.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice received generally unfavorable reviews from film critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 27 % based on 374 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice smothers a potentially powerful story -- and some of America 's most iconic superheroes -- in a grim whirlwind of effects - driven action . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average to critics ' reviews , gave the film an average score of 44 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . It earned `` B -- '' from men , `` B '' from women , a `` B '' from those under 25 and a `` B -- '' from those over 25 . BBC News reported that , `` the film had been widely praised by fans after its first screening in New York '' . Critics generally reacted more harshly to the film . Lindy West in The Guardian described it as `` 153 minutes of a grown man whacking two dolls together '' , asking `` ( h ) as the definition of ' movie ' changed from ' motion picture story that a human wrote on purpose ' to ' 700 only tangentially related 12 - second grey and red vignettes ' ? '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote : `` The point of Batman v Superman is n't fun , and it is n't thinking , either . It 's obedience . The theology is invoked ... to buttress a spectacle of power . And in that way the film serves as a metaphor for its own aspirations . The corporations that produce movies like this one , and the ambitious hacks who sign up to make them , have no evident motive beyond their own aggrandizement . '' Writing in The Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` humourless '' and `` the most incoherent blockbuster in years '' . Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters said , `` As you 're watching this movie , you might also contemplate your own part , in being swayed into consuming so much of what you 've consumed before . '' Adding , `` Wonder Woman 's remains Batman v Superman 's most compelling story , precisely because it 's untold . '' Matt Patches of Thrillist wrote `` what Batman v Superman can do , it does , at the cost of coherency and thrills . The movie is bat - shit crazy . A dour , disdainful demeanor , plus a gluttony of complex plot twists , dissipates most of the contact high . '' Michael Philips of Chicago Tribune wrote , `` A near - total drag , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice plays like a loose , unofficial quarter - billion - dollar remake of The Odd Couple , in which Oscar and Felix are literally trying to kill each other . '' On his podcast Hollywood Babble - On , film director Kevin Smith , a long - time friend and collaborator of Affleck , praised Affleck 's performance but panned the film , commenting that it `` did n't really have a heart '' and was `` humorless '' , arguing that `` there seems to be a fundamental lack of understanding of what those characters are about . It 's almost like Zack Snyder did n't read a bunch of comics , he read one comic once , and it was Dark Knight Returns , and his favorite part was the last part where Batman and Superman fight . '' On a second viewing , however , Smith via his Instagram lightened his stance . Jeremy Irons expressed displeasure with the film , feeling it was `` deservedly so '' savaged by critics and calling the feature `` very muddled '' while expressing hope that the forthcoming Justice League ( 2017 ) would be better due to its story being `` ... a lot smaller , it 's more linear '' . Taking a softer tone , David Betancourt of The Washington Post and Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the film 's visual spectacle and performances from Affleck and Gadot , though Mendelson also called the film `` an utter mess of thinly sketched characters , haphazard plotting , surprisingly jumbled action '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film `` better than Man of Steel but below the high bar set by Nolan 's Dark Knight , '' adding that `` Dawn of Justice is still a colossus , the stuff that DC Comics dreams are made of for that kid in all of us who yearns to see Batman and Superman suit up and go in for the kill . '' Jake Coyle of Associated Press wrote , `` it hurtles not with the kinetic momentum of Mad Max : Fury Road nor the comparatively spry skip of a Marvel movie , but with an operatic grandeur it sometimes earns and often does n't . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes called it `` the follow - up to The Dark Knight that many viewers and fans wanted or hoped for '' , adding that it 's `` visually stunning , with powerful emotional storytelling and awe - inspiring action spectacle . '' Andrew Barker of Variety said `` as a pure visual spectacle ... Batman V Superman ably blows the hinges off the multiplex doors . '' Charles Koplinski of the Illinois Times called it `` a brooding , but most importantly intelligent take on the seminal figures of our 20th century pop culture mythology , a movie that at once pays tribute to these characters ' roots while offering up modern incarnations of them that ring true for our times . '' Nicolas Barber of the BBC called the film `` a four - star epic '' praising Affleck 's performance as Batman and the visual grandeur of Fong 's cinematography . Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian gave an ambivalent review ; he especially criticized the `` very bad writing '' , but conceded `` there are a lot of moments ... that work '' and praised Affleck and Gadot 's performances , calling Gadot as Wonder Woman the best thing in the film . Multiple commentators criticized Eisenberg on the grounds that his interpretation of Lex Luthor hewed too close to character traits associated with another DC Comics villain , the Joker . Even before the film was released , Affleck compared Eisenberg 's performance to that of Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight . Once the film came out , critics lambasted Eisenberg 's take on Luthor . Sonny Bunch of The Washington Post lamented that `` As the film progresses , Lex degenerates into a gibbering mad man , some strange mix of the Riddler and the Joker with a little bit of Mark Zuckerberg added for flair . '' Charlie Jane Anders of Gizmodo wrote that `` Someone clearly told Jesse Eisenberg that this movie is the Dark Knight to Man of Steel 's Batman Begins , and he 's doing his damndest to give a Heath Ledger-esque performance ... Watching the trailers , I had thought Eisenberg 's loopy acting might be this movie 's saving grace -- but a concentrated dose of his faux mania actually turns out to be the worst thing . '' Andy Scott of Grunge , in an article titled `` How Jesse Eisenberg Ruined Batman v Superman , '' wrote that `` Eisenberg 's speech patterns and mannerisms felt almost entirely lifted from Ledger 's iconic performance , to the point where he walked the dangerous grey line between respectful homage and downright thievery . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Gal Gadot Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder Nominated Worst Director Zack Snyder Nominated Worst Screenplay Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer Won Worst Actor Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Jesse Eisenberg Won Worst Screen Combo Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill Won Worst Prequel , Remake , Ripoff or Sequel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Amy Adams Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Ben Affleck Nominated Henry Cavill Nominated Favorite Frenemies Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Teen Choice Awards Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie - Sci - Fi / Fantasy Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Henry Cavill Nominated Ben Affleck Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Amy Adams Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Gal Gadot Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Jesse Eisenberg Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Henry Cavill and Amy Adams Nominated Jupiter Awards Best International film Zack Snyder Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Most Original Poster Warner Bros. Pictures Won Home media ( edit ) An extended cut of the film dubbed the Ultimate Edition was released on home media platforms , alongside the theatrical cut . This version received an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America , for more violence than the PG - 13 rated theatrical cut , and is longer by 31 minutes . With the release of the Ultimate Edition , which was the director 's original version of the film before additional editing , critics noted that the film would have likely been better received with the additional footage . Ben Kendrick of ScreenRant stated that while it was more `` intelligible '' , character portrayal was not `` fundamentally changed '' and `` for viewers who did n't like Man of Steel or Batman v Superman for larger reasons , such as tone , approach , and the darker characterization of DC 's most iconic heroes , the Ultimate Edition is only a longer ... version of a film that ... is likely to remain divisive , even if the final product is a better film . '' Phil Owens of TheWrap called it an improvement upon the original cut , writing , `` Lo and behold somehow Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice has become something that approaches a functional movie . In the process , it only makes the original cut even more inexplicable and terrible . '' The film debuted in first place on the home video sales chart for the week ending July 24 , 2016 . As of November 25 , 2017 , it has made $21.1 million in DVD sales and $54.7 million in Blu - Ray sales , totaling nearly $75.9 million . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Even though the film never explicitly identifies the mysterious man who warns Bruce nor where he comes from , producer Deborah Snyder has confirmed that he is The Flash , played by Ezra Miller , who is traveling back in time . Jump up ^ While never identified onscreen or in the credits , beyond Luthor telling Superman the creature is `` your doomsday , '' actor Robin Atkin Downes has identified the character as Doomsday . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Could Soar to $140 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Comic - Book Movie Debate - ' Batman v Superman ' is just the start of a complex battleplan . Is there room for DC ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Puts ' Man of Steel ' Sequel Into Active Development ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Warner Bros. Eyeing Matthew Vaughn to Direct ' Man of Steel 2 ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Deborah Snyder on The Flash ' Batman v Superman ' Cameo , ' Wonder Woman ' Connection '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Downes , Robin Atkin ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Very proud to release that I helped bring # Doomsday to life in the upcoming @ BatmanvSuperman # Dreamgigs '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Affleck Revealed As Batman in Warner Bros. Picture ' New Super Hero Feature Film , Now Slated to Open July 17 , 2015 '' ( Press release ) . DC Comics . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack Snyder ' Really Excited ' About the Dark Knight of `` Batman v Superman '' `` . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck talks ' Batman v Superman ' and what it was like in the `` heavy '' armored Batsuit ( video ) `` . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel 2 ′ : Director & Producer Explain Ben Affleck Batman Casting '' . August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack Snyder defends ' Man of Steel ' ending : You ca n't have superheroes knock around with no consequences '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Free , Erin ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Spink : The Other New Batman '' . Filmink.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://fashionista.com/2016/03/batman-v-superman-costumes Jump up ^ `` There 's a genius detail added to Superman 's suit in ' Batman v Superman ' that you would never notice '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : 8 Major Reveals From The New Images '' . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Semlyen , Phil de . `` Empire 's Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice Cover Revealed '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` French ' Batman v Superman ' magazine features new interviews with Ben Affleck and Henry Cavill '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Superman and Batman Film Set for Comic - Con Reveal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Amy Adams Says Lois Lane Is Key to Finding Information in BATMAN V SUPERMAN : DAWN OF JUSTICE ; Will She Have a Scene with Jason Momoa ? '' . Collider . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Amy Adams Says Lois Lane Is Key to Finding Information in BATMAN V SUPERMAN : DAWN OF JUSTICE ; Will She Have a Scene with Jason Momoa ? '' . Collider . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Adams on Playing Lois Lane , Shirtless Scenes With Henry Cavill '' . ABC News . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : Amy Adams Teases Lois ' ' Big Moment ' With Batman '' . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News : Lex Luthor and Alfred Pennyworth Cast in Upcoming Man of Steel Sequel '' . DC Comics . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luthor Jr. : Not Just His Father 's LexCorp '' . Fortune . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` A ' super-scary ' Jesse Eisenberg ? Meet the new Lex Luthor ( with hair ) in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons Talk Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - ComingSoon.net '' . September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice ' : Jeremy Irons Dishes On Playing Alfred '' . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Lane Comments On Working With Zack Snyder For Batman Vs. Superman '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , George Pennacchio , bio , ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Lois Lane , Martha Kent help ground the Man of Steel in ' Batman v. Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laurence Fishburne - Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Interview ( 2016 ) - Movie Trailers and Videos '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laurence Fishburne Interview - Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , George Pennacchio , bio , ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' success thrilling to Laurence Fishburne '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 4 , 2016 : Interview -- Laurence Fishburne Talks `` Batman v Superman '' -- Superman Homepage `` . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Josh ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman : 8 Major Reveals About The Dark Knight From The New Images '' . What Culture . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marrakech Fest : Jeremy Irons Receives Career Tribute , Talks ' Batman v. Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Jeremy Irons ' Alfred Will Be Different From Michael Caine 's - CINEMABLEND '' . September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See the new Batcave from ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman V Superman 's Alfred Can ' Blow Up Bridges ' if Needed '' . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Superman / Batman : Holly Hunter , Callan Mulvey , Tao Okamoto join cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' and ' Suicide Squad ' : Ben Affleck , Will Smith , Cara Delevingne Pose for THR 's Epic Group Photo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Stefanie ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Truth Behind Holly Hunter 's Role Swings '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Holly Hunter Talks ' Batman V Superman ' ; Confirms Scenes With Henry Cavill '' . November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holly Hunter on Batman v Superman , The Incredibles 2 '' . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holly Hunter on Acting With ' Superman ' Henry Cavill '' . ABC News . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Superman and Batman Film Casts Its Wonder Woman '' . DC Comics . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs Superman Images , Wonder Woman Age Revealed '' . Collider . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro.co.uk . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot on why she loves Wonder Woman : ' She 's not there because of a love story ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` Gal Gadot brings Wonder Woman to life in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John . `` Exclusive : Gal Gadot talks Wonder Woman 's role in Batman v Superman '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot Cast as Wonder Woman in Man of Steel Sequel '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Teddy ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot '' . Interview . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Gal Gadot Transformed Her Body to Play Wonder Woman '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bugley , Chris ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman because she turned down a major ' Man of Steel ' role '' . Batman News . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Scoot McNairy Taking Sides In ' Batman V. Superman ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Scoot McNairy Drops More Clues About Who He 's Playing - CINEMABLEND '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Scoot McNairy Almost Certainly Wo n't Be In The DC Universe For Long - CINEMABLEND '' . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scoot McNairy could n't be more cryptic about ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Superman / Batman : Holly Hunter , Callan Mulvey , Tao Okamoto join cast '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Callan Mulvey cast in big budget follow - up to Man of Steel , Batman V Spiderman '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailer Breakdown -- Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . DC Entertainment . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` OnlyOnAOL : Tao Okamoto has no Mercy for Lex Luthor in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Vs. Superman Casts Holly Hunter , Tao Okamoto In Key Supporting Roles - CINEMABLEND '' . April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bustle.com/articles/149992-the-actor-who-plays-doomsday-in-batman-v-superman-has-quite-a-resume ^ Jump up to : `` Batman V Superman : Robin Atkin Downes Confirms Doomsday Performance '' . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : 8 Major Reveals From The New Images '' . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Zack Snyder : ' Justice League ' Film Will Explore the ' Mythology ' of Doomsday '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Casts Major Comics Villain Negan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead star set for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman : Jimmy Olsen makes a secret appearance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Comicbook , Joe ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Harry Lennix Confirms Some Of The Batman V. Superman Rumors Are True '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Collier , Sean ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Pittsburgh Native Christina Wren to Appear in `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' `` . Pittsburgh Magazine . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` What to Know Before You See Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Time . Jump up ^ Gugino , Carla ( @ carlagugino ) ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` You might hear me in it if you listen carefully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ studioADI ( April 2 , 2016 ) . BATMAN VS SUPERMAN Zod Body BTS ADI . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman Review - ComingSoon.net '' . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` FAQ : Batman v Superman '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Carissimo , Justin ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice : The Flash confirmed '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Costume Designer Confirms Flash Appearance , Nightmare Scene '' . IGN . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Batman V. Superman : Bruce Wayne Nightmare , Flash Cameo Reportedly Confirmed '' . Cosmic Book News . ^ Jump up to : McWeeney , Drew ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Jason Momoa will play Aquaman in ' Dawn Of Justice , ' and we know how it will happen '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kirsten ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Will Play Aquaman In New Movie '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` DC 's ' Cyborg , ' Ray Fisher , did n't know he was getting his own movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 brings Batman , Superman and the ' Dawn ' of a new superhero universe '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Behind the brawl of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman Reveals Who Plays Cyborg 's Dad '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emily Heil ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` How two senators scored cameos in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra . `` Leahy returns to ' Batman , ' Ben Affleck says '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jena Malone 's Cut Character From ' Batman v Superman ' Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Jena Malone to Appear in ' Batman v. Superman ' in Mystery Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice maps out DC 's movie universe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman : Jena Malone 's Role Accidentally Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Snyder Explains How Batman Ended Up in the ' Man of Steel ' Sequel '' . The Moviefone Blog . 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Jump up ^ FOX . `` Batman made in Ferndale gym owner 's image - Story - WJBK '' . WJBK . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't Get Too Excited About Wonder Woman 's New Costume , It 'll Probably Change '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : We Just Saw Ben Affleck As Batman '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Monica ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman Vs. Superman ' Director Zack Snyder Releases First Look At Jason Momoa 's Aquaman Suit '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Up - Close Look @ NEW Batmobile ! + Catwoman DLC '' . DC Entertainment . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batman VS Superman Clark Kent Glasses - MyGlassesAndMe - Eyewear Blog '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben . `` Batman V Superman Ending Explained '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent . `` BATMAN V SUPERMAN -- DAWN OF JUSTICE : BRYAN HIROTA -- VFX SUPERVISOR -- SCANLINE VFX '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Greatest Superheroes Returning to Chicago '' . My Fox Chicago.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luis ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Batman - Superman movie expected to film in Illinois in mid May '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Allen , Jake ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` MSU 's scenes in ' Batman v Superman ' revealed '' . The State News . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs. Superman film gets a title , new logo '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of Steel 2 Production Departs Vancouver For Toronto '' . Vancitybuzz.com . July 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Filming With IMAX Cameras '' . / Film . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Because of Ebola Batman vs. Superman to Relocate from Morocco to New Mexico Desert '' . Morocco World News . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Michael ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Batman Vs Superman ' ( ' Man Of Steel 2 ' ) Wraps Filming , Cinematographer Hints At ' Dark Knight Returns ' Clash ? '' . Design & Trend . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Hans Zimmer poised to return for Batman vs Superman score '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Hans Zimmer Has n't Been Asked to Score the Man of Steel Sequel Yet '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Hans Zimmer on His ' Interstellar ' Leap of Faith and Scoring a New Batman '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve . `` ' Batman v Superman ' : Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL on the Batman Theme , Collaboration and More '' . Collider . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea . `` Hans Zimmer retiring from scoring superhero films after Batman v Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Water Tower Music . Jump up ^ Pride , Rayy . `` Review : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Andrea . `` BATMAN V SUPERMAN : DAWN OF JUSTICE '' . Killer Movie Reviews . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Michael . `` Scottish expat plays bagpipes in Batman v Superman movie , but extra is used on screen '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Song Credits '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ; Cunningham , Todd ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Blinks in Marvel Showdown : ' Batman v Superman ' Avoids ' Captain America 3 ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hateful Eight ' : Meeting the Challenge of a 70mm Roadshow Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zack Snyder Announces Batman V. Superman Red Carpet Premiere In Mexico City '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Premiere : Watch the Live Stream '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice London Premiere Still On Despite Brussels Attacks , Red Carpet Canceled '' . E ! Online . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman V Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Film Dates.co.uk . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Scores Coveted Day - And - Date China Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Eyes Massive $140 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V. Superman ' Targets Second - Best Pre-Summer Global Opening With $350 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' ... Dawn of a New March Opening Weekend Record ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Teaser Trailer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' trailer in theaters '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' trailer leaks online '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' official teaser trailer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman v Superman ' trailer Comic - Con '' . Business Insider . July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark . `` See The New ' Batman V Superman ' Footage From ' Gotham ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Toys & Merchandise Details Teased for Licensing Expo 2015 '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Batman Vs. Superman Merchandise Launch Announcement & Images '' . Cosmic Book News . Jump up ^ Hard , Andrew ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jeep Renegade Dawn Of Justice Special Edition '' . Digital Trends . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Gets 2 New Companion Books '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` 7 Major Reveals From The Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice Prequel Comics '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Nicole ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Gets a Prequel Comic '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Batman Arkham Knight November DLC adds Batman v Superman Batmobile , Batsuit '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua . `` If You Wanted to Know the Whole Plot of ' Batman v Superman , ' Well , Guess What '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Child , Ben . `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -- five things we learned from the new trailer '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Audience 's Reaction to the Batman v Superman Trailer Attached to Star Wars '' . DC Comics Movie . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` ' Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice ' Trailer Goes ' Full Cartoon ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman v Superman ' trailer : How the movie will differ from previous adaptations about the superheroes ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel vs. DC : Why ' Batman v. Superman ' Might Be the Anti - ' Civil War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : what is the ' big plan ' after Batman v Superman ? '' . The Week UK . Jump up ^ Tornoe , Rob ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman vs. Superman ' has much to learn from ' Star Wars ' '' . Newsworks.org . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' to Invade the Big Game ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Libbey , Dirk ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch The Batman V Superman Ads That Did n't Run During Last Night 's Super Bowl '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' : Gotham and Metropolis Detailed in New Promo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The final Batman v. Superman trailer is here and it 's intense '' . The Verge . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice ' Trailer Finally Brings The Butt - Kicking Fun '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Knight takes the spotlight in final Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doritosbatmanvssuperman.com '' . Doritosbatmanvssuperman.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ . `` Batman V Superman Fans Can Win a Trip to the Premiere , Game Consoles and More '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` Watch These Kids Tell Henry Cavill Who Is Better : Superman Or Batman ? '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ `` Superman , Batman schemes arrive this weekend at Fontana '' . Hendrick Motorsports . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Debuts Lower Than Projected With $166.1 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Dominates the Box Office , Opening With $420 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , ben ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman ' Fails to Ride Debut Momentum '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Lassoes $254 M Offshore For Biggest Superhero & March International Opening Ever -- Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Sets Record With Worst Friday - Sunday Drop For A Superhero Pic '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Inside ' Batman v Superman 's ' Historic Drop - off '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Alex Osborn ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman Breaks New Record , and It 's Not a Good One '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` What Should We Expect from ' Batman v Superman 's Second Weekend ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman Box Office Drop Is a Record 81 % in 2nd Weekend '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Batman v Superman ' Drops Big While Crossing $680 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Friday Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plunges Record 81 % '' . Forbes . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melissa McCarthy 's ' The Boss ' Narrowly Tops ' Batman v Superman ' for Weekend # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Advance Ticket Sales Suggest Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice will Hit $1 bn '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V. Superman ' Hits Tracking Boards : Looks To Rule World With $300 M - $340 M Opening -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $422.5 M Offshore ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $500 M ; ' Deadpool ' Tops $750 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Drops Big While Crossing $680 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : The Verdict for ' Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doty , Meriah ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Wo n't Be Joining $1 Billion Box Office Club '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Batman v Superman ' Is Still a High - Stakes Bet '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : As ' Batman V Superman ' Tops $800 M , Here 's One Big Advantage Marvel Had Over DC '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Warner Brothers Has Taken Exactly the Wrong Message From the Box Office Disappointment of ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Flavorwire . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' Fallout : Warner Bros. Shakes Up Executive Roles ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` No. 13 ' Batman V. Superman ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Advance Ticket Sales Pacing Ahead Of ' Deadpool ' , ' Avengers ' & ' Furious 7 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Main Reason Why Audiences Want To See ' Batman V Superman ' ? It 's Wonder Woman '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' : Estimated $160 M+ U.S. Opening Super-Powered By Social Media , Billion - Plus Viewed Ads & Gal Gadot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavasutto , Maria ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Early ' Batman v Superman ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' KOs ' Avengers ' & ' Ultron ' In Thursday Previews '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Soars to Huge $27.7 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Zooms To $82 M Friday For Possible $185 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH ( MARCH ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EASTER OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WARNER BROS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Kicks ' Avengers ' For Best Superhero Global Debut & Beats ' Hunger Games ' For Pre-Summer Opening U.S. Title -- Sunday B.O '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Opening Taking Pre-Summer , Easter & March & Warner Bros. Records -- Early Sunday B.O. Update '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Opens With Relatively Super $170.1 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Posts Best March Monday ; ' Deadpool ' Becomes 2nd Highest R - Rated Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : A Surprising Super $15 M Monday For $181 M Four - Day Total '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Super Tuesday : Superhero Smackdown Flies Past $500 M Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Counts $209.1 M In First Week At Box Office , Pacing Behind ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Tops ' Batman Begins , ' Ends First Week With $209 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plunges Record 81 % For $15.35 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Plummets 68 % For $52 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman 's Knock - Down , Drag - Out Fight With The Box Office : 2nd Weekend At $52 M+ , - 68 % : Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Melissa McCarthy 's ' The Boss , ' With $23.5 Million , Squeezes Ahead of ' Batman v Superman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Boss ' Fires Batman & Superman -- Monday Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` The DC Film Franchise May Not Have To Make Good Movies To Score Big Hits '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Scores Record - Crushing , But Front - Loaded , $135 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Set for August Opening Record Despite Negative Reviews '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Is A Bigger Disaster Than ' Batman V Superman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Is Now Leggier Than ' Batman V Superman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Superpowers To $115.3 M 3 - Day Overseas Cume -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' Flies to Early $7 M Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Plunging 70 Percent in Second Weekend to $50 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $363.4 M Offshore ; Faces China Fight As Local Pics Storm Ring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Overseas Box Office : $44 M In Two Days , Nearing $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guanzon , Michelle ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Is China Box Office Hit : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Nets $21 M On Friday '' . China Christian Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE DATA FOR FRIDAY , 25TH MARCH 2016 ( ESTIMATES AS OF 21 : 30 CST ) '' . Box Office China . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' China Box Office : ' Dawn Of Justice ' Nets Strong $20 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Dominates the Box Office , Opening With $420 Million Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Smashes Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman sets superpowered record at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Beaten by Two Local Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Has Biggest March Opening Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Has Okay $56 Million Opening Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Opens Well Behind Marvel 's ' Avengers ' Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Fails to Pack a Punch '' . China Box Office . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Plunges 69 Percent in Second Weekend to $51.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Sinks 78 Percent in Second Weekend , Lands in Third Place '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Packs $136.1 M Offshore As WW Cume Nears $300 M ; ' Batman V Superman ' At $516 M Overseas -- Intl B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Blasts Off With $200.2 M In First Overseas Frame ; ' Jungle Book ' Still A Beast -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wareing , Charlotte ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman review roundup as film gets lukewarm reception from critics '' . Mirror . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sharkov , Damien ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman Sets Box Office Record Despite Poor Reviews '' . Newsweek . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early ' Batman v Superman ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman disappoints with ' lukewarm ' response after European premiere '' . Independent.ie . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman V Superman ' Looks To Punch Out ' Hunger Games ' For Best Pre-Summer Debut With $157 M - $170 M '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ West , Lindy ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman is 153 minutes of a grown man whacking two dolls together '' . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman v Superman ' ... v Fun ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman : Dawn of Justice is the most incoherent blockbuster in years '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Boys Are Oversharing in ' Batman v Superman Dawn of Justice ' '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` I Saw ' Batman v Superman ' and Only Want to Talk About Wonder Woman '' . Thrillist . Jump up ^ Philips , Michael ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' review : Yawn of justice '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Smith : Batman v Superman shows ' fundamental misunderstanding ' of both superheroes '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Michael Briers . `` Kevin Smith Offers Second Take On Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice '' . We Got This Covered . Jump up ^ Moreton , Cole ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Irons says he 'd never accept a knighthood because he already has more money and fame than he deserves '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Betancourt , David ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The fanboy review : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' is flawed yet fearless '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman : Dawn Of Justice ' Is A Beautiful Disaster '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Worlds collide in ' Batman v Superman ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman ' Triumphant '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Koplinski , Chuck ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Intelligent script grounds Justice '' . Illinois Times . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ignore the backlash -- Batman v Superman is a four - star epic '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' There 's a lot to be worried about ' : a comics geek 's verdict on Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why fans are slamming Jesse Eisenberg 's Lex Luthor '' . Looper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 28 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Movie News : Ben Affleck Compares Jesse Eisenberg 's Lex Luthor To Heath Ledger In ' The Dark Knight ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Sonny ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' copied the worst thing about Marvel movies : Their villains '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scott , Andy . `` How Jesse Eisenberg ruined Batman v Superman '' . Grunge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Razzies staff ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` 37th Razzie Nominations Press Release '' . Razzies . The Golden Raspberry Awards LLC . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations led by ' Zoolander 2 ' Goldderby '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Captain America : Civil War , '' `` Batman v Superman '' Top Noms for Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Awards `` . abcnewsradioonline . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman will be R - rated in extended cut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v. Superman ' : Married Creative Duo on That R - Rated DVD , Plans for DC Superhero Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Ultimate Edition Early Buzz , Plus Watch the First 10 Minutes Right Now '' . Slash Film . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Batman V Superman : Ultimate Edition ' Expands Story And Wins Praise '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Is Batman V Superman Ultimate Edition Better Than the Theatrical Cut ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Ultimate Edition Review Roundup : R - Rated Extended Cut an Improvement Over the Theatrical Cut '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman v Superman ' Shoots to Top of Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-v-Superman-Dawn-of-Justice#tab=summary External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . 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8652785995649898539	Brockton High School	Brockton High school - wikipedia Brockton High school Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brockton High School Location 470 Forest Ave . Brockton , MA 02301 Coordinates 42 ° 4 ′ 5 '' N 71 ° 2 ′ 39 '' W / 42.06806 ° N 71.04417 ° W / 42.06806 ; - 71.04417 Coordinates : 42 ° 4 ′ 5 '' N 71 ° 2 ′ 39 '' W / 42.06806 ° N 71.04417 ° W / 42.06806 ; - 71.04417 Information School type Public High School Open enrollment Established 1870 School district Brockton Public Schools Principal Dr. Clifford Murray Faculty 998 Grades 9 - 12 Enrollment 4,250 Campus Urban Color ( s ) Black & Red Athletics MIAA - Division 1 Athletics conference Big Three Conference Mascot Boxers Rivals Durfee , New Bedford , Bridgewater - Raynham , Taunton , Waltham Average SAT scores 440 verbal 453 math 428 writing 1321 total ( 2015 - 2016 ) Website BHS Website Brockton High School , established in 1870 , is a high school located in Brockton , Massachusetts . It is a part of Brockton Public Schools . As of 2016 Brockton High School , with 4,250 students , is one of the largest high schools in the United States and the largest high school in Massachusetts . Although widely stated by locals to be the largest high school East of the Mississippi River , it is in fact false , as this title is currently held by Brooklyn Technical High School in New York City . Brockton High School 's colors are Black & Red and their mascot is the Boxers , which is a reference to the storied boxing history of the city , and also a tribute to hall - of - fame boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler , who are both from Brockton and alumni of Brockton High School . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus 3 Academics 4 Demographics 5 Athletics 5.1 Football 5.2 Other sports 6 Clubs and activities 6.1 Music Department 6.2 JROTC - Boxer Battalion 7 Notable alumni 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) When Brockton High was established , it could house only 125 students . As the population of Brockton grew , there was increasing demand for a larger building . In 1906 , a new high school was constructed , consisting of an `` A '' building and a `` B '' building . By the 1960s , student numbers exceeded capacity , causing split sessions ; upper classmen and sophomores attended school at different times of the day . The sophomores attended in the afternoon while the upperclassman took their classes in the morning . In 1965 , the City Council Finance Committee approved an $8 million proposal to construct a new high school to accommodate the swelling student body . In 1965 , the ground for the new building was broken and in 1970 , the school was complete . The `` A '' building has since been torn down , and the `` B '' building currently houses charter and alternative high school programs . Currently there are about 4,250 students housed in the nine buildings which comprise the current high school ; the campus is approximately the size of an aircraft carrier ( 1 / 3 mile long ) and has 13.5 acres ( 55,000 m ) of floor space , about half the size of the Prudential Center in Boston. ( 1 ) Nahyo M. Kim of The New York Times wrote that in a period around 10 years before 2010 , Brockton High `` was a case study in failure '' everyone just kept failing for no apparent reason . At that time the school 's unofficial motto was `` students have a right to fail if they want '' . Around 1999 the school set up a reform plan , using the skill areas of reading , reasoning , speaking , and writing and using them in the school 's curriculum . By 2001 student performance improved . Susan Szachowicz , the former principal , said that the school culture and large size was crucial to the school 's turnaround . This occurred in a period when education advocates promoted small schools . Campus ( edit ) Brockton High School is set on a small urban campus comprising nine buildings including four student academic buildings divided by colors ( Green , Red , Azure , Yellow ) . The campus also does feature a gym , football stadium , ice skating rink , 25 - yard swimming pool , 1608 - seat capacity auditorium , TV and Radio stations , four cafeterias , and a planetarium . The current Brockton High School campus was state of the art for its time when it first opened in 1970 , for it featured a modern greenhouse , planetarium , a modern public address system , and a high - tech TV studio ( redone in 2003 . ) It also has the original fire alarm system from 1970 , which is still in use as of 2016 . Academics ( edit ) In 1999 , 75 % of its students failed Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System ( MCAS ) mathematics examinations and 44 % failed MCAS English examinations . Around that period , about 1 / 3 of students of each Brockton class dropped out . By 2001 , student performance improved . Between 2000 and 2001 , more students went from failing to passing at Brockton High than at any other school in Massachusetts . In 2005 , 98 % of the senior class ( 850 students ) graduated . In 2008 78 % of the graduating senior class planned to pursue a college degree . In 2006 , Brockton High School was a recipient of the National School Change Award . Brockton High School was one of 7 schools in the United States to receive this award . Out of the seven schools , there were only two high schools . In 2008 , Brockton students had a higher level of improvement on the English MCAS than 90 % of the Massachusetts high schools . By 2010 it was one of the highest performing schools on the MCAS . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2016 , the school had approximately 4,250 students . The high school is 60.9 % African American , 20.8 % White , 2.5 % Asian , 12.3 % Hispanic , and 3.5 % other . In 2016 it was made so everyone could get free lunch . Out of its 4,250 students , 2,161 are male and 2,089 are female . Athletics ( edit ) Brockton High is quite well known for its athletics , especially football . The football program is regarded as one of the most storied , successful , and dominant high school football programs of all - time . Football ( edit ) The Boxers have had exponential success since they first fielded a team in 1897 . Listed below is a compilation of the Boxers ' football accomplishments . Since the football teams ' inaugural season in 1897 , they have achieved 17 undefeated seasons , as well as achieving 15 one - loss seasons . Since 1972 , the football team has made 17 appearances in the MIAA Division 1 State Championship game , winning it 11 times . ( 1972 , 1973 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2005 ) . The Boxers have also won 1 MSSPA State Championship ( 1948 ) , and 2 MIAC State Championships ( 1960 , 1970 ) ; bringing their total number of state championships to 14 . In 1948 , the Boxers played in a post-season game against Miami Edison High School , which would determine the mythical high school national championship . The Boxers won with ease , defeating the Florida powerhouse school by a score of 34 - 0 . From 1979 - 1992 , Brockton was one of the most dominant high school football teams in the country . During this 14 - year period , the Boxers ' won 6 state championships , won 11 league championships , had 3 undefeated seasons , and had 8 one - loss seasons . The Boxers ' record during this period was 118 - 14 - 0 . They are regarded as one of the greatest high school football programs of the 1980s . Football Accomplishments National Championships ( 1 ) - 1948 State Championships ( 14 ) - 1948 , 1960 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2005 State Finalists ( 11 ) - 1950 , 1958 , 1959 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1989 , 1998 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 Undefeated seasons ( 17 ) - 1899 , 1900 , 1924 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1939 , 1945 , 1958 , 1959 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 2005 One - loss seasons ( 15 ) - 1897 , 1918 , 1921 , 1930 , 1938 , 1948 , 1960 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 Notable Accomplishments The football team has made USA Today 's Top 25 list a total of 4 times . In 1984 ( # 7 ) , 1985 ( # 9 ) , 1987 ( # 5 ) , and 1988 ( # 17 ) . Over 20 players from Brockton have played in the NFL , including Ken MacAfee , Greg McMurtry , Rudy Harris and Al Louis - Jean . Brockton is the 14th winningest high school football program in the country . Armond Colombo , who coached at Brockton for 34 years ( 1969 -- 2002 ) , is the 2nd winningest head coach in Massachusetts history , behind only Ken LaChapelle of Northbridge High School . Colombo retired as head coach in 2002 with an overall record of 316 - 100 - 5 . Before Colombo arrived in Brockton in 1969 , he was the head coach at nearby Archbishop Williams from 1955 - 1968 . At the school , he led the Bishops to five catholic Conference titles and three Massachusetts Class D State Championship . Colombo amassed 96 wins as the head coach of Archbiship Williams , and 220 wins as the head coach of Brockton . Other sports ( edit ) The school 's mascot is the Boxer . The actual mascot is a dog , but the name is a pun in reference to Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler , two famous boxers from Brockton . The stadium in which the Boxers ' football , soccer and outdoor track teams compete is named Rocky Marciano Stadium in honor of the legendary boxer . With a capacity of approximately 10,000 people , Marciano Stadium is one of the largest high school stadiums in Massachusetts and is one of the premier facilities in the state as well . The stadium also plays host to numerous Massachusetts high school football state playoff games , including the sectional and regional finals . The BHS baseball team plays at Campanelli Stadium , constructed in 2002 , which also plays host to the amateur baseball team , the Brockton Rox , of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League . In 2012 , a nearly 30 - foot tall bronze statue of Rocky Marciano was erected outside the north end of the stadium as a tribute to the legendary boxer . Clubs and activities ( edit ) There is a club for most of the cultures that are within the student body ( cape - verdian club , Haitian club ... ) There are also a number of programs students can join , ( Key Club , Nerd Club , peer mediation , student council , yearbook committee ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Music department ( edit ) The music department consists of a concert band and advanced concert band , two jazz ensembles , a wind ensemble , marching band , a repertory choir and concert choir , an accapella jazz / pop group called Brockappella , and show choir called Harmonics . In 2006 , the BHS Wind Ensemble competed in the Music Festival 's competition in Virginia . They were awarded first place . In 2010 , both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Advanced Jazz Band competed in the Music Festival 's competition in Virginia . Both were awarded first place . In 2012 , both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Jazz Band competed in Festival of Music 's competition in New York City . Both were awarded first place with a superior rating . Brockton High School also won the Best Overall Concert Band Award and the Best Overall Jazz Band Award . In June 2014 , the concert choir teamed up with the famed rock band Foreigner at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion in Boston , MA . They performed one of their most well known hits : I Want To Know What Love Is . In 2016 , both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Jazz Band competed in Festival of Music 's competition in New York City . Both were awarded first place with a superior rating . Brockton High School also won the Best Overall Concert Band Award and the Best Overall Jazz Band Award . JROTC - boxer battalion ( edit ) The Army JROTC battalion held 2 state champion drill teams . They are the current holder of the Governors Cup and regional champions . On October 14 , 2010 the JROTC Boxer Battalion won the ' Honor Unit with Distinction ' award for the Second Time . Notable alumni ( edit ) Kristian Alfonso - Actress Kenneth Feinberg - Special Master of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Mike Gordon - Former MLB player ( Chicago Cubs ) Marvin Hagler - Middleweight boxing champion Pooch Hall - Actor Rudy Harris - NFL football player , attended Clemson , played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers James Kelleher - Musician , Jimmy Luxury and the Tommy Rome Orchestra . Songs appeared in the movies `` Go '' and `` Oceans Eleven '' John Kiely - Former MLB player ( Detroit Tigers ) Christopher `` Ceejota '' Lopes - Actor , Model , and Former College football player for the University of Connecticut Al Louis - Jean - NFL player Ken MacAfee - NFL football player , attended Notre Dame , played for the San Francisco 49ers Rocky Marciano - Heavyweight boxing champion Brian McFadden - Cartoonist for The New York Times , Big Fat Whale Greg McMurtry - NFL football player , attended Michigan , played for the Chicago Bears & New England Patriots Freddie Moncewicz - Former MLB player ( Boston Red Sox ) Aaron Monteiro - College football player for Boston College Paul Mroz - College football player for the University of Rhode Island Lynda Newton - professional wrestler Wally Snell - Former MLB player ( Boston Red Sox ) Walt Uzdavinis - American football player Herbert Warren Wind - Author References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.doe.mass.edu/finance/schoolchoice/choice-status.pdf Jump up ^ http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/profiles/student.aspx?orgcode=00440505&orgtypecode=6& Jump up ^ http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_report/sat_perf.aspx ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Sam . `` 4,100 Students Prove ' Small Is Better ' Rule Wrong . '' ( also `` 4,100 Massachusetts Students Prove Small Is n't Always Better '' ) The New York Times . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Center for Educational Statistics - School Directory Information 2011 - 2012 '' . Jump up ^ Winokoor , Charles . `` Brockton bad rap not fair ? '' . The Taunton Gazette . The Taunton Gazette . Retrieved January 5 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Core Skills , Not MCAS , Turned Brockton High Around . '' ( also `` Inside Brockton High School 's Turnaround '' ) WGBH . October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.brocktonpublicschools.com/page.cfm?p=1369 Jump up ^ `` Boxer Football History '' . Jump up ^ http://www.stonehillskyhawks.com/information/Hall_of_Fame/All_Time_Bios/Armond_Colombo Jump up ^ http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/marciano-statue-unveiled-in-brockton-138629 Jump up ^ Jim Varsallone ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Dark Journey leads to bright times '' . Miami Herald . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Oliver ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Dark Journey 's big comeback '' . Canoe.com . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bloom , Alex . `` New principal looks to build on success of Brockton High . '' Enterprise News . July 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Massachusetts portal Schools portal Brockton High School History of Brockton Public School Massachusetts public high schools Barnstable County Barnstable ( Barnstable Sturgis Charter ) Bourne ( Bourne Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical ) Chatham Dennis - Yarmouth Regional Falmouth Harwich ( Cape Cod Regional Technical Harwich Monomoy Regional ) Mashpee Nauset Regional Provincetown Sandwich Berkshire County Berkshire Arts & Technology Charter Hoosac Valley Lee Lenox Memorial Monument Mountain Regional Mount Everett Regional Mount Greylock Regional North Adams ( Drury Charles H. 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Kennedy Academy for Health Careers The English High School Excel Fenway Greater Egleston Jeremiah E. Burke School John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science Madison Park Technical Vocational Match Charter Monument New Mission Odyssey Roxbury Charter Roxbury Memorial Snowden International School South Boston TechBoston Academy West Roxbury ) Chelsea ( Chelsea Phoenix Charter ) Revere ( Revere SeaCoast ) Winthrop Worcester County Algonquin Regional Athol Auburn Bartlett Junior Senior Blackstone - Millville Regional Bay Path Regional Vocational Technical The Bromfield School Clinton David Prouty Douglas Fitchburg ( Fitchburg North Central Essential Charter ) Gardner Grafton Hopedale Junior Senior Leicester Leominster Lunenburg Milford Millbury Murdock Montachusett Regional Vocational Technical Narragansett Regional Nashoba Regional North Brookfield Northbridge Oakmont Regional Oxford Quabbin Regional Quaboag Regional Southbridge Sutton Upton ( Blackstone Valley Regional Vocational Technical Nipmuc Regional ) Worcester ( Abby Kelley Foster Charter Burncoat Doherty Memorial Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI North South High Community School University Park Campus School Worcester Technical ) Shepherd Hill Regional Shrewsbury Tahanto Regional Tantasqua Regional Uxbridge Wachusett Regional West Boylston Westborough Italics indicates closed schools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brockton_High_School&oldid=823709903 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Brockton , Massachusetts Educational institutions established in 1871 Schools in Plymouth County , Massachusetts Public high schools in Massachusetts 1871 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox school with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the biggest high school in massachusetts	[ "Brockton High School, established in 1870, is a high school located in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is a part of Brockton Public Schools. As of 2016 Brockton High School, with 4,250 students, is one of the largest high schools in the United States and the largest high school in Massachusetts.[4] Although widely stated by locals to be the largest high school East of the Mississippi River, it is in fact false, as this title is currently held by Brooklyn Technical High School in New York City.[5] Brockton High School's colors are Black & Red and their mascot is the Boxers, which is a reference to the storied boxing history of the city, and also a tribute to hall-of-fame boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler, who are both from Brockton and alumni of Brockton High School.[6]" ]	[ "Brockton High School" ]
427017973347895416	Haters Back Off	Haters Back Off - wikipedia Haters Back Off Jump to : navigation , search Haters Back Off Official series artwork Genre Comedy Created by Colleen Ballinger Chris Ballinger Based on Miranda Sings by Colleen Ballinger Developed by Colleen Ballinger Gigi McCreery Perry Rein Starring Colleen Ballinger Angela Kinsey Francesca Reale Erik Stocklin Steve Little Music by Amotz Plessner Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Colleen Ballinger Chris Ballinger Kristen Zolner Ted Biaselli Brian Wright Josh Barry Jeff Kwatinetz Gigi McCreery Perry Rein Producer ( s ) Arielle Bosivert Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 30 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) McCreery - Rein Brightlight Pictures The Firm Release Original network Netflix Original release October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) -- October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) External links Website Haters Back Off is a Netflix original television comedy series based on the YouTube character Miranda Sings created by Colleen Ballinger . Its two seasons were released in October 2016 and 2017 , respectively . The `` surreal and absurd '' series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings , a sheltered , self - absorbed , overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube . The half - hour episodes depicted Miranda 's road to fame , and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others . The show stars Colleen Ballinger as Miranda , Angela Kinsey as her mother Bethany , Steve Little as her uncle Jim , Francesca Reale as her sister Emily , and Erik Stocklin as her best friend and love interest , Patrick . Season 2 added Matt Besser as Miranda 's estranged father . Netflix described the show as `` a bizarre family comedy , and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame . '' The series was developed by Colleen Ballinger and her brother , Christopher Ballinger , together with showrunners Gigi McCreery and Perry Rein . It was produced by Brightlight Pictures . The show was named for Miranda Sings ' signature catchphrase that she uses when responding to negative comments on her YouTube videos . Haters Back Off was one of the first scripted series created by a YouTube personality . The first season was released on October 14 , 2016 . It follows Miranda from the time she uploads her first video until one of her videos goes viral . The second season was released on October 20 , 2017 . It concerns Miranda 's schemes to raise money from fans , leading to her family 's financial ruin and her 15 minutes of fame on a New York stage . Ballinger told Entertainment Weekly that the writers of Season 2 continued to craft the scenarios and plot points `` from things that actually happened to me in my career '' . Netflix canceled the series after two seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Miranda Sings 1.2 Genesis of , and anticipation for , the series 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production and promotion 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Miranda Sings ( edit ) Main article : Miranda Sings Since 2008 , Colleen Ballinger has posted videos as her comically talentless , narcissistic and quirky character , Miranda Sings , primarily on the YouTube channel Miranda Sings . The character is a satire of bad , but egotistical , performers who film themselves singing as a form of self - promotion . Miranda is portrayed as a home - schooled young woman who is eccentric and infantilized , narcissistically believes that she was born famous , and is obsessed with show business fame . Miranda uses Spoonerisms and malapropisms , is irritable , ludicrously self - absorbed and self - righteous , socially awkward , and has a defiant , arrogant attitude . She responds to people who offer criticism with the catchphrase , `` Haters back off ! '' In March 2009 , Ballinger uploaded a Miranda video called `` Free Voice Lesson '' , full of awful singing advice , that quickly became her first viral sensation . This led to requests for Ballinger to perform live as Miranda , and she later began to tour worldwide . The Miranda Sings YouTube channel has received more than 1 billion views and has more than 8 million subscribers , while Ballinger 's personal YouTube channel has more than 900 million views and 5 million subscribers . Miranda has appeared in character on television shows and Ballinger released a 2015 book , Selp - Helf , written in Miranda 's voice , that ranked No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous . Genesis of , and anticipation for , the series ( edit ) Ballinger told interviewers that she and her brother Chris began to develop the idea for the show about five or six years before it premiered . At first they considered a film treatment but later decided on a television series format . Ballinger chose Netflix over HBO to produce Haters Back Off because she felt that Netflix understood and was enthusiastic about the character and its online origin and fanbase . Comparing the show to Christopher Guest 's Waiting for Guffman , showrunner Perry Rein said : `` This is the first time we 've done a show about a really bad dancer and singer . ( It has ) characters that take themselves very seriously in their very small worlds . '' The show was one of the first scripted series created by a YouTube personality . On YouTube , Miranda always had an offstage relationship with her mother and uncle , and Ballinger long had the idea for Miranda 's best friend , Patrick , but both characters were first seen in Season 1 of the series . Emily , Miranda 's sister , was also introduced as a new character in Series 1 . Ballinger said that she wanted to use the longer format of the series to expose Miranda 's vulnerability and make her believable ; to explain the source of the insecurities that make Miranda so rude and eccentric . Emily is the only normal person in Miranda 's family , but they treat her as the odd one , like Marilyn in The Munsters . The series expanded Miranda 's world seen in YouTube . Miranda represents an `` extreme version of what the average gawky teenage girl may be feeling . '' Season 2 introduced Miranda 's estranged father , played by Matt Besser . / Film mused : `` Haters Back Off seems like a smart move for Netflix . ( A ) streaming content provider seems like a natural fit . Her built - in audience is already used to watching original content online '' . TechCrunch commented : `` ( T ) he rise of YouTube - fueled online influencers has been breathtaking ... building big audiences beyond the reach , knowledge and control of traditional entertainment gatekeepers , including the networks ... Netflix can ... leverage the audiences of these online stars , and their marketing reach , to drive the fans to new properties ... online , where their fans already routinely seek entertainment '' . In September 2016 , the series was included in The Wall Street Journal 's list of `` The 6 Best New Things to Stream in October '' . Bustle.com listed `` 11 Reasons You Should Watch ... Haters Back Off '' , writing that `` Miranda has become emblematic of a new kind ( of ) star - seeker in the digital age : a youngster who decides that waiting for a fame - making opportunity simply wo n't do and that in order to become visible ( and ostensibly beloved ) , you have to create the opportunities for visibility yourself . '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Colleen Ballinger as Miranda Sings , a talentless , egotistical , quirky , home - schooled young `` want - to - be star '' . Angela Kinsey as Bethany , Miranda 's hypochondriac mother Steve Little as Jim , Miranda 's enabling uncle and manager . Erik Stocklin as Patrick Mooney , Miranda 's best friend and neighbor Francesca Reale as Emily , Miranda 's exasperated , voice - of - reason - and - normality sister Matt Besser as Kelly , Miranda and Emily 's estranged father and Jim 's brother ( Season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Keith , a local pastor ( Season 1 ) Dylan Playfair as Owen Trent , the church choir 's dreamy but narcissistic guitarist ( Season 1 ) Harvey Guillen as Harvey , the manager and son of the owner of the fish shop ( Season 1 ) Lindsay Navarro as Kleigh , Emily 's friend ( Season 1 ) Rachelle Gillis as April , Owen 's girlfriend ( Season 1 ) Mel Tuck as Old Man ( Seasons 1 and 2 ) Simon Longmore as Dr. Schofele , Bethany 's doctor ( Seasons 1 and 2 ) Kara Hayward as Amanda ( Season 2 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Ben Stiller as himself ( Season 1 ) John Early as Maureen , the Mattress Queen ( Season 1 ) C. Ernst Harth as Taco Ta - Go Manager ( Season 2 ) Joey Graceffa as himself ( Season 2 ) Michael Bean as Gallery owner ( Season 2 ) Frankie Grande as himself ( Season 2 ) Lochlyn Munro as Brian Maxwell , a talent agent ( Season 2 ) Colleen Ballinger as herself ( Season 2 ) Production and promotion ( edit ) Season 1 of Haters Back Off began filming in April 2016 in and around Port Coquitlam , British Columbia , near Vancouver , which substitutes , in the series , for Miranda 's hometown , Tacoma , Washington . Filming on Season 1 wrapped on June 3 , 2016 . Ballinger began promotions for season 1 in January 2016 with a comic YouTube video announcement . Miranda was featured on the cover of Variety , and in a feature article about the show , in June 2016 . Ballinger also promoted the show on her social media , including with an original song about it performed by Miranda . On September 1 , 2016 , Netflix released the first production stills from Season 1 . On September 21 , the show released its first of a series of teasers . Ballinger appeared on The Tonight Show on October 14 , 2016 , the release date , to promote the series . Season 2 filmed in and around Vancouver from April until June 5 , 2017 . Ballinger began promotions for Season 2 in August 2017 with an appearance on Live with Kelly and Ryan . Ballinger announced the release date of Season 2 in character as Miranda on the Miranda Sings YouTube channel on September 11 , 2017 . On the same date , she released a new original song on Miranda 's YouTube channel to promote the season . On October 10 , 2017 , Netflix released the official trailer for Season 2 . On October 16 , Angela Kinsey appeared on the Today show to promote the series , and three days later she was featured in a People video . The eight episodes of Season 2 were released by Netflix on October 20 , 2017 . On October 23 , 2017 , Ballinger returned to Live with Kelly and Ryan for a Halloween - themed show and appeared on The Tonight Show to discuss Haters Back Off . Two days later , Variety published a feature on Season 2 . On October 30 , she appeared as Miranda on Total Request Live , and the next day , she appeared again on Live with Kelly and Ryan . On January 2 , 2017 , Ballinger returned to Live with Kelly and Ryan to promote the show . On December 1 , 2017 , Netflix canceled the series after two seasons . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 8 October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Uploding my Fist Video '' Andrew Gaynord Story by : Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger Teleplay by : Colleen Ballinger , Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda and her adoring uncle Jim upload her first video , a tone - deaf cover of `` Defying Gravity '' . This launches Jim 's 5 - phase plan for fame . Miranda is home - schooled by her single mom , Bethany , a hypochondriac who works as a grocery store cashier . Bethany indulges Miranda . In their cluttered little Tacoma , Washington , house , Miranda is alarmed to receive her first YouTube death threat . Miranda 's best friend , Patrick , is smitten with her . He sells popsicles and gives her one every day from his bicycle cooler . Jim gets Miranda into a TV ad for his employer , a fish store , but the fish die under the hot lights set up for filming the ad . Patrick almost kills the store 's owner by mistake before Miranda 's exasperated sister Emily confesses to anonymously posting the death threat . Miranda is devastated by the betrayal but vows to keep seeking YouTube fame . Emily and Miranda agree to pretend in public that they are not sisters . Jim is fired from the fish store and decides to become Miranda 's full - time manager . Miranda 's video accumulates dozens of views , but more hateful comments arrive . `` Preeching 2 the Chior '' Andrew Gaynord Justin Varava October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads a tearful video titled `` I Quit ! '' . Jim begs her not to give up : after his high school ribbon dancing color guard performance went badly awry , he gave up his passion and lives a life of regret . At church , Bethany is attracted to the pastor , Keith ; Miranda likes the choir 's dreamy guitarist , Owen , and decides to join the choir . She is horrible to the choir , and they ask Keith to dismiss her . Patrick tries to console her , but she misunderstands his advice and vows to make Owen fall in love with her . Jim sells his car for $500 . At the church singles night , the choir performs . Miranda interrupts and climbs onstage to sing a racy love song to Owen . When challenged , Miranda calls everyone a `` hater '' . Pastor Keith asks Owen to remove Miranda , and Owen abandons her outside the church . Bethany advises Miranda not to let anyone stop her . Jim gives the $500 to the fish store manager to get his job back , but Miranda arrives and says that she is going back on the internet . Jim eagerly quits his job ! `` Netwerking at the Nursing Home '' Andrew Gaynord Russ Woody October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads her cover of `` Respect '' . Emily asks Miranda to sing for their aunt Moira , who is in a nursing home suffering from dementia . Miranda and Jim realize that , if Moira dies , Miranda might `` get her stuff '' . Patrick rings the bell on his bicycle to give Miranda her daily popsicle . Bethany flirts with smooth - talking pastor Keith at the grocery store . At the nursing home , Miranda abandons Moira to meet Bob Hamburg , an old movie director spotted by Jim , hoping for an audition . Meanwhile , Patrick confronts Owen to find that Owen has no interest in Miranda . Miranda 's singing kills Bob . Bob 's nephew Ben Stiller asks Miranda to speak at the funeral , as she was `` closest to '' Bob when he died . Stiller notes that he is `` in the industry '' , but Miranda does n't want an `` industrial job '' . At the funeral , instead of eulogizing Bob , Miranda begins to sing . Emily interrupts , and Miranda and Jim call Emily a jealous hater . Miranda uploads a new video , singing `` Danny Boy '' . `` Rod Trip With My Uncle '' Todd Rohal Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Pastor Keith is at Miranda 's house ; he has been dating Bethany since the funeral . He offers to get Miranda a singing gig at the prestigious Thea Foss Theatre . Jim is jealous and says he has a better gig at a venue in Seattle . Although Jim is unable to book a theatre , he sets off with Miranda in Bethany 's minivan , with Patrick as their roadie . Miranda chooses a stage name : `` Miranda Sings '' ! As the van gets impounded ( Patrick had painted a billboard of Miranda on it that covers the windows ) , Jim sees a Karaoke bar and says that the gig is there . On the elevated stage , Miranda is worried the audience will see up her skirt , so Jim lends her his red sweatpants . Meanwhile , Emily grows suspicious that Keith has a fetish for sick people . Patrick phones Emily to ask for a ride home . Miranda sings `` All That Jazz '' at the Karaoke competition , but Patrick 's bubble machine makes the stage slippery , and Miranda struggles to finish the number . Emily , Bethany and Keith arrive to see the debacle . Keith proposes to Bethany , but she says no : her family needs her more . Miranda , Jim and Patrick win the competition as a comedy trio , but Miranda is angry : she is a solo singing act ! Jim happily picks up the $100 prize . 5 5 `` Staring in a Musicall '' Todd Rohal Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Bethany edits Miranda 's dance video cover of `` Genie in a Bottle '' and suggests that they do a home production of Annie . Jim forcefully takes over as director , planning to tape the performance for Broadway producers . Finding that Daddy Warbucks is Annie 's love interest in this version of the musical , the actor cast in the part quits in disgust . Patrick takes the role , as he has memorized all of Warbucks ' lines ; he looks forward to his stage kiss with Miranda as Annie . Bethany calls a plumber , who determines that the toilet in Jim 's room has leaked raw sewage into the back yard , where the cast is rehearsing . The musical is shut down . Emily is embarrassed when her friend Kleigh discovers that Emily has been lying about not being Miranda 's sister . 6 6 `` Becuming a Magichin '' Andrew Gaynord Justin Varava & Russ Woody October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda makes a video tutorial : `` Free Voice Lesson '' . Jim thinks it will be a hit , but Miranda refuses to upload it , as it gives away her vocal secrets . Patrick is excited about his upcoming audition at a magic club . Miranda is impatient to get famous , so Patrick offers to teach her some magic and let her audition in his place with a spectacular trick , the magic sword cabinet ! He will be her assistant . Miranda notices Patrick 's romantic artwork made from her many popsicle sticks . Emily is still depressed ; she paints alone in the garage . Jim , unable to occupy his room until the plumbing is fixed , moves in with Bethany , to her disgust . Bethany wanders backstage at the magic auditions , but her presence there would disqualify Miranda . Before Bethany can flee , stagehands come , and she hides in the magic cabinet , which they wheel onstage . Patrick is surprised to meet Bethany inside the cabinet . Miranda sticks in the swords , and Patrick helps Bethany avoid getting stabbed , until Miranda goes off script , and both Bethany and Patrick are wounded . At the hospital , Bethany 's doctors find a kidney abnormality , as Miranda watches over Patrick . 7 7 `` Starr off the Parade '' Andrew Gaynord Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads a cover of `` Love Shack '' . Patrick finally asks Miranda on a date , but she says she would only marry a famous person , since she is famous . The doctors tell Bethany that her kidneys are failing . Emily wants to move away to an art school . Jim tries to get Miranda on the Grand Marshal 's float in the upcoming town parade . When rebuffed , Jim decides to form a color guard of home schoolers to march with Miranda in the parade , led by Jim as ribbon dancer . Patrick builds the `` home schooled '' float around his ice cream bicycle ; it looks like a huge Uncle Jim pony . Miranda rides aboard it in a pink cowboy hat . Jim 's color guard performs beautifully , but his pyrotechnics light the float on fire just as Miranda kisses Patrick inside it and agrees to go on a date with him . At her art school admission panel , Emily discovers that Miranda has altered Emily 's portfolio by gluing macaroni , felt and sparkles to her artworks ; they are all ruined . 8 8 `` i 'm famous '' Andrew Gaynord Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda forbids Jim to post the `` Free Voice Lesson '' video . Owen invites them to his CD release party at the Thea Foss Theatre ; Miranda , angry that Jim has not booked her there , rushes to the theatre , where Owen asks her to perform in his show right before he announces `` a big surprise '' . Bethany 's kidney disease worsens . As Miranda ruined her art school admission , Emily leaves home to live with their father . Owen asks Miranda to hold a diamond ring for his big surprise . Miranda thinks that he is proposing to her and puts on the ring ; she coldly cancels the elaborate date that Patrick has planned for them . Jim posts the `` Free Voice Lesson '' video to YouTube ; Miranda fires him . She gets on stage to sing `` I Will Always Love You '' to Owen , who stops her , saying it is a joke . He proposes to April , pulling the ring off of Miranda 's finger . The audience starts laughing at everything Miranda says . She asks : `` Why is it funny that someone would love me ? '' and they fall silent . Miranda attacks Owen and April to get the ring but is forced out into the pouring rain by security . Miranda has treated everyone so badly that no one will take her calls . Arriving drenched at home , she yells at Bethany , who explains that she failed to attend because of her kidney medication . Bethany reveals that she needs a kidney donor or she will die . She leaves Miranda alone in the house . Miranda is about to delete `` Free Voice Lesson '' , but sees that it has over 100,000 views and many positive comments . She yells `` Uncle Jim , it worked ! '' , but no one is there . More views accumulate as she experiences her moment of greatest loneliness . Just then , Miranda hears the bell of Patrick 's bike and looks up hopefully . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The second season has 8 episodes , bringing the total number of episodes to 16 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` im gunnna be an legend '' Brian Dannelly Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Miranda looks outside , but Patrick is not there ; she is lonely and ill - equipped to live alone . She soon finds Uncle Jim living in the van in the driveway and tells him the video has gone viral ; he forgives her , and she asks him back as her manager . Miranda has received an offer to come to Mr. Crusoe 's `` Wrap Party '' on Broadway in New York City . She and Jim are detained trying to sneak onto a plane to New York , but Patrick arrives to forgive Miranda and resume his job as roadie . Meanwhile , Bethany has been staying at a motel . She tours the Bible Adventure Museum and realizes , `` my daughter needs me '' . She goes to see Emily . 10 `` Getting Condomsated 4 My Ad '' Brian Dannelly Justin Varava October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Uncle Jim and Miranda are shocked to see a taco shop 's commercial banner on Miranda 's next YouTube video , `` Poker Face '' . Jim has a new 5 - phase plan for `` becoming a legend '' : get paid for the ad , sell merchandise , open a theme park , buy a bank and fly to Broadway . He , Miranda and Patrick start an abortive protest against the taco shop . Bethany asks Emily to return home because her father , Kelly , is `` not a good man '' . Kelly and Bethany are separated ( he does not wish to divorce for tax reasons ) , but he claims that Bethany owes him alimony . Emily feels sorry for Bethany , and the two return to the prodigious mess that Miranda has left in their house . Bethany tells Miranda that the way she treats people is `` not OK '' . 11 `` Exposing My Impostr '' Steven Tsuchida Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) A young girl has been copying Miranda 's act online . Miranda 's rival is a fan who plans to perform as Miranda at a middle school talent show . Emily tries to get Bethany to adopt healthier habits , and Bethany 's doctor approves . Miranda , Jim and Patrick trap the girl in a bathroom while Miranda goes onstage . Patrick wheels out the bound girl , to the confusion of the audience . Emily tries to free the girl , but Miranda tackles her . Bethany arrives and , astonishingly , asserts herself , defusing the situation . Just then , Bethany falls ill and collapses . 12 `` Modelling at the Hospital '' Steven Tsuchida Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Patrick delivers Miranda 's first YouTube advertising revenue check to her in Bethany 's hospital room , for $40.22 : Phase 1 completed ! When the check is accidentally destroyed , Uncle Jim gets a twisted idea for a line of Miranda merchandise : free hospital gowns with Miranda 's face silkscreened on them . The merchandise is not selling , so Patrick proposes a fashion show featuring the line . Bethany needs a new kidney , and Emily offers to donate one , but she is not a match . Emily interrupts Miranda 's fashion show to relate this , and Miranda surprises her by donating her own kidney . Miranda , recovering from surgery , tells Patrick that she loves him ; he kisses her ; they both vomit . A nurse makes the unsettling observation that Bethany and Jim `` make a cute couple '' . 13 5 `` my 1rst bae '' Benjamin Berman Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Patrick happily watches Miranda 's new `` Garage tour '' video ; he recalls their first meeting as children . The romantic vibe between Bethany and Jim makes things awkward around the house . YouTube star Joey Graceffa 's tour is coming to Tacoma , and Jim says that Miranda needs to become part of a celebrity power couple with him . Things were going well with Patrick , but Miranda sees him talking with a girl , Amanda , and she misunderstands . When the family briefly treats Emily nicely , she is creatively blocked , but after a confrontation with Miranda , Emily paints furiously . Miranda meets Joey Graceffa and throws herself at him ; Patrick wants to intervene , but Jim points out that Joey can help Miranda get `` the fame she deserves '' . Patrick leaves , Joey rejects Miranda , and Miranda goes home to cry ; Emily offers heartfelt condolences . Amanda invites Patrick on a LARP date . 14 6 `` makeen the news '' Benjamin Berman Justin Varava October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) In Miranda 's new video she sings The Queen of the Night 's aria . Emily walks in on Jim and Bethany having their first date in the bathroom . Patrick resigns as roadie ; he and Miranda still think the other was unfaithful . Miranda , Bethany and Jim begin to create a theme park , Miranda World . Miranda and Jim are excited when Kelly comes by the house , but he is there to take Emily away to meet a gallery owner about giving Emily a show . He also presses Bethany for alimony . The gallery owner is not interested in Emily 's paintings . Patrick and Amanda enjoy their LARP date . Bethany and Jim share a first kiss at the store where she works . Patrick and Amanda go to the store , followed there by a jealous Miranda , who causes bedlam . Bethany is fired from her job , and they return home to find an eviction notice . Kelly and Emily clear out the garage to set up a gallery there . 15 7 `` my theem park '' Steven Tsuchida Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Jim and Bethany work to keep Miranda from learning about their romance . As Kelly and Emily ready the gallery in the garage , Miranda World opens to the public in the front yard . Patrick and Amanda arrive , and Miranda alternates between control freak and crazed jealousy . Amanda reveals that Patrick did not cheat on Miranda , but Patrick can not forgive Miranda and leaves . Kelly 's rich hippie connections are not coming through , and Emily begins to see Kelly 's bad character . Miranda learns about Jim and Bethany ; she is devastated about that and about Patrick . Kelly suggests to Miranda that they `` leave these losers behind '' , and they agree to go to New York , taking the money from Miranda World with them , as Emily 's gallery is ruined . 16 8 `` broadway or buts '' Steven Tsuchida Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) In NYC , Miranda and Kelly tape a rooftop promo for her performance , as eviction looms for the family back in Tacoma . Mr. Crusoe tells Kelly that the invitation was not for Miranda to perform , but only for her to attend `` Wrap Party '' . Patrick and Amanda have another medieval - themed date , as Emily melts down from Kelly 's betrayal . At Birdland Theatre on Broadway that night , the last act is Frankie Grande . Miranda climbs onstage to interrupt Grande 's song . She insults his singing , telling him to lip - synch to her , as she has an `` incredible voice '' . The audience thinks it is a brilliant comedy act . Grande and Crusoe invite Miranda to appear in further Broadway performances . Kelly is proud . News of Miranda 's triumph is received with mixed reactions at home . Patrick kisses Amanda but tries to make her more Miranda - like ; she flees . On a TV talk show , Miranda insults the host , upsetting everyone . Her agent and Kelly agree that the only way to salvage her fame is to hire an actress to play the person behind her `` act '' . Miranda storms out and returns sadly to the empty Tacoma house . Kelly is there ; he viciously bullies her . The family arrives to hear this , and Jim punches Kelly , who leaves . Although the family was evicted , they moved upstairs to the tiny attic crawlspace . Miranda and Patrick sweetly reconcile . On TV , Colleen Ballinger plays `` the actress behind Miranda Sings '' ; Miranda is appalled . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Haters Back Off received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 47 % , based on 17 reviews , with an average rating of 4.67 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haters Back Off is bizarre , painful , and often times excruciatingly funny -- yet the appeal of the YouTube transport does n't quite carry over in the longer television format . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The show debuted as the 2nd most popular digital original series in the US for the week of October 14 -- 20 , 2016 . It won the `` Best Comedy '' award at the 2016 CelebMix Awards . Positive reviews of Season 1 include Robert Lloyd 's in the Los Angeles Times , who observed that , unlike in Miranda 's YouTube videos , the character 's actions in the TV series have consequences and affect the other characters and their feelings . Lloyd thought that the series succeeds in `` shaping a funny idea into a semblance of life '' . He praised the performances , especially Kinsey 's . The Guardian printed two positive reviews : Brian Moylan called the series a `` hilarious transfer to Netflix ... Ballinger gets at something that is not only a cultural critique but often hits on the fragility of egos and everyone 's need for acceptance . '' In their other review , Stuart Heritage wrote : `` It 's a uniformly singular sitcom about the effects of fame , and frequently a very funny one ... ( I ) t is great , once you 've attuned yourself to its quirks '' . Melanie McFarland , on NPR , compared Miranda 's world with Pee - wee Herman 's , saying that both are `` perversely funny , cartoonish worlds that also manage to be weirdly innocent . ' There 's just that sly element of wrongness about it that makes it oh so right . ' '' Daniel D'Addario wrote in Time magazine that the series `` is imperfect , but it 's also more than it needed to be ... Ballinger examine ( s ) what the obsession with having fans papers over and the new problems it creates . '' Paste magazine ranked Haters Back Off as the 9th `` best new Netflix Original Series of 2016 '' . Jon O'Brien later wrote for Metro : Even if you 're not particularly a fan of Miranda Sings ... there 's still plenty to enjoy about Haters Back Off . Little is wonderfully absurd as the uncle almost as deluded as Miranda herself , while Reale elicits genuine sympathy as the only `` normal '' character regularly bulldozed by her sister 's ambition . And by combining the strange small - town suburbia of Napoleon Dynamite and cartoonish antics of Pee - wee Herman , the show remains one of Netflix 's most wonderfully weird originals . TheWrap 's Michael E. Ross called the series an `` antic , sometimes wise , often laugh - out - loud funny case of art imitating life imitating art '' , noting that `` there are times ... when the veneer of ego is stripped away , and we discover the shy , insecure young woman behind the bluster . Haters reflects a hearty sense of humor about the genesis of online celebrity ... ( W ) hat resonates ... is Miranda 's underlying humanity , her basic drive to be recognized , to stand apart from the crowd . And we can all relate to the pain of rejection '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind.com gave the series 3.8 stars out of 5 . He was favorably impressed by the character development and the performances , especially Ballinger 's and Reale 's . He also liked its structure and musical score , but felt that the exposition was sometimes bogged down in the early episodes by its explanation of details and sometimes panders to Miranda 's established internet audience ; he felt that the series improves in the later episodes . He disliked the sexual innuendos and found Miranda 's relationship with Uncle Jim uncomfortable , although these are elements carried over from Miranda 's YouTube videos . The A.V. Club 's Danette Chavez commented that Ballinger 's `` portrayal of Miranda is multidimensional in spite of the character 's single - mindedness ... Haters fleshes out the environment that would spawn such an egotistical personality ... ( L ) aughs are as consistently delivered '' with zany comedy , although the `` domestic strife and even anguish '' makes the series nearly a dramedy . But she felt that `` sometimes the foreshadowing is just a little too foreboding ... the tonal shifts do n't always jibe . '' In a mixed review for New York magazine 's Vulture site , Jen Chaney judged that `` not everything in Haters Back Off ! works ... If you find Miranda Sings irritating after watching a two - minute YouTube clip , you should find something else to put in your queue . But ... fans ... who have a reasonable amount of patience will likely find some redeeming qualities to latch onto , especially as the episodes progress ... Miranda is a purposely maddening character . But Ballinger commits to her so fully and with such specific physicality ... that she 's often mesmerizing to watch ... ( But ) maybe Miranda Sings is better in shorter doses . '' Similarly , for The New York Times , James Poniewozik wrote that : Like Miranda 's performances , Haters can be terrible and transfixing at the same time ... Ballinger commits to Miranda 's hunger and histrionics ... There 's a deeper pathos to Miranda 's situation , but the season does n't delve deeply into that until late , by which time haters will have long since backed off ... There 's a lot in Haters Back Off ! to gratify Ms. Ballinger 's YouTube fan base ... Beyond the winces , there 's something human in its comedy of internet thirst : the insatiable drive to put a piece of oneself out into the world and hit refresh , refresh , refresh . Brian Lowry , writing for CNN , had a mostly negative reaction . While he felt that while the series ' `` critique of a fame - obsessed culture certainly has merit '' , and that the later episodes `` reward patience '' , the show was too `` cartoon - like '' , and `` there 's a sense that the series is stretched beyond what it has to offer . '' Keith Uhlich , in The Hollywood Reporter , found the gags funny , but he concluded that although Miranda is `` an acidic critique of the very celebrity strivers who make up the majority of the YouTube community '' , it is more effective `` in short bursts '' . In `` an eight - episode Netflix series ... the lampoon loses its edge '' . He also thought that much of the pathos in the series is `` unearned , unconvincing '' and the characters are `` shallow vessels freighted down by contrived plot complications ... And there 's more than a bit of that vainglorious YouTubers ' entitlement in where Haters ultimately ends up , the satire finally curdling into smugness . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety did not think that the series has `` the same organic appeal as Ballinger 's bizarre , pastiche - y videos ... Miranda lacks some of the innocent naivete that makes her character work on YouTube ... Miranda 's behavior ... could be raucously hilarious ( for some viewers ) , an example of theater - geek self - obsession run amok . For me , anyway , Miranda 's obsessions and absorptions ... prove to be more tragic than hilarious . '' Rob Lowman of the Los Angeles Daily News wrote : `` The series seems to want to exist somewhere between a Pee - wee Herman world , where Miranda exists within her own reality , and Waiting for Guffman or other parodies of self - important clueless people . It does n't succeed as either , nor on its own terms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly TV Music Roundup ( October 9 , 2016 ) '' , Film Music Reporter , October 9 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Haters Back Off Netflix Series From Miranda Sings to Film in Vancouver '' , WhatsFilming.ca , February 11 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Wisener , Jasef . `` Haters Back Off ! Season 1 Review : Ready or Not , Miranda is Here '' , TVOvermind.com , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc . `` Netflix orders Miranda Sings series Haters Back Off '' , Entertainment Weekly , January 14 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings Leads the Way for Digital Stars Leaping to TV '' , Variety , June 21 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Charles . `` Netflix Original : Haters Back Off ! Starring YouTuber Colleen Ballinger as Miranda Sings '' , ParentHerald.com , September 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Longwell , Todd . `` Miranda Sings Giving Birth to Netflix Series '' , Video Ink , January 14 , 2016 ; Pearson , Allyn . `` Haters Back Off a Scripted Series Based on Youtube Star Miranda Sings Heading to Netflix '' , Mxdwn.com , January 14 , 2016 ; and Keihm , Moira . `` YouTube Personality Miranda Sings : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' , Heavy.com , January 17 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn . `` Netflix orders the first scripted comedy by a YouTube star '' , The Verge , January 14 , 2016 ; and Yagoda , Maria . `` Haters Back Off : YouTube Star Miranda Sings Gets Netflix Scripted Series '' , People magazine , January 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` Miranda Sings series Haters Back Off ! renewed for season 2 '' , Entertainment Weekly , December 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` Haters Back Off Canceled by Netflix After 2 Seasons '' , Deadline.com , December 1 , 2017 ; and Lee , Josh . `` Netflix Just Cancelled Haters Back Off and Colleen Ballinger Is ' Heartbroken ' '' , WeTheUnicorns.com , December 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ng , David . `` YouTube sensation Miranda seduces Broadway '' , Los Angeles Times , May 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Eggar , Robin . `` She 'd like to teach the world to sing '' . The Times , May 2 , 2010 , accessed March 6 , 2012 ; and `` Meme Comes to Life '' , Transmedia Televisual Studies , FILM345 , Queens University , February 2010 Jump up ^ Velasco , Schuyler . `` Interview : Miranda Sings '' , Backstage , August 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Rivera , Erica . `` ' The haters ' defined YouTube sensation Miranda Sings '' , City Pages , August 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Siegel , Ben . `` Miranda shows that she 's very good at being bad '' , The Buffalo News , May 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wilson , Jessica . `` Miranda Sings -- review '' , What 's Peen Seen ? September 11 , 2013 , accessed May 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Noteboom , Kris . `` BooTube '' , TheaterJones , March 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ep. 25 Colleen Ballinger ( Miranda Sings ) '' , Interview of Ballinger at 54 : 20 and 58 : 30 , Ear Biscuits , Soundcloud.com , March 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Linton , Shannon . `` Miranda Sings ... Terribly : An Unlikely Rise to Stardom '' , APU Life , Spring ' 12 issue , May 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Colleen Ballinger bringing hit Internet character Miranda Sings to CCRI '' , Community College of Rhode Island , March 14 , 2013 , accessed February 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sims , James . `` Colleen Ballinger Talks YouTube Character Miranda Sings '' , Huffington Post , August 30 , 2010 , accessed January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Miranda Sings Australia schedule Archived 2011 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , November 2009 ; Newcastle Herald , November 26 , 2009 , p. 45 ; Sparks , Abbe . `` Mirfandas Infiltrate Highland Park from across the country for Midwest Premiere of Miranda Sings Live ! '' , Chicago Tribune ( Highland Park local ) , November 22 , 2010 ; Michelin , Lana . `` How ( not ) to sing great '' . Red Deer Advocate , January 14 , 2011 ; Blank , Matthew . `` ' Miranda Sings Christmas Spectacular , ' With Lauren Kennedy and Frankie Grande '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , December 20 , 2011 ; Bell , Matt . `` Marketing Lessons from ' Miranda Sings ' '' , Standing ( inn ) ovation , November 14 , 2013 ; and Dessau , Bruce . `` UK Tour Dates for YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Beyond the Joke , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . About Miranda Sings , Miranda Sings , YouTube , accessed September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . Colleen Ballinger : About , YouTube , accessed January 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings on ' Tori Goes Platinum ' '' , May 2012 , accessed June 12 , 2014 ; Wilstein , Matt . `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2014 That Are n't Really TV '' , Mediaite.com , December 19 , 2014 ; Roberts , Andrew . `` Jerry Seinfeld Takes a Torturous Ride with YouTube 's Miranda Sings and Finds Out How to Be Famous '' , Uproxx , December 1 , 2014 ; and `` Pictionary with Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld and Miranda Sings '' Archived 2015 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , The Tonight Show , NBC , December 1 , 2014 ; and Boardman , Madeline . `` Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld Play Hilarious Game of Pictionary With Jimmy Fallon '' , Us Weekly , December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Stage Tube : Miranda Sings Quits Youtube ; Announces Book Plans ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , February 25 , 2015 ; Kawecki , Jenny . `` What You Need to Know Before You Read Selp - Helf , the Debut Book from YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Barnes & Noble , July 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' , The New York Times , August 9 , 2015 ( sales for the week ending July 25 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn . `` How YouTube character Miranda Sings made the move to Netflix 's Haters Back Off '' , The Verge , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc . `` Miranda Sings star Colleen Ballinger talks ' magical ' making of Netflix series Haters Back Off '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 14 , 2016 ; and Schroeder , Audra . `` Netflix 's Haters Back Off ! Is a Family Affair '' , The Daily Dot , October 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah . `` The Haters Back Off Cast Fills Out the World of Miranda Sings '' , Bustle.com , October 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ulaby , Neda . `` Haters Back Off ! : New TV Show Makes YouTube Star More Than Internet Famous '' , NPR , October 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . `` Colleen Ballinger on Miranda Sings ' Evolution , Working With Netflix and Sexual Harassment in the Industry '' , Variety , October 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ Han , Angie . `` Netflix Gets Into the YouTube Personality Business With Miranda Sings ' Haters Back Off '' , Slashfilm.com , January 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bruce , Juan . `` Networks Need to Take Note of the New Netflix Series With YouTube 's Miranda Sings '' , TechCrunch , February 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike . `` The 6 Best New Things to Stream in October '' , The Wall Street Journal , September 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie. `` 11 Reasons You Should Watch Miranda Sings 's New Show Haters Back Off '' , Bustle.com , accessed October 3 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lowman , Rob . `` You should just back away from Haters Back Off , Los Angeles Daily News , October 12 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Danette . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't need to come with a warning '' , The A.V. Club , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New Series : Netflix 's Haters Back Off With YouTube Star Colleen Ballinger - Evans Starts Filming in Vancouver '' , April 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Netflix 's Haters Back Off , Deadline.com , YVRShoots , March 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Welch , Rebecca. `` 4 Pieces of Must - Know Casting News '' , Backstage , March 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings in Haters Back Off : First Look at Netflix Oddball Family Sitcom '' , Variety , September 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Marine 5 : Battleground Starts Filming in Vancouver This Week '' , WhatsFilming.ca , May 30 , 2016 ; Ballinger , Colleen . `` ... Devastated we are done shooting . '' , Twitter , June 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` YouTube Star Miranda Sings Is Pregnant -- With a Netflix Series '' , MTV , January 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Secret Project Revealed ! '' , Miranda Sings , YouTube , June 24 , 2016 , accessed December 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Miranda Sings Netflix Series Haters Back Off Unveils First - Look Photos '' , Deadline.com , September 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Haters Back Off : Miranda Sings Netflix Series Key Art & First - Look Teaser '' , Deadline.com , September 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Miranda Sings Declares Haters Back Off ! With New Netflix Series Trailer '' E ! News , October 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Romano , Nick . `` Colleen Ballinger becomes Miranda Sings for Jimmy Fallon interview '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig . `` Filming in Vancouver : Dirk Gently , Miranda Sings , Shah Rukh Khan , and More '' , Inside Vancouver , May 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : The Beverly Bombshells , Colleen Ballinger and More Take the Stage at Birdland '' , BroadwayWorld.com , August 14 , 2017 ; and `` Live with Kelly and Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) Billy Eichner , Colleen Ballinger , Joey Graceffa Interview '' , YouTube , Disney ABC Home Entertainment and Television , August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Big Announcement on My Popscicle '' ( sic ) , Miranda Sings , YouTube , September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Why I left Netflix ... * IMPORTANT * '' , Miranda Sings , YouTube , September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fierberg , Ruthie . `` Miranda Sings Tries to Make It to Broadway in Season 2 of Her Netflix Series '' , Playbill , October 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ NBC Today Show . `` Angela Kinsey on Her YouTube - Inspired Netflix Series Haters Back Off '' , YouTube , October 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Is Back ! The YouTuber 's Haters Back Off Co-Star Angela Kinsey Talks Colleen Ballinger 's Popular Character '' , People , October 19 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Gutelle , Sam . `` Miranda Sings Returns as the Second Season of Haters Back Off Arrives on Netflix '' , Tubefilter.com , October 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Live with Kelly and Ryan to Take Annual Halloween Extravaganza to New Heights ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , October 19 , 2017 ; and `` Episode Guide : The Mummy Game ! '' , Live with Kelly and Ryan , October 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Video : Colleen Ballinger Talks Season 2 of Netflix 's Haters Back Off '' , BroadwayWorld , October 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gore , Sydney . `` Miranda Sings ' Haters Will Definitely Back Off After Watching This '' , MTV , October 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Terrific Threesome '' , People , October 31 , 2017 ; and `` Make Me Over '' , People , October 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` America Ferrera and Colleen Ballinger Interview on Live with Kelly and Ryan ( January 2 , 2018 ) '' , YouTube , Live with Kelly 2017 , January 2 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off ! : Season 1 '' , Rotten Tomatoes , accessed October 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off : Season 1 '' , Metacritic , accessed October 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Edelsburg , Natan . `` Haters Back Off and Luke Cage are the most popular digital series in the US '' , The Drum , October 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off Wins Best Comedy at the CelebMix Awards '' , CelebMix.com , December 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert . `` Haters Back Off offers the funny origin story of Miranda Sings '' , Los Angeles Times , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Haters Back Offreview -- YouTube star makes hilarious transfer to Netflix '' , The Guardian , October 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart . `` Haters Back Off : it 's Napoleon Dynamite for the YouTube generation '' , The Guardian , October 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel . `` Haters Back Off takes a star from YouTube to TV '' , Time magazine , October 24 , 2016 issue , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best New Netflix Original Series of 2016 '' , Paste , December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Haters Back Off season 2 -- everything you need to know about the comedy starring Miranda Sings '' , Metro , October 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ross , Michael E. `` Haters Back Off Review : Netflix Gives Miranda Sings the Spotlight She Craves '' , TheWrap , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Haters Need Not Stream Haters Back Off ! '' , New York magazine , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . `` Review : In Haters Back Off ! a Cringe - Worthy Star Is Born , The New York Times , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't earn much love on Netflix '' , CNN , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith . `` Haters Back Off ! : TV Review '' , The Hollywood Reporter , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia . `` TV Review : Miranda Sings ' Haters Back Off ! on Netflix '' , Variety , October 13 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Haters Back Off on Netflix Haters Back Off on IMDb Series Twitter account Season 1 Trailer ( 2016 ) Season 2 Trailer ( 2017 ) ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays miranda's sister in haters back off	[ "Haters Back Off is a Netflix original television comedy series based on the YouTube character Miranda Sings created by Colleen Ballinger. Its two seasons were released in October 2016 and 2017, respectively. The \"surreal and absurd\" series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings, a sheltered, self-absorbed, overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube.[3][4] The half-hour episodes depicted Miranda's road to fame, and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others. The show stars Colleen Ballinger as Miranda, Angela Kinsey as her mother Bethany, Steve Little as her uncle Jim, Francesca Reale as her sister Emily, and Erik Stocklin as her best friend and love interest, Patrick. Season 2 added Matt Besser as Miranda's estranged father. Netflix described the show as \"a bizarre family comedy, and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame.\"[5]" ]	[ "Francesca Reale" ]
-1115529914633169760	The Manhattans	The Manhattans - wikipedia The Manhattans The Manhattans The Manhattans in 1972. ( L - to - R ) Richard `` Ricky '' Taylor , Gerald Alston , Walt `` Kenny '' Kelly , Ed `` Sonny '' Bivins , Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett Background information Origin Jersey City , New Jersey , United States Genres Rhythm and blues , soul Years active 1962 -- present Labels Carnival Records , Columbia Records , King Records The Manhattans are an American popular R&B vocal group . Their work includes million - selling songs `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' recorded in 1976 and 1980 's `` Shining Star '' . The Manhattans have recorded 45 chart hits on the Billboard R&B Chart , including twelve top 10 R&B hits in the United States charting on the Billboard chart for the first time in 1965 . Sixteen of which reached the Billboard Hot 100 , including two Top 10s and a number 1 hit with their song `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' . Their 1983 song `` Forever by Your Side '' remains especially popular in Brazil thirty years after its release . They also charted some 8 U.S. R&B Top 20 Albums , three of which were R.I.A.A. certified gold . Contents 1 Early history 2 Later history 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Live albums 3.3 Compilation albums 3.4 Singles 4 References 5 External links Early history ( edit ) The Manhattans , originally from Jersey City , formed in 1962 with members George `` Smitty '' Smith ( born December 28 , 1939 , Florida ; died December 16 , 1970 ) , Edward `` Sonny '' Bivins ( born Edward Jessie Bivins , Jr. , January 15 , 1936 , Macon , Georgia ; died December 3 , 2014 , Basking Ridge , Bernards Township , New Jersey ) , Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett ( born Winfred Lorenzo Lovett , November 16 , 1936 , Jersey City ; died December 9 , 2014 , Arizona ) , Kenny `` Wally '' Kelley ( born Kenneth Bernard Kelly , January 9 , 1941 , Jersey City ; died February 17 , 2015 ) , and Richard `` Ricky '' Taylor ( born in 1940 ; died December 7 , 1987 ) . Bivins , Lovett , and Kelley were graduating from Lincoln High School , while Taylor and Smith were graduating from Snyder High School . All five enlisted in the armed forces and came together as a group following their discharges from their respective branches . The group 's first single was `` For the Very First Time , '' released in 1964 by Carnival Records . They continued recording successfully with songs written by various members of the group . In 1968 , the group received the `` Most Promising Group '' award by NATRA . In 1969 , the group moved to the De Luxe record label , a subsidiary of King Records , subsequently embarking on a college tour . While playing at Kittrell College in North Carolina , the group met another group , the New Imperials , featuring Gerald Alston , nephew of The Shirelles ' lead singer , Shirley Alston - Reeves . They were so impressed with Alston that they asked him to join the group , but he declined . Misfortune hit the group late in 1970 when George Smith fell and later took ill . With him unable to perform , the group began to search for a new lead . First they attempted to woo The Cymbals ' lead , Lee Williams , but he was unwilling to leave his current group . The group then renewed their request to Gerald Alston ( born November 8 , 1951 , North Carolina ) , who accepted and took over the lead spot . Original lead singer George Smith died of a brain tumor on December 16 , 1970 , 12 days before his 31st birthday . The Manhattans continued recording throughout the 1970s with Alston singing lead vocals . They struck chart gold in 1973 with the Bivins - written song `` There 's No me Without You '' . Then their biggest song to date was `` Kiss and Say Goodbye , '' written by Blue Lovett and arranged / co-produced with the group by the Philadelphia - based record producer Bobby Martin , a former member of the MFSB band of session musicians . The song quickly became a number 1 chart topper on both the US Billboard Pop and R&B charts . It also became only the second single to go platinum , after the RIAA introduced the award in 1976 . Taylor left in 1976 to concentrate on his conversion to Islam . He died in 1987 after a long illness . The group continued as a quartet , and found further success in March 1980 with the release of `` Shining Star , '' which reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the R&B Chart . Produced and co-written by the Chicago - based record producer , Leo Graham , it received a Grammy Award the following spring . In 1983 , The Manhattans released the album Forever by Your Side , by Columbia Records , which brought the two singles the group that year . The first was the song `` Crazy '' , the great success of this album , peaked at number 4 on the R&B chart . The second single was the title track `` Forever by Your Side '' , which had moderate success in the United States , peaked at number 30 on the R&B chart , but has become a great success and a romantic classic in Brazil two years later , when she was part of the soundtrack of a soap opera in the country in 1985 . The success made `` Forever by Your Side '' gain a Portuguese version the following year , called `` Pra Sempre Vou Te Amar '' , which also was successful in Brazil and was recorded by several Brazilian artists . Another highlight of this album Forever by Your Side was the song `` Just The Lonely Talking Again '' , written by the American singer and songwriter Sam Dees , which was originally recorded by The Manhattans this 1983 album and was later re-recorded by Whitney Houston on her second studio album `` Whitney '' in 1987 . The group celebrated its 20th anniversary in 1985 with the release of Too Hot To Stop It . It included the Evans / Smith - penned `` When We 're Made As One , '' originally recorded in 1966 but covered in an a cappella , doo wop style to emphasize the group 's doo wop roots . The album was also dedicated to George Smith . The group continued until 1988 . That year , Alston left to record as a solo artist , scoring with several major R&B hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s for Motown . Roger Harris was recruited as the new lead singer for the group , which moved to the new label , Valley Vue , when their Columbia recording contract expired . Later history ( edit ) The group 's largest shake - up was in December 1990 , when Blue Lovett left the group , upon his doctor 's request , for health reasons . Kenny Kelley left to return to college to pursue his PhD . Bivins continued along with lead singer Roger Harris who had replaced Gerald Alston in 1988 - 89 along with new members . He recruited new members Charles Hardy and Harsey Hemphill , who in October 1990 had auditioned for Bivins but did n't come aboard until after Lovett and Kelly left at the end of 1990 . In early 1991 Bivins added Alvin Pazant , bringing the group back to a quintet . Harris proved to be only a short - term lead , and in April 1991 he was replaced by Wade Taylor . Taylor was replaced in July 1991 when Bivins recruited Lee Williams , the person whom they had originally wanted to replace George Smith . In the 2000s , there were two versions of The Manhattans . One version featured original founding member Bivins , plus Hardy , Hemphill , Pazant and Williams . They released the CD Manhattans Now in 1994 . In 1996 the group formed their own full - service music corporation company called Manhattan Entertainment Inc . In 2003 and 2007 they were featured artists in two theater plays , Girl He Aint Worth It and The Chicken Shack . In June 2013 , the group released a single called `` Just For Tonite '' written by Bivins and Pazant and produced and arranged by Leroy Burgess . In 2015 Lee Williams retired and was replaced by Keni Jackson as the new lead singer . And they still continue to perform , with the same line up in 2018 . The other version of The Manhattans featured original member Blue Lovett and Gerald Alston , lead singer on the group 's biggest hits . Other members include Troy May and David Tyson , brother of The Temptations ' Ron Tyson . In the past , the group also featured Eban Brown , who later spent eighteen years as lead vocalist for The Stylistics . This group has also released some CDs , including Even Now . This version of the group was featured in two PBS specials and performed at casinos and theaters across the United States . Alston appeared on Wu - Tang Clan 's album , 8 Diagrams , on the song `` Stick Me for My Riches '' in 2007 . Edward `` Sonny '' Bivins , founding member of the Manhattans , died on December 3 , 2014 , at the age of 78 . He sang on every Manhattans hit since the group 's inception , and wrote many of their hit songs . He led the Manhattans up until his death . Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett , the group 's original bass singer and songwriter , died on December 9 , 2014 , at the age of 78 . His bass voice was heard on many Manhattans hits , including the spoken word intro to `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' . Kenneth `` Wally '' Kelly , the last surviving original member of the group , died on February 17 , 2015 , at the age of 74 . Lead singer Gerald Alston is the only member alive of the group 's heyday lineup . Discography ( edit ) Studio Albums ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications Record label US US R&B AUS CAN NLD UK 1966 Dedicated to You -- 19 -- -- -- -- Carnival 1967 For You and Yours -- -- -- -- -- -- 1970 With These Hands -- -- -- -- -- -- De Luxe 1972 A Million to One -- 35 -- -- -- -- 1973 There 's No Me Without You 150 19 -- -- -- -- Columbia That 's How Much I Love You 160 59 -- -- -- -- 1976 The Manhattans 16 6 39 11 37 RIAA : Gold 1977 It Feels So Good 68 12 -- 78 -- -- RIAA : Gold 1978 There 's No Good in Goodbye 78 18 -- -- -- -- 1979 Love Talk 141 20 -- -- -- -- 1980 After Midnight 24 -- 77 -- -- RIAA : Gold 1981 Black Tie 86 21 -- -- -- -- Forever by Your Side 104 17 -- -- -- -- 1985 Too Hot to Stop It 171 44 -- -- -- -- 1986 Back to Basics -- -- -- -- -- -- 1989 Sweet Talk -- -- -- -- -- -- Valley Vue 2001 Even Now -- -- -- -- -- -- Beemark 2007 Reachin ' for the Sky -- -- -- -- -- -- KRB Music 2008 Men Cry Too -- -- -- -- -- -- S.D.E.G. `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Live albums ( edit ) Live from South Africa ( 1999 , Classic World ) Compilation Albums ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions Record label US US R&B NLD 1980 Greatest Hits 87 18 -- Columbia 1990 Dedicated to You : Golden Classics , Part 1 -- -- -- Collectables Sing for You & Yours : Golden Classics , Part 2 -- -- -- 1995 The Best of the Manhattans : Kiss and Say Goodbye -- -- -- Columbia / Legacy 2000 Love Songs -- -- 72 2002 Super Hits -- -- -- I 'm the One That Love Forgot -- -- -- Collectables 2008 Sweet Talking Soul 1965 - 1990 -- -- -- Shout ! Factory `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart Positions Certifications US US R&B US A / C AUS CAN NLD NZ UK 1964 `` For the Very First Time '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` There Goes a Fool '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1965 `` I Wanna Be ( Your Everything ) '' 68 12 -- -- 42 -- -- -- `` Searchin ' for My Baby '' ( A-side ) 135 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I 'm the One That Love Forgot '' ( B - side ) 135 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Follow Your Heart '' 92 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1966 `` Baby I Need You '' 96 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Can I '' -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Bet'cha ( Could n't Love Me ) '' 128 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` It 's That Time of the Year '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1967 `` All I Need Is Your Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` When We 're Made as One '' -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Call It Love '' 96 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1968 `` I Do n't Wanna Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` ' Til You Come Back to Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1969 `` The Picture Became Quite Clear '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1970 `` It 's Gonna Take a Lot to Bring Me Back '' -- 36 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` If My Heart Could Speak '' 98 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` From Atlanta to Goodbye '' 113 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1971 `` Let Them Talk '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Ca n't Stand for You to Leave Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1972 `` A Million to One '' ( A-side ) 114 47 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Cry If You Wanna Cry '' ( B - side ) -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` One Life to Live '' 102 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1973 `` Back Up '' 107 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Rainbow Week '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` There 's No Me Without You '' 43 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Do You Ever '' -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` You 'd Better Believe It '' 77 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Wish That You Were Mine '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Summertime in the City '' -- 45 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Do n't Take Your Love '' 37 7 -- -- 65 -- -- -- `` Hurt '' 97 10 -- -- 90 12 22 BPI : Silver 1976 `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' 12 7 RIAA : Platinum BPI : Silver MC : Gold `` I Kinda Miss You '' 46 7 -- -- 45 -- -- -- 1977 `` It Feels So Good to be Loved So Bad '' 66 6 -- -- 78 -- -- -- `` It 's You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43 `` We Never Danced to a Love Song '' 93 10 -- -- 83 -- -- -- 1978 `` Am I Losing You '' 101 6 -- -- 96 -- -- -- `` Everybody Has a Dream '' -- 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` The Way We Were '' / `` Memories '' ( medley ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1980 `` Shining Star '' 5 21 67 6 -- 45 RIAA : Platinum `` Girl of My Dream '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I 'll Never Find Another ( Find Another Like You ) '' 109 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1981 `` Do You Really Mean Goodbye ? '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Just One Moment Away '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Let Your Love Come Down '' -- 77 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1982 `` Honey , Honey '' -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Crazy '' 72 -- -- -- -- -- 63 `` Forever by Your Side '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1985 `` You Send Me '' 81 20 8 -- -- -- 48 -- `` Do n't Say No '' -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1986 `` Where Did We Go Wrong ? '' ( with Regina Belle ) -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` All I Need '' -- 41 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1989 `` Sweet Talk '' -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Why You Wanna Love Me Like That '' -- 62 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 `` I Wo n't Stop '' -- 79 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2001 `` Nites Like This '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2013 `` Just for Tonite '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 346 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joe Whitburn , Billboard 's R&B Charts 1942 - 2004 , Billboard , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` The Manhattans Story Part 1 '' . Soulexpress.net . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorial for Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett `` . Soulful Detroit.com . January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Respect 2014 '' . Soulwalking.co.uk . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattans , legendary group with Jersey City roots , to be spotlighted in TV documentary '' . Nj.com. 2014 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Rock Stars Club 2014 July To December '' . Thedeadrockstarsclub.com . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. Kenneth `` Wally '' Kelly of the Manhattans `` . Soul Tracks . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Charts > The Manhattans '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Charts Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd , Turramurra , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAN Charts > The Manhattans '' . RPM . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` NLD Charts > The Manhattans '' . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Charts > The Manhattans '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Certifications > The Manhattans '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Charts > The Manhattans '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Certified Awards Search > The Manhattans '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Certifications > The Manhattans '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) The Manhattans at AllMusic Official website Website of The Manhattans featuring Gerald Alston and Blue Lovett The Manhattans at Wenig - LaMonica Associates The 5 - part Manhattans Story & the full discography at Soul Express On Memory of Page on Sonny Bivins ' site The Manhattans Studio albums There 's No Me Without You That 's How Much I Love You The Manhattans It Feels So Good There 's No Good in Goodbye Love Talk After Midnight Black Tie Forever by Your Side Singles `` Hurt '' `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' `` The Way We Were '' / `` Memories '' ( medley ) `` Shining Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Forever by Your Side '' `` You Send Me '' Related articles Gerald Alston MusicBrainz : 8dce8a2d - 8ed5 - 4672 - b25e - bfe198b02b82 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Manhattans&oldid=854217892 '' Categories : African - American musical groups American soul musical groups Columbia Records artists Culture of Jersey City , New Jersey Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1962 Musical groups from New Jersey 1962 establishments in New Jersey Ballad musicians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the lead singer of the manhattans	[ "Misfortune hit the group late in 1970 when George Smith fell and later took ill. With him unable to perform, the group began to search for a new lead. First they attempted to woo The Cymbals' lead, Lee Williams, but he was unwilling to leave his current group. The group then renewed their request to Gerald Alston (born November 8, 1951, North Carolina), who accepted and took over the lead spot. Original lead singer George Smith died of a brain tumor on December 16, 1970, 12 days before his 31st birthday.\n" ]	[ "George Smith" ]
-8168173391681087631	Carol Ann Susi	Carol Ann Susi - wikipedia Carol Ann Susi Jump to : navigation , search Carol Ann Susi ( 1952 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1952 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) ( aged 62 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- 2014 Carol Ann Susi ( February 2 , 1952 -- November 11 , 2014 ) was an American actress . She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz , mother of Howard Wolowitz , on the television series The Big Bang Theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak : The Night Stalker . Other television and film credits included : McMillan & Wife , Coyote Ugly , Just Go with It , The Big Bang Theory , Becker , Grey 's Anatomy , That ' 70s Show , Out of Practice , Cats & Dogs , Just Shoot Me , Married ... with Children , Night Court , The King of Queens , Death Becomes Her , Seinfeld , The Secret of My Success , My Blue Heaven , and Sabrina , the Teenage Witch . She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI : NY . Personal life ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn , of Italian descent . She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s . Susi died of cancer on November 11 , 2014 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 62 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62 '' . The Globe and Mail . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Joan ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's the Voice of ' Big Bang ' Mother ? '' . Contra Costa Times . p. 2A . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( September 27 , 1974 ) . `` Radio and TV plus Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . p. 21 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drake , Sylvie ( September 16 , 1988 ) . `` ' Ladies ' Room ' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C6 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 19 , 1995 ) . `` Ollstein 's ' Pot Roast ' Is Rich in Flavor '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F8 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , Voice Behind Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi on IMDb VIAF : 311656933 GND : 1061791513 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=823767932 '' Categories : 1952 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York City Actresses of Italian descent American film actresses American people of Italian descent American television actresses American voice actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 08 : 02 . About Wikipedia	who played howards mother on big bang theory	[ "Carol Ann Susi (February 2, 1952 – November 11, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz, mother of Howard Wolowitz, on the television series The Big Bang Theory.[3][4][5]" ]	[ "Carol Ann Susi" ]
7151880409068866216	New York Yankees	New York Yankees - wikipedia New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search For other historical teams known as the New York Yankees , see New York Yankees ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankees '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yankee ( disambiguation ) . `` Bronx Bombers '' redirects here . For the Broadway play , see Bronx Bombers ( play ) . New York Yankees 2018 New York Yankees season Established in 1901 Based in New York City since 1903 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 15 16 20 23 32 37 42 42 44 46 49 51 Colors Midnight navy blue , gray , white Name New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Other nicknames The Bronx Bombers , The Yanks , The Pinstripers , The Bronx Zoo , The Evil Empire , Murderer 's Row Ballpark Yankee Stadium ( II ) ( 2009 -- present ) Yankee Stadium ( I ) ( 1923 -- 1973 , 1976 -- 2008 ) Shea Stadium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Polo Grounds ( IV ) ( 1913 -- 1922 ) a.k.a. Brush Stadium ( 1913 -- 1919 ) Hilltop Park ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Oriole Park ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 AL Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 East Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Yankee Global Enterprises ( Hal and Hank Steinbrenner , co-chairmen ) Manager Aaron Boone General Manager Brian Cashman President of Baseball Operations Randy Levine The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the New York Mets of the National League . In the 1901 season , the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise ( which had ceased operations ) and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets , and New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ; in 2011 , the Yankees had the second - highest attendance . As one of the most successful sports clubs in the world , the Yankees have won 18 division titles , 40 AL pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues . Forty - four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford . In pursuit of winning championships , the franchise has used a large payroll to attract talent , particularly during the Steinbrenner era . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $3.7 billion . The Yankees have garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The team 's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well - known rivalries in U.S. sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) 1.2 Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) 1.3 New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) 1.4 Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderer 's Row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) 1.5 Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) 1.6 Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) 1.7 The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) 1.8 New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) 1.9 Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) 1.10 Struggles : The Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) 1.11 New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.12 Back on top : Championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 1.13 New Era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Distinctions 3 World Series championships 4 Team nicknames 5 Logo , uniform , and dress code 6 Popularity 6.1 Fan support 6.2 The Bleacher Creatures 6.3 Global expansion and business model 6.4 Criticism 7 Fight and theme songs 8 Radio and television 8.1 Past announcers 9 Roster 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Retired numbers 9.3 Hall of Famers 10 Rivalries 10.1 Boston Red Sox 10.2 Subway Series 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Front office 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the New York Yankees Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) At the end of 1900 , Ban Johnson , president of the American League -- a minor league previously known as the Western League ( 1894 -- 1899 ) -- reorganized the league . He added teams in three East Coast cities , forming the American League ( AL ) as a major league in an attempt to challenge the National League ( NL ) for supremacy . Plans to add another a team in New York City were blocked by the NL 's New York Giants , who had enough political power in New York City to prevent the AL from establishing a team . Instead , a team was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , a city which the NL abandoned when it contracted from 12 to 8 teams in 1900 . Nicknamed the Orioles , the team began playing in 1901 and was managed and partly owned by John McGraw . During the 1902 season , McGraw feuded with Johnson and secretly jumped to the Giants . In the middle of the season , the Giants , aided and abetted by McGraw , gained controlling interest of the Orioles and began raiding it for players , until the AL stepped in and took control of the team . In January 1903 , a `` peace conference '' was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NL 's Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it , with only John T. Brush of the Giants opposing . The Orioles ' new owners , Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery , found a ballpark location not blocked by the Giants , and Baltimore 's team moved to New York . Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Hilltop Park , home of the Highlanders The team 's new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as `` American League Park '' ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattan 's highest points -- between 165th and 168th Streets -- just a few blocks away from the much larger Polo Grounds . The team came to be known as the New York Highlanders . The name was inspired by a combination of the team 's elevated location in Upper Manhattan , and to the noted Scottish military unit The Gordon Highlanders , which coincided with the team 's president Joseph Gordon whose family was of Scots Irish heritage . Newspapers initially called the team `` Gordon 's Highlanders '' ( e.g. New York World , April 15 , 1903 ) , which soon became just `` Highlanders '' . As was common with all members of the American League , the team was often called the New York Americans . They were also dubbed the `` Invaders '' for a short time in 1903 . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or `` Yanks '' ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines and because `` Yankee '' was and is a commonly - used synonym for `` American '' . A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun , May 7 , 1903 , p. 8 , had raised this question : `` Name for the American New Yorks . If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the ' Giants , ' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the ' New York Americans ' they might be called the ' Yankees ' or ' Yanks ' ? '' The most success the Highlanders achieved was finishing second in 1904 , 1906 and 1910 , 1904 being the closest they came to winning the AL pennant . That year , they lost the deciding game on the last day of the season to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . This had much historical significance , as the Highlanders ' role in the pennant race caused the Giants to announce that they would not play in the World Series against the AL pennant winner . The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years , when a strike truncated the entire 1994 season . It was the last time Boston would beat New York in a pennant - deciding game for a full century ( 2004 ) . In 1904 , pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single - season wins record at 41 , which still stands . Under current playing practices , this is most likely an unbreakable record , when you consider that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain ( 31 ) in 1968 . New owners , a New home , and a New name : years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) The Polo Grounds , home of the Yankees from 1913 to 1922 The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction . Relations between the two teams warmed , and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913 . Now playing on the Harlem River , a far cry from their high - altitude home , the name `` Highlanders '' no longer applied , and fell into disuse among the press . The media had already widely adopted the `` Yankees '' nickname coined by the New York Press , and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and both were in dire need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million . Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune , providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team . This would lead the team to more success and prestige than Ruppert could ever have envisioned . It is interesting to note that all the games of the 1921 and 1922 World Series were played in the Polo Grounds , when the Yankees squared off against their intracity rival Giants . Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and murderer 's row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) With his hitting prowess , Babe Ruth ushered in an offensive - oriented era of baseball and helped lead the Yankees to four World Series titles . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname `` The Insurrectos '' . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who would later contribute to the team 's success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees ' success . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruth 's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 -- the year after acquiring Babe Ruth -- the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should `` move to some out - of - the - way place , like Queens '' , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again , and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . Lou Gehrig was the first Yankees player to have his number retired , in 1939 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium . It was the first triple - deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Babe Ruth hit a home run , which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium , giving it its nickname of `` The House That Ruth Built '' . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year , and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship . Prior to that point , the Giants had been the city 's icon and dominant team . From 1923 onward , the Yankees would assume that role , and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan 's Bluff for San Francisco . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . The Yankees won a then - AL record 110 games with only 44 losses , and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruth 's home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single - season home run record that would stand until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting . 373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBIs , beating Ruth 's single - season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees would win the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the team 's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruth 's `` Called Shot '' in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting `` swan song '' to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth would leave the Yankees to join the NL 's Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) In 1941 , Joe DiMaggio set an MLB record with a 56 - game hitting streak that stands to this day and will probably never be broken . With Ruth retired , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team would win an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup and retired due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , now nicknamed `` Lou Gehrig 's Disease '' in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be `` Lou Gehrig Day '' , on which they retired his number 4 ( the first retired number in baseball ) . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be `` the luckiest man on the face of the earth . '' He died two years later . The 1941 baseball season was often described as the last year of the `` Golden Era '' before World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive . 400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series -- the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers ultimately moved to California -- the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , were drafted into the military to fight in World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankee field manager , however , was marked with success . The `` underdog '' Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggio 's career was winding down , and the `` Yankee Clipper '' retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the `` Oklahoma Kid '' , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars that would fill the gap . Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Opening Day of the 1951 baseball season at Griffith Stadium . President Harry Truman throws out the first ball as Casey Stengel looks on . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from 1949 -- 1953 under Stengel , which continues to be the major league record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengel 's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager . Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself , even landing a cover story in Time magazine in 1955 . The 1950 title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won over 100 games , but the Indians took the pennant with an AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In 1955 , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them , but the Yankees came back strong the next year . On October 8 , 1956 , in Game Five of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and was the only no - hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no - hitter on October 6 , 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California , the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves , and became the second team to win the Series after being down three - games - to - one . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( ' 50 , 51 , ' 52 , ' 53 , ' 56 , ' 58 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus ' 55 and ' 57 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees ' first African - American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) Mickey Mantle was one of the franchise 's most celebrated hitters , highlighted by his 1956 Triple Crown . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then - Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this `` special relationship '' with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees ' favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankee farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees ' top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O. Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . But the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 would prove to be one of the most memorable in Yankee history . Throughout the summer , Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace , and became known as the `` M&M Boys '' . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and drop out of the race . Maris continued though , and on October 1 ( the last day of the regular season ) , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruth 's single season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162 - game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154 - game season , two separate records would be kept . It would be 30 years before the dual record would be done away with , and Maris would hold the record alone until Mark McGwire broke it in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109 -- 53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a then - record 240 home runs . After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast , New York City was a one - team town for the first time since professional play began . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants ' former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games . It would be the Yankees ' last championship until 1977 . The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series , but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten in seven games by the St. Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 , when they were swept by the Big Red Machine . New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80 % of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . In fact , the Yankees finished in the second division in 1965 -- their first losing record in 40 years , and only their second in 47 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished last in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next - to - last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ' ownership , in 1970 . Topping and Webb had owned the Yankees for 20 years , missing the World Series only five times and going 10 -- 5 in the ones they did get to . By contrast , the CBS - owned teams never went to the World Series . Various reasons have been given for the decline , but the single biggest one was the Yankees ' inability to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961 - 62 off - season , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the major league amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . At the start of this period , all - time `` Voice of the Yankees '' Mel Allen , the team 's top announcer since 1939 , was fired after the 1964 season , supposedly due to cost - cutting measures by longtime broadcast sponsor Ballantine Beer . During baseball 's centennial season in 1969 , the greatest players at each position for every team were named during a voting . The all - time Yankees were : Bill Dickey ( catcher ) , Whitey Ford ( left - handed pitcher ) , Red Ruffing ( right - handed pitcher ) , Johnny Murphy ( relief pitcher ) , Lou Gehrig ( first base ) , Tony Lazzeri ( second base ) , Phil Rizzuto ( shortstop ) , Red Rolfe ( third base ) , Joe DiMaggio ( center field , also named baseball 's `` Greatest Living Player '' ) , Babe Ruth ( right field ) , Mickey Mantle ( left field ) , and Casey Stengel ( manager ) . Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the team 's principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenner 's major goals was to renovate the Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team would have needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two - year renovation period . Since the city owned Shea , the Mets had to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . During 1974 and 1975 , Yankee Stadium was renovated into its final shape and structure , as shown here in 2002 , seven years before demolition . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , Steinbrenner made another move , hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed `` Big Red Machine . '' After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson -- who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles -- to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jackson 's Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jackson 's 5 - year contract . Martin would be hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankee organization and stadium being referred to as the `` Bronx Zoo . '' Despite the turmoil , Jackson starred in the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs in the same game , and overall , four home runs on four consecutive pitches from four different pitchers . Jackson 's great performance in the postseason earned him the Series MVP Award , and the nickname `` Mr. October . '' Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Yankees had been dominant while the Red Sox were largely a non-factor . However , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Yankees were mired in second place and the Red Sox led the league . In the late 1970s the two teams were contending simultaneously and locked in a close fight . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for `` defiance '' after he bunted while Martin had the `` swing '' signal on . Upon Jackson 's return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : `` They deserve each other . One 's a born liar ; the other 's convicted . '' Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four - game series at Fenway Park in early September , they were only four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' , winning the games 15 -- 3 , 13 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 , and 7 -- 4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by `` Louisiana Lightning '' Ron Guidry , who would lead the majors with nine shutouts , a 25 -- 3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . Guidry finished with 248 strikeouts , but Nolan Ryan 's 260 strikeouts with the California Angels deprived Guidry of the pitching Triple Crown . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a one - game playoff ( the 163rd game of the regular season ) was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2 -- 0 lead . In the seventh inning , light - hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three - run home run over the `` Green Monster '' ( Fenway Park 's famed left field wall ) , putting the Yankees up 3 -- 2 . Reggie Jackson 's solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5 -- 4 win that gave the Yankees their one hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title and Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the World Series . They lost the first two games in LA , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and won Game 6 in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the hated Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The mask and catcher 's mitt of Thurman Munson , the team captain who was killed in a plane crash in 1979 The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , Thurman Munson died after crashing his private plane while practicing `` Touch and Go '' landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important , and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munson 's , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munson 's bat ( which he gave to his fallen friend 's wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the team 's runs in a dramatic 5 -- 4 walk - off victory . Before the game , Munson 's locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankee clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munson 's locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadium 's museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes to the Yankees . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Thanks to Howser 's no - nonsense attitude , Reggie Jackson hit . 300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas City 's George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the 100 - win Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the 1980 ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract . The Yankees fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split - season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second - half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After narrowly defeating Milwaukee in five games , they breezed through Billy Martin and the Oakland Athletics in a three - game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees got off to a hot start by winning the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back and stunned the Yankees by winning the next four games to clinch their first World Series title since 1965 . Struggles : the Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Don Mattingly headlined a Yankees franchise that struggled in the 1980s . Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St. Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine that had defeated his team in the 1976 World Series , George Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the `` Bronx Burners '' , increasing the Yankees ' ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of `` waiting around for a 3 run home run '' . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off - season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All - Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All - Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the first such Yankees team since the 1910s ) and had only 1 playoff appearance . Although they consistently had a powerful offense -- Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade -- the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22 -- 6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees ' rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no - hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees ' lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value -- he was traded to the Oakland A 's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox ( who lost in the World Series that year to the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets ) respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East standings both years . Despite their lack of championships and playoff appearances the Yankees posted the highest winning percentage of all MLB teams during the 1980s . By the end of the decade , the Yankees ' offense was on the decline . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire ' 89 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free - agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last - place finish in franchise history . On July 1 , 1990 , pitcher Andy Hawkins became the first Yankee ever to lose despite throwing a no - hitter . Third baseman Mike Blowers committed an error , followed by two walks and an error by the left fielder Jim Leyritz with the bases loaded , scoring all three runners and the batter . The 4 -- 0 loss to the Chicago White Sox was the largest margin of any no - hitter loss in the 20th century . Ironically , the Yankees ( and Hawkins ) were no - hit for six innings in a rain - shortened game against the White Sox 11 days later . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and 1990s would soon change . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day - to - day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition / development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the club 's emphasis from high - priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the strike ended the season and Mattingly 's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams ( 1981 and 1994 ) , which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the post-season would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and dropped the next three in Seattle . Mattingly , suffering greatly from his back injury , retired after the 1995 season . He had the unfortunate distinction of beginning and ending his career on years bookended by Yankee World Series appearances ( 1981 and 1996 ) . New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) The Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s was built from a core of productive players , including Jorge Posada , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( `` Clueless Joe '' was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenner 's ownership . The 1996 season saw the rise of three Yankees who would form the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second - year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second - year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years in 1996 . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in the ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles in five games , which included a notable fan interference by young Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0 -- 2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18 - year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians in five games . General manager Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant general manager Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a then - AL record 114 regular season wins against just 48 losses and then sweeping the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins is an MLB single - season record . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium . On July 18 , 1999 , which was `` Yogi Berra Day '' at the stadium , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos , with both Berra and Don Larsen , the pitching battery for Larsen 's World Series perfect game on October 8 , 1956 , against the Brooklyn Dodgers , in attendance . The ALCS was the Yankees ' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series . The Yankees would go on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998 -- 1999 Yankees a 22 -- 3 record ( including four series sweeps ) in six consecutive post-season series . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956 . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14 , surpassing the club 's previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936 -- 1939 and 1949 -- 1953 , as well as the 1972 -- 1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also part the Braves -- Mets rivalry . As noted above , three of their four World Series wins happened against either team ( Braves in 1996 and 1999 , Mets in 2000 ) . Joe Torre added further fuel to the dynasty being part of the rivalry , having played for and managed both teams and he becoming manager of the Yankees and the events of the 1996 season were seen as factors in that rivalry intensifying . In aftermath of the September 11 attacks , that year , Yankees defeated the Oakland A 's in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998 -- 2001 Yankees joined the 1921 -- 1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of ' 36 -- ' 39 , ' 49 -- ' 53 , ' 55 -- ' 58 and ' 60 -- ' 64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4 - year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ( following the Cleveland Indians in 1997 ) and the first time since 1991 that the home team won all seven games of a World Series . The Yankees were also the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under . 200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , `` Mr. November '' , echoing comparisons Reggie Jackson 's `` Mr. October '' , for his walk - off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees ' home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled `` Prayer for America . '' A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL best record of 103 -- 58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual champion Anaheim Angels in four games . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101 -- 61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens ' 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series , which featured a bench - clearing incident in Game 3 and a series - ending walk - off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins , losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981 . Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez , 2007 In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Derek Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American pro sports history , to lose a best - of - seven series after taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS in five games to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5 - game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the `` Second Boston Massacre '' ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49 -- 26 . Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . On June 18 , 2007 the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the People 's Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees ' streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced - length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Back on top : championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Former Yankees catcher Joe Girardi became manager in 2008 . After Torre 's departure the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three - year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was played there on July 15 , 2008 . The final regular - season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to `` take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . '' Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . The new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 and was christened with a World Series victory . Main articles : 2009 New York Yankees season and 2009 World Series During the off - season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A.J. Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error - free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they defeated the Twins in a sweep before moving on to the ALCS where the Yankees defeated Angels in six games . They defeated the defending champions , the Philadelphia Phillies , in Game 6 of the World Series 7 -- 3 , to take the series 4 -- 2 , their 27th World Series title . Main article : 2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torre 's Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All - Star break , Pennsylvania announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series 4 games to 2 . In a 22 -- 9 win over the Athletics at home on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title for the second time in three seasons , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers in five games in the 2011 American League Division Series . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the AL 's best record at 95 -- 67 . In mid-July the Yankees traded two prospects to the Seattle Mariners for Ichiro Suzuki . They faced the Orioles in the 2012 American League Division Series . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk - off homer , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees ' 3 -- 2 win . The Yankees would defeat the Orioles in five games . But in the 2012 American League Championship Series , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four - game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season - ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the WBC and played only 15 games in the season , Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Derek Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever in a home game playing the Baltimore Orioles . It was scored as 4 -- 6 -- 5 -- 6 -- 5 -- 3 -- 4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , 2013 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild card era , eliminated them from any playoffs . They ended the season 85 - 77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013 -- 14 off - season , the Yankees went on a large free agent spending spree , signing players such as Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second straight season , the first time in the post-1994 strike era , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84 - 78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162 - game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Derek Jeter -- playing his final home game -- hit a walk - off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The 2015 season saw the Yankees make the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aaron 's record of fifteen 30 - homer seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit - by - pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeira 's place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5 - 3 with a 2.89 ERA in 62.1 innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87 - 75 and in 2nd place . They were soundly defeated by the Houston Astros , 3 -- 0 in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game , shutout for six innings by opposing starter Dallas Keuchel , earning boos from the frustrated home crowd of Yankees fans . In the off - season , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds ' closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman would later be suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season on a rough note , starting 9 - 17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted . 200 and . 204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6 - 12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th - highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52 - 52 , persuading ownership to trade away their most valuable assets and be sellers at the deadline . New era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Aroldis Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a group of players that included top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres , and traded Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In addition , the Yankees traded 39 - year - old designated hitter Carlos Beltran to the Texas Rangers for minor league prospects . The Yankees ' decision to be `` sellers '' rather than `` buyers '' at the trade deadline ( trading established , veteran players for young prospects ) was unusual , given the Yankees ' typical win - now approach . In discussing the midseason trades , Yankees general manager Brian Cashman said that the Yankees recognized the `` need to look toward the future . '' In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the season 's end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12. . In his fourth - to - last game , Teixeira hit a walk - off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back - to - back home runs in their first career at - bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in only 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees ' prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the `` Baby Bombers '' . After having traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season , the Yankees signed him as a free agent during the 2016 - 17 off - season ; Chapman agreed to a five - year , $86 million contract , the most lucrative for a relief pitcher in history . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with a record of 91 - 71 . This was the first time the Yankees won 90 or more games in a season since 2012 . They finished second in the AL East behind the Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , breaking Mark McGwire 's major league record for most home runs by a rookie in a single season ( McGwire hit 49 in 1987 ) . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees ' pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge to the 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players to win a Home Run Derby in history . After the 2017 All - Star break , the Yankees made a series of moves to acquire third baseman Todd Frazier , former Yankee reliever David Robertson , reliever Tommy Kahnle , starter Sonny Gray , and starter Jaime Garcia . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game at Yankee Stadium , the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins 8 -- 4 to move on the ALDS ; this was the Yankees ' first playoff win since 2012 . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games and taking the series . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . In the 2017 off - season , the Yankees hired Aaron Boone to succeed Joe Girardi , as their new manager on December 4 , 2017 . On December 11 , 2017 , the Yankees traded Starlin Castro and prospects Jorge Guzman and Jose Devers to the Miami Marlins for reigning National League Most Valuable Player Giancarlo Stanton . A right fielder who bats right - handed , Stanton hit 59 home runs and drove in 132 runs -- both major league highs -- in 2017 ; his contract is the largest player contract in the history of professional sports in North America . On December 12 , the Yankees traded third baseman Chase Headley and right - handed pitcher Bryan Mitchell to the San Diego Padres for outfielder Jabari Blash ; following the move , Yankees GM Brian Cashman stated that the trade `` create ( d ) payroll flexibility '' . Distinctions World Series rings See also : List of New York Yankees seasons and New York Yankees award winners and league leaders The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories . The Yankees ' number of World Series losses , 13 , leads Major League Baseball . The St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers and New York / San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece . Of their 18 World Series appearances , the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times , going 3 -- 8 , while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times , going 2 -- 5 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees ' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2014 , the Yankees have an all - time regular season winning percentage of . 567 ( a 10,031 -- 7,648 record ) , the best of any team in baseball . World Series championships The Yankees have won 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came in 2009 , under manager Joe Girardi , when they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . Season Manager Opponent Series score Record 1923 Miller Huggins New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 54 1927 Miller Huggins Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 110 -- 44 1928 Miller Huggins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 0 101 -- 53 1932 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 107 -- 47 1936 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 2 102 -- 51 1937 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 1 102 -- 52 1938 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 99 -- 53 1939 Joe McCarthy Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 0 106 -- 45 1941 Joe McCarthy Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 101 -- 53 1943 Joe McCarthy St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 98 -- 56 1947 Bucky Harris Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1949 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 97 -- 57 1950 Casey Stengel Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 0 98 -- 56 1951 Casey Stengel New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 56 1952 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1953 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 99 -- 51 1956 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1958 Casey Stengel Milwaukee Braves 4 -- 3 92 -- 62 1961 Ralph Houk Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 1 109 -- 53 1962 Ralph Houk San Francisco Giants 4 -- 3 96 -- 66 1977 Billy Martin Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 62 1978 Bob Lemon Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 63 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 2 92 -- 70 1998 Joe Torre San Diego Padres 4 -- 0 114 -- 48 1999 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 0 98 -- 64 2000 Joe Torre New York Mets 4 -- 1 87 -- 74 2009 Joe Girardi Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 103 -- 59 Total World Series championships : 27 Team nicknames The `` Yankees '' name is often shortened to `` the Yanks . '' Their most prominently used nickname is `` the Bronx Bombers '' or simply `` the Bombers '' , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is `` the Pinstripes '' , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as `` the Evil Empire '' , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the team 's tumultuous late 70s , `` the Bronx Zoo '' , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the `` Damn Yankees '' , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the `` Evil Empire '' as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play `` the villain '' . Logo , uniform , and dress code Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Popularity Fan support `` Freddy Sez '' holding one of his signs near the bleachers entrance before a game between the Yankees and the Texas Rangers With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road - trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home - town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million - fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million - fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record - setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in `` road attendance '' each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as `` Freddy Sez . '' For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees ' home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees ' jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees members use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees members , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures A shirt worn by a number of Bleacher Creatures Main article : Bleacher Creatures The `` Bleacher Creatures '' are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium , and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees , and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing team 's right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The `` creatures '' got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip `` Flip '' Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . Global expansion and business model The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises which owns the team 's regional YES sports network . While the club has claimed it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million this figure is attributed only to the ballclub 's finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left - field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys that would form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams ' stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9 % from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . Criticism With the long - term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyle 's book ) or `` the Evil Empire . '' When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant `` Yankees Suck '' , and T - shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) , and the free agent superstars the team attracts in the off - season . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , `` Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . '' Fight and Theme songs The grounds crew at Yankee Stadium dancing to `` Y.M.C.A. '' The official fight song for the Yankees is `` Here Come the Yankees '' , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts . Another song strongly linked to the team is `` New York , New York '' , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimited 's `` Get Ready For This '' is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimited 's `` Workaholic '' containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadium 's Hammond organ . `` God Bless America '' has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played is an abbreviated version of Kate Smith 's rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play - off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a Capella and includes a longer introduction . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to `` Y.M.C.A. '' . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmer 's garb is shown dancing in the stadium 's control room , with the words `` Cotton - Eyed Joey '' at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the `` Zorba the Greek Theme '' , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television Main article : List of New York Yankees broadcasters The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network launched in 2002 , and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play - by - play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul O'Neill working as commentators as part of a three - man , or occasionally two - man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on - site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR - TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play - by - play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish - language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939 -- ' 40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944 -- ' 57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958 -- ' 60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961 -- ' 66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967 -- ' 70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971 -- ' 77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978 -- ' 80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981 -- 2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002 -- 2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN - FM 101.9 ( 2014 -- present ) . Past announcers Mel Allen was the team 's lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . Red Barber called Yankees games for thirteen seasons ( 1954 -- 1966 ) . Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , is the longest serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster Further information : List of New York Yankees coaches , List of New York Yankees managers , New York Yankees award winners and league leaders , and New York Yankees team captains Current roster New York Yankees roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 55 Sonny Gray 47 Jordan Montgomery 40 Luis Severino 19 Masahiro Tanaka Bullpen 68 Dellin Betances 85 Luis Cessa 65 Domingo Germán 57 Chad Green 48 Tommy Kahnle 30 David Robertson 45 Chasen Shreve 43 Adam Warren Closer 54 Aroldis Chapman Catchers 28 Austin Romine 24 Gary Sánchez Infielders 41 Miguel Andújar 26 Tyler Austin 18 Didi Gregorius 34 Jace Peterson 74 Ronald Torreyes 12 Tyler Wade 14 Neil Walker Outfielders 11 Brett Gardner 99 Aaron Judge 27 Giancarlo Stanton Pitchers 87 Albert Abreu 88 Domingo Acevedo 62 Giovanny Gallegos 56 Jonathan Holder 89 Jonathan Loáisiga 52 CC Sabathia Catchers 38 Kyle Higashioka Infielders 33 Greg Bird 29 Brandon Drury 90 Thairo Estrada 81 Gleyber Torres Outfielders 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 77 Clint Frazier 31 Aaron Hicks 39 Billy McKinney Manager 17 Aaron Boone Coaches 59 Josh Bard ( bench ) -- Jason Brown ( catching ) -- Radley Haddad ( bullpen catcher ) 60 Mike Harkey ( bullpen ) 64 Carlos Mendoza ( quality control / infield ) 53 Phil Nevin ( third base ) 63 P.J. Pilittere ( asst . hitting ) 58 Larry Rothschild ( pitching ) 62 Marcus Thames ( hitting ) 50 Reggie Willits ( first base / outfield ) 60 - day disabled list 61 Ben Heller 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated April 7 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . Billy Martin 2B , M Retired August 10 , 1986 Derek Jeter SS Retired May 14 , 2017 Babe Ruth RF Retired June 13 , 1948 Lou Gehrig 1B Retired July 4 , 1939 Joe DiMaggio CF Retired April 18 , 1952 Joe Torre Retired August 23 , 2014 Mickey Mantle CF , Coach Retired June 8 , 1969 Bill Dickey C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Yogi Berra C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Roger Maris RF Retired July 21 , 1984 Phil Rizzuto SS Retired August 4 , 1985 Thurman Munson Retired August 3 , 1979 Whitey Ford SP , Coach Retired August 3 , 1974 Jorge Posada Retired August 22 , 2015 Don Mattingly 1B , Coach Retired August 31 , 1997 Elston Howard C , Coach Retired July 21 , 1984 Casey Stengel Retired August 8 , 1970 Mariano Rivera RP Retired September 22 , 2013 Reggie Jackson RF Retired August 14 , 1993 Andy Pettitte SP Retired August 23 , 2015 Ron Guidry SP , Coach Retired August 23 , 2003 Bernie Williams CF Retired May 24 , 2015 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadium 's left field fence and in front of the opposing team 's bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 21 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrig 's number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The first four in the row of retired numbers at the old Yankee Stadium The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and would later be observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No. 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger 's style , and on September 22 , 2013 a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickey 's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player / manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have never issued in their history , as the only single - digit number available for future Yankees . Hall of Famers New York Yankees Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Baltimore Orioles Roger Bresnahan Joe Kelley Joe McGinnity John McGraw Wilbert Robinson New York Highlanders Jack Chesbro * Clark Griffith Willie Keeler Branch Rickey New York Yankees Frank Baker Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Wade Boggs Frank Chance Earle Combs Stan Coveleski Bobby Cox Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Leo Durocher Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Waite Hoyt Miller Huggins Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Randy Johnson Tony Lazzeri Bob Lemon Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail Mickey Mantle Joe McCarthy Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Phil Rizzuto Iván Rodríguez Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Casey Stengel Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Paul Waner George Weiss Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Yankees or Highlanders cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . Larry MacPhail served as co-owner , president and general manager of the Yankees. Lee MacPhail served as director of player personnel and general manager of the Yankees . Both were inducted as Executives by the Veterans Committee . Neither were affiliated with a primary team or depicted on their plaques with caps Jacob Ruppert was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Yankees . Ed Barrow and George Weiss were inducted as Executives for their work as general managers of the Yankees . They are depicted on their plaques without caps . New York Yankees Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman * Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Tony Kubek * Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Yankees . * Played as a Yankee Rivalries Boston Red Sox Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Boston Red Sox and the Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television , schedule permitting . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the American League East rivals have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series Main articles : Subway Series , Mets -- Yankees rivalry , Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , and Giants -- Yankees rivalry The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The term 's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11 -- 3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Yankees minor league affiliates The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams : Level Team League Location AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders International League Moosic , Pennsylvania AA Trenton Thunder Eastern League Trenton , New Jersey Advanced A Tampa Tarpons Florida State League Tampa , Florida Charleston RiverDogs South Atlantic League Charleston , South Carolina Short Season A Staten Island Yankees New York -- Penn League Staten Island , New York Rookie Pulaski Yankees Appalachian League Pulaski , Virginia GCL Yankees West Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida GCL Yankees East DSL Yankees 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Yankees 2 Front office Main article : List of New York Yankees owners and executives The Yankees front office , as of 2013 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner / Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A. Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of World Series champions List of New York Yankees managers References Notes Jump up ^ `` Yankees Uniforms and Logos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . The Yankees utilized numerous cap designs including pinstripes from 1903 until 1922 when they finally settled on a solid navy cap with the interlocking `` NY '' insignia . Jump up ^ Dittmeier , Bobbie ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` 100 years ago , Yankees pinstripes are born '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . The Yankees ' color is midnight blue , but in 1912 , the pinstripes were black . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1999 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , Clay ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Yankee Revenue To Immediately Double In New Stadium '' . Deadspin . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` The Cowboys And Yankees Top The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees ( 1903 -- present ) '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Gordon - Society for American Baseball Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William F. ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball , McFarland , chapter 3 : The Professional Game : 1876 to 1892 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 42468 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Find Franchise Trade History between Boston Red Sox & New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners Of Yanks To Enjoin Johnson ; Colonels Ruppert and Huston Will Carry Fight for Carl Mays Into Court . Refuse To Attend Meeting Big Baseball Battle Precipitated by Ban 's Belated Action Against Former Boston Pitcher . Will Enjoin President . Statement of Owners . Parting of the Ways '' . The New York Times . August 4 , 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , Glenn . `` When the Yankees nearly moved to Boston '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . Random House . pp. 101 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Frazee and the Red Sox - Society for American Baseball Research '' . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard . `` 1927 `` Murderers ' Row '' New York Yankees : No Team Has Ever Been Better `` . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell Speech '' . lougehrig.com . July 4 , 1939 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 20 baseball records that may never be broken '' . Jump up ^ Acocella , Nick . `` Larsen had one perfect day '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap '' . ESPN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Valuing Trades Between the Kansas City A 's and New York Yankees '' . Royals Review . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friend , Harold . `` The New York Yankees Traded Roger Maris for Him ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Maris battled Mantle , media and Babe 's legacy '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris breaks home - run record - Oct 01 , 1961 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1951 -- 1975 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . Voices of Summer . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` ' The Boss ' made Yankees a dictatorship '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyle , Sparky ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Bronx Zoo : The Astonishing Inside Story of the 1978 World Champion New York Yankees . Illinois : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 715 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall of Famers -- Reggie Jackson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Was a Liar and George Steinbrenner Was Convicted , Said Mr. Martin '' . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Capitol Mon , July 24 , 1978 '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` 25 years later , Thurman Munson 's last words remain a symbol of his life '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Forgotten Era : The ' 80s '' . `` There is an element of follow the leader that happened in the 1980s '' , Thorn said . `` The Yankees remade their roster in the 1980s to utilize speed and defense . And it did n't work with that short porch . '' Other teams out - slugged the Yankees in their home ball park , which was part of the reason the Yankees did n't win a pennant after 1981 when their late - 1970s dynasty began to break up . Jump up ^ `` Switch - hitting OF Dave Collins ' time with New York Yankees short but sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner 's Speed '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . Steinbrenner said ... `` You have to look at the record . We did n't win a World Series this decade , but we had the best record of the 1980s of any team in the major leagues . '' ... This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( August 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' 81 , ' 94 Yankees Both Winners but Worlds Apart in Personality '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C2 . Those who followed the 1981 New York Yankees ... ca n't help but notice potential similarities with this year 's first - place Yankee club . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played a Series game . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . BaseballReference.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Torre 's timeline with Yankees '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees finish off five - game sweep '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees sign two Chinese prospects '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamaras , Jacob ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Sign Sponsorship Agreement With China 's Yili Group '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees name Joe Girardi the 32nd manager in franchise history ; Signed to a three - year contract through the 2010 season '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Yankees Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No additional final sendoff for Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Teixeira slide sparks Yanks in 12 -- 3 win over Texas '' . ABCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . redsox.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers draw Yanks , Red Sox in 2010 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees turn key triple play vs. O 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees eliminated with Indians ' victory '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod's suspension reduced to 162 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Clutch ! Jeter scripts walk - off in home finale '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Voting Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod joins Hank Aaron as only players with 15 30 - home run seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Melancon , Andrew Miller are top relievers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Fans Boo Brett Gardner '' . The New York Times - The New York Times . 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman suspended 30 games '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs acquire Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Acquire Andrew Miller '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Yankees trade deadline takeaways from Brian Cashman '' . espn.com. 2 August 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( 1 August 2016 ) . `` 7 Yankees trade deadline takeaways from Brian Cashman '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez announces retirement , will play final game Friday '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira announces retirement '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' Game Logs '' 2016 '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , Judge hit back - to - back HRs in 1st at - bats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Gary Sanchez 's 20th home run helps set an MLB record '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees depending on Baby Bombers in 2017 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tayler , Jon . `` Yankees gamble by splurging for Aroldis Chapman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Clint Frazier homers in first MLB game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Home Run Derby : Aaron Judge becomes fourth New York Yankees player to win '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Yankees Acquire Todd Frazier and David Robertson in Trade With White Sox '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Yankees shocked the Indians with their power and bullpen '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://nypost.com/2017/10/21/yankees-come-up-empty-in-game-7-as-season-ends-in-a-whimper/ Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Didi Gregorius Leads Yankees to Game 5 Win vs. Indians ; Will Face Astros in ALCS '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Officially Announce Hiring Of Aaron Boone As Manager '' . CBS New York . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Boone is Yankees ' new manager '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Stanton puts on his Yankees uniform '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Giancarlo Stanton joins Aaron Judge as Yankees ' Towers of Power '' . denverpost.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why Giancarlo Stanton was actually ' angered ' by record $325 million contract offer from Marlins '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees unload Chase Headley , who is owed $13 M in 2018 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season - By - Season World Series Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lucchino fires shot at Yanks after losing out on pitcher '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack . `` The 50 Most Popular Teams in Sports '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees reach four million in tickets sales for second consecutive season '' . MLB.com . July 2 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Third , Charlie Wattsizname '' . The Smoking Gun . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( 2005 ) . Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium . New York : Sports Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees and Chinese Baseball Association reach landmark agreement '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees team with Yomiuri Giants '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jim ( 2005 ) . Yankees Suck ! : The Unofficial Guide for Those Who Hate , Despise , Loathe , and Detest Those Bums from the Bronx . Penguin Group : Roadside Amusements . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 12677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Salary Database '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankee Quotations '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . `` How ' Y.M.C.A. ' Became Baseball 's Never - Ending Jam '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Ink Multi-Year Broadcast Deal With WFAN AM & FM '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees retire Jackie Robinson 's number '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/video/v1214974983/yankees-will-retire-jeters-no-2-in-2017 Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Zero single - digit numbers in the Bronx ? Actually , there 's still one left '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Affiliates '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Front Office '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Bibliography Surdam , David G. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise and Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / es / khn081 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . New York Yankees : 40 - Man Roster New York Yankees : Manager and Coaches External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Yankees . New York Yankees official website Baseball-Reference.com -- year - by - year franchise index Baseball Almanac Sports E-Cyclopedia Bronx Baseball Daily New York Yankees Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Culture Monument Park Museum Old - Timers ' Day Bleacher Creatures Yankees Universe Eddie Layton Jim Hall Logos and uniforms Appearance policy `` Holy Cow ! '' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Aaron Boone Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 17 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . 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Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Links to related articles Principal owners of the New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Sydney Frank ( 1901 -- 1902 ) John Mahon ( 1902 ) Andrew Freedman ( 1902 ) Ban Johnson ( 1902 ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1913 ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1903 -- 1913 ) New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. and Tillinghast Huston ( 1915 -- 1922 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1922 -- 1939 ) The Estate of Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1947 -- 1964 ) CBS ( 1964 -- 1973 ) George Steinbrenner ( 1973 -- 2008 ) Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ( 2008 -- present ) New York Yankees general managers Ed Barrow ( 1920 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail ( 1945 -- 1947 ) George Weiss ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Roy Hamey ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Ralph Houk ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Dan Topping Jr. ( 1966 ) Lee MacPhail ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Gabe Paul ( 1973 -- 1977 ) Cedric Tallis ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Gene Michael ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Bill Bergesch ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Murray Cook ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Clyde King ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Woody Woodward ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Lou Piniella ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Quinn ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Pete Peterson ( 1990 ) Gene Michael ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Bob Watson ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Brian Cashman ( 1998 -- present ) New York Yankees managers John McGraw ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1902 ) Clark Griffith ( 1903 -- 1908 ) Kid Elberfeld ( 1908 ) George Stallings ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Hal Chase ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Harry Wolverton ( 1912 ) Frank Chance ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger Peckinpaugh ( 1914 ) Bill Donovan ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Miller Huggins ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Art Fletcher ( 1929 ) Bob Shawkey ( 1930 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1931 -- 1946 ) Bill Dickey ( 1946 ) Johnny Neun ( 1946 ) Bucky Harris ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Casey Stengel ( 1949 -- 1960 ) Ralph Houk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Yogi Berra ( 1964 ) Johnny Keane ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Ralph Houk ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Bill Virdon ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Billy Martin ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Howser ( 1978 ) Bob Lemon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Billy Martin ( 1979 ) Dick Howser ( 1980 ) Gene Michael ( 1981 ) Bob Lemon ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Gene Michael ( 1982 ) Clyde King ( 1982 ) Billy Martin ( 1983 ) Yogi Berra ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Billy Martin ( 1985 ) Lou Piniella ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Billy Martin ( 1988 ) Lou Piniella ( 1988 ) Dallas Green ( 1989 ) Bucky Dent ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Stump Merrill ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Buck Showalter ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Joe Torre ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Joe Girardi ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Aaron Boone ( 2018 -- ) New York Yankees retired numbers 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams Championship navigation boxes New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt Manager Miller Huggins Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season Murderers ' Row New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot New York Yankees 1936 World Series champions 1 Roy Johnson 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig ( AL MVP ) 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Joe DiMaggio 10 Don Heffner 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Jack Saltzgaver 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Jumbo Brown 18 Art Jorgens 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Johnny Broaca 21 Pat Malone 22 Bob Seeds 25 Kemp Wicker 26 Joe Glenn Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1937 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 24 Ivy Andrews 25 Kemp Wicker Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1938 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Gordon 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Tommy Henrich 19 Johnny Murphy Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1939 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Babe Dahlgren 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Oral Hildebrand 32 Steve Sundra Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1943 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler ( AL MVP ) 22 Marius Russo Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1950 World Series champions 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto ( AL MVP ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 19 Whitey Ford 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 26 Tom Ferrick 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Jackie Jensen 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season New York Yankees 1951 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 5 Joe DiMaggio 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra ( AL MVP ) 9 Bobby Brown 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald ( AL ROY ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 25 Hank Bauer 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 35 Joe Ostrowski 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Bobby Hogue 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 15 Tommy Henrich 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1958 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Tony Kubek 11 Jerry Lumpe 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen 19 Bob Turley ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 20 Marv Throneberry 23 Murry Dickson 24 Duke Maas 25 Norm Siebern 26 Ryne Duren 28 Art Ditmar 30 Bobby Shantz 32 Elston Howard 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Zach Monroe Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Charlie Keller 35 Ralph Houk Regular season New York Yankees 1961 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris ( AL MVP ) 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 12 Billy Gardner 14 Bill Skowron 15 Jack Reed 16 Whitey Ford ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry 28 Bud Daley 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 47 Luis Arroyo Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 29 Earl Torgeson 31 Johnny Sain 36 Wally Moses 44 Jim Hegan Regular season New York Yankees 1962 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 14 Bill Skowron 15 Tom Tresh ( AL ROY ) 16 Whitey Ford 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry ( World Series MVP ) 26 Dale Long 28 Bud Daley 30 Marshall Bridges 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 56 Jim Bouton Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 44 Jim Hegan 36 Wally Moses 31 Johnny Sain Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1996 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Dwight Gooden 12 Wade Boggs 13 Jim Leyritz 17 Kenny Rogers 18 Mariano Duncan 19 Luis Sojo 20 Mike Aldrete 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Jimmy Key 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Andy Fox 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Rubén Rivera 31 Tim Raines 33 Charlie Hayes 35 John Wetteland ( World Series MVP ) 36 David Cone 39 Darryl Strawberry 41 Brian Boehringer 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Cecil Fielder 46 Andy Pettitte 51 Bernie Williams ( ALCS MVP ) 52 David Weathers 57 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Bench Coach 48 Don Zimmer Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Bullpen Catcher Rudy Árias Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1998 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 14 Hideki Irabu 18 Scott Brosius ( World Series MVP ) 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Homer Bush 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 31 Tim Raines 33 David Wells ( ALCS MVP ) 36 David Cone 38 Ricky Ledée 39 Darryl Strawberry 40 Darren Holmes 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1999 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 13 Jim Leyritz 14 Hideki Irabu 17 Ricky Ledée 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández ( ALCS MVP ) 27 Allen Watson 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 39 Darryl Strawberry 42 Mariano Rivera ( World Series MVP ) 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 2000 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter ( World Series MVP ) 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Denny Neagle 13 José Vizcaíno 14 Luis Sojo 17 Dwight Gooden 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Polonia 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Chris Turner 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Allen Watson 28 David Justice ( ALCS MVP ) 29 Mike Stanton 31 Glenallen Hill 33 Jose Canseco 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza 58 Randy Choate Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 52 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 Lee Mazzilli Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Mets -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers Lehigh Valley Phantoms NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL Bethlehem Steel FC New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times were the yankees in the world series	[ "The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances (which, since the first World Series in 1903, currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons); the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories. The Yankees' number of World Series losses, 13, leads Major League Baseball. The St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers and New York/San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece. Of their 18 World Series appearances, the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times, going 3–8, while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times, going 2–5.[99] Among North American major sports, the Yankees' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League. The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies.[100]" ]	[ "40" ]
-6541831798273893656	MacBook (12-inch)	MacBook ( 12 - inch ) - wikipedia MacBook ( 12 - inch ) This article is about the notebook computer sold from 2015 . For the original series of notebook computers under the same name , see MacBook . MacBook The MacBook ( 2015 version ) in gold with ISO keyboard Developer Apple Inc . Product family MacBook family Type Laptop Release date April 10 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) ( original release ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( current release ) Retail availability 2015 -- present Introductory price USD $1299 , CAD $1549 , Euro € 1449 , GBP £ 1249 Operating system macOS High Sierra CPU Up to 1.4 GHz Intel Core i7 Memory 8 ( up to 16 ) GB 1866 MHz LPDDR3 Storage Up to 512 GB PCIe - based flash storage Display 12 - inch IPS LCD Retina display Graphics Intel HD Graphics 615 Sound Stereo speakers and dual microphones Input USB 3.1 Type - C Camera 480p iSight camera Touchpad Force Touch multi-touch trackpad Connectivity 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac Wi - Fi Bluetooth 4.2 USB 3.1 Type - C port ( up to 5 Gbps ) Display mirroring supported Weight 0.92 kg ( 2.03 lbs ) Predecessor MacBook Related articles MacBook Air MacBook Pro MacBook Website www.apple.com/macbook The MacBook is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in March 2015 by Apple Inc . The MacBook has a similar appearance to the MacBook Air , but is thinner and lighter , and is available in colors called space gray , silver , gold , and rose gold . It offers a high - resolution Retina Display , a Force Touch trackpad , a redesigned keyboard , and only two ports : a headphone jack and a USB 3.1 Type - C port for charging , data transfer and video output . In the MacBook product line , the MacBook sits below the MacBook Pro in terms of average specifications . The price is higher than the MacBook Air , which is compensated for by the Retina Display , portability , and higher storage and memory . However , the processor and graphic performance is inferior to the MacBook Air . Many reviewers have also criticized the shallow travel of the redesigned keyboard keys . On April 19 , 2016 , Apple updated the Retina MacBook with new sixth - generation Intel Core M processors , Intel HD 515 graphics , faster RAM , longer battery life , faster storage and a new rose gold finish . On 5 June 2017 , Apple again updated the MacBook with Intel Kaby Lake m3 , i5 , and i7 processors ( previously known as m3 , m5 , and m7 ) . It features the second generation butterfly switches in the 2016 MacBook Pro keyboard . The MacBook also features faster SSD storage and RAM . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Keyboard and trackpad 1.2 Ports 2 Reception 3 Technical specifications 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) A side view of the MacBook The MacBook is designed with thinness in mind ; the aluminum enclosure is 13.1 mm at its thickest point at the hinge end of the computer . The MacBook includes Intel Core M processors ( Kaby Lake architecture ) which requires no fans or heat pipe , allowing the logic board to be much smaller than the one in the MacBook Air . The storage can not be upgraded . Despite its small size , the computer features a full - sized keyboard and a large trackpad . The battery was custom - designed to fill the available space in the small enclosure . It uses a new 39.7 watt - hour lithium - polymer terraced battery cell which is advertised to provide `` all day '' battery life . It is said to last up to 9 hours for Internet browsing or 10 hours of iTunes movie playback . The battery was improved in the 2016 refresh , with Apple claiming to provide 10 hours for Internet browsing , and 11 hours for iTunes movie playback . The MacBook does not include any beryllium , BFR s , or PVC s in its construction . The display is made of arsenic - free glass and contains no mercury . It is made of recyclable materials such as aluminum and glass , meets Energy Star 6.1 standards , and is rated EPEAT Gold . Keyboard and trackpad ( edit ) The MacBook has a new keyboard design and trackpad . Compared to previous models , the individual keys have a larger surface area . Apple replaced traditional scissor mechanism keys with a new , Apple - designed butterfly mechanism keys , making the keyboard thinner and , as Apple claims , individual keys more stable . However , individual keys , especially shift and space , tend to stick because of the extremely short travel . The keyboard 's backlight no longer consists of a row of LEDs and a light guide panel , but instead uses a single LED for each key . The letters on the MacBook 's keyboard are set in the San Francisco typeface , whereas previous laptops made by Apple used VAG Rounded . The 2015 MacBook was the first to introduce the Force Touch trackpad , a solid - state trackpad that measures pressure sensitivity , and replicates a click with haptic feedback . The trackpad was later brought to the Magic Trackpad 2 . A similar technology is also used in the Apple Watch and newer iPhones . Ports ( edit ) USB - C on MacBook To achieve its thin chassis , the MacBook only has a single , multi-purpose USB - C , and a 3.5 mm headphone jack . The port supports transmission speeds of up to 5 Gbit / s , and can be used for charging , output and input of data , and output of video and audio . Apple markets an adapter that can provide a full - size USB connector , and a `` Digital AV Multiport Adapter '' with a charging pass - through , full - size USB port , and HDMI output . Although Thunderbolt 3 technology uses USB - C connectors , the MacBook 's USB - C port does not support Thunderbolt . Thunderbolt devices , such as storage media and the Apple Thunderbolt Display , are not compatible with the MacBook . Shortly after the MacBook 's introduction , various companies began announcing cables and adapters for the USB - C port . Reception ( edit ) Reception for the new MacBook has been generally positive , with critics praising the design and overall quality of the product . However , several described it as a limited first - generation product designed to avoid extensive use until the MacBook reached greater maturity , and its price dropped sufficiently for mainstream adoption . The slow performance of the Intel Core M processor was regarded as the new MacBook 's main deficiency , relative to the cheaper and faster MacBook Air and Pro . Among the other criticisms of the new MacBook are the lack of various popular ports , particularly USB Type - A ports , which limits data transfer and overall convenience without the use of an adapter . The keyboard also received criticism as being poor for long - term use : developer Marco Arment described the laptop 's build and small size as `` absolutely amazing , revolutionary , and mind - blowing ... until you need to use the keyboard for something . '' He also criticised the trackpad as worse than on previous MacBooks , and said that he would be returning the model he had bought . Apple 's introduction of a gold MacBook finish has been cited as an example of positioning itself as a luxury - style brand . The choice follows the introduction of the gold iPhone 5S after Apple found that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury among Chinese customers . Noting the appeal of Apple introducing gold laptops , IT and science journalist Casey Johnston commented , `` I 'm marrying one . '' Technical Specifications ( edit ) Discontinued Current Model Early 2015 Early 2016 hide Mid 2017 Release date April 10 , 2015 April 19 , 2016 June 6 , 2017 Model identifier MacBook8 , 1 MacBook9 , 1 MacBook10 , 1 Model Number A1534 Order Numbers MF855LL / A , MF865LL / A , MJY32LL / A , MJY42LL / A , MK4M2LL / A , MK4N2LL / A MLH72LL / A , MLH82LL / A , MLHA2LL / A , MLHC2LL / A , MLHE2LL / A , MLHF2LL / A , MMGL2LL / A , MMGM2LL / A MNYF2LL / A , MNYG2LL / A Display LED - backlit widescreen glossy , Retina Display 12 '' Retina , 2304 × 1440 ( 16 : 10 ) , 226 ppi , with millions of colors ( supported scaled resolutions : 1440 × 900 , 1280 × 800 , 1024 × 640 ) Video camera iSight ( 480p ) Processor 1.1 GHz ( M - 5Y31 ) dual - core Intel Core M Broadwell processor ( Turbo Boost up to 2.4 GHz ) with 4 MB L3 cache 1.2 GHz ( M - 5Y51 ) dual - core Intel Core M Broadwell processor ( Turbo Boost up to 2.6 GHz ) with 4 MB L3 cache Configurable 1.3 GHz ( M - 5Y71 ) dual - core Intel Core M Broadwell processor ( Turbo Boost up to 2.9 GHz ) with 4 MB L3 cache 1.1 GHz dual - core Intel Core m3 - 6Y30 Skylake processor ( cTDP Up mode , Turbo Boost up to 2.2 GHz ) with 4MB L3 cache 1.2 GHz dual - core Intel Core m5 - 6Y54 Skylake processor ( cTDP Up mode , Turbo Boost up to 2.7 GHz ) with 4MB L3 cache Configurable 1.3 GHz dual - core Intel Core m7 - 6Y75 Skylake processor ( cTDP Up mode , Turbo Boost up to 3.1 GHz ) with 4 MB L3 cache 1.2 GHz dual - core Intel Core m3 - 7Y32 Kaby Lake processor ( Turbo Boost up to 3.0 GHz ) with 4MB L3 cache 1.3 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 - 7Y54 Kaby Lake processor ( Turbo Boost up to 3.2 GHz ) with 4MB L3 cache Configurable 1.4 GHz dual - core Intel Core i7 - 7Y75 Kaby Lake processor ( Turbo Boost up to 3.6 GHz ) with 4 MB L3 cache System bus N / A 4 GT / s OPI ( Max . Theoretical Bandwidth 4 GB / s ) Memory 8 GB 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM 8 GB 1866 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM 8 GB 1866 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Configurable to 16 GB of RAM at time of purchase only Graphics Intel HD Graphics 5300 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 515 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 615 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Flash storage 256 GB or 512 GB NVMe / PCIe 2.0 x4 , 5.0 GT / s 256 GB or 512 GB NVMe / PCIe 3.0 x2 , 8.0 GT / s 256 GB or 512 GB NVMe WiFi Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 1.3 Gbit / s ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2 Peripheral connections USB 3.1 generation 1 over USB - C , up to 5 Gbit / s ( for power , converts to USB Type - A , and video out via separate adapter ) Headphone audio jack ( supports iPhone headset with remote and microphone ) Video out USB - C DisplayPort 1.2 Alternate Mode ( maximum resolutions 4096x2304 at 48 Hz over HDMI 1.4 b , and 3840x2160 at 60 Hz over DisplayPort and HDMI 1.4 b ) USB - C DisplayPort 1.2 Alternate Mode ( maximum resolutions 4096x2304 at 60 Hz over HDMI 2.0 , and 3840x2160 at 60 Hz over DisplayPort ) Power 29 Watt USB 3.1 Type - C power adapter , 39.7 Wh battery 29 Watt USB 3.1 Type - C power adapter , 41.4 Wh battery Weight 2.03 pounds ( 0.92 kg ) 11.04 inches ( 28.04 cm ) wide × 7.74 inches ( 19.66 cm ) deep × 0.14 inches ( 0.36 cm ) to 0.52 inches ( 1.32 cm ) high Colors Space Gray , Silver , Gold Space Gray , Silver , Gold , Rose Gold Keyboard Butterfly mechanism Second - generation butterfly mechanism Notes : Apple states the processor specifications as `` 1.1 GHz , turbo boost 2.4 GHz `` , `` 1.2 GHz , turbo boost 2.6 GHz '' , and `` Configurable 1.3 GHz , turbo boost 2.9 GHz '' , but there are no Intel Core M processors that correspond to these specific specifications that have been publicly announced . It can be inferred that Apple adapts the newest Core M models launched in Q4'14 , which support Configurable TDP . The Core M - 5Y31 runs at a base frequency of 900 MHz , M - 5Y51 at 1.1 GHz and M - 5Y71 at 1.2 GHz , the clock speeds of which seem to have been raised up to 1.1 GHz , 1.2 GHz and 1.3 GHz , respectively . All of three models match the Max Turbo Frequency specification given by both Apple and Intel . See also ( edit ) MacBook Air MacBook Pro References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Apple Inc . ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Unveils All - New MacBook '' ( Press release ) . San Francisco . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Apple - MacBook '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean . `` New MacBook Review : Stupidly Thin '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Snell , Jason . `` Macbook review '' . Six Colors . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David . `` New Macbook : hands on '' . Wired . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierini , David . `` Retina MacBook 's ' butterfly ' keyboard feels a bit buggy '' . Cult of Mac . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Cutress , Ian . `` Apple Refreshes MacBook with Skylake - based Core M and New Rose Gold Color '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Apple Inc . ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Updates MacBook '' ( Press release ) . San Francisco . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://www.apple.com/macbook/specs/ Jump up ^ `` Apple - MacBook '' . Apple . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- MacBook -- Tech Specs '' . Apple . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Mic ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` The new MacBook shows San Francisco is more than just the Apple Watch font '' . The Next Web . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 6 things to know about the USB - C port in the new MacBook '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Thunderbolt ports and displays '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Belkin Announces New Line of USB - C Cables , USB - C to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter '' . MacRumors . Jump up ^ Elliott , Melissa . `` Concise `` New Retina Macbook '' Review `` . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` 2015 MacBook Review '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` The 2015 MacBook previews a future that 's not quite here '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wollman , Dana ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` MacBook review : Apple reinvents the laptop again '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stern , Joanna ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Apple MacBook Review : The Laptop of the Future Is n't Ready for the Present '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Review : Apple MacBook '' . Wired . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Arment , Marco . `` Quick impressions of the new stuff in the Apple Store today , which probably are n't useful since everyone can just go see for themselves now '' . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Arment , Marco . `` Mistake One '' . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chan & Chen . `` Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Casey . `` Twitter post '' . Twitter . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook ( Retina , 12 - inch , Early 2015 ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook ( Retina , 12 - inch , Early 2016 ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook ( Retina , 12 - inch , Mid 2017 ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` MacBook ( Retina , 12 - inch , 2017 ) - Technical Specifications '' . support.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Apple MacBook Specs ( All MacBook Technical Specs ) @ EveryMac.com '' . EveryMac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ganesh TS ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Choosing the Right SSD for a Skylake - U System '' . AnandTech . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Smith . `` The MacBook 's SSD : NVMe '' . anandtech.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Using 4K displays , 5K displays and Ultra HD TVs with your Mac - Apple Support '' . support.apple.com. 2017 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Using 4K displays , 5K displays and Ultra HD TVs with your Mac - Apple Support '' . support.apple.com. 2017 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MacBook ( Retina ) . Official website Preceded by MacBook MacBook ( 12 - inch ) April 10 , 2015 Succeeded by - hide Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12 - inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . 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About Wikipedia	when did the 12 inch macbook come out	[ "The MacBook is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in March 2015 by Apple Inc.[1] The MacBook has a similar appearance to the MacBook Air, but is thinner and lighter,[2] and is available in colors called space gray, silver, gold, and rose gold. It offers a high-resolution Retina Display, a Force Touch trackpad, a redesigned keyboard, and only two ports: a headphone jack and a USB 3.1 Type-C port for charging, data transfer and video output." ]	[ "March 2015" ]
2926759660515235172	Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)	Spike ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) - wikipedia Spike ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) Spike Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel character First appearance `` School Hard '' ( 1997 ) Created by Joss Whedon Portrayed by James Marsters Information Affiliation The Whirlwind Scooby Gang Wolfram & Hart Classification Vampire Notable powers Common powers of vampires , enhanced Spike , played by James Marsters , is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . Spike is a vampire and played various roles on the shows , including villain , anti-hero , trickster and romantic interest . For Marsters , the role as Spike began a career in science fiction television , becoming `` the obvious go - to guy for US cult ( television ) . '' For creator Whedon , Spike is the `` most fully developed '' of his characters . The character was intended to be a brief villain , with Whedon originally adamant to not have another major `` romantic vampire '' character like Angel . Marsters says `` Spike was supposed to be dirty and evil , punk rock , and then dead . '' However , the character ended up staying for the second season , and then returning in the fourth to replace Cordelia as `` the character who told Buffy she was stupid and about to die . '' Within the series ' narrative , William was an unsuccessful aspiring poet in the Victorian era who was mocked and called `` William the Bloody '' because of his `` bloody awful '' poetry . Sired by the vampire Drusilla ( Juliet Landau ) , William became an unusually passionate and romantic vampire , being very violent and ready to battle , but not as cruel as his companions . Alongside Drusilla , Darla ( Julie Benz ) and Angelus ( David Boreanaz ) , Giles thinks William acquired the nickname Spike for his preferred method of torturing people with railroad spikes , but it is revealed it is because his poetry was `` so bad you could stick a railroad spike through your head . '' He was noted for killing two vampire Slayers ; one in China at the end of the 1800s during the Boxer Rebellion , the other was Nicki Wood in 1977 New York , where Spike acquired his trademark leather duster . During the second season of the series , Spike comes to Sunnydale hoping to kill a third Slayer , Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , with whom he later forges an uneasy alliance . Over the course of Buffy , Spike falls in love with the Slayer , reacquires his soul to prove himself to Buffy and dies a hero in the show 's series finale . He is subsequently resurrected in the first episode of the fifth season of the spin - off series Angel . Considered a ' breakout character ' , Spike proved immensely popular with fans of Buffy . The character appears substantially in Expanded Universe materials such as comic books and tie - in novels . Following the cancellation of Angel in 2004 , Whedon considered creating a Spike film spin - off . Canonically , the character appears in issues of the comic books Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( 2007 -- 11 ) , Angel : After the Fall ( 2007 -- 09 ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine , Angel & Faith ( both 2011 -- 2013 ) and several Spike limited series , spinning off from both Buffy and Angel . Currently the character is in the canonical comic Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Television 1.1. 1 Early history 1.1. 2 Sunnydale 1.1. 3 Los Angeles 1.2 Literature 2 Characterization 2.1 Personality 2.2 Appearance 3 Powers and abilities 4 Unproduced spin - off movie 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Spike 's story before he appears in Sunnydale unfolds in flashbacks scattered , out of sequence , among numerous episodes of both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . The first flashback occurs in Buffy Season Five 's `` Fool for Love '' , and reveals William as in fact a meek , effete young man ( and an aspiring poet ) who lived in London with his mother , Anne . Anne would often sing the folksong `` Early One Morning '' to her son , right up until the time he was turned into a vampire . William 's surname is given as `` Pratt '' in the non-canon comic Old Times and is written on the label of his jar of blood in the comic Spike : Asylum # 002 . This surname became official with the publication of the canon comic Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 11 # 7 , in which Buffy calls him by it . The name William Pratt may allude to horror actor Boris Karloff , whose birth name was William Henry Pratt , and can also be understood as the British slang term `` prat '' , describing a person of arrogant stupidity . Spike is one of the youngest recurring vampires on the show , though the evidence of his age is contradictory , as the concept of the character evolved over time . When he was introduced in `` School Hard '' ( season 2 ) , Giles read that he was `` barely two hundred , '' implying that he was either born or sired in 1797 or slightly earlier . In `` The Initiative '' ( season 4 ) he said he was 126 , thus born or sired in 1874 . Flashbacks in `` Fool for Love '' ( season 5 ) show that Spike was sired as an adult in 1880 . Assuming he was in his early to mid 20s when he was sired , Spike would be in his 140s during the series . In the comic Spike : Asylum # 002 , Spike 's jar of blood has a label giving his assumed human birth date in 1853 , about 27 years before he was sired . William , before becoming a vampire In 1880 , William was a struggling poet , often mocked by his peers who called him `` William the Bloody '' behind his back because his poetry was so `` bloody awful . '' The true origins of this nickname were not revealed until three years after it was first mentioned in Season Two , when it was believed to have purely violent connotations . William showed a strong capacity for loyalty and devoted love , which remained after his siring . After his romantic overtures were rejected by the aristocratic Cecily , William wandered the streets despondently and bumped into Drusilla . She consoled him , drained him of blood and made him drink of her blood , thus transforming him into a vampire -- `` siring '' him , in the jargon of the series . Spike 's grand - sire Angelus became his mentor ( leading Spike occasionally to describe him loosely as his sire ) : `` Drusilla sired me , but you , you made me a monster . '' Whereas new vampires in the Buffyverse often delight in killing their families once they become evil , William was a notable exception . Having always been very close to his mother , he turned her into a vampire to save her from tuberculosis . But his mother , as a vampire , taunted William and insinuated he had always had a sexual fascination with her . William chose to stake her because he found he could not bear to see his mother behaving like the soulless vampire he had made of her . She , like most vampires , lacked his unusual capacity for some of the softer human emotions , like love and compassion . After staking his mother , William began a new life with Drusilla , to whom he was utterly devoted . Euphoric with his newfound vampiric abilities , he adopted the poses and trappings of a cultural rebel , affecting a working class East London accent and embracing impulsiveness and extreme violence . He adopted the nom de guerre `` Spike '' based on his habit of torturing people with railroad spikes -- possibly prompted by criticism of his poetry : `` I 'd rather have a railroad spike through my head than listen to that awful stuff . '' In `` The Weight of the World '' Spike mentions having spent `` the better part of a century '' in delinquency , suggesting criminal activities other than killing for blood . In the company of Drusilla , Angelus and Darla , Spike terrorized Europe and Asia for almost two decades . He had a strained relationship with Drusilla 's sire Angelus , who continued a sexual relationship with her despite Spike 's strong disapproval . Although Angelus did enjoy the company of another male vampire in their travels , he found Spike 's recklessness and lust for battle to be unnecessary risks . Angelus regarded killing as an art , not a sport , and killed for the sheer act of evil ; Spike did it for amusement and the rush . In 1894 , Spike and Angelus developed a rivalry with the enigmatic Immortal , who later had Spike sent to prison for tax evasion . In 1900 , Spike killed Xin_Rong , a Chinese Slayer while in China during the Boxer Rebellion . In 1943 , he was captured by Nazis for experimentation and taken aboard a submarine , where he was briefly reunited with Angel . By the 1950s , Spike had reunited with Drusilla , and they traveled to Italy . At some point , Spike also became rivals with the famous vampire Dracula . The enmity between Spike and Dracula was explored in the comic series Spike vs. Dracula , in which their mutual hatred is caused when Spike , along with Darla and Drusilla , slaughtered the Romani ( gypsy ) tribe who had cursed their patriarch , Angelus , with a soul , although it is unclear if either Spike or Drusilla knew precisely why Darla was so angry with the tribe . That clan ( unknown to Spike ) was favored by Dracula and he sought revenge for their deaths . Spike later mentions in a conversation with Riley Finn , `` Dracula ? Poncy bugger owes me £ 11 , for one thing , '' because Dracula tossed Spike 's signed copy of Bram Stoker 's Dracula in a fire in 1898 . Spike also notes that Dracula 's fame has done more damage to vampires than any Slayer , since it made their weaknesses more widely known . Spike attended Woodstock in 1969 , whereupon he accidentally became high after ingesting the blood of a hippie , he claims to have spent the next six hours following the incident `` watching my hand move '' . In 1977 he fought and killed a second Slayer , Nikki Wood , aboard a subway train in New York City , taking from her a black leather duster which he wears throughout his appearances on Buffy and Angel until it is destroyed in an explosion in Season Five of Angel , whereupon he gets a new one that looks exactly like the old one ( `` The Girl in Question '' ) . At some point post-1977 , Billy Idol allegedly `` stole '' Spike 's look and made it famous as his own ( as revealed in Season Seven 's `` Sleeper '' ; see `` Appearance '' below ) ; Spike 's thoughts on this are unrecorded . Inasmuch as Buffy knew of the `` theft '' as of `` Sleeper , '' Spike presumably shared the detail with her in an undepicted moment . Spike 's flashback appearances , in chronological order , include : Lies My Parents Told Me 2nd flashback : In 1880 England , William , pre-Spike , tends to his ailing mother Anne . Fool for Love 1st flashback / Darla 3rd flashback : In 1880 , William is rejected by Cecily and sired by Drusilla , with whom he immediately falls in love . Lies My Parents Told Me 3rd and 4th flashbacks : In 1880 , William sires his mother Anne , who , as a vampire , turns against him , forcing him to destroy her . Destiny series of flashbacks : In 1880 , Drusilla introduces William to her sire Angelus . Although the two become fast friends , they later clash when William discovers Angelus making love with Drusilla . Angelus , informing William that when one is a vampire `` you can take what you want , have what you want , but nothing is yours , '' fights William for the first time . `` Fool for Love '' 2nd flashback : Months after being sired , William , now called Spike , has through acts of public mayhem forced Angelus ' vampire group ( himself , Spike , Drusilla , and Angelus ' sire / paramour Darla ) to flee London ; Spike first learns of the existence of the Vampire Slayer . The Girl in Question 1st flashback : In 1894 , Spike and Angelus are imprisoned by the mysterious Immortal , who seduces Drusilla and Darla in their absence . Darla 4th flashback : In 1898 Romania , Spike and Drusilla , under Darla 's orders , attack the Kalderash tribe who ensouled Angelus , later called Angel . Following this incident , Angel parts company with the group , and the other three vampires resume their travels without him . `` Fool for Love '' 3rd flashback / Darla 5th flashback : In 1900 China , Spike kills the Chinese Vampire Slayer . Angel , still ensouled , briefly reunites with the group ; when Spike and Drusilla , neither of whom seem aware that Angel is ensouled , boast of Spike 's deed , Angel pretends to be impressed but is actually disgusted . Darla ultimately rejects Angel because he can no longer bring himself to kill innocents , and Angel again leaves the group . Precisely what Spike and Drusilla make of these developments between their `` elders '' is unrevealed . At some point over the next few decades , Spike and Drusilla part company with Darla , and Spike 's reputation for bloodshed and chaos eventually rivals even that of Angelus . Why We Fight series of flashbacks : In 1943 , Spike , temporarily adventuring without Drusilla , and two other vampires are abducted by Nazi agents onto a Nazi sub . Angel , working for the US government , helps Spike seize control of the sub , and the two escape and then part ways . As far as is known , this is Spike and Angel 's last meeting prior to the events of School Hard in 1998 . The Girl in Question 2nd flashback : Spike and Drusilla visit Italy . Lies My Parents Told Me 1st flashback : In 1977 New York , Spike fights Vampire Slayer Nikki Wood while her young son Robin watches from a hiding place . `` Fool for Love '' 4th flashback : In 1977 New York , Spike again fights Nikki Wood , killing her . These are Spike 's last depicted activities preceding his arrival in Sunnydale , California . Sunnydale ( edit ) Spike first arrives in Sunnydale in the second season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in the episode `` School Hard '' , accompanied by Drusilla . Spike and Dru were modeled on Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen ; punk , `` badass '' vampires to contrast sharply with the more ceremonial tradition of the Master and the Order of Aurelius from Season One . Spike is in fact a fan of Sid Vicious ' band The Sex Pistols and punk band The Ramones . In the final scene of the episode `` Lovers Walk '' , he can be seen singing to a cover of `` My Way '' by Gary Oldman , who portrayed Vicious in the film Sid and Nancy . Spike 's first act in Sunnydale is to attack Buffy and a large group of people at her school , making his first appearance the deadliest of any of Buffy 's `` Big Bads '' , as he very nearly kills Buffy , but Buffy 's mother distracts Spike long enough for Buffy to recover . Throughout Season Two , Spike and Dru are the canon 's most prominent example of affection between vampires , displaying the humanity and intricacies of vampire relationships . Spike was initially conceived as a disposable villain to be killed off , but proved so popular with fans that Joss Whedon decided to merely injure him instead , in the episode `` What 's My Line , Part Two '' , in which Spike is crushed by a collapsing pipe organ and left paralyzed . ( Later it is revealed that he has healed but chosen to stay in the wheelchair to deceive Angel whom he intended to betray . ) Spike 's first appearance in the episode `` School Hard '' ( 1997 ) . Spike and Drusilla are major enemies of Buffy for much of the second season . They arrive shortly after Drusilla is seriously weakened by an angry mob in Prague , as recounted in the canon comic book The Problem with Vampires . Spike is a devoted caretaker to Drusilla in her weakened condition , and initially hopes the Hellmouth 's energy can help restore her strength . He reunites with Angel and seems genuinely pleased to see him , but is disgusted to find that Angel has a soul ( whether or not Spike in fact knew that Angel 's acquisition of a soul is why he left the group nearly a century before has never been made clear ) and is in love with the current Slayer , Buffy Summers . When Angel loses his soul and rejoins Spike and Dru , Spike 's initial celebration soon turns to resentment when Angelus starts pursuing Drusilla as a lover and taunting him . Spike decides to ally himself with Buffy against Angelus ; as he explains to Buffy , in addition to wanting Drusilla back , he also wants to `` save the world '' : `` `` We like to talk big , vampires do . I 'm going to destroy the world . That 's just tough guy talk . Strutting around with your friends over a pint of blood . The truth is , I like this world . You 've got -- the dog racing , Manchester United , and you 've got people : billions of people walking around like Happy Meals with legs . It 's all right here . But then someone comes along with a vision , with a real passion for destruction . Angel could pull it off . Goodbye Piccadilly , farewell Leicester bloody Square . '' -- Spike ( `` Becoming , Part Two '' ) . '' Spike reappears in the Season Three episode `` Lovers Walk '' , in a drunken depression after Drusilla , offended by his alliance with Buffy , dumps him for a Chaos demon . He kidnaps Willow and Xander , and forces Willow to conduct a love spell for him to make Drusilla love him again , even coercing Buffy and Angel to help him in exchange for the safe return of their friends . The excitement of a brawl with the Mayor 's vampires helps him see that Drusilla left him because he had begun to go soft ; he resolves to win her back by torturing her until she likes him again , and tells Buffy where to find Willow and Xander . He also tells Buffy and Angel that they can never be friends because of their love for one another . This insight foreshadows Spike 's later role as the `` truth - seer '' of the group . Spike returns to Sunnydale alone in Season Four , in the episode `` The Harsh Light of Day '' , briefly living with Harmony Kendall , a shallow former classmate of Buffy , now a vampire . He is in Sunnydale to look for the Gem of Amarra , a ring which makes a vampire effectively invulnerable . He finds it and attacks Buffy in daylight , but she wrests the ring from his finger and sends it to Angel . Spike goes to Los Angeles , and hires a vampire named Marcus to torture Angel in order to get the ring , but Marcus takes the ring himself and Angel finally destroys it . After being captured by The Initiative and implanted with a cerebral microchip which punishes him with debilitating pain whenever he harms or attempts to harm any non-demon life forms , Spike turns to the Scooby Gang for protection , bartering his knowledge of the Initiative . ( Though he still spars with Buffy , provided he has no real intent on harming her ) His inability to bite is comically compared to impotence , much to Spike 's constant humiliation ; in `` Doomed '' , he attempts to commit suicide by staking himself at Xander 's house , but is stopped by Willow and Xander . Occasionally helping the Scooby Gang by providing them with information and / or combat assistance in exchange for cash or for the joy of fighting , but having no qualms about betraying them to such enemies as Faith and Adam . In Season Four , Spike was introduced to fill the antagonistic role that Cordelia had in seasons One to Three ; as Joss Whedon explains on the DVD featurette , `` All of our characters got to the point where they were loving and hugging , and it was sort of like , where 's Cordelia ? '' Spike appeared in every episode thereafter with the exception of `` The Body '' . In Season Five , after some erotic dreams , Spike becomes aware to his horror that he has fallen in love with Buffy . He becomes a more active participant in the Scooby Gang , jumping into several of Buffy 's fights to provide assistance , whether she wants it or not . When Buffy rejects his advances , Spike attempts to prove his love by kidnapping her so that she can witness him killing Drusilla for her , to little avail ; in her disgust , Buffy un-invites him from her house ( something she had not bothered to do in almost three years since their alliance against Angelus ) and alienates him from the group . Spike then has Warren Mears make a robot in Buffy 's likeness , programmed to love and obey him . Though Buffy is disgusted by this , her hostility towards him fades considerably when she learns that Spike refused , even under intense torture , to reveal the identity of The Key to Glory , nearly laying down his life to protect Buffy 's sister Dawn . Buffy is moved by this unexpected loyalty and kisses him , saying she will not forget what he has done . In the days and hours leading up to the final showdown with Glory , Spike fights by Buffy 's side , earning her trust and a re-invitation to her house . Spike displays unabashed grief after Buffy dies in the showdown with Glory , Spike honors her memory by remaining loyal to the Scoobies , fighting at their side and serving the role of baby - sitter / older brother / protector to Dawn , helping Willow and Tara to raise her in Buffy 's absence . After Buffy is resurrected at the beginning of Season Six , she is despondent and detached from her friends . During this time , her relationship to Spike deepens and she is able to talk to him about things she feels she can not share with the Scooby Gang . She gets drunk with Spike , and calls him `` a neutered vampire who cheats at kitten poker . '' After a demon 's spell makes them express their emotions in song , and Buffy sings `` I want the fire back '' , Buffy and Spike begin a physical relationship , consummated two episodes later . The relationship is frequently violent , with Buffy most often initiating both the violence and the sex between them ; the violence is made all the easier when Spike finds that ( as a side effect of Willow 's resurrection spell ) his chip now does not stop him from harming Buffy . Buffy threatens to kill Spike if he ever tells anyone about their relationship . Both are unsatisfied ; Buffy is ashamed of her dark desires , while Spike obsessively craves the love , trust , and affection that she is unwilling to give . In `` As You Were '' , Buffy tells Spike she is using him and ends their relationship . Believing he still has a chance with Buffy after seeing her reactions of jealousy and hurt when he has a drunk sexual encounter with Anya , Spike corners her and makes aggressive sexual advances . When she refuses him , he grows desperate and unsuccessfully tries to rape her . He is at once horrified by his own actions and intentions , while also somewhat remiss that he did not go through with the rape , since he is still essentially a demon and has had no problem committing such acts in the past . This is seen in his reactions to reliving the memory of the event while discussing his subsequent mood with Clem , who has come by with hot wings to hang out . Spike heads to a remote area of Africa , where he seeks out a legendary demon shaman and undergoes the Demon Trials , a series of grueling physical challenges . Proving his worthiness by surviving the trials , Spike earns his soul back . In Season Seven , a re-ensouled Spike must cope with the guilt of his past actions and try to win back Buffy 's trust . But under influence of the First Evil 's hypnotic trigger , Spike unknowingly starts killing again . Upon discovering what he has done , he begs Buffy to stake him , but she refuses and takes him into her house , telling him she has seen him change . Buffy guards and cares for Spike throughout his recovery , telling Spike she believes in him , a statement which later sustains him throughout his imprisonment and torture at the hands of the First . When Spike 's chip begins to malfunction , causing him intense pain and threatening to kill him , Buffy trusts him enough to order the Initiative operatives to remove it from his head . When Nikki Wood 's son Robin tries to kill Spike , he unwittingly frees Spike from his hypnotic trigger : the song `` Early One Morning '' , a favorite of his mother , which evokes Spike 's traumatic memories of his mother 's abusive behavior toward him after she turned ; after Spike is able to address these issues , he realizes his mother had always loved him , knowledge which frees him from the First 's control . Later in the season , Spike and Buffy achieve an emotional closeness ; he alone stays loyal to her when the Scoobies and Potentials mutiny against her , and his words and encouragement give a depressed Buffy the strength to continue fighting . They spend three nights together , one of which Spike describes as the best night of his life , just holding her . It is unclear whether they resume their sexual intimacy during the third night ; creator Joss Whedon says on the DVD commentary for `` Chosen '' that he intentionally left it to the viewers to decide how they felt the relationship progressed , though Whedon had earlier stated on the commentary he personally felt having them resume a sexual relationship would send the wrong message . In the final battle inside the Hellmouth , Spike , wearing a mystical amulet , sacrifices himself to destroy the Turok - Han and close the Hellmouth . He is slowly incinerated in the process , but not before Buffy tells him `` I love you . '' He replies , `` No , you do n't ; but thanks for saying it . '' Even as he burns and crumbles to dust , Spike laughs and revels in the destruction around him and the burning presence of his soul , glad to be able to see the fight to its end . In dying to save the world , he becomes a Champion . `` `` Now , you listen to me . I 've been alive a bit longer than you . And dead a lot longer than that . I 've seen things you could n't imagine -- done things I 'd prefer you did n't . I do n't exactly have a reputation for being a thinker . I follow my blood . Which does n't exactly rush in the direction of my brain . I 've made a lot of mistakes . A lot of wrong bloody calls . A hundred plus years and there 's only one thing I 've ever been sure of . You . '' -- Spike ( `` Touched '' ) . '' Los Angeles ( edit ) Spike had previously appeared in the season 1 episode of Angel `` In the Dark '' , Spike goes to Los Angeles at the same time as Oz arrives to give Angel the Gem of Amarra , Spike 's objective was to get the ring and kill Angel . Oz gives Angel the ring who then hides it in the sewer , just as he is about to leave for another case he is ambushed by Spike who hits him with a wooden plank , Angel defeats Spike but Spike warns him that he will get the ring one way or another . Angel takes precaution and goes on a manhunt for Spike , Angel finally finds him , chases him through the alley , and corners him only to fall into Spike 's trap . Spike captures Angel and hires a vampire named Marcus to torture Angel until he tells him where the ring is . After a while Spike gets bored of waiting so he goes to Angel 's apartment to find the ring and leaving Marcus to torture Angel , he gets to the apartment only to find Cordelia and Doyle aiming at him with weapons and demanding to know where Angel is . Spike reveals Angel 's location and tells them that the only way he will release Angel is if they find him the ring . Cordelia and Doyle find the ring in the sewer and head straight to Spike . When they arrive at the location they find out that Spike had lied about releasing Angel . Taking precautions however , they then throw the ring away and just as Spike was about to retrieve it , Oz bursts through the wall in his van and rescues Angel . Spike looks for the ring but finds out that Marcus took it . Spike begins smashing Marcus 's things and shouting about how he is going to work alone from now on until a hole that was in the ceiling lets sunlight in and sets the back of his hair on fire . Despite his apparent death at the end of Buffy 's final season , Spike returns in the fifth and final season of the spin - off series Angel . Resurrected by the amulet in the Los Angeles branch of supernatural law firm Wolfram & Hart , he spends seven episodes as an incorporeal being akin to a ghost ; he starts to understand being one when he battles `` the Reaper '' Matthias Pavayne . During this time he realizes he is being slowly pulled into hell . Later he becomes corporeal , due to a mysterious gift that arrives at the office of Wolfram and Hart . Soon afterward he is kidnapped by the psychotic Slayer Dana , who believes he was responsible for kidnapping and torturing her as a child . After this , Spike takes on Angel to prove which one of them is the Champion spoken of in the Shanshu Prophecy . Spike defeats Angel , but the prophecy remains ambiguous ( the Cup of Torment is revealed as a fake containing Mountain Dew ) . Manipulated by Lindsey McDonald into `` helping the helpless '' , Spike becomes a sort of rival to Angel ; resembling the heroic Champion Angel was in earlier seasons before becoming disillusioned and corrupted by the bureaucracy of Wolfram & Hart . Cordelia comments on this strange turn of events after coming out of her coma in `` You 're Welcome '' , exclaiming to Angel , `` Okay , Spike 's a hero , and you 're CEO of Hell , Incorporated . What freaking bizarro world did I wake up in ? '' When Fred is killed by Illyria , Spike mourns her death and decides to join Team Angel in her honor . Upon learning that Buffy is now dating The Immortal , Spike and Angel travel to Rome on the pretext of business but spend most of the time there trying to find Buffy . In the end , they fail to catch up with her . ( The blonde glimpsed in Rome is later revealed to be a decoy Buffy , set up by Andrew Wells , who had researched the history between Angel , Spike and The Immortal , and thought the idea would be `` hilarious '' . ) During the final episodes of Angel , Spike is the first to vote for Angel 's plan to wound the Senior Partners by massacring the Circle of the Black Thorn . He then spends what might be his last hours on Earth returning to his mortal roots as a frustrated poet , triumphantly knocking them dead ( figuratively ) in an open mic poetry slam at a bar . After single - handedly ( literally , he held the baby in one hand and a sword in the other ) rescuing an infant and destroying the Fell Brethren , Spike joins Angel , Illyria , and a badly wounded Charles Gunn in the alley behind the Hyperion as the series draws to an end , preparing to incur the apocalyptic wrath of the Senior Partners , as a way of going out in a blaze of glory that will probably cost their lives . Literature ( edit ) Spike appears significantly in a number of canonical Expanded Universe literature concurrent with and subsequent to the television series , including both Buffy and Angel comic books . Many of these novels and comic books concern Spike 's backstory in the periods between the events shown in flashbacks in the television series . From 2007 , both Dark Horse Comics and IDW Publishing began telling canonical continuations of Buffy and Angel , respectively . Marsters himself wrote for the miniseries Spike & Dru in 2000 . The collection also featured the Christopher Golden stories `` The Queen of Hearts '' , `` All 's Fair '' , `` Paint the Town Red '' and `` Who Made Who ? '' , set in or around episodes of Buffy in Seasons Two and Four ; `` Who Made Who '' is set during the Buffy episode `` Lovers Walk '' and depicts the disintegration of his relationship with Drusilla when they were together in Brazil . After Buffy finished in 2003 , Spike appeared in a comic story from the canonical Tales of the Vampires series . Written by series writer Drew Goddard , `` The Problem with Vampires '' establishes his adventures in Prague prior to his introduction Buffy episode `` School Hard '' . Christopher Golden 's 2000 novel Spike and Dru : Pretty Maids All in a Row depicts Spike killing a Slayer named Sophie in the 1940s , contradicting the two Slayers whom Spike is later established to have killed ; the second Slayer Spike killed was established as New Yorker Nikki Wood . The short story `` Voodoo Lounge '' from the collection Tales of the Slayer is a sequel to this novel . Golden 's 2006 novel , Blackout , is truer to the series ' chronology by depicting Spike 's fatal encounter with Slayer Nikki Wood in 1977 . Diana G. Gallagher 's 2005 novel Spark and Burn depicts the struggling early - Season Seven Spike remembering an account of his life , amounting to a chronological character history of Spike 's life from the 19th century to the time of the framing device . This promotional poster for Brian Lynch 's IDW Spike series was drawn by artist Franco Urru in response to the spoiler leak controversy for the Dark Horse Comics series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight . The image is reflective of Spike 's role in both franchises . Note that as the series ' central character , Spike receives his own stylised logo . Most Spike - centric stories , however , have been published subsequent to Angel 's finale episode . The 2005 IDW comic book Spike : Old Times , by Peter David , depicts Spike 's encounter with the vengeance demon Halfrek , explaining his recognition of her in Buffy episode `` Older and Far Away '' , and clarifying that she was in fact his beloved Cecily . Mutant Enemy approved the story , even though IDW did not have rights to a Buffy - only character like Halfrek , because of her importance to Spike 's backstory , on the condition that the story 's timing was deliberately ambiguous . Following Angel 's cancellation , Spike immediately appeared in the Angel miniseries Spike vs. Dracula by Peter David , a sequel to the Buffy episode `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' and expanding on the characters ' century - old rivalry established in that episode . Scott Tipton 's 2006 comic Spike : Old Wounds is detective fiction set during Season Five , and also features allusions to Spike 's activities in the late 1940s . Tipton 's Spike : Lost and Found in 2006 is a Season Five story that acts as a sequel to the 1999 Buffy / Angel crossover episodes `` The Harsh Light of Day '' and `` In the Dark '' , featuring the immortality - bestowing Gem of Amarra in 2005 Los Angeles . Lastly , writer Brian Lynch teamed up with Franco Urru to produce the story arc Spike : Asylum ( 2006 -- 07 ) , depicting Spike 's stay in a supernatural medical facility . Although originally of the same ambiguous relationship to canon , the characters it introduced would reappear in the canonical Angel comic books to come later . Whedon appreciated Lynch 's writing of Spike in Asylum so much that he commissioned him to co-write the canonical continuation of the series , Angel : After the Fall , in 2007 . Lynch and Urru also penned Spike : Shadow Puppets , featuring Spike and Lorne doing battle with the muppet demons of Angel episode `` Smile Time '' in Japan . In the explicitly canonical Whedon stories of 2007 , Spike and Angel first appear in a joint cameo in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( Dark Horse ) as part of Buffy 's sexual fantasies . In the Dark Horse Presents # 24 Season Eight tie - in , `` Always Darkest '' , Spike and Angel appear ( again in a dream sequence ) at Buffy 's side when she is fighting Caleb , but to her dismay the two start flirting with and kissing one another . Spike appears in Season Eight properly at the conclusion of the `` Twilight '' story arc . Lynch 's Spike series features some collaboration with Whedon to connect the IDW and Dark Horse series ' continuities . IDW had planned to launch the series as a bona fide ongoing series , and as such it establishes a support cast for Spike suited to his position headlining the title . The transfer of Angel rights from IDW to Dark Horse necessitated that it end instead as an 8 - issue miniseries . In IDW 's Angel : After the Fall , Spike does not appear until the second issue , written by Brian Lynch with art by Franco Urru ( the creative team of Spike : Asylum and Spike : Shadow Puppets ) with plotting and `` executive production '' by Whedon himself . In Angel : After the Fall , Spike has adjusted to Los Angeles ' new status as a literal hell on Earth ; he and Illyria both serve together as the Demon Lords of Beverly Hills , living in the Playboy Mansion after the death of Hugh Hefner and served by a harem of human and demon females known collectively as the `` Spikettes . '' How Spike and Illyria got to be Lords of Los Angeles is detailed in the Spike : After the Fall ( 2008 ) miniseries , which also introduces a human friend for Spike in Jeremy Johns . In their new capacity , Spike and Illyria secretly rescue humans and benevolent demons , evacuating them into the care of Connor , Nina Ash , and Gwen Raiden . Spike rallies alongside Angel against the other demon Lords . When vampire Gunn causes Illyria to revert to her monster form , memories of Fred from Spike and Wesley are transplanted into her to restore her humanity . After the Senior Partners revert time to before the Fall , Spike begins a loosely affiliated relationship with the reformed Angel Investigations company , collaborating with Angel and his associates while maintaining independence . Spike continues to appear in the ongoing Angel spin - off series by IDW , under the pens of Kelley Armstrong , Bill Willingham and others . As part of its After the Fall franchise , IDW also published Bill Williams ' miniseries , Spike : The Devil You Know ( 2010 ) , which follows Spike 's journey from Los Angeles to Las Vegas , where he acquires a spaceship and a crew of alien bugs after learning from Wolfram & Hart of a prophecy concerning the impending apocalypse ( featured in Buffy ) which has driven them to abandon this dimension . Spike 's IDW series feeds into the `` Twilight '' and `` Last Gleaming '' arcs of Buffy Season Eight , concluding that series in 2011 . In Season Eight , Spike and his crew come to Buffy 's aid to help prevent the end of the universe . Due to his own research into the prophecies concerning this apocalypse , Spike is able to lead Buffy and friends to the site of the final showdown with Twilight . When Buffy 's decision sees the world lose its magic , Spike is the only one to be emphatically supportive of the decision she had to make . In the follow - up series Season Nine ( 2011 -- 2013 ) , Spike bases his ship in San Francisco to be near Buffy , but eventually leaves due to the complicatedness of their relationship , setting up the miniseries Spike : A Dark Place ( 2012 ) , which follows Spike and his insectoid crew aboard his spaceship . Dark Horse also gives the Spike title a new stylised logo , distinct from the Angel - typeface logo used prior . The arc serves to divest Spike of the ship and crew , and sets up his 2013 crossover stint in Angel & Faith ahead of an eventual return to the main Buffy series . In issues of Angel & Faith , Spike helps Angel defeat a demon in possession of Giles ' soul , but leaves London where they are based without hesitation when he learns that Dawn is gravely unwell back in San Francisco . He returns to San Francisco to provide comfort to Dawn who is rapidly fading away without magic in the world to sustain her form . However , his memories of her start to quickly fade and recordings he makes of himself talking about her turn to static . Spike appears unconcerned he missed the chance to talk to Buffy who , along with Willow and Xander , has gone to find magic to save Dawn at the Deeper Well in England . When nobody can remember the name of Buffy 's sister , he phones her boyfriend Xander , and also warns him that the rogue Slayer Simone Doffler has been seeking a way to become the ultimate vampire . When the others return and Dawn is restored Buffy thanks him for staying with her sister , Spike says all that matters to him is that Dawn is safe again . Spike continues to appear in Season Ten , in which he and Buffy finally resume their relationship , tell each other they love each other and kiss . Characterization ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) Spike is seen as something of a paradox amongst vampires in the series , and frequently challenges vampire conventions and limitations . As a soulless vampire , he exhibits quite a few human traits such as love , loyalty , and aesthetic appreciation . As an ensouled vampire , Spike 's need for violence remains unapologetically intact . Spike 's actions are motivated by love in all of its incarnations ( love of objects , love of life , love of a specific person ) . Drusilla does , however , make it seem that all vampires are capable of exhibiting human emotions ( such as love ) when she says to Buffy , `` We can love quite well . Though not always wisely . '' Throughout the Buffy series , Spike 's character changes and develops the most out of them all . He begins as `` evil '' and obsessed with Drusilla , then becomes a depressed drunk after Drusilla leaves him for a Chaos demon because he is not `` demon enough '' for her anymore . He then heard about the `` Gem of Amara , '' a gemstone that is rumored to give vampires the ability to walk in the sun ; it was called a kind of holy grail for the vampires because it was only assumed to be real . Spike set his sights on finding it and ended up locating it in Sunnydale . It was taken away from him by an angry Buffy who subsequently gave it to Angel in Los Angeles . Spike was then captured by The Initiative and was going to be used as a government science experiment . His next character development and change was after he escaped the Initiative , realized he could not harm any human being because of the chip they put in his brain , and saw his only option as going to Buffy and the Scooby Gang for help . Their relationship then grew slowly from a hostile tolerance to a confusing romantic relationship to a mutual respect and understanding . Spike had setbacks along the way ; there were times when he reverted to his former `` evil '' self and tried to hurt Buffy or the Scoobies . But there were also times when he showed astounding amounts of human emotion and responsibility for a supposedly `` evil , '' soulless creature . Spike is also rare among vampires because he does not fear Slayers ; he seeks them out and has killed two by the time he arrives in Sunnydale . He is proud of this accomplishment despite the fact that his victories had more to do with the Slayers ' state of mind than a special prowess on his part ( or `` luck , '' as he reveals in Buffy episode Fool for Love ) . Spike admits this to an inquiring Buffy in the season 5 episode Fool for Love , and the impact of his revelation has probably not been completely felt as of the completion of season 8 . Spike is intelligent , insightful and a skilled analyst . His sense of humor is dry and sarcastic , and he carries himself with swagger . Spike has a habit of pithy remarks and glib insults , even toward the few he does not view as antagonists . Among his favorite targets are Angel , Xander , Giles , and ( to a lesser extent ) Buffy . Joss Whedon credits this antipathy as what convinced him in the episode `` Lovers Walk '' to bring Spike back as a cast regular . As James Marsters put it , `` I was supposed to be the one who stood at the side and said , ' Buffy , you 're stupid , and we 're all gon na die ' . '' Spike often nicknames people , both as insults and as terms of endearment ; for example , he calls Dawn `` Little Bit '' or `` the Niblet '' . Spike also retains something of his literary intellect from his human side , routinely referencing poetry , songs , and literature ; on occasion he even waxes poetic on the nature of love , life , and unlife as being driven by blood , reasoning that blood is more powerful than any supernatural force because it is what separates the living from the dead . Spike often treats his vulnerability to the sun as simply an annoying inconvenience . He drives in broad daylight in vehicles with blacked - out windows , and on several occasions travels outside during the day using a blanket for cover . Indeed , he has a remarkably stronger resistance to sunlight than most all other vampires seen in the series except Angel ; their elevated ability to endure the sun should not be confused with total immunity , however . Appearance ( edit ) The character 's look has been compared with rock musician Billy Idol ( pictured ) Spike has a punk look which strongly resembles English rock musician Billy Idol ; humorously , Buffy claims that Billy Idol in fact stole his look from Spike . His hair is peroxide blond for the duration of his time on Buffy and Angel , although in flashbacks it can be seen in its natural medium brown state as well as dyed black . His nails are often painted black . `` Bouncer : ( When asked if he has seen Spike ) `` Yeah , yeah , I know the guy . Billy Idol wannabe ? '' Buffy : `` Actually , Billy Idol stole his look from -- never mind . '' '' A Y - shaped scar on Marsters 's left eyebrow , received during a mugging , was worked into the show ; make - up artist Todd McIntosh decided to shave out his eyebrow in order to make it more prominent . He also included the scar on Spike 's `` vamp face '' prosthesis , albeit slightly altered as though the skin has stretched . In Spike 's first appearances the wound still looks fresh , but it gradually fades until , in Angel season 5 , it is barely visible . A flashback in `` Fool for Love '' reveals that Spike received the scar from the sword of the first Slayer he killed in 1900 . Spike usually wears long black leather coats , including one that he took from a Nazi officer and another that he took as a trophy from Nikki Wood , the second Slayer he killed . He wore the Slayer 's black duster for over twenty - five years . When the coat was destroyed by a bomb from the Immortal in Italy , Spike heartbrokenly declared it to be irreplaceable ; but the Italian branch of Wolfram & Hart quickly supplied him with a whole wardrobe of new ones , nearly identical , which he happily began wearing . His trademark look includes the leather duster , a black T - shirt or v - neck shirt and black denim pants , usually with heavy boots or Doc Martens . He also wore a red long - sleeved shirt fairly often , particularly during the earlier seasons of Buffy , and a bright blue shirt early in Season 6 & 7 . He explained that the shirt was supposed to show Buffy that he had changed and give him confidence ( because the First was messing with his head and he did not want Buffy to think he was still evil or crazy ) . But later , he returned to his trademark look , commenting that he was back . Powers and abilities ( edit ) In addition to possessing the common powers and weaknesses of vampires , Spike 's age and experience makes him a highly effective , skilled , and versatile fighter in both armed and unarmed combat . For example , he is able to briefly overcome Illyria during a testing of her abilities prior to her powers being greatly reduced by Wesley . Illyria criticizes his ( and others ' ) ability to adapt , calling it `` compromise . '' He is able to withstand excessive amounts of pain for extended periods of time , particularly when properly motivated , as seen in the episodes `` Intervention '' and `` Showtime '' . While not as skilled or as sadistic as Angelus , Spike also proves himself to be effective at torture , noting he had gained `` screams , various fluids , and a name '' from Doctor Sparrow . Much like Angel , he is highly proficient in various forms of martial arts , and his typical fighting style blends karate , kung fu , and others . Spike often displays insight and skills in perception and observation , especially with regard to relationships and personalities , so long as the relationship in question does not concern him personally . This ability allows him to wield powerful psychological weapons as easily and effectively as physical ones . For example , when he wants to create disharmony among the Scoobies , Spike divides - and - conquers with `` The Yoko Factor '' , exploiting tensions that exist under the surface to alienate Buffy and her friends against each other . Spike 's skills of analysis allowed him to realize Willow was barely holding it together after Oz 's departure even though Giles and Buffy thought she was doing better , to be the first to see through Tara 's abusive and controlling family , forced Buffy and Angel to admit that they were more than `` just friends '' and identify when and why some relationships , such as between Buffy and Riley , are not meant to last , masterfully feeding Riley 's insecurities in an effort to sabotage his relationship with Buffy , so Spike can pursue her . His analytical skills and intuitive insight also help him in battle from time to time , helping him to defeat , or hold his own against , very formidable adversaries . For example , he explains to Buffy he was able to defeat two Slayers because he sensed and exploited their secret desires to be free of their burden . In `` Time Bomb '' , he identifies Illyria 's fighting style as a Tae Kwon Do / Brazilian Capoeira / Ninjitsu hybrid . While many vampires cling to the mannerisms and speech patterns prevalent at the time they were sired , Spike has been shown to easily adjust to changing fashions and styles over the decades and displays an impressive knowledge of both British and American popular culture , demonstrating another aspect of his potential for analysis and adaptability . Although capable of developing sound battle strategies , Spike ( particularly in the days before receiving his chip and being re-ensouled ) often loses patience with anything more complicated than outright attack , as mentioned in the episode `` In the Dark '' . `` Spike : I had a plan . Angel : You , a plan ? Spike : Yeah , a good plan . Smart . Carefully laid out . But I got bored . '' He is also impatient to fight the Slayer upon his initial arrival in Sunnydale ; the attack is supposed to coincide with the Night of St. Vigeous ( when a vampire 's natural abilities are enhanced ) , but he `` could n't wait '' to go after the Slayer and recklessly leads a mass assault against Buffy at Sunnydale High , which fails and results in the deaths of many Aurelian vampires . However , Spike did exercise patience throughout the later half of Buffy Season Two , when he used a wheelchair for several months after a brutal battle with the Scoobies in the episode What 's My Line left him paraplegic . Feigning weakness , he endured torturous weeks watching Angelus sexually pursue Dru as he waited for the right time to strike against his enemy . Spike 's `` vampire constitution '' provides him with an extremely high tolerance for alcohol ( which he regularly consumes in copious quantities ) . His experience in crime gives him skill at picking locks , hotwiring cars and picking pockets . He is also capable of easily operating various vehicles , such as various cars , a Yamaha XJR400 motorcycle ( `` Bargaining '' ) , and a Winnebago ( `` Spiral '' ) . He has also been shown using video game systems and a computer , treating injuries , and playing poker and pool . Spike is also seen speaking / understanding Latin , Luganda ( a language of Uganda , where he meets the demon shaman ) , and the language of Fyarl demons , two of whom he once employed as muscle during his pre-Sunnydale days . He is also shown to be capable of recognizing literature ; in the last episode of season five , he paraphrases a line from the St. Crispin 's Day Speech while in conversation with Giles after Buffy tells them her plan of attack on Glory . When Spike was transformed into a ghost - like intangible state following the destruction of Sunnydale and the Hellmouth and his subsequent materialization at Wolfram & Hart , he was capable of walking through solid objects . He was initially unable to make contact with objects around him until he learned how to focus his abilities through desire , allowing him to make brief contact with people and things if he concentrated enough . This ability was relatively useless in a fight ; he was unable to pick up a wooden bar to hit the demon Tezcatcatl in `` The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco '' , and required a few moments to properly punch a cyborg strangling Gunn in `` Lineage '' . Naturally , he lost these capabilities when he was recorporealized by Lindsey . Unproduced spin - off Movie ( edit ) In 2004 , Joss Whedon set plans for a Spike movie . The film , if ever greenlit , would star James Marsters , Alyson Hannigan and Amy Acker . At a 2006 convention , Acker stated the film was not going ahead due to money issues . Reception ( edit ) Spike was placed first in SFX magazine 's `` Top 50 Vampires '' on television and movies list . The same list featured rival Angel in the third place . Spike was described as an `` antihero in the true sense of the word , Spike is morally ambiguous and ready to fight pretty much anyone , for fun . But underneath it all , he loves deeply and earnestly in a way that remains achingly human . Although , ironically , his personality remains pretty much the same , whether he has a soul or not -- in stark ( and more entertaining ) contrast to Angel . '' Other Buffyverse vampires to appear on the list included Drusilla ( at 10th place ) , Darla ( at 25th place ) , Vampire Willow ( at 32nd place ) , Harmony Kendall ( at 31st place ) , and the Master ( at 39th place ) . Spike is also featured in Forbes magazine 's `` Hollywood 's Most Powerful Vampires '' list along with Angel . For this role James Marsters won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a TV Series ( in 2000 , 2003 ) and was nominated for this award in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 . In 1999 , Spike won a TV Guide Award for `` Scariest Villain '' . In 2017 Spike made into the list of `` 25 Villains We Love to Hate from the last 25 years '' for the 25th anniversary of Syfy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Torchwood : who should join the team ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Says Serenity Was Firefly Season 2 '' . SciFi.com.au . August 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 411mania Interviews : James Marsters ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel ) , March 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ August 3 , 2005 ; Movie File : Jon Heder , Ryan Reynolds , Alyson Hannigan , Mike Judge & More Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. ; MTV Movie News ; text refers to Spike as a breakout character . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , Nick Marck ( 2000 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Fool for Love '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 7 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Drew Goddard ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 17 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Greenwalt ( 1997 - 09 - 29 ) . `` School Hard '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 3 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Steven S. DeKnight , Skip Schoolnik , ( 2003 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Destiny '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 8 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard , David Greenwalt ( 2004 - 05 - 05 ) . `` The Girl in Question '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 20 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard , Terrence O'Hara ( 2004 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Why We Fight '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 13 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , David Solomon ( 2000 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 1 . WB . ^ Jump up to : `` A Buffy Bestiary '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 2 DVD featurette ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Dan Webber , David Semel ( 1998 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Lover 's Walk '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 3 . Episode 8 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , David Semel ( 1997 - 11 - 17 ) . `` What 's My Line '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 10 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Becoming '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , James A. Contner ( 1999 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The Harsh Light of Day '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 3 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , James A. Contner ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The Initiative '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 7 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , Michael Gershman ( 2000 - 01 - 25 ) . `` A New Man '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 12 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , Michael Gershman ( 2000 - 02 - 22 ) . `` This Year 's Girl '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 15 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , David Grossman ( 2000 - 05 - 09 ) . `` The Yoko Factor '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 20 . WB . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Spike '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 4 DVD featurette Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , David Grossman ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Out of My Mind '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 4 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Daniel Attias ( 2001 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Crush '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 14 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , Michael Gershman ( 2001 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Intervention '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 18 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Gift '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2001 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Once More , with Feeling '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 7 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Z . Greenberg , Turi Meyer ( 2001 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Smashed '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 9 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie ( 2002 - 02 - 26 ) . `` As You Were '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 15 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven DeKnight , Michael Gershman ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Seeing Red '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 19 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury , James A. Contner ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Grave '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 22 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Jane Espenson , Alan J. Levi ( 2002 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Sleeper '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 8 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Goddard , David Solomon ( 2002 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Never Leave Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 9 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , Douglas Petrie , David Grossman ( 2002 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Bring on the Night '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 10 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Z . Greenberg , David Solomon ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) . `` The Killer in Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 13 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , David Solomon ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Touched '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 20 . UPN . Jump up ^ `` ENISY -- Spike / Buffy VIP Quotes ( Part 2 ) '' . Enisy.livejournal.com . May 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Chosen '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 22 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight ( 2003 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Hell Bound '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 4 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Damage '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 11 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Brent Fletcher , Elizabeth Craft , David Boreanaz ( 2004 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Soul Purpose '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 10 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` You 're Welcome '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 12 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) . `` A Hole in the World '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 15 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight ( 2004 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Shells '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 16 . WB . Jump up ^ Chris Ryall ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` RyallTime : He definitely is n't Twilight '' . Ryalltime.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ David , Peter ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` Spike , Old Times ( From Buffy / Angel ) PAD book '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Lynch Talks `` Angel : After the Fall '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight # 3 , `` The Long Way Home , Part Three '' Jump up ^ DiLullo , Tara , `` Pieces of Eight '' , from The Official Buffy & Angel Magazine # 93 ( UK , April / May 2007 ) , page 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Always Darkest '' Dark Horse Presents 24 : 2 -- 5 ( July 1 , 2009 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ) Brian Lynch talks about his upcoming Spike series '' . Whedonesque.com . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lynch Takes `` Spike '' to Sin City `` . Comic Book Resources . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Chris Ryall and Mariah Huehner Discuss Angel Leaving IDW '' . Buffyfest . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chambliss & Gage prepare the end of `` Buffy Season 9 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Official James Marsters Site FAQ '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beasts '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 2 DVD featurette Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Ben Edlund , Vern Gillum ( 2004 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Time Bomb '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 19 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury , Michael Grossman ( 2003 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Showtime '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 11 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2000 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Family '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 6 . WB . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Wizard Universe ' ' -- Whedon says that `` money is standing in the way '' of the project `` . August 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leigh Christian Ashton . `` Syfyportal.com -- Amy Acker confirms that the project will not be going ahead '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Greatest TV and Film Vampires of All Time '' . SFX Special Edition ( 39 ) : 33 . 2009 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Streib , Lauren ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood 's Most Powerful Vampires '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/25-villains-we-love-to-hate-from-the-last-25-years External links ( edit ) http://www.myths.com/pub/tv/buffy/quotes_Spike.html Buffy the Vampire Slayer Canon Index Joss Whedon Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Characters Main Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Angel Oz Spike Riley Anya Dawn Tara Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray Villains Main The Master Angelus The Mayor Adam Glory Dark Willow The First Twilight Severin D'Hoffryn Other Darla Anointed One Amy Spike Drusilla Bringers Walsh The Initiative Warren The Trio Turok - Han Caleb Simone Doffler Universe Big Bads Vengeance demons Hellmouth Monsters Old Ones Scooby Gang Slayers Locations Sunnydale Summers Residence Vampire Watcher Werewolf Witch Spin - offs Angel Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy : The Animated Series Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role - playing games Video games Related articles Academia In popular culture Fan productions Cast and crew Filming locations Angel Canon Index Awards Television series Episodes 5 `` Corrupt '' Characters Main Angel Cordelia Doyle Wesley Gunn Fred Connor Lorne Spike Harmony Illyria Recurring Kate Faith Groo Giles Villains Wolfram & Hart Lindsey Lilah Eve Other Angelus Darla Drusilla Holtz Jasmine Related Buffy the Vampire Slayer Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Expanded universe Comics Novels Undeveloped productions Auxiliary Academia Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music RPGs Universe Angel Investigations Characters Minor characters Monsters Vampires Powers That Be Hyperion Hotel Pylea United States portal Television portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=857504140 '' Categories : Angel ( TV series ) characters Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffyverse vampires Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional attempted suicides Fictional people from London Fictional poets Fictional vampire hunters Fictional mass murderers Fictional gamblers Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional English people Fictional matricides Fictional ghosts Fictional smokers Fictional stalkers Fictional tricksters Male characters in television Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does spike come back after season 2	[ "Spike returns to Sunnydale alone in Season Four, in the episode \"The Harsh Light of Day\", briefly living with Harmony Kendall, a shallow former classmate of Buffy, now a vampire.[16] He is in Sunnydale to look for the Gem of Amarra, a ring which makes a vampire effectively invulnerable. He finds it and attacks Buffy in daylight, but she wrests the ring from his finger and sends it to Angel. Spike goes to Los Angeles, and hires a vampire named Marcus to torture Angel in order to get the ring, but Marcus takes the ring himself and Angel finally destroys it.\n" ]	[ "Season Four, in the episode \"The Harsh Light of Day\"" ]
-3309781765329570955	United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid	United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid - Wikipedia United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid 2026 FIFA World Cup bid United 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 United 2026 bid logo Tournament details Host countries Canada Mexico United States Venue ( s ) 16 ( selected from a proposal of 23 ) ( in 16 host cities ) ← 2022 2030 → United 2026 was a successful joint bid , led by the United States Soccer Federation , together with the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation , to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . While the soccer federations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States had individually announced plans to field a bid for the 2026 World Cup , the concept of a joint bid among the three North American countries was first proposed in 2016 . The joint bid was officially unveiled on April 10 , 2017 , under which the tournament would be held at venues in all three countries . A shortlist of 23 candidate cities were named in the official bid , with 17 in the U.S. , 3 in Canada , and 3 in Mexico . Ten U.S. candidate cities will join three Canadian candidate cities , and three Mexican candidate cities , to form the roster of 16 cities that will host the matches of this World Cup . Although a joint bid , the majority of the matches will be held in the United States . Canada and Mexico will host 10 matches each , while the United States will host the other 60 , including all matches from the quarterfinals onward . On June 13 , 2018 , at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia , the United bid was selected by 134 votes to Morocco 's 65 , while Iran voted for neither . Upon this selection , Canada will become the fifth country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cup , joining Sweden , the United States , Germany , and France . Mexico will become the first country to host three men 's World Cups , and the United States will become the first country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cup twice each . This will be the first World Cup to be hosted in three countries and the first since 2002 , and the second overall , to have multiple host countries . Contents 1 Background 2 Bid process 3 FIFA football tournament hosting experiences 4 Bid committee 5 Potential venues 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico 5.3 United States 5.4 Additional venue information 5.4. 1 Canada 5.4. 2 Mexico 5.4. 3 United States 5.5 Venues excluded since start of bidding process 5.5. 1 Venues that voluntarily dropped out during application process 5.5. 2 Venues not selected as host cities bid ( 2nd round ) 5.5. 3 Venues submitted bid , but not selected as potential venues ( 1st round ) 5.5. 4 Venues contacted , but did not submit bid 6 Proposed provisional match schedule 7 General facilities 8 Support 8.1 Football confederations 8.2 FIFA members 8.3 Public opinion 8.4 U.S. House of Representatives 8.5 Other government officials 9 Marketing 10 Opinions 11 Criticism 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) The three soccer federations of Canada , Mexico , and the U.S. announced interest to submit a bid for the 2026 World Cup years before the federations intended to unify their efforts . In July 2012 , Canadian Soccer Association president Victor Montagliani confirmed plans for a Canadian bid , saying : `` We have verbally told FIFA that when the bid process begins for the next available World Cup , which would be the 2026 World Cup , that the CSA will be one of the countries putting in a formal proposal '' . At the time the bid was announced , Canada had hosted the men 's 1987 Under - 16 World Championship and the U-20 World Cups for both men and women ; the country has since hosted the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup and the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2015 . In October 2013 , Montagliani confirmed Canada 's intention to bid for the 2026 tournament and the Canadian Soccer Association reiterated this in January 2014 . In September 2012 , Mexican Football Federation President Justino Compeán confirmed plans for a Mexican bid . In October 2013 , Liga MX President said that Mexico is interested in joining forces with the U.S. to co-host a bid for the 2026 World Cup . On December 9 , 2014 , the Mexican Football Federation confirmed that it is bidding for the 2026 World Cup . If the campaign is successful , Mexico will be the first nation to have hosted the World Cup three times . On May 13 , 2016 , at the FIFA Congress in Mexico City , USSF board member John Motta told ESPN `` whatever happens , we will bid for the 2026 World Cup -- either jointly ( with Mexico or Canada ) or we will go it alone . '' The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and unsuccessfully bid for the 2022 World Cup , which was won by Qatar in 2010 . On April 18 , 2015 , Brazilian legend Pelé stated that the United States should host the 2026 World Cup . In December 2016 Victor Montagliani , CONCACAF president announced for the first time a possibility of a joint bid between the United States , Canada , and Mexico to host the 2026 World Cup . On April 10 , 2017 , the three bodies officially announced their intent to submit a joint bid for the 2026 World Cup . Bid process ( edit ) Main article : 2026 FIFA World Cup Bidding for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed due to the 2015 FIFA corruption case and the subsequent resignation of Sepp Blatter , then was restarted following the FIFA Council meeting on May 10 , 2016 , wherein the bidding process would consist of four phases : May 2016 -- May 2017 : a new strategy and consultation phase June 2017 -- Dec 2017 : enhanced phases for bid preparation March 2018 -- June 2018 : bid evaluation June 2018 : final decision With no rival bid having emerged since April 2017 the CONCACAF member federations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States sent a joint request to FIFA to hasten the bid process . Canada , Mexico , and the United States wanted FIFA to award the bid outside the traditional bidding process at the June 2018 FIFA Congress in Moscow if the CONCACAF - bid meets FIFA requirements . However the FIFA Council decided on May 8 , 2017 , that FIFA would have a full bidding procedure . In order to ensure continental rotation of hosting duties , only the member associations of CAF , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and the OFC were invited , as these continental confederations had not hosted the two previous World Cups . A date of August 11 , 2017 , was set for submission of an intention to bid . FIFA Football tournament hosting experiences ( edit ) Together , Canada , Mexico , and the United States have successfully hosted 13 FIFA events , which is the most of any trio of geographically connected nations in the world . Canada 1987 U-16 World Championship 2002 U-19 Women 's World Championship 2007 U-20 World Cup 2014 U-20 Women 's World Cup 2015 Women 's World Cup Mexico 1970 World Cup 1986 World Cup 1999 Confederations Cup 1983 World Youth Championship 2011 U-17 World Cup United States 1994 World Cup 1999 Women 's World Cup 2003 Women 's World Cup Bid Committee ( edit ) Robert Kraft On July 6 , 2017 , a United Bid Committee was officially formed by the national federations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States , to kick off the bidding process to bring the 2026 World Cup to North America . Honorary chairman of the board Robert Kraft : National Football League and Major League Soccer executive and owner United bid committee board of directors Steven Reed -- co-chairman , president of the Canadian Soccer Association Decio de María -- co-chairman , president of the Mexican Football Federation Carlos Cordeiro -- co-chairman , president of the United States Soccer Federation Victor Montagliani -- president of CONCACAF Sunil Gulati -- FIFA Council member Don Garber -- commissioner of Major League Soccer Dan Flynn -- secretary general of U.S. Soccer Donna Shalala -- trustee professor of Political Science at the University of Miami Guillermo Cantu -- general secretary of the Mexican Football Federation Peter Montopoli -- general secretary of the Canadian Soccer Association Carlos Bocanegra -- technical director of Atlanta United FC Julie Foudy -- founder of Julie Foudy Sports Leadership Academy and television analyst and reporter for ESPN / ABC Ed Foster - Simeon -- president and CEO of U.S. Soccer Foundation United bid committee executive team John Kristick -- executive director for the united bid committee Jim Brown -- managing director , technical operations Peter Montopoli -- Canada bid director Yon De Luisa -- Mexico bid director Potential venues ( edit ) On August 15 , 2017 , the United Bid Committee released a list of 49 stadiums in 44 metropolitan markets across the three nations which will be considered for the official bid . The United Bid Committee plans to include 20 -- 25 venues in the official bid , which will be sent to FIFA in March 2018 . Stadiums must have a capacity of at least 40,000 for group - round matches and at least 80,000 for the opening match and the final . On September 7 , 2017 , the United Bid Committee announced that a total of 41 cities ( with 44 venues ) had submitted bids marking their official declaration of interest to be included in the final bid : Almost a month later , on October 4 , 2017 , the list of cities was cut down to 32 with 35 venues . During U.S. Soccer 's annual general meeting in Orlando in February 2018 , Gulati revealed that the list of cities had been cut down to 26 with 29 venues . On March 14 , 2018 , Vancouver , Minneapolis and Chicago all announced that they were dropping out as potential host cities . All three cities cited concerns over the financial transparency of being a host city and cited FIFA 's unwillingness to negotiate financial details as reasons for their decisions ; the bid committee announced the next day they had reduced the number of cities in the bid to 23 . Cities had to submit written proposals to the United Bid Committee by January 19 , 2018 , before being selected by the committee . The official bid has proposed the main opening match be held in either the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City or at the Rose Bowl in the Los Angeles area , that all three host countries ' teams would host their first matches on the first day of the tournament and that the final match be held at MetLife Stadium in the New York City area . The bid also proposed that the two semi-final matches would be held at AT&T Stadium in the Dallas / Fort Worth area and Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta . All of the other cities in the American portion of the bid are under consideration for quarter - final matches . The bid book proposal calls for Mexico and Canada to each host seven group - stage games , two matches in the round of 32 , and one in the round of 16 . A denotes stadium used for previous men 's World Cup tournaments A denotes an indoor stadium Canada ( edit ) Montreal , Quebec Edmonton , Alberta Toronto , Ontario Olympic Stadium Commonwealth Stadium BMO Field Capacity : 61,004 ( Bid book capacity : 55,822 ) ( Expandable to 73,000 ) Capacity : 56,302 ( Bid book capacity : 56,418 ) Capacity : 30,000 ( Expanding to 45,500 for tournament ) Edmonton Montreal Toronto Canadian proposed venues Mexico ( edit ) Mexico City Monterrey , Nuevo León Guadalajara , Jalisco Estadio Azteca Estadio BBVA Bancomer Estadio Akron Capacity : 87,523 Capacity : 53,500 ( Bid book capacity : 53,460 ) Capacity : 46,232 ( Bid book capacity : 48,071 ) Mexico City Monterrey Guadalajara Mexican proposed venues United States ( edit ) Los Angeles , California New York City , New York Washington , D.C. Dallas , Texas Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) FedExField ( Landover , Maryland ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) Capacity : 92,000 ( Bid book capacity : 88,432 ) Capacity : 82,500 ( Bid book capacity : 87,157 ) Capacity : 82,000 ( Bid book capacity : 70,249 ) Capacity : 80,000 ( Bid book capacity : 92,967 ) ( expandable to 100,000 ) Kansas City , Missouri Denver , Colorado Houston , Texas Baltimore , Maryland Arrowhead Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High NRG Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Capacity : 76,416 ( Bid book capacity : 76,640 ) Capacity : 76,125 ( Bid book capacity : 77,595 ) Capacity : 71,795 ( Bid book capacity : 72,220 ) Capacity : 71,006 ( Bid book capacity : 70,976 ) Atlanta , Georgia Atlanta Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Dallas Denver Houston Kansas City Los Angeles Miami Nashville NYC / NJ Orlando Philadelphia San Francisco / San Jose Seattle Washington , D.C. American proposed venues Mercedes - Benz Stadium Capacity : 71,000 ( Bid book capacity : 75,000 ) ( expandable to 83,000 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nashville , Tennessee Seattle , Washington San Francisco / San Jose , California Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium CenturyLink Field Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , California ) Capacity : 69,176 ( Bid book capacity : 69,328 ) Capacity : 69,143 ( Bid book capacity : 69,722 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Capacity : 69,000 ( expandable to 72,000 ) Capacity : 68,500 ( Bid book capacity : 70,909 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Boston , Massachusetts Cincinnati , Ohio Miami , Florida Orlando , Florida Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough , Massachusetts ) Paul Brown Stadium Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Camping World Stadium Capacity : 65,878 ( Bid book capacity : 70,000 ) Capacity : 65,515 ( Bid book capacity : 67,402 ) Capacity : 64,767 ( Bid book capacity : 67,518 ) Capacity : 60,219 ( Bid book capacity : 65,000 ) Additional venue information ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) show City located Venue Year opened Tenants Major sporting events hosted Edmonton Commonwealth Stadium 1978 ( Renovated 2001 , 2008 ) ( Expanded 1982 , 2013 ) Edmonton Eskimos ( CFL ) ( 1978 -- present ) Edmonton Drillers ( NASL ) ( 1979 -- 1981 ) FC Edmonton ( CC ) ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup semifinal venue 2002 FIFA U-19 Women 's World Championship venue 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup venue 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup 2001 World Championships in Athletics 1983 Summer Universiade 1978 Commonwealth Games venue Montreal Olympic Stadium 1976 Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Montreal Alouettes ( CFL ) ( 1976 -- 86 , 1996 -- 97 , part - time 1998 -- present ) Montreal Manic ( NASL ) ( 1981 -- 83 ) Montreal Machine ( WLAF ) ( 1991 -- 92 ) Montreal Impact ( MLS ) ( 2012 -- present , select games ) 1976 Summer Olympics host stadium ( Capacity : 73,000 ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup semifinal venue 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup venue 2009 Trophée des Champions Ligue 1 venue 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup final venue 2015 CONCACAF Champions League final match venue Toronto BMO Field 2007 Toronto FC ( MLS ) ( 2007 -- present ) Toronto Nationals ( MLL ) ( 2009 ) Toronto Argonauts ( CFL ) ( 2016 -- present ) Toronto FC II ( 2018 -- present ) 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup venue 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup venue 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2015 Pan American Games Rugby Sevens venue 104th Grey Cup venue MLS Cup 2010 venue MLS Cup 2016 venue MLS Cup 2017 venue 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals first leg venue Mexico ( edit ) show City Venue Year opened Tenants Major sporting events hosted Guadalajara Estadio Akron Guadalajara ( 2010 -- present ) 2010 Copa Libertadores Finals venue 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup venue 2011 Pan American Games host stadium Mexico City Estadio Azteca 1966 ( Renovated 1986 , 1999 , 2013 and 2016 ) Mexico national football team ( 1966 -- present ) América ( 1966 -- present ) Necaxa ( 1966 -- 1970 , 1982 -- 2003 ) Atlante ( 1966 -- 1982 , 1996 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2007 ) UNAM ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Atlético Español ( 1970 -- 1982 ) Cruz Azul ( 1971 -- 1996 , 2018 - present ) 1970 FIFA World Cup venue and final venue ( Capacity : 108,000 ) 1986 FIFA World Cup venue and final venue ( Capacity : 114,600 ) 1968 Summer Olympics soccer venue 1975 Pan American Games venue 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship venue 1985 Mexico City Cup / Azteca 2000 venue 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup venue 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup venue Monterrey Estadio BBVA Bancomer 2015 Monterrey ( 2015 -- present ) United States ( edit ) show City Venue Year opened Tenants Major sporting events hosted Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2017 Atlanta Falcons ( NFL ) ( 2017 -- present ) Atlanta United FC ( MLS ) ( 2017 -- present ) Peach Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2017 -- present ) Celebration Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2017 -- present ) SEC Championship Game ( NCAA ) ( 2017 -- present ) 2018 College ( American ) Football Playoff National Championship venue Super Bowl LIII Baltimore M&T Bank Stadium 1998 Baltimore Ravens ( NFL ) ( 1998 -- present ) 2012 World Football Challenge venue 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Boston ( Foxborough ) Gillette Stadium 2002 New England Patriots ( NFL ) ( 2002 -- present ) New England Revolution ( MLS ) ( 2002 -- present ) Massachusetts Minutemen ( NCAA ) ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Boston Cannons ( MLL ) ( 2015 ) 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue Copa América Centenario venue Cincinnati Paul Brown Stadium 2000 Cincinnati Bengals ( NFL ) ( 2000 -- present ) Cincinnati Bearcats ( NCAA ) ( 2014 , plus select games since ) Dallas / Fort Worth ( Arlington ) AT&T Stadium 2009 Dallas Cowboys ( NFL ) ( 2009 -- present ) Cotton Bowl Classic ( NCAA ) ( 2010 -- present ) Big 12 Championship Game ( NCAA ) ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2017 -- present ) 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2011 World Football Challenge venue Super Bowl XLV 2014 NCAA Basketball Final Four Denver Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver Broncos ( NFL ) ( 2001 -- present ) Denver Outlaws ( MLL ) ( 2006 -- present ) Colorado Rapids ( MLS ) ( 2001 -- 2006 ) 2014 International Champions Cup venue Houston NRG Stadium 2002 Houston Texans ( NFL ) ( 2002 -- present ) Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo ( 2003 -- present ) Texas Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2006 -- present ) Houston Cougars ( NCAA ) ( 2013 ) 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Copa America Centenario venue 2010 MLS All - Star Game Super Bowl LI ( NFL ) Kansas City Arrowhead Stadium 1972 ( Renovated 2007 - 2010 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( NFL ) ( 1972 -- present ) Kansas City Wizards ( MLS ) ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles ( Pasadena ) Rose Bowl 1922 ( Renovated multiple times ) Rose Bowl Game ( NCAA ) ( 1923 -- present ) Caltech Beavers ( NCAA ) ( 1923 -- 1976 , some games ) CSULA Diablos ( NCAA ) ( 1957 -- 1960 , 1963 -- 1969 ) Los Angeles Wolves ( NASL ) ( 1968 ) Pasadena Bowl ( 1946 -- 1966 , 1969 -- 1971 ) Los Angeles Aztecs ( NASL ) ( 1978 -- 1979 ) UCLA Bruins ( NCAA ) ( 1982 -- present ) LA Galaxy ( MLS ) ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1994 FIFA World Cup venue and final match venue 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue and final match venue 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue and final venue 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue and final venue 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Copa América Centenario venue 2016 International Champions Cup venue Super Bowls XI , XIV , XVII , XXI and XXVII ( NFL ) 2028 Summer Olympics venue Miami Hard Rock Stadium 1987 ( Renovated 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( NFL ) ( 1987 -- present ) Russell Athletic Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Florida Marlins ( MLB ) ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Orange Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1996 -- present ) Florida Atlantic Owls ( NCAA ) ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Miami Hurricanes ( NCAA ) ( 2008 -- present ) Miami Open ( tennis ) ( 2019 -- ) 2014 International Champions Cup venue 2017 International Champions Cup ( incl . El Clasico Miami 2017 ) Various friendly matches between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL teams Super Bowls XXIII , XXIX , XXXIII , XLI and XLIV ( NFL ) 2009 BCS National Championship Game ( NCAA ) 2013 BCS National Championship Game 1997 World Series games 2003 World Series games ( MLB ) Nashville Nissan Stadium 1999 Tennessee Titans ( NFL ) ( 1999 -- present ) Tennessee State Tigers ( NCAA ) ( 1999 -- present ) Music City Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1999 -- present ) 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2017 International Champions Cup venue New York City ( East Rutherford ) MetLife Stadium New York Giants ( NFL ) ( 2010 -- present ) New York Jets ( NFL ) ( 2010 -- present ) Copa America Centenario venue and final match venue 2016 International Champions Cup venue 2017 International Champions Cup venue 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XLVIII Orlando Camping World Stadium ( Citrus Bowl ) 1936 ( Renovated 1999 - 2002 , 2014 ) ( Expanded 1952 , 1968 , 1974 -- 76 , 1989 , 1999 -- 2002 ) Citrus Bowl ( 1947 -- present ) Orlando Sundogs ( USL 1 ; 1997 ) Orlando City SC ( USL Pro ; 2011 -- 2013 ) Orlando City SC ( MLS ; 2015 -- 2016 ) Orlando Pride ( NWSL ; 2016 ) UCF Knights ( NCAA ) ( 1979 -- 2006 ) Camping World Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2001 -- present ) Cure Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2015 -- present ) 1994 FIFA World Cup venue 2016 ACC Championship Game Copa America Centenario venue Philadelphia Lincoln Financial Field 2003 ( Renovated and expanded 2013 - 2014 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Temple Owls ( NCAA ) ( 2003 -- present ) Philadelphia Union ( MLS ) ( 2010 ) 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup final match venue Copa América Centenario venue San Francisco Bay Area ( San Jose / Santa Clara ) Levi 's Stadium 2014 San Francisco 49ers ( NFL ) ( 2014 -- present ) Foster Farms Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2014 -- present ) Pac - 12 Football Championship Game ( NCAA ) ( 2014 -- present ) 2015 International Champions Cup venue Copa America Centenario venue 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup final match venue Super Bowl 50 ( NFL ) Seattle CenturyLink Field 2002 Seattle Seahawks ( NFL ) ( 2002 -- present ) Seattle Sounders ( USL 1 ) ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Seattle Sounders FC ( MLS ) ( 2009 -- present ) Washington Huskies ( NCAA ) ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Copa América Centenario venue MLS Cup 2009 venue Washington , D.C. ( Landover , Maryland ) FedExField Washington Redskins ( NFL ) ( 1997 -- present ) 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue 2014 International Champions Cup venue 2017 International Champions Cup venue Venues excluded since start of bidding process ( edit ) Birmingham Cleveland Indianapolis Jacksonville New Orleans Ottawa Pittsburgh Regina San Antonio Calgary Green Bay Montreal ( Saputo ) San Diego Los Angeles ( MC and HP ) Toronto ( Rogers ) Charlotte Detroit Las Vegas Phoenix Salt Lake City Tampa Vancouver Chicago Minneapolis Dallas ( Cotton Bowl ) Rejected and uninterested venues Venues that voluntarily dropped out during application process ( edit ) Chicago , Illinois Minneapolis , Minnesota Vancouver , British Columbia Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium BC Place Capacity : 61,500 Capacity : 66,655 ( expandable to 73,000 ) Capacity : 54,500 Venues not selected as host cities bid ( 2nd round ) ( edit ) The following cities were not selected as host cities bid , according to Sunil Gulati , during the 2018 US Soccer Annual General Meeting . Charlotte , North Carolina Dallas , Texas Detroit , Michigan Bank of America Stadium Cotton Bowl Ford Field Capacity : 75,525 Capacity : 92,100 Capacity : 65,000 ( expandable to 70,000 ) Las Vegas , Nevada Los Angeles , California Las Vegas Stadium ( under construction ) Memorial Coliseum Hollywood Park Capacity : 72,000 Capacity : 93,607 Capacity : 70,240 ( expandable to 100,000 ) ( under construction ) Phoenix , Arizona Salt Lake City , Utah Tampa , Florida University of Phoenix Stadium Rice -- Eccles Stadium Raymond James Stadium Capacity : 63,400 ( expandable to 78,600 ) Capacity : 48,600 Capacity : 65,890 ( expandable to 75,000 ) Venues submitted bid , but not selected as potential venues ( 1st round ) ( edit ) Birmingham , Alabama Cleveland , Ohio Indianapolis , Indiana Legion Field FirstEnergy Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium Capacity : 71,594 Capacity : 67,895 Capacity : 62,421 ( expandable to 70,000 ) Jacksonville , Florida New Orleans , Louisiana Ottawa , Ontario EverBank Field Mercedes - Benz Superdome TD Place Stadium Capacity : 69,132 ( expandable to 82,000 ) Capacity : 73,208 ( expandable to 76,438 ) Capacity : 24,000 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Regina , Saskatchewan San Antonio , Texas Heinz Field Mosaic Stadium Alamodome Capacity : 69,690 Capacity : 33,350 ( expandable to 40,000 ) Capacity : 64,000 Venues contacted , but did not submit bid ( edit ) Calgary , Alberta Green Bay , Wisconsin Montreal , Quebec San Diego , California Toronto , Ontario McMahon Stadium Lambeau Field Saputo Stadium SDCCU Stadium Rogers Centre Capacity : 35,400 ( expandable to 46,020 ) Capacity : 81,441 Capacity : 20,801 Capacity : 70,561 Capacity : 54,000 Proposed provisional match schedule ( edit ) show Proposed provisional match schedule Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Canada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage A2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 1 Canada vs . A2 BMO Field , Toronto ( Canada Stadium 1 ) Day 5 A2 vs . A3 United States Stadium 3 Day 10 A3 vs . Canada Canada Stadium 3 Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification B1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage B2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 2 B1 vs . B2 MetLife Stadium , New York City ( US Stadium 1 ) Day 6 B2 vs . B3 United States Stadium 9 Day 10 B3 vs . B1 United States Stadium 6 Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 2 C1 vs . C2 United States Stadium 3 Day 6 C2 vs . C3 AT&T Stadium , Dallas ( United States Stadium 7 ) Day 10 C3 vs . C1 United States Stadium 5 Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification D1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage D2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 2 D1 vs . D2 United States Stadium 9 Day 6 D2 vs . D3 MetLife Stadium , New York City Day 10 D3 vs . D1 Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta ( United States Stadium 10 ) Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage E2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 1 Mexico vs . E2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City ( Mexico Stadium 1 ) Day 6 E2 vs . E3 United States Stadium 4 Day 11 E3 vs . Mexico Mexico Stadium 2 Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 3 F1 vs . F2 Canada Stadium 2 Day 7 F2 vs . F3 United States Stadium 6 Day 11 F3 vs . F1 MetLife Stadium , New York City Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification G1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 3 G1 vs . G2 United States Stadium 5 Day 7 G2 vs . G3 Canada Stadium 3 Day 11 G3 vs . G1 United States Stadium 8 Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification H1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage H2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 3 H1 vs . H2 AT&T Stadium , Dallas Day 7 H2 vs . H3 United States Stadium 5 Day 11 H3 vs . H1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Group I Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage I2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 1 United States vs . I2 Rose Bowl , Los Angeles ( US Stadium 2 ) Day 8 I2 vs . I3 Mexico Stadium 2 Day 12 I3 vs . United States AT&T Stadium , Dallas Group J Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification J1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage J2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 4 J1 vs . J2 Commonwealth Stadium , Edmonton Day 8 J2 vs . J3 United States Stadium 8 Day 12 J3 vs . J1 United States Stadium 3 Group K Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification K1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage K2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 4 K1 vs . K2 United States Stadium 6 Day 8 K2 vs . K3 Canada Stadium 2 Day 12 K3 vs . K1 United States Stadium 9 Group L Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage L2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 4 L1 vs . L2 Rose Bowl , Los Angeles Day 8 L2 vs . L3 United States Stadium 3 Day 12 L3 vs . L1 Commonwealth Stadium , Edmonton Group M Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification M1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage M2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 4 M1 vs . M2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Day 9 M2 vs . M3 Mexico Stadium 3 Day 13 M3 vs . M1 Rose Bowl , Los Angeles Group N Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification N1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage N2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 5 N1 vs . N2 Mexico Stadium 3 Day 9 N2 vs . N3 Rose Bowl , Los Angeles Day 13 N3 vs . N1 United States Stadium 5 Group O Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification O1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage O2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 5 O1 vs . O2 Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta Day 9 O2 vs . O3 United States Stadium 9 Day 13 O3 vs . O1 United States Stadium 4 Group P Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification P1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage P2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 2026 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Day 5 P1 vs . P2 United States Stadium 8 Day 9 P2 vs . P3 United States Stadium 4 Day 13 P3 vs . P1 Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta Knockout stage Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final D14 - Match 49 -- CAN Stadium 2 Group A winner D19 -- Match 65 - Edmonton Group B runner - up Match 49 winner D14 - Match 50 -- USA Stadium 8 Match 50 winner Group C winner D25 -- Match 73 - Los Angeles Group D runner - up Match 65 winner D15 - Match 55 -- USA Stadium 9 Match 66 winner Group F Winner D20 -- Match 66 - Dallas Group E runner - up Match 55 winner D15 - Match 56 -- New York City Match 56 winner Group H Winner D29 -- Match 77 - Dallas Group G runner - up Match 73 winner D16 - Match 57 -- USA Stadium 4 Match 74 winner Group I winner D21 -- Match 69 - New York City Group J runner - up Match 57 winner D16 - Match 58 -- CAN Stadium 3 Match 58 winner Group K winner D25 -- Match 74 - USA Stadium 5 Group L runner - up Match 69 winner D17 - Match 61 -- Atlanta Match 70 winner Group M winner D22 -- Match 70 - Atlanta Group N runner - up Match 61 winner D17 - Match 62 -- USA Stadium 6 Match 62 winner Group O winner D34 -- Match 80 - New York City Group P runner - up Match 77 winner D15 - Match 53 -- MEX Stadium 3 Match 78 winner Group E winner D20 -- Match 67 - Mexico City Group F runner - up Match 53 winner D15 - Match 54 -- USA Stadium 3 Match 54 winner Group G winner D26 -- Match 75 - USA Stadium 8 Group H runner - up Match 67 winner D14 - Match 51 -- MEX Stadium 2 Match 68 winner Group B Winner D19 -- Match 68 - USA Stadium 9 Group A runner - up Match 51 winner D14 - Match 52 -- USA Stadium 6 Match 52 winner Group D Winner D30 -- Match 78 - Atlanta Group C runner - up Match 75 winner D16 - Match 59 -- USA Stadium 5 Match 76 winner Third place Group J Winner D21 -- Match 71 - Los Angeles D33 -- Match 79 - USA Stadium 4 Group I runner - up Match 59 winner Match 77 loser D16 - Match 60 -- Dallas Match 60 winner Match 78 loser Group L Winner D26 -- Match 76 - USA Stadium 6 Group K runner - up Match 71 winner D17 - Match 63 -- USA Stadium 8 Match 72 winner Group N Winner D22 -- Match 72 - USA Stadium 4 Group M runner - up Match 63 winner D17 - Match 64 -- Los Angeles Match 64 winner Group P Winner Group O runner - up General facilities ( edit ) show Team base camps Facility Location Nottawasaga Hotel and Resort Alliston , Ontario United States Naval Academy Annapolis , Maryland Loyola University Maryland Baltimore , Maryland Pingry School Basking Ridge , New Jersey Maryland SoccerPlex Boyds , Maryland Cedar Lane Regional Park Bel Air , Maryland National Sports Center Blaine , Minnesota Allianz Field St. Paul , Minnesota Swangard Stadium Burnaby , British Columbia Fortius Sport & Health Burnaby , British Columbia StubHub Center Carson , California Toyota Park Stadium Practice Fields Bridgeview , Illinois Toyota Park Stadium Bridgeview , Illinois Oak Brook Park District Central Park Oak Brook , Illinois CIBC Fire Pitch Chicago University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago FC Cincinnati stadium Cincinnati University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Texas A&M University College Station , Texas Cotton Bowl Stadium Dallas HEB Park Edinburg , Texas Ivor Dent Sports Park Edmonton Edmonton Scottish United Soccer Club Edmonton Toyota Stadium Frisco , Texas Zions Bank Real Academy Herriman , Utah Kean University Union , New Jersey National Training and Coaching Development Center Kansas City , Kansas D.C. United Training Site Leesburg , Virginia Future MLS Miami Team Training Site Miami Future Miami Dolphins Training Site Miami FC Cincinnati Training Ground Milford , Ohio California State University Monterey Bay Monterey County , California Estadio Universitario Monterrey Centro de Entrenamiento BBVA Bancomer Monterrey Morgan Hill Outdoor Sports Center Morgan Hill , California Calvert Regional Sports Park North East , Maryland Stevenson University Stevenson , Maryland Saint Louis University St. Louis , Missouri San Francisco State University San Francisco Starfire Sports Complex Tukwila , Washington McDonogh School Owings Mills , Maryland University of Victoria Victoria , British Columbia Royal Athletic Park Victoria , British Columbia American University Washington , D.C. Babson College Wellesley , Massachusetts Club Deportivo UDG Zapopan , Jalisco Tec de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara Zapopan , Jalisco Club Atlas Chapalita Zapopan , Jalisco Universidad Panaméricana Zapopan , Jalisco Chivas Verde Valle Zapopan , Jalisco show Venue - specific training team facilities Facility Location Atlanta Atlanta United Training Center ( 2 ) Atlanta Pace Academy Riverview Sports Complex Atlanta Georgia State University ( 2 ) Atlanta Baltimore University of Maryland , Baltimore County Catonsville , Maryland Goucher College Baltimore Towson University Towson , Maryland The Bob Lucido Fields at Covenant Park Ellicott City , Maryland Boston Wellesley College Wellesley , Massachusetts Nobles and Greenough School Dedham , Massachusetts New England Revolution Training Field Foxborough , Massachusetts Harvard University Cambridge , Massachusetts Cincinnati University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights , Kentucky FC Cincinnati Training Ground Milford , Ohio Mount St. Joseph University Delhi Township , Ohio Dallas Southern Methodist University University Park , Texas Toyota Stadium ( 2 ) Frisco , Texas MoneyGram Soccer Park ( 2 ) Dallas Denver Dick 's Sporting Goods Park ( 3 ) Commerce City , Colorado University of Denver Denver Edmonton University of Alberta Edmonton Henry Singer Park Edmonton Victoria Soccer Club Edmonton Coronation Park Edmonton Guadalajara Club Atlas Colomos Zapopan , Jalisco Club TECOS AC Guadalajara Club Chivas San Rafael Guadalajara ITESO Tlaquepaque , Jalisco Houston BBVA Compass Stadium Houston City of Houston Design Build Training Site Houston Houston Sports Park Houston Harris County Design Build Training Site Houston Kansas City , MO Swope Soccer Village Kansas City , Missouri Kansas City Chiefs Practice Facility Kansas City , Missouri Children 's Mercy Park Kansas City , Kansas Park University Parkville , Missouri Los Angeles Banc of California Stadium Los Angeles StubHub Center ( 2 ) Carson , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles Mexico City Pumas La Cantera Mexico City Centro de Alto Rendimiento Tlalpan , Mexico City La Nueva Casa del Fútbol Mexico City Club América Mexico City Miami Barry University Miami Shores , Florida Florida International University Miami St. Thomas University Miami Gardens , Florida Future MLS Miami Team Training Site Miami Monterrey ITESM Monterrey San Roberto International School Campus San Agustin Monterrey Universidad de Monterrey Monterrey Irish Institute of Monterrey San Pedro Garza García , Nuevo Leon Montréal Complexe sportif Marie - Victorin Montreal Complexe sportif Claude - Robillard Montreal Stade de Soccer de Montréal Montreal Centre Nutrilait Montreal Nashville Trevecca Nazarene University Nashville Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium Nashville Lipscomb University Nashville Future Nashville SC Training Facilities Nashville New York City Red Bull Arena Harrison , New Jersey New York City FC Training Center Orangeburg , New York Red Bull Training Center Whippany , New Jersey Pingry School Basking Ridge , New Jersey Orlando Lake Sylvan Training Site Sanford , Florida University of Central Florida Orlando Orlando City Stadium Orlando Lake Nona Training Site Orlando Philadelphia NovaCare Complex Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Talen Energy Stadium Chester , Pennsylvania Drexel University Philadelphia San Francisco Bay Area Spartan Soccer Complex ( 2 ) San Jose , California Avaya Stadium San Jose , California Stanford University Stanford , California Seattle Starfire Sports Complex Tukwila , Washington Magnuson Park Seattle University of Washington Seattle Genesee Playfields Seattle Toronto Allan Lamport Stadium Toronto Cherry Beach Fields Toronto BMO Training Ground Toronto Sunnybrook Park Fields Toronto Washington , D.C. Trinity Washington University Washington , D.C. Maryland SoccerPlex Boyds , Maryland Audi Field Washington , D.C. RFK Stadium Washington , D.C. Support ( edit ) Football confederations ( edit ) Oceania Football Confederation CONCACAF CONMEBOL FIFA members ( edit ) Afghanistan Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guyana Honduras Jamaica Liberia Namibia Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saudi Arabia Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Public opinion ( edit ) On October 24 , 2017 , a survey of adults in Canada , Mexico , and the United States showed a broad support for Canada -- United States -- Mexico bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . It found that 77 % of North American residents are in favor of hosting the first - ever 48 - team FIFA World Cup , and 81 % of respondents across the three countries agree that hosting the tournament would be good for their specific country . Also , nearly six in 10 ( 57 percent ) of those surveyed say they would be interested in attending FIFA World Cup matches if the games were played near where they live or work . U.S. House of Representatives ( edit ) On April 20 , 2018 , Representatives Darin LaHood and fellow co-chairs of the Congressional Soccer Caucus Kathy Castor ( FL - 14 ) , Don Bacon ( NE - 02 ) , Ruben Kihuen ( NV - 04 ) introduced a resolution to recognize and support the efforts of the United Bid Committee to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup in Canada , Mexico and the United States . The U.S. House of Representatives adopted this resolution on April 25 , 2018 . Other government officials ( edit ) Toronto city councillors Mark Grimes and Cesar Palacio support the bid , as well as Mayor John Tory . Montreal Mayor Valérie Plante supports it . U.S. President Donald Trump , Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto also all support the bid for 2026 FIFA World Cup . On March 13 , 2018 , Canadian Minister of Sport Kirsty Duncan announced in Ottawa the Canadian federal government officially threw its support behind the North American bid for the 2026 World Cup , with the promise of up to $5 million in immediate help should the unified bid win . Marketing ( edit ) The bid is branded `` United 2026 '' , the logo of the bid is a ball with the number 26 representing the year `` 2026 '' with the colors of the flags of Canada , Mexico , and the United States and the slogans are : `` United As One '' ( Spanish : `` Unidos Como Uno '' , French : `` Unis Comme Un '' ) . and `` Football For All '' ( Spanish : `` Fútbol Para Todos '' , French : `` Football Pour Tous '' ) . Opinions ( edit ) On December 28 , 2017 , during a sports business conference in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , FIFA president Gianni Infantino considered Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 FIFA World Cup bid to be a positive message . Criticism ( edit ) U.S. President Donald Trump 's anti-immigration decrees had been touted as a potential risk , with FIFA president Gianni Infantino saying : It is obvious when it comes to FIFA competitions , any team , including the supporters and officials of that team , who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country , otherwise there is no World Cup . However , assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination . On April 28 , 2018 , U.S. President Donald Trump tweeted a post threatening the countries that would not support the bid with political repercussions . A range of commentators have stated that this would hinder the bid 's chances of winning . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` USA , Mexico , Canada announce bid to host ' 26 WC '' . April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlise , Jeff ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. , neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ben Rycroft ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Canadian Soccer Association to bid for 2026 World Cup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Squizzatoa , Daniel ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` The race is on : Canada continues to plan on bid for 2026 World Cup '' . mlssoccer.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to bid for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The Canadian Press . January 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico to bid for 2026 World Cup '' . ESPN . Press Association . September 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Mexico would team up with USA to host 2026 World Cup tournament '' . Major League Soccer . October 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buscará México la sede del Mundial 2026 '' ( Mexico seeks to host the 2026 World Cup ) ( in Spanish ) . Milenio . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaudhary , Vivek ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` United States , Mexico in talks for joint 2026 '' . ESPN FC . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Brian ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Pelé : US deserves World Cup '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Canada , Mexico 2026 World Cup bid a possibility - CONCACAF chief '' . ESPN . December 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlise , Jeff ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal - plagued FIFA postpones 2026 World Cup bidding '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . May 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon Oppong ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2026 : US , Canada and Mexico to host tournament '' . USAHint.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to ask FIFA to fast - track U.S. - led 2026 World Cup bid -- sources '' . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council set to back North American 2026 World Cup bid '' . Reuters . May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council prepares Congress , takes key decisions for the future of the FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA . May 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council keeps bidding window for 2026 World Cup open for further three months '' . Inside the Games . May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIVE THINGS TO KNOW : UNIFIED 2026 WORLD CUP BID '' . US Soccer. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED BID COMMITTEE FOR CANADA , MEXICO AND UNITED STATES OFFICIALLY FORMED FOR 2026 FIFA WORLD CUP '' . US Soccer . July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kristick hired as United Bid Committee executive director for ' 26 World Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Pres . July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Neil ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` CONCACAF finalizes committee ahead of 2026 World Cup bid '' . TSN . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadá , México y Estados Unidos Formaron el Comité de la Candidatura Conjunta Para Competir por la Sede de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2026 '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexican Football Federation . July 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Bid 2026 '' . united2026.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft Named Honorary Chairman of the Board for United Bid Committee of Canada Mexico USA '' . united2026.com . ^ Jump up to : `` North American 2026 World Cup bid makes leadership changes '' . ESPN . March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OUR UNITED BID TO HOST THE 2026 FIFA WORLD CUP '' . United 2026 Newsletter . March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED BID COMMITTEE COMMENCES OUTREACH FOR POTENTIAL HOST CITIES IN BID FOR 2026 FIFA WORLD CUP '' . US Soccer . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FORTY - ONE CITIES ACROSS CANADA , MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES SUBMIT BIDS TO SERVE AS HOST CITIES IN UNITED BID FOR 2026 FIFA WORLD CUP '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Bid Committee Moves to Next Stage of Bid Process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . ussoccer.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : US Soccer ( February 10 , 2018 ) . 2018 U.S. Soccer Annual General Meeting : National Council Meeting . 54 minutes in -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` B.C. at odds with WC bid committee '' . TSN . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emanuel pulls Chicago out of World Cup bid '' . Chicago Sun - Times . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States - led World Cup bid cuts list of potential host cities to 23 '' . ESPN . March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United 2026 bid book '' ( PDF ) . united2026.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. , Maryland Pitch Proposals to Be Hosts of 2026 World Cup '' . NBC Washington . November 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2026 WC bid eyes 3 - nation open , N.J. final '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TSN '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` FIFA Confederation Agrees to Support U.S. - Led World Cup Bid '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF hosts 2026 World Cup joint - bid press conference '' . CONCACAF . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONMEBOL endorses North American joint bid to host 2026 World Cup '' . CONMEBOL. April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MEDIA RELEASE '' . Afghanistan Football Federation . June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` South American nations to vote for 2026 N America World Cup '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONMEBOL endorses North America WC bid '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONMEBOL releases statement backing 2026 North American World Cup bid '' . April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONMEBOL releases statement backing 2026 North American World Cup bid '' . April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ united2026 ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Deep appreciation for the support shown by Jamaica and Grenada Football Associations for a North American FIFA World Cup in 2026 . # Opportunity2026 will extend to all nations as we promote # FootballForAll across the world . # Unity2026 # Certainty2026 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Guyana backs joint North American bid for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . Guyana Chronicle . June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America 2026 World Cup bid receives CONMEBOL endorsement - Goal.com '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liberia to vote against Morocco 's 2026 World Cup bid '' . BBC . May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia Shuns Morocco 's 2026 World Cup Bid ... Over Western Sahara Issue '' . New Era . June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to support US bid to host 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . ArabianBusiness.com . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ZIM SETTLE FOR AMERICANS IN 2026 WORLD CUP BATTLE ... Blow for Morocco as ZIFA sing in the United States corner '' . The Herald . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NEW NORTH AMERICAN SURVEY SHOWS BROAD SUPPORT FOR UNITED BID TO HOST 2026 FIFA WORLD CUP '' . US Soccer . October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H. Con. Res. 111 ( Recognizing and supporting the efforts of the United Bid Committee to bring the 2026 Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) World Cup competition to Canada , Mexico , and the United States ) Jump up ^ `` LAHOOD WORLD CUP RESOLUTION OVERWHELMINGLY PASSES HOUSE '' . Darin LaHood. April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grimes , Councillor ( @ Mark_Grimes ) ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Toronto 's joint @ united2026 bid just passed in City Council 29 - 1 ! Thanks to my Task Force co-chairs Councillor Palacio & Mayor @ JohnTory for their hard work in helping bring this forward ! # TOpolipic.twitter.com/Dwske92kaM '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Plante ( @ Val_Plante ) ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Un réel plaisir de rencontrer @ JoeySaputo tout juste avant le match ! @ impactmontreal # polmtl '' ( A real pleasure to meet @ JoeySaputo just before the match ! @ impactmontreal # polmtl ) ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump ' fully supports ' a World Cup with Mexico and Canada '' . The Independent . April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , Justin ( @ JustinTrudeau ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Canada is fully behind the North American bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup -- and we 're ready to welcome the world for an amazing tournament . Great to be partnered with @ EPN and @ RealDonaldTrump for this one '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Enrique Pena Nieto President of Mexico Welcomes FIFA Trophy '' . Getty Images . Jump up ^ `` Canadian government backs FIFA 2026 World Cup bid '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GATHERING IN HOUSTON - UNITED , AS ONE '' . united2026.com . November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA , Mexico , Canada World Cup bid is `` positive message '' : Infantino `` . Yahoo Sports . December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Tim ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . the Guardian . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Scott . `` Anti-Trump sentiments around the world could reportedly cost the US a chance to host the 2026 World Cup '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` U.S. offers assurances over 2026 World Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump tweet may have sunk North America 's bid in 2026 World Cup race : Analysts '' . Straits Times . April 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Iran Yugoslavia Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay Morocco -- Algeria -- Tunisia or Morocco -- Spain -- Portugal 2034 Indonesia - Thailand China Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being awarded event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_bid&oldid=854815353 '' Categories : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids Canada at the FIFA World Cup Mexico at the FIFA World Cup United States at the FIFA World Cup Trilateral relations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States Canadian Soccer Association United States Soccer Federation Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use American English from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is the host nation 2026 world cup	[ "United 2026 was a successful joint bid, led by the United States Soccer Federation, together with the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation, to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.\n", "United 2026 was a successful joint bid, led by the United States Soccer Federation, together with the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation, to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.\n", "United 2026 was a successful joint bid, led by the United States Soccer Federation, together with the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation, to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.\n" ]	[ "United States", "Canada", "Mexico" ]
-9103138001979131495	Epidermis	Epidermis - wikipedia Epidermis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about human skin . For the outer layer of cells in plants , see Epidermis ( botany ) . For other uses , see Epidermis ( disambiguation ) . Epidermis Histologic image of epidermis , delimited by white bar . Histologic image detailing epidermal layers . Stratum corneum appears more compact in this image than above because of different sample preparation . Details Identifiers Latin Epidermis Code TH H3. 12.00. 1.01001 TA A16. 0.00. 009 TH H3. 12.00. 1.01001 FMA 70596 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The epidermis ( ἐπί epi in Greek meaning `` over '' or `` upon '' ) is the outer layer of the two layers that make up the skin ( or cutis ; Greek δέρμα derma ) , the inner layer being the dermis . This skin layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) . The outermost part of the epidermis is composed of stratified layers of flattened cells , that overlies a basal layer ( stratum basale ) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly . The rows of cells develop from the stem cells in the basal layer . ENaCs are found to be expressed in all layers of the epidermis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cellular components 1.2 Cell junctions 1.3 Layers 1.4 Cellular kinetics 1.4. 1 Cell division 1.4. 2 Calcium concentration 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Barrier 2.1. 1 Characteristics of the barrier 2.1. 2 Factors that alter the barrier 2.2 Skin hydration 2.3 Skin color 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) Cellular components ( edit ) The epidermis has no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air . It is 95 % keratinocytes ( proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal ) but also contains melanocytes , Langerhans cells , Merkel cells , and inflammatory cells . Rete ridges ( or rete pegs ) are epidermal thickenings that extend downward between dermal papillae . Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis , and are linked to an arteriole and a venule . Cell junctions ( edit ) In the epidermis , the cells are tightly interconnected to serve as a tight barrier . The junctions between the epidermal cells is adherens junction type . These junctions are formed by transmembrane proteins called cadherins . Inside the cell , the cadherins are linked to actin filaments . In immunofluorescence microscopy , the actin filament network appears as a thick border surrounding the cells . Yet , as noted , the actin filaments are located inside the cell and run parallel to the cell membrane . Because of the proximity of the neighboring cells and tightness of the junctions , the actin immunofluorescence appears as a border between cells . Layers ( edit ) Schematic image showing a section of epidermis with epidermal layers labeled . The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered . Those layers in descending order are : cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) Confocal image of the stratum corneum Composed of 10 to 30 layers of polyhedral , anucleated corneocytes ( final step of keratinocyte differentiation ) , with the palms and soles having the most layers . Corneocytes are surrounded by a protein envelope ( cornified envelope proteins ) , filled with water - retaining keratin proteins , attached together through corneodesmosomes and surrounded in the extracellular space by stacked layers of lipids . Most of the barrier functions of the epidermis localize to this layer . clear / translucent layer ( stratum lucidum , only in palms and soles ) The skin found in the palms and soles is known as `` thick skin '' because it has 5 epidermal layers instead of 4 . granular layer ( stratum granulosum ) Confocal image of the stratum granulosum Keratinocytes lose their nuclei and their cytoplasm appears granular . Lipids , contained into those keratinocytes within lamellar bodies , are released into the extracellular space through exocytosis to form a lipid barrier . Those polar lipids are then converted into non-polar lipids and arranged parallel to the cell surface . For example glycosphingolipids become ceramides and phospholipids become free fatty acids . spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) Confocal image of the stratum spinosum already showing some clulsters of basal cells Keratinocytes become connected through desmosomes and start produce lamellar bodies , from within the Golgi , enriched in polar lipids , glycosphingolipids , free sterols , phospholipids and catabolic enzymes . Langerhans cells , immunologically active cells , are located in the middle of this layer . basal / germinal layer ( stratum basale / germinativum ) . Confocal image of the stratum basale already showing some papillae Composed mainly of proliferating and non-proliferating keratinocytes , attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes . Melanocytes are present , connected to numerous keratinocytes in this and other strata through dendrites . Merkel cells are also found in the stratum basale with large numbers in touch - sensitive sites such as the fingertips and lips . They are closely associated with cutaneous nerves and seem to be involved in light touch sensation . The Malpighian layer ( stratum malpighi ) is both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum . The epidermis is separated from the dermis , its underlying tissue , by a basement membrane . Cellular kinetics ( edit ) Cell division ( edit ) The stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale . Differentiating cell delaminate from the basement membrane and are displaced outwards through the epidermal layers , undergoing multiple stages of differentiation until , in the stratum corneum , losing their nucleus and fusing to squamous sheets , which are eventually shed from the surface ( desquamation ) . Differentiated keratinocytes secrete keratin proteins which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and is an integral part of the skin barrier function . In normal skin , the rate of keratinocyte production equals the rate of loss , taking about two weeks for a cell to journey from the stratum basale to the top of the stratum granulosum , and an additional four weeks to cross the stratum corneum . The entire epidermis is replaced by new cell growth over a period of about 48 days . Calcium concentration ( edit ) Keratinocyte differentiation throughout the epidermis is in part mediated by a calcium gradient , increasing from the stratum basale until the outer stratum granulosum , where it reaches its maximum , and decreasing in the stratum corneum . Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very low in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions . This calcium gradient parallels keratinocyte differentiation and as such is considered a key regulator in the formation of the epidermal layers . Elevation of extracellular calcium concentrations induces an increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations . Part of that intracellular increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx , through both calcium - sensitive chloride channels and voltage - independent cation channels permeable to calcium . Moreover , it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium - sensing receptor ( CaSR ) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration . Development ( edit ) Epidermal organogenesis , the formation of the epidermis , begins in the cells covering the embryo after neurulation , the formation of the central nervous system . In most vertebrates , this original one - layered structure quickly transforms into a two - layered tissue ; a temporary outer layer , the periderm , which is disposed once the inner basal layer or stratum germinativum has formed . This inner layer is a germinal epithelium that give rise to all epidermal cells . It divides to form the outer spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) . The cells of these two layers , together called the Malpighian layer ( s ) after Marcello Malpighi , divide to form the superficial granular layer ( Stratum granulosum ) of the epidermis . The cells in the stratum granulosum do not divide , but instead form skin cells called keratinocytes from the granules of keratin . These skin cells finally become the cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) , the outermost epidermal layer , where the cells become flattened sacks with their nuclei located at one end of the cell . After birth these outermost cells are replaced by new cells from the stratum granulosum and throughout life they are shed at a rate of 0.001 - 0.003 ounces of skin flakes every hour , or 0.024 - 0.072 ounces per day . Epidermal development is a product of several growth factors , two of which are : Transforming growth factor Alpha ( TGFα ) is an autocrine growth factor by which basal cells stimulate their own division . Keratinocyte growth factor ( KGF or FGF7 ) is a paracrine growth factor produced by the underlying dermal fibroblasts in which the proliferation of basal cells is regulated . Function ( edit ) Barrier ( edit ) The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against microbial pathogens , oxidant stress ( UV light ) and chemical compounds and provides mechanical resistance . Most of that function is played by the stratum corneum . Characteristics of the barrier ( edit ) Physical barrier through keratinocytes attached together via cell -- cell junctions and associated to cytoskeletal proteins , which gives the epidermis its mechanical strength . Chemical barrier through the presence of highly organized lipids , acids , hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides . Immunologically active barrier through humoral and cellular constituents of the immune system . Water content of the stratum corneum drops towards the surface , creating hostile conditions for pathogenic microorganism growth . An acidic pH ( around 5.0 ) and low amounts of water make it hostile to many microorganic pathogens . The presence of non-pathogenic microorganism on the epidermis surface help defend against pathogenic one by limiting food availability and through chemical secretions . Factors that alter the barrier ( edit ) Psychological stress , through an increase in glucocorticoids , compromises the stratum corneum and thus the barrier function . Sudden and large shifts in humidity alter stratum corneum hydration in a way that could allow entry of pathogenic microorganisms . Skin hydration ( edit ) The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin . Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss . Skin color ( edit ) The amount and distribution of melanin pigment in the epidermis is the main reason for variation in skin color in Homo sapiens . Melanin is found in the small melanosomes , particles formed in melanocytes from where they are transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes . The size , number , and arrangement of the melanosomes varies between racial groups , but while the number of melanocytes can vary between different body regions , their numbers remain the same in individual body regions in all human beings . In white and Asian skin the melanosomes are packed in `` aggregates '' , but in black skin they are larger and distributed more evenly . The number of melanosomes in the keratinocytes increases with UV radiation exposure , while their distribution remain largely unaffected . Clinical significance ( edit ) For a comprehensive list , see List of cutaneous conditions . Laboratory culture of keratinocytes to form a 3D structure ( artificial skin ) recapitulating most of the properties of the epidermis is routinely used as a tool for drug development and testing . Additional images ( edit ) Epidermis and dermis of human skin Cross-section of all skin layers Illustration of epidermal layers Optical coherence tomography of fingertip See also ( edit ) Skin repair References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Proksch , E. ; Brandner , J. ; Jensen , J.M. ( 2008 ) . `` The skin : an indispensable barrier '' . Experimental Dermatology. 17 ( 12 ) : 1063 -- 1072 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0625.2008. 00786. x . PMID 19043850 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , J.A. ; Eady , R.A. ; Pope , F.M. ( 2004 ) . Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology ( 7th ed . ) . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 3.1 -- 3.6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06429 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . PMID 28130590 . Jump up ^ Stücker , M ; Struk , A ; Altmeyer , P ; Herde , M ; Baumgärtl , H ; Lübbers , DW ( 2002 ) . `` The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis '' . The Journal of Physiology. 538 ( 3 ) : 985 -- 994 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2001.013067 . PMC 2290093 . PMID 11826181 . Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > rete ridge Citing : The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007 , 2004 Jump up ^ The Ageing Skin - Structure ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Elias , P.M. ( 2007 ) . `` The skin barrier as an innate immune element '' . Seminars in Immunopathology. 29 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / s00281 - 007 - 0060 - 9 . PMID 17621950 . Jump up ^ Iizuka , Hajime ( 1994 ) . `` Epidermal turnover time '' . Journal of Dermatological Science . 8 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 217 . doi : 10.1016 / 0923 - 1811 ( 94 ) 90057 - 4 . PMID 7865480 . Jump up ^ Hennings , H ; Kruszewski , FH ; Yuspa , SH ; Tucker , RW ( 1989 ) . `` Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes '' . Carcinogenesis. 10 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 10.4. 777 . PMID 2702726 . Jump up ^ Pillai , S ; Bikle , DD ( 1991 ) . `` Role of intracellular - free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes : Differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1 , 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 146 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 100 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041460113 . PMID 1990023 . Jump up ^ Reiss , M ; Lipsey , LR ; Zhou , ZL ( 1991 ) . `` Extracellular calcium - dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 147 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 91 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041470213 . PMID 1645742 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Pappone , PA ; Isseroff , RR ( 1990 ) . `` Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 143 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 20 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041430103 . PMID 1690740 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Isseroff , RR ; Lasarow , R ; Pappone , PA ( 1993 ) . `` Ion channels are linked to differentiation in keratinocytes '' . The Journal of membrane biology . 132 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00235738 . PMID 7684087 . Jump up ^ Tu , CL ; Oda , Y ; Bikle , DD ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of a calcium receptor activator on the cellular response to calcium in human keratinocytes '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 113 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 5 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1747.1999. 00698. x . PMID 10469331 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Scott F ( 2000 ) . `` The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 243 - 7 . Jump up ^ Weschler , Charles J. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Squalene and Cholesterol in Dust from Danish Homes and Daycare Centers '' . Environ . Sci. Technol. 45 : 3872 -- 3879 . doi : 10.1021 / es103894r . PMID 21476540 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Denda , M. ; Tsuchiya , T. ; Elias , P.M. ; Feingold , K.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Stress alters cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis '' . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 278 ( 2 ) : R367 -- 372 . PMID 10666137 . Jump up ^ `` Metabolic Approaches To Enhance Transdermal Drug Delivery . 1 . Effect of Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 85 : 643 -- 648 . doi : 10.1021 / js950219p . Jump up ^ Blank , IH ( 1952 ) . `` Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 18 ( 6 ) : 433 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1952.52 . PMID 14938659 . Jump up ^ Downing , DT ; Stewart , ME ; Wertz , PW ; Colton , SW ; Abraham , W ; Strauss , JS ( 1987 ) . `` Skin lipids : An update '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 88 ( 3 Suppl ) : 2s -- 6s . doi : 10.1111 / 1523 - 1747. ep12468850 . PMID 2950180 . Jump up ^ Bonté , F ; Saunois , A ; Pinguet , P ; Meybeck , A ( 1997 ) . `` Existence of a lipid gradient in the upper stratum corneum and its possible biological significance '' . Archives of dermatological research . 289 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s004030050158 . PMID 9049040 . Jump up ^ Montagna , William ; Prota , Giuseppe ; Kenney , John A. ( 1993 ) . Black skin : structure and function . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 505260 - X . ( hide ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidermis&oldid=812407638 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of tissue is the uppermost layer of the skin	[ "The epidermis (ἐπί epi in Greek meaning \"over\" or \"upon\") is the outer layer of the two layers that make up the skin (or cutis; Greek δέρμα derma), the inner layer being the dermis.[1] This skin layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens[2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss (TEWL).[3]" ]	[ "epidermis" ]
-437251510192821812	Suits (season 8)	Suits ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Suits ( season 8 ) Suits ( season 8 ) Starring Gabriel Macht Rick Hoffman Sarah Rafferty Amanda Schull Dulé Hill Katherine Heigl Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network USA Network Original release July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Suits episodes The eighth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on January 30 , 2018 , and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 18 , 2018 . The season is the first in the show 's history to see extensive cast changes with the departures of Patrick J. Adams and Meghan Markle at the conclusion of the last season . Following their departures , three actors have been promoted to series regulars : previously recurring guest star Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett , recurring special guest star Dulé Hill as Alex Williams , and Katherine Heigl as Samantha Wheeler , who is introduced in the season premiere . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Regular cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits characters Regular cast ( edit ) Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett Dulé Hill as Alex Williams Katherine Heigl as Samantha Wheeler Recurring cast ( edit ) Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane Rachael Harris as Sheila Sazs Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski Ray Proscia as Dr. Stan Lipschitz Jake Epstein as Brian Altman Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Suits episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 109 `` Right - Hand Man '' Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.27 The newly merged firm has a conflict of interest between two clients , which Harvey and Robert use as a competition to decide which one of them becomes managing partner . Harvey and Robert acquire the help of their right - hand men Alex and Samantha , respectively , to convince one of the clients to drop the overlapping division that cause the conflict . Both Alex and Samantha are invested in order to solidify their claim to become the next name partner , which introduces Specter Litt 's lawyers to Samantha 's tactics . Donna helps Harvey see that he 's tired of the view on top of the mountain , making him concede to Robert . Katrina asks to be tasked with firing the least efficient associates , but it gets complicated when Louis 's favorite associate Brian ends up at the bottom of the list . 110 `` Pecking Order '' Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.18 An old friend of Mike 's comes knocking for help when 50 million dollars for a new business venture goes missing , meaning he might be accused of embezzlement . Harvey suspects that his business partner made the money disappear , but Robert fears he 's too trusting of Mike 's friend and secretly puts Samantha on the case as well . While the two lawyers bicker over the right strategy to find the guilty party , Donna enlists the help of Gretchen to find out who exactly Samantha is and whose team she 's playing for . Sheila urges Louis to fight for managing partner , which brings to light Louis 's concerns about their relationship dynamics . Meanwhile , Alex sets out to prove his worth for name partner by attempting to poach Gavin Andrews , one of Robert 's former important clients from Rand Kaldor . 111 `` Promises , Promises '' Roger Kumble Rob LaMorgese & Marshall Knight August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.16 Harvey finds out that the firm 's cleaning lady does not receive the payments for her overtime , which she need for her mother 's medical costs , because of a manager title given to her by Gabriel Fox , the firm 's landlord . While the other name partners and Donna tell him not to , he starts a fight with Fox . Alex is successful in signing Gavin Andrews but he is immediately tasked with carrying out a plan set up by Gavin to launder money . Alex pleads with Samantha to help him find a way out without firing him as a client , which would backfire on the new firm 's reputation . Later , Samantha informs him that Robert promised her name partner . Meanwhile , Katrina is given the chance to prove her worth for senior partner by showcasing leadership over Brian , but Brian has to step up when stress - induced migraines take her out of the game . 112 `` Revenue Per Square Foot '' Michael Smith Ethan Drogin August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.09 Louis and Sheila are trying to conceive . While on his way to dinner with a client and Robert , Louis is mugged . His pride prevents him from telling Robert what truly happened . Robert then assigns Louis ' client to Samantha as a punishment , but the two end up working the case together . Samantha notices he 's behaving oddly and informs Harvey of this , leading to Harvey providing a safe place for Louis to come clean , even though Samantha ends up the most valuable support of all by teaching Louis self - defense . Harvey helps Alex sign a new client to improve his standing with Robert , who does n't like the way they pulled it off and demands that Alex either drop the client or forget about making name partner . Donna helps Robert see that his micro-managing caused his previous partners to stab him in the back , suggesting he do things differently this time around . 113 5 `` Good Mudding '' Valerie Weiss Sharyn Rothstein August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.15 Alex 's daughter Joy is suspended from school and she spends the day at the office . Since she 's acting out , Alex asks Samantha to keep an eye on her as she 's the cool one from Joy 's perspective . After they bond over similar experiences , Samantha ends up using Joy for her deposition , which rubs Alex the wrong way . Following a confrontation , Samantha realizes what she did was wrong and tells Joy that her father is the cool one . Later , Alex informs Samantha about Harvey 's promise to him and they openly declare a competition for name partner . Harvey leaves to represent his brother when his sister - in - law files for divorce , which becomes a painful reminder of his family 's secretive behaviors . Meanwhile , after Sheila asks him to get a fertility check - up , Louis is told to forego mudding to increase the chances of conceiving . 114 6 `` Cats , Ballet , Harvey Specter '' Emile Levisetti Garrett Schabb August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.22 After hearing that his brother 's divorce is still happening , Harvey lashes out at Louis when he asks Harvey to fill in for him at a meeting so he can spend the afternoon with Sheila . Louis then decides it 's time for the two of them to work on their relationship . After a shared session with Lipschitz goes wrong , Harvey goes to therapy by himself and comes to realize he 's afraid that Louis will leave him once he has a baby , like Jessica , Mike , Rachel , and his sister - in - law have left him . Alex recommends Samantha for a pro bono case that Donna holds close to her heart because her best friend 's charity is involved . The fragile friendship between Samantha and Donna is threatened when the former suspects something shady is going on and acts on her instincts behind Donna 's back . Katrina learns the value of friendship when Brian assists her on the case that will determine her future as senior partner . 115 7 `` Sour Grapes '' Gabriel Macht TBA August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) TBD 116 8 `` Coral Gables '' TBA TBA September 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) TBD 117 9 TBA Christopher Misiano TBA September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) TBD 118 10 TBA TBA TBA September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On May 25 , 2018 , Entertainment Weekly released an interview with Katherine Heigl in which she described her character Samantha Wheeler as a `` fierce and enigmatic lawyer who muscles her way into ( the ) central law firm , Zane Specter Litt . '' She also teased an antagonistic relationship between Samantha and the main protagonist Harvey Specter and an `` uneasy dynamic '' with Donna . The article included several exclusive first - look images from the season premiere and Heigl 's character . Series creator Aaron Korsh confirmed that Patrick J. Adams wo n't be returning for any guest appearances in the first ten episodes of the season . However , he did state that he and Adams had discussed it and are both open to the possibility somewhere in the future . At the same time , he confirmed that Gina Torres wo n't guest star on the eighth season nor will be there be crossover episodes in order to establish the world from the Chicago - based spin - off series Second City as separate from Suits itself . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Right - Hand Man '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.27 0.3 1.23 0.6 2.50 `` Pecking Order '' July 25 , 2018 0.2 1.18 0.3 1.21 0.5 2.39 `` Promises , Promises '' August 1 , 2018 0.2 1.16 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Revenue Per Square Foot '' August 8 , 2018 0.3 1.09 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Good Mudding '' August 15 , 2018 0.3 1.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Cats , Ballet , Harvey Specter '' August 22 , 2018 0.3 1.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed for Season 8 as Patrick J. Adams Officially Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Suits : Katherine Heigl previews her antagonistic season 8 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Meghan Markle is officially leaving Suits after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' : Amanda Schull Promoted To Series Regular For Season 8 Of USA Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' Finale : Series Creator On Patrick J. Adams & Meghan Markle 's Exits , New Twist , Season 8 & Spinoff Details '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - suits on usa '' . TheFutonCritic . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Driving to work and getting ready to start directing episode 807 of @ suits_usa ... '' Instagram . June 22 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cast of ' Suits ' talks new season , royal wedding and more '' . Today.com . July 17 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Mom II ' doubles in 18 - 49 , ' Snowfall ' gets big viewers boost cable Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Woman ' scores big viewer gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Suits episodes on IMDb Suits Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Other Characters Second City South Korean remake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suits_(season_8)&oldid=857084510 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new series of suits start	[ "The eighth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on January 30, 2018,[1] and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 18, 2018.[2]\n" ]	[ "July 18, 2018" ]
-9058135206260826855	England–Scotland football rivalry	England -- Scotland football rivalry - wikipedia England -- Scotland football rivalry England -- Scotland football rivalry Locale Europe ( UEFA ) Teams England Scotland First meeting 30 November 1872 ( ENG 0 -- 0 SCO ) Latest meeting 10 June 2017 ( SCO 2 -- 2 ENG ) Statistics Meetings total 114 Most wins England ( 48 wins ) All - time series 48 -- 41 -- 25 ( England ) Largest victory ENG 9 -- 3 SCO ( 15 April 1961 ) The England -- Scotland football rivalry is a sports rivalry that exists between their respective national football teams . It is the oldest international fixture in the world , first played in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow . The history of the British Isles has led to much rivalry between the nations in many forms , and the social and cultural effects of centuries of antagonism and conflict between the two has contributed to the intense nature of the sporting contests . Scottish nationalism has also been a factor in the Scots ' desire to defeat England above all other rivals , with Scottish sports journalists traditionally referring to the English as the `` Auld Enemy '' . The footballing rivalry has diminished somewhat since the late 1970s , particularly since the annual fixture stopped in 1989 . For England , games against Germany and Argentina are now considered to be more important than the historic rivalry with Scotland . The BBC website has commented that the games `` have represented all that is good and all that is bad about football since the fixture began , '' while The Guardian newspaper once reported that `` for millions across both sides of the border the encounter represents a chance for the ultimate victory over the enemy . '' As of June 2017 , the teams have played 114 matches ; England have won 48 , Scotland 41 , and there have been 25 draws . Contents 1 Background and early years 2 Famous matches in the annual series 2.1 1928 2.1. 1 Match summary 2.2 1961 2.2. 1 Match summary 2.3 1967 2.3. 1 Match summary 2.4 1977 2.4. 1 Match summary 3 Matches since the end of the annual series 3.1 1996 European Championship 3.2 2000 European Championship play - off 3.3 August 2013 and November 2014 friendlies 3.4 2018 World Cup qualification 4 Records 4.1 All official matches between England and Scotland 5 Club level 6 Players and managers 7 Supporters 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background and early years ( edit ) See also : England v Scotland representative matches ( 1870 -- 1872 ) Iillustrations of the first international at Hamilton Crescent , by William Ralston . The rules of association football had been formalised and set down by The Football Association in England in 1863 . By 1870 C.W. Alcock , Secretary of The Football Association , issued public challenges in various Scottish newspapers , including the Glasgow Herald , to Scottish players to play an international match against England . One of the few public responses that Alcock received from Scotland stated that `` devotees of the ' association ' rules will find no foemen worthy of their steel in Scotland '' . Alcock ardently defended that the right to play in these matches `` was open to every Scotchman whether his lines were cast North or South of the Tweed '' . The first match was described in the Glasgow Herald as `` the great international football match '' and there was acceptance by the same newspaper in 1871 that `` both captains had been successful in the composition of elevens capable of efficiently representing their respective causes '' . Although the five matches played between 5 March 1870 and 24 February 1872 are not currently recognised by FIFA as official , they were organised under the auspices of the FA and were described as `` international '' by The Scotsman newspaper . In 1870 , Alcock had even suggested that the next international match should be held near the England - Scotland border as an easily accessible venue for both teams , but this did not receive a response . Requests for Scotland - based players to partake were issued for each of these five matches , for example in November 1870 : `` any Scotch players who may be desirous of assisting their country ... may communicate with Messrs AF Kinnaird . '' The matches are notable not just for being the first international matches , but also for illustrating emerging team playing tactics . For example , in the November 1870 match onlookers were treated to a match with `` many scientific points '' and in 1871 players ( including Alcock ) are noted to have been `` acting in concert '' , leading to a goal '' England v Scotland 1870 -- 72 : scores and results list Scotland 's goal tally first . Date Venue Result Competition Location Winner 5 March 1870 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Friendly Draw 19 November 1870 The Oval , London 0 -- 1 Friendly 25 February 1871 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Friendly Draw 17 November 1871 The Oval , London 1 -- 2 Friendly 24 February 1872 The Oval , London 0 -- 1 Friendly In 1872 a challenge match was agreed with the Glasgow team Queen 's Park , who would represent Scotland . The FA 's minutes of 3 October 1872 note that : `` In order to further the interests of the Association in Scotland , it was decided that during the current season , a team should be sent to Glasgow to play a match v Scotland . '' In April 1879 , England beat Scotland 5 - 4 at The Oval According to The Scotsman newspaper of 2 December 1872 , there were only about ten football clubs in Scotland . These early international matches helped to increase the popularity of association football in Scotland . The first official match was held on 30 November 1872 , on Scotland 's national saint 's day , St. Andrew 's Day , and it took place at Hamilton Crescent in Partick , home of the West of Scotland Cricket Club . The Scotland team was made up entirely of players from Queen 's Park , the most successful Scottish club of the period . The game ended a 0 -- 0 draw , watched by a crowd of 4000 who had paid a shilling each for admission . The first goal between the two sides was scored by England 's William Kenyon - Slaney in the next game at The Oval , the first official match between the two in England , which the English won 4 -- 2 on 8 March 1873 . Following this , the game became an annual event , being held in England or Scotland in alternate years . Scotland took their first win in the fixture in the 1874 game , again played at Hamilton Crescent , where they defeated England 2 -- 1 . Later in the 1870s Scotland won the fixture three times in a row , including a 7 -- 2 victory in the 1878 game . Famous matches in the annual series ( edit ) See also : British Home Championship and Rous Cup From the first match in late 1872 , England and Scotland played each other in the spring of every year ( except during World War I and World War II ) until 1989 . From 1884 until 1984 , the match was the highlight of the annual British Home Championship played between England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . After the British Home Championship ended in 1984 , the annual England v Scotland fixture continued in the form of the Rous Cup until 1989 . The only exception to this pattern of annual fixtures in the spring was in 1973 , when there were two games . The first game that year was a friendly match that marked the centenary of the Scottish Football Association . There were also two fixtures staged in 1902 , but this was because the first game had to be abandoned due to the first Ibrox disaster . The British Home Championship also acted as qualifiers for three major tournaments -- the 1950 World Cup , the 1954 World Cup and the 1968 European Championship . 1928 ( edit ) Main article : Wembley Wizards Wembley Wizards is the name given to the 1928 Scotland team which defeated England 5 -- 1 at Wembley in a match that has become mythologised by Scots ever since . The match had an unusual background ; England and Scotland were the two traditionally dominant countries in the British Home Championship , yet neither side had managed to beat either Ireland or Wales in their first two games of that year 's Championship . Match summary ( edit ) 31 March 1928 12 : 30 England 1 -- 5 Scotland Kelly 89 ' Jackson 3 ' , 65 ' , 85 ' James 44 ' , 74 ' Wembley Stadium , Middlesex Attendance : 80,868 Referee : William Bell ( Scotland ) 1961 ( edit ) The game played in 1961 is infamous from the Scottish perspective , as they suffered their heaviest defeat in the fixture . Frank Haffey , the hapless Scottish goalkeeper , later decided to emigrate to Australia partly due to this game . Haffey 's performance largely contributed towards the English stereotype of bad Scottish goalkeepers . Match summary ( edit ) 15 April 1961 England 9 -- 3 Scotland Robson 9 ' Greaves 21 ' , 30 ' , 83 ' Douglas 55 ' Smith 73 ' , 85 ' Haynes 78 ' , 82 ' Mackay 48 ' Wilson 53 ' , 75 ' Wembley Stadium , Middlesex Attendance : 97,350 Referee : Marcel Lequesne ( France ) 1967 ( edit ) The match played in 1967 is Scotland 's most famous victory against England . England had won the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley less than a year previously and were undefeated in 19 games . Despite fielding four of the Celtic side that would go on to win the European Cup a month later and stars such as Denis Law , Jim Baxter and Billy Bremner , Scotland were massive underdogs going into the match . Scotland took an early lead through a goal by Law , and Bobby Lennox put Scotland 2 -- 0 up with just 12 minutes remaining . England were somewhat hampered by the fact that Jack Charlton suffered an injury early in the game . England manager Alf Ramsey was unable to substitute Charlton and therefore decided to use him in the unfamiliar role of centre forward . Ironically , Charlton scored England 's first goal . Scotland soon reestablished a two - goal lead , however , with Jim McCalliog making the score 3 -- 1 . Geoff Hurst scored a late goal to make the final score 3 -- 2 to Scotland . Baxter memorably played `` keepie uppie '' as Scotland toyed with their opponents late in the game . The Scots playfully claimed afterwards that the victory made them unofficial world champions . Ultimately , however , it was England who qualified for the 1968 European Championship because of results in the other matches . Match summary ( edit ) 15 April 1967 England 2 -- 3 Scotland J. Charlton 84 ' Hurst 88 ' Law 27 ' Lennox 78 ' McCalliog 87 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 99,063 Referee : Gerhard Schulenburg ( West Germany ) 1977 ( edit ) The 1977 match is memorable less for what happened during the game itself as for what happened on the park after the game . The Scottish fans invaded the pitch , ripping up large sections of it and tearing down the goalposts . This incident contributed towards the growing awareness of football hooliganism in the United Kingdom . The match itself was a triumph for the new Scotland manager Ally MacLeod and contributed to the sense of optimism that built towards Scotland 's participation in the 1978 FIFA World Cup . Gordon McQueen opened the scoring late in the first half with a powerful header from a crossed free - kick from the left - hand side . Kenny Dalglish doubled Scotland 's advantage with a scrambled effort , before England scored a late consolation goal from a penalty kick taken by Mick Channon . The defeat hastened the end of Don Revie 's tenure as England manager . Match summary ( edit ) 4 June 1977 England 1 -- 2 Scotland Channon 87 ' ( pen . ) McQueen 42 ' Dalglish 60 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 98,103 Referee : Károly Palotai ( Hungary ) Matches since the end of the annual series ( edit ) 1996 European Championship ( edit ) In December 1995 , despite media rumours that UEFA would deliberately keep the two apart in the draw , England and Scotland were both drawn in the same group for the forthcoming European Championship , to be hosted by England in the summer of 1996 . This draw excited much comment and anticipation in the build - up to the championship , especially as it would be the first meeting between the two sides for seven years , and tickets for the game sold out within two days of the draw being made . The match assumed even greater significance for both teams when both England and Scotland drew their opening fixtures , against Switzerland and the Netherlands respectively , meaning both were even more in need of a win to further their chances of progressing in the tournament . The match was played at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 15 June 1996 . Before the game , Scotland 's national anthem , Flower of Scotland , was completely drowned out by booing from English spectactors . The first half was closely fought , ending 0 -- 0 , although Scotland had the better of the chances . The introduction of Jamie Redknapp into the England team as a substitute for the second half helped to turn the match in England 's favour , and they took the lead through a headed goal by Alan Shearer . Scotland were awarded a penalty kick in the 76th minute after a foul by Tony Adams on Gordon Durie , but Gary McAllister 's kick was saved by the England goalkeeper David Seaman . Shortly afterwards , Paul Gascoigne , who played in Scotland for the Glasgow club Rangers , scored a second goal for England , after chipping the ball over Scottish defender Colin Hendry . In 2006 , the year before he became Prime Minister , Gordon Brown drew criticism in Scotland when he was reported as saying that Gascoigne 's goal was one of his favourite moments in football , although Brown subsequently denied saying this . Scotland eventually went out of the championship on goal difference , but would have proceeded beyond the first round of a tournament for the first time in their history had England not conceded a late goal in their 4 -- 1 defeat of the Netherlands in their next game . The Guardian newspaper later commented that `` England fans ' joy was complete when Patrick Kluivert stole a late goal for the Dutch -- and thereby deprived Scotland of a place in the quarter - finals '' . 15 June 1996 15 : 00 Scotland 0 -- 2 England ( Report ) Shearer 53 ' Gascoigne 79 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 76,684 Referee : Pierluigi Pairetto ( Italy ) 2000 European Championship play - off ( edit ) The Euro 96 game had encouraged some to call for the resumption of regular matches between the two , but this did not happen . The teams did not meet again until three years later , in 1999 , when they were again drawn together in the European Championship ; this time in a qualifying play - off for the 2000 tournament , after both teams had finished as runners - up in their respective qualifying groups . The tie took place over two legs , the first in Scotland at Hampden Park on Saturday 13 November 1999 , with the return leg at Wembley four days later . The first leg was the first match contested by the two sides in Scotland for ten years . England won that match 2 -- 0 , with both goals scored by Paul Scholes . There was crowd trouble following the game , and 51 people were arrested in the city centre of Glasgow after battles between fans . Scotland had the better of the second match , winning 1 -- 0 with a goal from Don Hutchison and coming close to a second goal , but England progressed to the finals of the tournament , winning 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 13 November 1999 15 : 00 Scotland 0 -- 2 England ( Report ) Scholes 21 ' , 41 ' Hampden Park , Glasgow Attendance : 50,132 Referee : Manuel Diaz Vega ( Spain ) 17 November 1999 19 : 45 England 0 -- 1 Scotland ( Report ) Hutchison 39 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 76,848 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) August 2013 and November 2014 friendlies ( edit ) In the early 21st century there have again been suggestions that the British Home Championship should be restored to the schedule , or at least for the England v Scotland fixture to be played more regularly . There was some speculation that England would invite Scotland to be their first opponents when Wembley Stadium was re-opened in 2007 , but this did not happen . There was further talk of organising a one - off England v Scotland match at the end of the 2007 -- 08 season , but the Scotland manager George Burley was opposed to this timing and the match was not arranged . On 16 June 2012 , The Football Association announced that England would play Scotland in August 2013 as part of their 150th anniversary celebrations . England won an entertaining friendly fixture by 3 -- 2 , after Scotland had twice taken the lead . 14 August 2013 20 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Scotland Walcott 29 ' Welbeck 53 ' Lambert 70 ' Report Morrison 11 ' Miller 49 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 80,485 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) It was announced in July 2014 that a return match would be played at Celtic Park on 18 November 2014 . An option for a return match was included in the contract for the August 2013 friendly , but as of July 2014 there are no plans to recreate the annual fixture . Wayne Rooney scored twice in a 3 -- 1 victory for England . 18 November 2014 20 : 00 Scotland 1 -- 3 England Robertson 83 ' Report Oxlade - Chamberlain 32 ' Rooney 47 ' , 85 ' Celtic Park , Glasgow Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 2018 World Cup qualification ( edit ) The two teams were drawn together for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification , in UEFA Group F . 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) England 3 -- 0 Scotland Sturridge 23 ' Lallana 50 ' Cahill 61 ' Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,258 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 10 June 2017 17 : 00 Scotland 2 -- 2 England Griffiths 87 ' , 90 ' Oxlade - Chamberlain 70 ' Kane 90 + 3 ' Hampden Park , Glasgow Records ( edit ) England and Scotland have played each other more than any other nation , playing 113 official matches . England have the better record overall in the fixture , with 48 wins to Scotland 's 41 . There have been 24 draws , only three of them goalless , with 98 years separating the first and second of those matches . England have scored 195 goals to 171 by Scotland . The record margin of victory in the fixture was England 's 9 -- 3 win in 1961 , while Scotland 's biggest victory was 7 -- 2 in 1878 . The record attendance of 149,415 , which is also a European record attendance , was set at Hampden Park in 1937 . Scotland long held an advantage in terms of wins , as they recorded ten wins in the first 16 matches . Scotland , the smaller country in terms of population , were superior during this period because passing football developed earlier there , as shown by the Scotch Professors who moved to play in the nascent English professional league during the late 1880s . Scotland were also dominant in the 1920s and 30s and prior to the Second World War had 29 wins in the series to England 's 19 . England reversed the dominance after the war , as Scotland have only won 12 matches since then . The Scots did win three games out of four from 1974 to 1977 , but lost every other game in the 1970s , and have only won three times ( compared to 13 English wins ) since 1977 . England pulled ahead for the first time in the history of the fixture with their win in 1983 . All official matches between England and Scotland ( edit ) Scores and results list Scotland 's goal tally first . Date Venue Result Competition 30 November 1872 Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow 0 -- 0 Friendly 8 March 1873 The Oval , London 2 -- 4 Friendly 7 March 1874 Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow 2 -- 1 Friendly 6 March 1875 The Oval , London 2 -- 2 Friendly 4 March 1876 Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow 3 -- 0 Friendly 3 March 1877 The Oval , London 3 -- 1 Friendly 2 March 1878 Hampden Park , Glasgow 7 -- 2 Friendly 5 April 1879 The Oval , London 4 -- 5 Friendly 13 March 1880 Hampden Park , Glasgow 5 -- 4 Friendly 12 March 1881 The Oval , London 6 -- 1 Friendly 11 March 1882 Hampden Park , Glasgow 5 -- 1 Friendly 10 March 1883 Bramall Lane , Sheffield 3 -- 2 Friendly 15 March 1884 Cathkin Park , Glasgow 1 -- 0 1884 British Home Championship 21 March 1885 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 1885 British Home Championship 27 March 1886 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1886 British Home Championship 19 March 1887 Leamington Road , Blackburn 3 -- 2 1887 British Home Championship 17 March 1888 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 5 1888 British Home Championship 13 April 1889 The Oval , London 3 -- 2 1889 British Home Championship 5 April 1890 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1890 British Home Championship 4 April 1891 Ewood Park , Blackburn 1 -- 2 1891 British Home Championship 2 April 1892 Ibrox Stadium , Glasgow 1 -- 4 1892 British Home Championship 1 April 1893 Athletic Ground , Richmond 2 -- 5 1893 British Home Championship 7 April 1894 Celtic Park , Glasgow 2 -- 2 1894 British Home Championship 6 April 1895 Goodison Park , Liverpool 0 -- 3 1895 British Home Championship 4 April 1896 Celtic Park , Glasgow 2 -- 1 1896 British Home Championship 3 April 1897 Crystal Palace National Sports Centre , London 2 -- 1 1897 British Home Championship 2 April 1898 Celtic Park , Glasgow 1 -- 3 1898 British Home Championship 8 April 1899 Villa Park , Birmingham 1 -- 2 1899 British Home Championship 7 April 1900 Celtic Park , Glasgow 4 -- 1 1900 British Home Championship 30 March 1901 Crystal Palace , London 2 -- 2 1901 British Home Championship 3 May 1902 Villa Park , Birmingham 2 -- 2 1902 British Home Championship 4 April 1903 Bramall Lane , Sheffield 2 -- 1 1903 British Home Championship 9 April 1904 Celtic Park , Glasgow 0 -- 1 1904 British Home Championship 1 April 1905 Crystal Palace , London 0 -- 1 1905 British Home Championship 7 April 1906 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 1 1906 British Home Championship 6 April 1907 St James ' Park , Newcastle 1 -- 1 1907 British Home Championship 4 April 1908 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1908 British Home Championship 3 April 1909 Crystal Palace , London 0 -- 2 1909 British Home Championship 2 April 1910 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1910 British Home Championship 1 April 1911 Goodison Park , Liverpool 1 -- 1 1911 British Home Championship 23 March 1912 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1912 British Home Championship 5 April 1913 Stamford Bridge , London 0 -- 1 1913 British Home Championship 4 April 1914 Hampden Park , Glasgow 3 -- 1 1914 British Home Championship 10 April 1920 Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield 4 -- 5 1920 British Home Championship 9 April 1921 Hampden Park , Glasgow 3 -- 0 1921 British Home Championship 8 April 1922 Villa Park , Birmingham 1 -- 0 1922 British Home Championship 14 April 1923 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 2 1923 British Home Championship 12 April 1924 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 1 1924 British Home Championship 4 April 1925 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1925 British Home Championship 17 April 1926 Old Trafford , Manchester 1 -- 0 1926 British Home Championship 2 April 1927 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 2 1927 British Home Championship 31 March 1928 Wembley Stadium , London 5 -- 1 1928 British Home Championship 13 April 1929 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 0 1929 British Home Championship 5 April 1930 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 5 1930 British Home Championship 28 March 1931 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1931 British Home Championship 9 April 1932 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 3 1932 British Home Championship 1 April 1933 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 1 1933 British Home Championship 14 April 1934 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 3 1934 British Home Championship 6 April 1935 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1935 British Home Championship 4 April 1936 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 1 1936 British Home Championship 17 April 1937 Hampden Park , Glasgow 3 -- 1 1937 British Home Championship 9 April 1938 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 0 1938 British Home Championship 15 April 1939 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 2 1939 British Home Championship 12 April 1947 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 1 1947 British Home Championship 10 April 1948 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 2 1948 British Home Championship 9 April 1949 Wembley Stadium , London 3 -- 1 1949 British Home Championship 15 April 1950 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 1 1950 British Home Championship 14 April 1951 Wembley Stadium , London 3 -- 2 1951 British Home Championship 5 April 1952 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 2 1952 British Home Championship 18 April 1953 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 2 1953 British Home Championship 3 April 1954 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 4 1954 British Home Championship 2 April 1955 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 7 1955 British Home Championship 14 April 1956 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1956 British Home Championship 6 April 1957 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 2 1957 British Home Championship 19 April 1958 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 4 1958 British Home Championship 11 April 1959 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 1 1959 British Home Championship 9 April 1960 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1960 British Home Championship 15 April 1961 Wembley Stadium , London 3 -- 9 1961 British Home Championship 14 April 1962 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1962 British Home Championship 6 April 1963 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 1 1963 British Home Championship 11 April 1964 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 0 1964 British Home Championship 10 April 1965 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 2 1965 British Home Championship 2 April 1966 Hampden Park , Glasgow 3 -- 4 1966 British Home Championship 15 April 1967 Wembley Stadium , London 3 -- 2 1967 British Home Championship 24 February 1968 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1968 British Home Championship 10 May 1969 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 4 1969 British Home Championship 25 April 1970 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 0 1970 British Home Championship 22 May 1971 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 3 1971 British Home Championship 27 May 1972 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 1 1972 British Home Championship 14 February 1973 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 5 Friendly 19 May 1973 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 1 1973 British Home Championship 18 May 1974 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 0 1974 British Home Championship 24 May 1975 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 5 1975 British Home Championship 15 May 1976 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 1 1976 British Home Championship 4 June 1977 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 1 1977 British Home Championship 20 May 1978 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 1 1978 British Home Championship 26 May 1979 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 3 1979 British Home Championship 24 May 1980 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 2 1980 British Home Championship 23 May 1981 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 0 1981 British Home Championship 29 May 1982 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 1 1982 British Home Championship 1 June 1983 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 2 1983 British Home Championship 26 May 1984 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 1 1984 British Home Championship 25 May 1985 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1 -- 0 1985 Rous Cup 23 April 1986 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 2 1986 Rous Cup 23 May 1987 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 0 1987 Rous Cup 21 May 1988 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 1 1988 Rous Cup 27 May 1989 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 2 1989 Rous Cup 15 June 1996 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 2 UEFA Euro 1996 13 November 1999 Hampden Park , Glasgow 0 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying play - offs 17 November 1999 Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying play - offs 14 August 2013 Wembley Stadium , London 2 -- 3 Friendly 18 November 2014 Celtic Park , Glasgow 1 -- 3 Friendly 11 November 2016 Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 3 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying 10 June 2017 Hampden Park , Glasgow 2 -- 2 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying Club level ( edit ) Main article : List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions As well as the rivalry between the national sides , English and Scottish club teams have also met on numerous occasions in the various European club competitions . These matches are frequently described by the media as being a `` Battle of Britain '' , irrespective of the clubs involved . Matches between English and Scottish club sides in the late 19th century were big events , such as the meeting in 1895 of English league champions Sunderland and Scottish league champions Hearts in a game grandly described as the Championship of the World . In recent times , the most important club meeting was when Celtic and Leeds United met in the semi-final of the 1970 European Cup , which was the first contest to be popularly described as a `` Battle of Britain '' . Celtic won the first leg at Elland Road 1 -- 0 , and the second leg was played at Hampden Park to allow a bigger crowd to attend than could be held at Celtic Park . Billy Bremner opened the scoring early on to level the aggregate score , but Celtic came back to win the match 2 -- 1 and the tie 3 -- 1 . Rangers defeated Leeds United home and away to qualify for the first Champions League group stage in 1992 -- 93 . Celtic lost on the away goals rule to Liverpool in the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup , but they beat Blackburn Rovers and Liverpool on their run to the 2003 UEFA Cup Final . Celtic and Manchester United were drawn together twice in the Champions League group phase in quick succession , in 2006 -- 07 and 2008 -- 09 , while Arsenal beat Celtic 5 -- 1 on aggregate in the 2009 -- 10 qualifiers . Until 2007 , the Scottish clubs held their own in meetings with English clubs , winning 13 and losing 12 of the 37 matches . Since 2007 , the English clubs have been unbeaten in these fixtures . After a goalless draw between Manchester United and Rangers in the 2010 -- 11 Champions League , Daily Telegraph reporter Roddy Forsyth commented that the growing financial disparity between the two leagues was reflected in a below capacity attendance at Old Trafford , the defensive tactics used by Rangers , and the weakened team selection by United . Hearts suffered a record defeat against Tottenham in the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League , but performed more creditably against Liverpool in 2012 -- 13 . The most recent competitive meeting of clubs from the two countries was between Aberdeen and Burnley in the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League . There have also been a number of other competitions between English and Scottish clubs . Before European competition started in 1955 , the Coronation Cup was staged in 1953 , to mark the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Four prominent clubs from each country participated in a knockout tournament , with Celtic and Hibernian defeating two English clubs each to reach the final , which Celtic won 2 -- 0 at Hampden . A similar competition called the Empire Exhibition Trophy was staged in 1938 , with Celtic defeating Everton 1 -- 0 in the final at Ibrox . Back in 1902 , the four - team British League Cup was staged , with both Rangers and Celtic defeating their English opponents to set up a final between them ( this was before the Old Firm term came into use ) . In the 1970s , American oil giant Texaco sponsored the Texaco Cup , which was a knockout competition for clubs that had failed to qualify for the main European competitions . Interest in the competition soon waned , however , and Texaco withdrew their sponsorship after the 1974 -- 75 season . The competition continued for a few years in the form of the Anglo - Scottish Cup , but it was discontinued in 1981 . Players and managers ( edit ) Sir Alex Ferguson , manager of Manchester United from 1986 until 2013 The rivalry between the two nations has not prevented their respective nationals from playing in each other 's domestic leagues , in certain cases to high renown . Historically , the trend has been for Scottish players to play in the richer English league , although many English players have also played in Scotland . Many great English sides have been built around Scottish players . The double winning Spurs team of 1961 included Bill Brown , Dave Mackay and John White . Denis Law is the second greatest goalscorer in the history of Manchester United . The great Liverpool teams of the 1970s and 1980s were built around Kenny Dalglish , Graeme Souness and Alan Hansen , while Nottingham Forest 's double European Cup - winning side included Archie Gemmill , John McGovern , John Robertson , and FWA Footballer of the Year Kenny Burns . The great Leeds United side of the 1960s and 1970s included several great Scottish players such as Billy Bremner , Peter Lorimer and Eddie Gray . Manchester United and Liverpool became the most successful clubs in English football , largely due to the efforts of Scottish managers Matt Busby and Bill Shankly , respectively . In recent times , the flow of Scottish players to major English clubs has dried up , as the Scotland team has been less competitive at international level and the English Premier League has attracted stars from all over the world , rather than just from the British Isles . In contrast to this dearth of players , Scottish manager Alex Ferguson dominated the Premier League with Manchester United until his retirement in 2013 . Ferguson claimed in 2010 that he had turned down approaches by the FA to manage England , partly because it would have been a `` tremendous handicap '' for any Scot to manage England . English managers have also worked at Scottish clubs , with John Barnes and Tony Mowbray managing Celtic for short periods . There have been fewer notable English players who have played in Scotland . Joe Baker was the first player to play for England without having played in the Football League , but his was an isolated example because he played at a time when a player was only allowed to play for the country of his birth . Those rules have subsequently been relaxed and the sons or even grandsons of Scots are now allowed to play for Scotland . This means that some footballers born in England have played in and for Scotland , including Andy Goram and Stuart McCall . There was an influx of English players to the Scottish league during the late 1980s after English clubs were banned from European competition due to the Heysel disaster . Prominent England players including Terry Butcher , Trevor Steven , Gary Stevens , Chris Woods and Mark Hateley all moved to Rangers . During this time , Rangers had a higher turnover than Manchester United and could therefore offer wages that could compare with even the biggest English clubs . Since the inception of the Premier League , however , the English clubs have become wealthier than Rangers and Celtic . No prominent England player has played in Scotland in recent years , although Chris Sutton and Alan Thompson played a significant part in Celtic 's run to the 2003 UEFA Cup Final . The most recent player to be capped by England while playing in Scotland was Celtic goalkeeper Fraser Forster . Supporters ( edit ) The rivalry also manifests itself in the fact that many Scottish people support England 's opponents and vice versa , despite the fact that England and Scotland are both countries of the United Kingdom . Whether Scots should support England against other national teams is routinely a matter of heated debate . Some Scotland fans sing , `` Stand up if you hate England '' and , `` If you hate the fucking English , clap your hands '' , while some English fans reciprocate these sentiments with , `` Stand up if you hate Scotland '' and , `` I 'd rather be a Paki than a Jock '' . However , the phenomenon of Scots wishing England well in international tournaments is not unknown , with a survey on the eve of the 2002 World Cup finding that one Scot in three intended to support England , while only one in six intended to support England 's opponents . A survey before the 2010 World Cup found a more even divide , with 24 % on each side . The largest group in both surveys did not offer an opinion either way . See also ( edit ) Argentina -- England football rivalry England -- Germany football rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Northern Ireland were only in the British Home Championship after 1950 . Before then , a team representing the whole of Ireland selected by the Irish Football Association was in the Championship . This change was due to the secession of the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Jump up ^ The Scottish Football Association archive credits the 3rd Scotland goal to Davie Wilson , and footage from the match ( Footage # 1 -- 2 : 05 and Footage # 2 -- 1 : 29 ) appears to confirm this ; most sources ( and the contemporary commentary on the footage ) credit the goal to Pat Quinn Jump up ^ Although the match was played at Wembley Stadium and was effectively a home game for England , Scotland had been drawn as the `` home '' team in the tie . Jump up ^ This match was a replay of the match originally staged on 5 April 1902 at Ibrox Stadium , which was abandoned after part of the stadium collapsed , killing 25 people . Funds raised by the replayed game contributed towards a disaster fund . Jump up ^ The annual match was suspended between 1915 and 1919 because of World War I . Jump up ^ The annual match was suspended between 1940 and 1946 because of the Second World War . Unofficial wartime internationals were played during the war . Jump up ^ The match also acted as a qualification match for the 1950 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ The match also acted as a qualification match for the 1954 FIFA World Cup . ^ Jump up to : This match also acted as a qualification match for UEFA Euro 1968 . Jump up ^ The first goalless draw since the first ever fixture , 98 years earlier . Jump up ^ A friendly match arranged to mark the centenary of the Scottish Football Association . ^ Jump up to : England won 2 -- 1 on aggregate and qualified for Euro 2000 . Jump up ^ A friendly match arranged to mark the 150th anniversary of The Football Association . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A history of fierce football rivalry '' . BBC News . 13 October 1999 . Jump up ^ Duke , Greg ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Top 10 international rivalries '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scots relish Auld Enemy showdown '' . BBC News . 12 November 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Marjoribanks , Brian ( 7 June 2010 ) . `` Scotland refuse to back England in South Africa as survey reveals just 24 per cent will support Fabio Capello 's side '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` You 're watching the World Cup from Cumbria -- the home of international football ... '' News and Star . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A history of fierce football rivalry '' . bbc.co.uk. 13 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Chaudhary , Vivek ( 13 November 1999 ) . `` Passions hit fever pitch '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England - Scotland matches , 1872 -- 1999 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Barrett , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Charles W Alcock , The Scotsman , 28 November 1870 , page 7 Jump up ^ H.M. , The Scotsman , 1 December 1870 , page 12 . ^ Jump up to : Charles W Alcock , The Scotsman , 28 November 1870 , page 7 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , Monday , 7 March 1870 ; Issue 9415 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , Monday , 27 February 1871 ; Issue 9721 Jump up ^ The Scotsman , 21 November 1870 , page 7 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , Saturday 26 November 1870 , issue 446 Jump up ^ The Scotsman , Monday 27 February 1871 , page 7 ^ Jump up to : Barrett , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Auld Enemy '' . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Paul . `` The first international football match '' . BBC Scotland . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England Match No. 2 '' . emglandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland v England '' . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Neil ( 22 December 2005 ) . `` We 'd Only Have Lost Eight If I 'd Been Wearing Glasses '' . Daily Record . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip , Robert ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` Scots goalkeepers no longer a laughing stock '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wembley Wizards 1967 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Tributes to Jim Baxter '' . BBC Sport. 14 April 2001 . Jump up ^ Wait till the Tartan Army sees the new Wembley ! , Daily Mail , 13 November 2007 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 18 December 1995 ) . `` Draw eases England 's path '' . The Times . UK . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Old enemies unite to prevent trouble at Wembley '' . The Times . UK . 19 December 1995 . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mihir , The Sporting Alien : English Sport 's Lost Camelot ( 1996 ) . Mainstream Publishing , Edinburgh and London . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 745 - 4 ; p. 239 Jump up ^ `` Gazza 's moment gives England momentum '' . The Independent . UK . 17 June 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Paul ( 16 June 1996 ) . `` Pride spurs Lionhearts '' . The Observer . UK . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hey , Stan ( 16 June 1996 ) . `` A sublime moment from the ridiculous '' . The Independent on Sunday . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Joe ( 16 June 1996 ) . `` Pure Gazza , pure genius '' . The Sunday Times . UK . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Ewan ( 27 May 2006 ) . `` Terror of the Scottish Raj '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown answers your questions '' . The Independent . UK . 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 19 June 1996 ) . `` Scots so near and yet so far '' . Daily Mail . UK . p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` The Joy of Six : England 's best performances since ' 66 '' . The Guardian . UK . 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . England fans ' joy was complete when Patrick Kluivert stole a late goal for the Dutch -- and thereby deprived Scotland of a place in the quarter - finals . Jump up ^ Kelly , Graham ( 1 July 1996 ) . `` My Euro 96 Diary '' . The Times . UK . p. 33 . Euphoria after the fantastic crowd behaviour at England v Scotland . The match could indeed be reinstated on a regular basis , but the fixture schedule is much heavier nowadays and you must consider the very heavy security arrangements that were in place . Would this need to be repeated ? Jump up ^ `` Scotland to meet England in play - offs '' . The Guardian . UK . 13 October 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scholes silences Scots '' . BBC News . 15 November 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Running battles as fans clash '' . BBC News . 13 November 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 18 November 1999 ) . `` Hutchison restores Scots ' pride '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Good Reasons To Bring Back Home Internationals . '' Daily Record . 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Auld Enemy clash may return '' . BBC News . BBC . 9 January 2002 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 22 February 2004 ) . `` Auld Enemies could open Wembley '' . The Sunday Herald . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scots eye summer England fixture '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martin ( 3 February 2008 ) . `` England game impractical , admits Burley '' . The Observer . UK . Jump up ^ `` England to face Italy and Scotland '' . www.thefa.com . The Football Association . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 2 Scotland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland confirm rematch with England at Celtic Park '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 1 -- 3 England '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierluigi Giganti ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Scozia - Inghilterra 1 - 3 : gol di Oxlade - Chamberlain , doppio Rooney e Robertson '' ( in Italian ) . gazzetta.it . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England and Scotland drawn together '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England host Scotland on Armistice Day '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Scotland Scores by Team , www.londonhearts.com Jump up ^ England v Scotland , The Football Association official website . ^ Jump up to : ENGLAND , www.londonhearts.com Jump up ^ Scots passing pioneers shaped football , The Scotsman , 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 27 February 2003 ) . `` Owen sets up battle of Britain '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battles of Britain '' . BBC Sport. 20 October 2003 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 21 October 2008 ) . `` Forward prowess gives United edge in Battle of Britain '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Roddy ( 15 September 2010 ) . `` Manchester United v Rangers : Walter Smith 's battlers restore Scottish pride '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hearts History 1894 - 1904 , Heart of Midlothian FC , archived from the original on 1 January 2009 , retrieved 8 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : McDaid , David ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Celtic 's Battles of Britain '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Leeds United versus Glasgow Celtic , www.leeds-fans.org.uk ^ Jump up to : `` How have Scottish clubs fared against English opposition ? '' . UEFA. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 0 - 0 Hearts ( agg 5 - 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paulo Sergio names team who can make their point '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Alasdair ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Hearts '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ English , Tom ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Aberdeen 1 -- 1 Burnley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hannan , Martin ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` The green shoots of recovery with Hibs '' . Scotland On Sunday . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Glenn ( 11 September 2001 ) . `` Celtic trust in beginners ' pluck '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British League Cup 1902 '' . Scottish Football Historical Archive . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Texaco Cup & Anglo - Scottish Cup 1971 -- 81 , RSSSF . Jump up ^ Can Keegan 's Newcastle help Scotland produce players worthy of the Premier League ? Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , www.sportingo.com , 9 May 2008 Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Manchester United : how did they get into this mess ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Under Ferguson , United dominated the Premier League , as inaugural champions of the rebranded top tier in 1993 and its most visible presence for the next 20 years . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson rejected England twice to stay at Manchester United '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Nicky ( 13 June 2007 ) . `` Reluctant Sassenach Baker who pioneered the Beckham trail '' . The Guardian . UK . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Roddy ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Premier League could make a short leap north '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Traynor , James ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Celtic drop out of football 's rich list '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See you , Murray '' . Mail on Sunday . 6 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` McConnell explains England stance '' . BBC News . 25 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Liddle , Rod ( 7 October 2007 ) . `` Nelson Dida 's Comedy Act is No Laughing Matter '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . , in which English journalist Rod Liddle announces , `` I already have my Ukraine flag ready for Scotland 's next fixture '' . Jump up ^ `` Do I or Do n't I Sing Flower of Scotland ? What 's Important is Helping George Win '' , The Sunday Times , 23 March 2008 . Douglas Alexander interview with Terry Butcher on the subject of the latter 's appointment as assistant to Scotland manager George Burley , in which Butcher is quoted , `` I never hide away from the fact that when Scotland got knocked out of World Cups in the past , like in 1982 and 1986 and 1990 , we cheered the roof off , the England team did that , but George has asked me to do a job for him and that 's something I want to do '' . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Ruaridh ( 25 June 2006 ) . `` The ' any - side - but - England ' strategy is corrosive '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Alan ( 25 June 2006 ) . `` We Scots just canna cheer for the Sassenachs '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Jon ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` What 's behind Anyone But England ? '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Stuart ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` I Would Walk 500 Miles to Savour Hampden Roar '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , David ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Should I Fly my Kilt for England ? '' . New Statesman . UK . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jeff ( 26 January 2001 ) . `` Eriksson an Einstein ? Do n't be surprised if Forrest Gump comes into the big equation '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , Brian ( 3 June 2001 ) . `` Why are n't England fans like the Tartan Army ? '' . The Observer . UK . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Donnell , Frank ( 30 May 2002 ) . `` More Scots back England than their World Cup opponents '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) Opponents , England Stats National Team Archive , Scottish Football Association England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 1992 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Scotland national football team General Scottish Football Association History Managers Captains Venues Home venues Hampden Park Attendances Statistics Results 1872 -- 1914 1920 -- 39 1940 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Records and Statistics Hat - tricks Caps record Goals record Players Roll of Honour ( 50 + caps ) 25 + caps 5 -- 24 caps 1 -- 4 caps Born outside Scotland World Finals Summary 1954 1958 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 European Finals Summary 1992 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Rous Cup ( 1985 -- 1989 ) Kirin Cup ( 1995 , 2006 ) Nations Cup ( 2011 ) Culture Auld Enemy Unofficial World Champions Tartan Army Songs Matches Noted matches First international match ( 1872 ) First Ibrox disaster ( 1902 ) Wembley Wizards ( 1928 ) Death of Jock Stein ( 1985 ) 1986 World Cup qualification playoff ( 1985 ) One team in Tallinn ( 1996 ) SFA teams Men Amateur ( defunct ) Under 21s Under 20s Under 19s Under 17s Under 16s Semi-Pro Futsal Women Under 23s Under 17s Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England -- Scotland_football_rivalry&oldid = 852195801 '' Categories : England -- Scotland football rivalry England national football team rivalries Scotland national football team England -- Scotland relations England at UEFA Euro 1996 Scotland at UEFA Euro 1996 Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 08 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times have england beat scotland at football	[ "The BBC website has commented that the games \"have represented all that is good and all that is bad about football since the fixture began,\"[6] while The Guardian newspaper once reported that \"for millions across both sides of the border the encounter represents a chance for the ultimate victory over the enemy.\"[7] As of June 2017, the teams have played 114 matches; England have won 48, Scotland 41, and there have been 25 draws.[8]\n" ]	[ "48" ]
-7499320633486354545	Wicker Man (roller coaster)	Wicker Man ( roller coaster ) - Wikipedia Wicker Man ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search Wicker Man Alton Towers Coordinates 52 ° 59 ′ 20 '' N 1 ° 53 ′ 19 '' W / 52.98889 ° N 1.88861 ° W / 52.98889 ; - 1.88861 Coordinates : 52 ° 59 ′ 20 '' N 1 ° 53 ′ 19 '' W / 52.98889 ° N 1.88861 ° W / 52.98889 ; - 1.88861 Status Operating Opening date 20 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) Cost £ 16,000,000 Replaced The Flume General statistics Type Wood Manufacturer Great Coasters International Designer Jeff Pike Skyline Design , LLC . Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Drop 72.2 ft ( 22.0 m ) Length 2,027.5 ft ( 618.0 m ) Speed 44 mph ( 71 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 3 : 30 Capacity 952 riders per hour Height restriction 120 cm ( 3 ft 11 in ) Trains 12 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in a single row for a total of 24 riders per train . Website Official website Fastrack available Wicker Man at RCDB Pictures of Wicker Man at RCDB Wicker Man is a wooden roller coaster located at Alton Towers in Staffordshire , United Kingdom . Following a weather delay , the ride opened to the public on 20 March 2018 and held its public opening ceremony on 24 March 2018 . Manufactured by Great Coasters International at a cost of £ 16,000,000 , Wicker Man set several milestones among wooden coasters including the first to be built at Alton Towers , the first to incorporate fire , and the first in the United Kingdom in over 21 years . Initially codenamed `` Secret Weapon 8 '' , a traditional format for naming major projects at Alton Towers , its official name was revealed in January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Marketing 3 Description 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In April 2015 , the park explored options to open a new attraction in Forbidden Valley . Those plans were eventually dropped in favor of developing on the former site of The Flume attraction , which closed in October 2015 . Planning documents were submitted to Staffordshire Moorlands District Council on 23 April 2016 . They documented the basic layout of SW8 and the surrounding area . They also suggested that The Flume 's old station be turned into a ' Smokehouse ' restaurant , but the idea was later abandoned and the station was removed . The Planning Applications Committee approved the plans on 25 August 2016 . The roller coaster was designed by Merlin Entertainments . Retired attraction developer John Wardley was brought in at a late stage to improve the ride 's first drops , describing the original profile as `` atrocious '' and that the drops `` lacked major thrill '' . He added , however , that he was `` sure the Wicker Man will be a huge success '' . Construction on the new ride , which was initially named `` Secret Weapon 8 '' ( SW8 ) , commenced on 28 November 2016 beginning with the demolition of The Flume . In 2017 , a path leading from Mutiny Bay to Katanga Canyon was closed for the season for vehicle access to the construction site . The coaster 's main structure -- consisting of the station , shop and queue -- was started in March 2017 . The first timber for the coaster arrived at Alton Towers on 4 May 2017 . The lift hill 's construction reached its highest point in early July , and by October 2017 , sections of track were installed . On 9 December 2017 , the European Coaster Club and multiple other sources stated that the ride had made its first test run on 7 December 2017 . Wicker Man opened to the general public on 20 March 2018 , three days behind schedule due to inclement weather . The opening ceremony for the ride was moved from 17 March 2018 to the following weekend on 24 March 2018 . During opening weekend , the ride experienced intermittent closures . Marketing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 16 March 2016 , the park 's `` Towers Loving Care '' Twitter account shared an image of construction fences surrounding its defunct attraction , The Flume . A sign was posted that read `` SW8 : A Ground - Breaking New Ride Development '' , where SW8 was the shorthand for Secret Weapon 8 . As the park has traditionally done in the past , they used a codename beginning with `` Secret Weapon '' followed by a number to refer to major projects under construction . A video was released on the ride 's website in August 2017 and on YouTube detailing the park 's previous Secret Weapon rides . Several days following the video 's release , signs around the construction site were updated with a phrase written in runic alphabet translating to `` Be Chosen '' . The same phrase was burnt onto nearby wooden fences adjacent to some of the signs . The ride 's potential name and logo was leaked by a website on 25 August 2017 , discovered through a trademark filing by Alton Towers . A second video was released on 27 August 2017 featuring two hosts discussing past `` Secret Weapon '' rides in a large room filled with references to other rides in the park . The video included hidden messages designed to help decode the runic phrase that had been created for the ride . During Scarefest at Alton Towers in 2017 , the park debuted a new scare attraction called `` The Welcoming : Be Chosen '' . It was described as a prequel to SW8 , and its theme was centered around a cult village . A third video was released on 27 October 2017 . Approximately halfway through , the video is interrupted by words written in the runic language : `` We interrupt this to bring you good news . You are invited to a celebration ; a celebration of our Earth and its beauty . All this noise . All this technology . It 's too much , is n't it ? There 's no time or space to think , is there ? Deep down you know the truth , do n't you ? The technology has now taken the reigns . How did you get here ? Maybe it does n't matter . What matters is this chance ; your opportunity to reconnect with the Earth . Come join us near the woods and partake in our celebration . How far you choose to go ... that is your choice . What part you choose to play ... only you can decide . Be chosen on the night where the living meets the dead . '' Wicker Man 's official name and logo were confirmed in a press release on 8 January 2018 . Along with its spring opening date , it was revealed that the ride would be the world 's first roller coaster to fuse wood with fire . On the same day , a promotion featured Wicker Man 's logo being projected on the London Eye . Artwork to promote the ride was created by Kyle Lambert , with Hollywood - style illustrations of the ride passing through a flaming wicker man effigy . Description ( edit ) Alton Towers ' Wicker Man The ride begins with a preshow prior to boarding the ride with `` the chosen ones '' , who are told that they will be sacrificed to the Wicker Man . The cloth upon which the short video had been played is then lifted up in darkness to reveal a three - dimensional Wicker Man head , which has graphics projected onto it . It is accompanied by sound as well as various lighting effects . After boarding , the train takes a 180 - degree right turn downward , briefly passing through a smoke - filled room with orange lighting elements , emphasising the ride 's theming around fire . The train takes a 180 - degree turn left and ascends up the lift hill . Passengers then accelerate through a sound tunnel filled with smoke and lightning elements into the first drop , upon which the ride camera is situated . The car then passes through another sound tunnel again filled with lightning and smoke before cascading down a second drop . The train passes through a Wicker Man effigy , filled with screens showing fire and smoke effects , which bursts into flames simultaneously as the train passes through . The track layout has the train passing through the structure three times through three separate tunnels before returning to the station . After stopping , the train rolls forward inside the building onto a section of track parallel to the maintenance area with light and smoke effects in the tunnel ahead . After a pause to allow for boarding of another train , the ride proceeds into the station where a command is spoken , `` Escape to the left , there is no escape to the right . '' Following baggage collection , riders have the option to view and purchase ride photos . There is also a ride shop including a large Wicker Man Sculpture as the centre piece , where additional merchandise can be purchased , including a limited edition `` Pre-Launch Wicker Man Photography Box '' featuring a numbered wood piece from the ride . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alton Towers announce SW8 as ' Wicker Man ' '' . Airgates - The Theme Park Experts . 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Puhak , Janine ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` New Wicker Man wooden roller coaster bursts into flames mid-ride '' . Fox News . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wooden Rollercoaster Confirmed for Secret Weapon 8 '' . TowersTimes. 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planning application details '' . Staffordshire Moorlands District Council . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rdzanek , Austin ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Alton Towers New Coaster To Be Called `` Wicker Man '' , Logo And Name Trademark ? `` . Amusement Insider . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First glimpses of SW8 's layout ? '' . Towers Street . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Plans '' . TowersTimes - Secret Weapon 8 . Jump up ^ Alton Towers : John Wardley ' thrilled ' with wood ride - Ride Rater. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An Evening With John Wardley - TTSP@15 '' . YouTube . Towers Times . 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Steve ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` New Alton Towers rollercoaster could have Wicker Man theme '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wicker Man '' . Alton Towers . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Tom ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` All rides open at Alton Towers today following bad weather '' . Jump up ^ Waldron , Ben ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Celebrities including Matt Terry and Rag'n'Bone Man flood to Alton Towers for launch of The Wicker Man '' . The Burton Mail . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Wicker Man ( Alton Towers ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Father reveals six - and - a-half hour wait to ride new Wicker Man '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rawlins , Kirsten ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` Alton Towers reveals new Wicker Man ride '' . Express & Star . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Kyle Lambert helps Alton Towers make a scene as new ride is revealed ! '' . Merlin Backstage . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wicker Man New Rollercoaster at Alton Towers Resort '' . www.altontowers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Alton Towers ' new Wicker Man ride will ' fuse wood and fire ' -- and people have questions - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Pre-Launch Wicker Man Photography Box '' . Alton Towers Resort Online Shop . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wicker Man at the Roller Coaster DataBase ( hide ) Alton Towers Roller coasters Runaway Mine Train ( 1992 ) Nemesis ( 1994 ) Oblivion ( 1998 ) Galactica ( 2002 - 2015 as Air ) ( 2016 ) Spinball Whizzer ( 2004 ) Rita ( 2005 ) TH13TEEN ( 2010 ) The Smiler ( 2013 ) Octonauts Rollercoaster Adventure ( 2015 ) Wicker Man ( 2018 ) Other rides The Blade as Pirate Ship ( 1980 ) Enterprise ( 1984 ) Congo River Rapids ( 1986 ) Hex -- The Legend of the Towers ( 2000 ) Duel -- The Haunted House Strikes Back ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : The Ride ( 2006 ) Driving School ( 2006 ) Marauder 's Mayhem ( 2008 ) Battle Galleons ( 2008 ) Twirling Toadstool ( 2009 ) Nemesis : Sub-Terra ( 2012 ) Past rides Doom & Sons ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Around The World In Eighty Days ( 1981 -- 1993 ) Thunder Looper ( 1990 -- 1996 ) The Beast ( 1988 -- 1997 ) Nickelodeon : Outta Control ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Boneshaker ( 1995 -- 2003 ) The Black Hole ( 1984 -- 2005 ) Dynamo ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Toyland Tours ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Corkscrew ( 1980 -- 2008 ) Beastie ( 1983 -- 2010 ) Submission ( 2001 -- 2013 ) The Flume ( 1981 - 2015 ) Ripsaw ( 1997 -- 2015 ) Theme park areas Towers Street Katanga Canyon Gloomy Wood Forbidden Valley Adventure Land X-Sector Mutiny Bay Cloud Cuckoo Land Dark Forest CBeebies Land The Towers & Gardens See also Alton Towers Waterpark History of Alton Towers Merlin Entertainments John Wardley Rollercoaster Restaurant The Grand Knockout Tournament Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicker_Man_(roller_coaster)&oldid=843397379 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2018 Wooden roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Great Coasters International Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 01 . About Wikipedia	when does the wicker man ride open at alton towers	[ "Wicker Man is a wooden roller coaster located at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. Following a weather delay, the ride opened to the public on 20 March 2018 and held its public opening ceremony on 24 March 2018. Manufactured by Great Coasters International at a cost of £16,000,000, Wicker Man set several milestones among wooden coasters including the first to be built at Alton Towers, the first to incorporate fire,[1][2] and the first in the United Kingdom in over 21 years.[3][4] Initially codenamed \"Secret Weapon 8\", a traditional format for naming major projects at Alton Towers, its official name was revealed in January 2018.[5][1]" ]	[ "20 March 2018" ]
-6587822137244598114	Twelve Days of Christmas	Twelve Days of Christmas - wikipedia Twelve Days of Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religious period . For the Christmas song , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) . For the album of Ross O'Carroll - Kelly , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( album ) . Twelve days of Christmas The Adoration of the Magi . Fresco in the Lower Church of the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in Assisi , Italy Observed by Christians Type Christian Observances Varies by denomination , culture , and nation Date 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive Frequency annual Related to Christmas Day , Christmastide , Twelfth Night , Epiphany , and Epiphanytide The Twelve Days of Christmas , also known as Twelvetide , is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ . In most Western ecclesiastical traditions , `` Christmas Day '' is considered the `` First Day of Christmas '' and the Twelve Days are 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive . For many Christian denominations ; for example , the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church , the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide , but for others , e.g. , the Roman Catholic Church , `` Christmastide '' lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eastern Christianity 1.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 2 Western Christianity 2.1 Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages 2.2 England 2.3 Colonial North America 3 Modern Western customs 3.1 United Kingdom and Commonwealth 3.2 United States of America 4 References Eastern christianity ( edit ) Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day , they do not have a series of twelve days between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany . The Oriental Orthodox , other than the Armenians , the Eastern Orthodox , and the Eastern Catholics who follow the same traditions do have the interval of twelve days between the two feasts . If they use the Julian Calendar , they celebrate Christmas on what is for them 25 December , but is 7 January of the Gregorian Calendar , and they celebrate Epiphany on what is for them 6 January , but is 19 January of the Gregorian Calendar . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) For the Eastern Orthodox , both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance . The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast - free . During this period one celebration leads into another . The Nativity of Christ is a three - day celebration : the formal title of the first day ( i . e . Christmas Eve ) is `` The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord , God and Saviour Jesus Christ '' , and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus , but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi ; the second day is referred to as the `` Synaxis of the Theotokos '' , and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation ; the third day is known as the `` Third Day of the Nativity '' , and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen . 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents . The Afterfeast of the Nativity ( similar to the Western octave ) continues until 31 December ( that day is known as the Apodosis or `` leave - taking '' of the Nativity ) . Russian icon of the Theophany . The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle ( 1 Tim 6 : 11 - 16 ) and Gospel ( Matt 12 : 15 - 21 ) during the Divine Liturgy . The Sunday after the Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of `` The Righteous Ones : Joseph the Betrothed , David the King and James the Brother of the Lord '' . Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January . On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great , and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil . On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany . The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting , on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night . This day is known as Paramony ( Greek Παραμονή `` Eve '' ) , and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve . That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers , at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters , in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River . There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday , to show that , according to Orthodox theology , the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross . That night the All - Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany . Western christianity ( edit ) Within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are celebrations both secular and religious . Christmas Day , if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days , is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord . It is a public holiday in many nations , including some where the majority of the population is not Christian . On this see the articles on Christmas and Christmas traditions . 26 December is `` St. Stephen 's Day '' , a feast day in the Western Church . In Great Britain and its former colonies , it is also the secular holiday of Boxing Day . In some parts of Ireland it is denominated `` Wren Day '' . New Year 's Eve on 31 December is the feast of Pope St. Sylvester I and is known also as `` Silvester '' . The transition that evening to the new year is an occasion for secular festivities in many nations , and in several languages is known as `` St. Sylvester Night '' ( `` Notte di San Silvestro '' in Italian , `` Silvesternacht '' in German , `` Réveillon de la Saint - Sylvestre '' in French , and `` סילבסטר '' in Hebrew ) . New Year 's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before . In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , it is the Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God , liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas . It has also been celebrated , and still is in some denominations , as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ , because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth , inclusively counting the first day and last day . This day , or some day proximate to it , is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace . In many nations , e.g. , the United States , the Solemnity of Epiphany is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January , which can occur as early as 2 January . That solemnity , then , together with customary observances associated with it , usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas , even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January . Other Roman Catholic liturgical feasts on the General Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen , Proto - Martyr on 26 December ; Feast of St. John , Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December ; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December ; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket , Bishop and Martyr on 29 December ; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus , Mary , and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or , if there is no such Sunday , on 30 December . Outside the Octave , but within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are the feast of Sts . Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January . Other saints are celebrated at a local level . Late antiquity and the Middle Ages ( edit ) The Second Council of Tours of 567 noted that , in the area for which its bishops were responsible , the days between Christmas and Epiphany were , like the month of August , taken up entirely with saints ' days . Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days . However , the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that faithful Christians would refrain from participating in the idolatrous practices and debauchery associated with the new year celebrations . The Fourth Council of Toledo ( 633 ) ordered a strict fast on those days , on the model of the Lenten fast . England ( edit ) Twelfth Night ( The King Drinks ) by David Teniers c. 1634 - 1640 In England in the Middle Ages , this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking , which climaxed on Twelfth Night , the traditional end of the Christmas season . In Tudor England , Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays , titled Twelfth Night . Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels . Some of these traditions were adapted from the older pagan customs , including the Roman Saturnalia and the Germanic Yuletide . Some also have an echo in modern - day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman , while the leading older female character , or ' Dame ' , is played by a man . Colonial North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The early North American colonists brought their version of the Twelve Days over from England , and adapted them to their new country , adding their own variations over the years . For example , the modern - day Christmas wreath may have originated with these colonials . A homemade wreath would be fashioned from local greenery and fruits , if available , were added . Making the wreaths was one of the traditions of Christmas Eve ; they would remain hung on each home 's front door beginning on Christmas Night ( 1st night of Christmas ) through Twelfth Night or Epiphany morning . As was already the tradition in their native England , all decorations would be taken down by Epiphany morning and the remainder of the edibles would be consumed . A special cake , the king cake , was also baked then for Epiphany . Modern Western customs ( edit ) United Kingdom and Commonwealth ( edit ) Many in the UK and other Commonwealth nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas . Boxing Day , 26 December , is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations . Victorian era stories by Charles Dickens , and others , particularly A Christmas Carol , hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of plum pudding , roasted goose and wassail . These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK . Twelfth Night is the last day for decorations to be taken down , and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this . This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England , when decorations were left up until Candlemas ; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany . United States of America ( edit ) Twelfth Night costumers in New Orleans In the United States , Christmas Day is a holiday for Christians and for some non-Christians . The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States . Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of Charles Dickens in nineteenth - century America , with their emphasis on generous giving ; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries , e.g. , the American Santa Claus ; and increase in the popularity of secular New Year 's Eve parties . Presently , the commercial practice treats the Solemnity of Christmas , 25 December , the first day of Christmas , as the last day of the `` Christmas '' marketing season , as the numerous `` after - Christmas sales '' that commence on 26 December demonstrate . The commercial calendar encourages the error that the Twelve Days of Christmas terminate on Christmas Day and therefore begin on 14 December . Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional liturgical seasons of Advent and Christmas , especially Amish , Anglo - Catholics , Episcopalians , Lutherans , Mennonites , Methodists , Moravians , Orthodox Christians , Presbyterians , and Roman Catholics . In Anglicanism , the designation of the `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' is used liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US , having its own invitatory antiphon in the Book of Common Prayer for Matins . Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them , with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year . They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany . Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day , singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous The Twelve Days of Christmas , and lighting a yule log on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights . For some , the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts . Some households exchange gifts on the first ( 25 December ) and last ( 5 January ) days of the Twelve Days . As in former times , the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . ISBN 9780824205935 . January 5th : Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve . Twelfth Night , the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas , has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages . ^ Jump up to : Bratcher , Dennis ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` The Christmas Season '' . Christian Resource Institute . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . The Twelve Days of Christmas ... in most of the Western Church are the twelve days from Christmas until the beginning of Epiphany ( January 6th ; the 12 days count from December 25th until January 5th ) . In some traditions , the first day of Christmas begins on the evening of December 25th with the following day considered the First Day of Christmas ( December 26th ) . In these traditions , the twelve days begin December 26 ( th ) and include Epiphany on January 6 ( th ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Common Prayer '' ( PDF ) . New York : Church Publishing Incorporated . January 2007 . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . On the Twelve Days of Christmas Alleluia . Unto us a child is born : O come , let us adore Him . Alleluia . Jump up ^ Truscott , Jeffrey A. Worship . Armour Publishing . p. 103 . ISBN 9789814305419 . As with the Easter cycle , churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways . Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself , with services on 25 December or the evening before . Anglicans , Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical Revised Common Lectionary will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent , maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological ( First Sunday ) , ascetic ( Second and Third Sundays ) , and scriptural / historical ( Fourth Sunday ) . Besides Christmas Eve / Day , they will observe a 12 - day season of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January . Jump up ^ Bl . Pope Paul VI , Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year , # 33 ( 14 February 1969 ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F ( 2010 ) . Joseph F. Kelly , The Feast of Christmas ( Liturgical Press 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81463932 - 0 ) . ISBN 9780814639320 . ^ Jump up to : Kallistos Ware , The Orthodox Church Jump up ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , `` World Day of Peace '' Jump up ^ Jean Hardouin ; Philippe Labbé ; Gabriel Cossart ( 1714 ) . `` Christmas '' . Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales ( in Latin ) . Typographia Regia , Paris . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . De Decembri usque ad natale Domini , omni die ieiunent . Et quia inter natale Domini et epiphania omni die festivitates sunt , itemque prandebunt . Excipitur triduum illud , quo ad calcandam gentilium consuetudinem , patres nostri statuerunt privatas in Kalendariis Ianuarii fieri litanias , ut in ecclesiis psallatur , et hora octava in ipsis Kalendis Circumcisionis missa Deo propitio celebretur . ( Translation : `` In December until Christmas , they are to fast each day . Since between Christmas and Epiphany there are feasts on each day , they shall have a full meal , except during the three - day period on which , in order to tread Gentile customs down , our fathers established that private litanies for the Calends of January be chanted in the churches , and that on the Calends itself Mass of the Circumcision be celebrated at the eighth hour for God 's favour . '' ) Jump up ^ Christopher Labadie , `` The Octave Day of Christmas : Historical Development and Modern Liturgical Practice '' in Obsculta , vol. 7 , issue 1 , art . 8 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Adolf Adam , The Liturgical Year ( Liturgical Press 1990 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81466047 - 8 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Frazer , James ( 1922 ) . The Golden Bough . New York : McMillan . ISBN 1 - 58734 - 083 - 6 . Bartleby.com Jump up ^ Count , Earl ( 1997 ) . 4,000 Years of Christmas . Ulysses Press . ISBN 1 - 56975 - 087 - 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , 27 December 1852 : a report of holiday events mentions ' a splendid wreath ' as being among the prizes won . Jump up ^ In 1953 a correspondence in the letter pages of The Times discussed whether Christmas wreaths were an alien importation or a version of the native evergreen ' bunch ' / ' bough ' / ' garland ' / ' wassail bush ' traditionally displayed in England at Christmas . One correspondent described those she had seen placed on doors in country districts as either a plain bunch , a shape like a torque or open circle , and occasionally a more elaborate shape like a bell or interlaced circles . She felt the use of the words ' Christmas wreath ' had ' funereal associations ' for English people who would prefer to describe it as a ' garland ' . An advertisement in The Times of Friday , 26 December 1862 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 24439 ; col A , however , refers to an entertainment at Crystal Palace featuring ' Extraordinary decorations , wreaths of evergreens ... ' , and in 1896 the special Christmas edition of The Girl 's Own Paper was titled ' Our Christmas Wreath ' : The Times Saturday , 19 December 1896 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 35078 ; col C. There is a custom of decorating graves at Christmas with somber wreaths of evergreen , which is still observed in parts of England , and this may have militated against the circle being the accepted shape for door decorations until the re-establishment of the tradition from America in the mid-to - late 20th century . Jump up ^ `` Epiphany in United Kingdom '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sirvaitis , Karen ( 1 August 2010 ) . The European American Experience . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 52 . ISBN 9780761340881 . Christmas is a major holiday for Christians , although some non-Christians in the United States also mark the day as a holiday . Jump up ^ HumorMatters.com Twelve Days of Christmas ( reprint of a magazine article ) . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . `` Christmas '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 22 December 2005 . Primarily subhead Popular Merrymaking under Liturgy and Custom . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Catholic Culture . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Primarily subhead 12 Days of Christmas under Catholic and Culture . Bowler , Gerald ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Toronto : M&S . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1531 - 1 . OCLC 44154451 . Caulkins , Mary ; Jennie Miller Helderman ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trivia : 200 Fun & Fascinating Facts About Christmas . New York : Gramercy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22070 - 2 . OCLC 49627774 . Collins , Ace ; Clint Hansen ( 2003 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 24880 - 4 . OCLC 52311813 . Evans , Martin Marix ( 2002 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas . White Plains , New York : Peter Pauper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88088 - 776 - 2 . OCLC 57044650 . Wells , Robin Headlam ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Humanism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82438 - 5 . OCLC 62132881 . Hoh , John L. , Jr. ( 2001 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas : A Carol Catechism . Vancouver : Suite 101 eBooks . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmastide . Look up Twelve Days of Christmas in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&oldid=819365901 '' Categories : Christmastide December observances Eastern Orthodox liturgical days January observances Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use dmy dates from December 2016 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano 日本語 Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the first day of christmas begin	[ "The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]" ]	[ "25 December" ]
-4826651135582861767	The Muppet Movie	The Muppet Movie - Wikipedia The Muppet Movie Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original 1979 film . For the 2011 film , see The Muppets ( film ) . The Muppet Movie Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by James Frawley Produced by Jim Henson Written by Jack Burns Jerry Juhl Starring Jim Henson Frank Oz Jerry Nelson Richard Hunt Dave Goelz Charles Durning Austin Pendleton Music by Kenneth Ascher Paul Williams Cinematography Isidore Mankofsky Edited by Christopher Greenbury Production companies ITC Entertainment Henson Associates Distributed by Associated Film Distribution Release date May 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 31 ) ( United Kingdom ) June 22 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes ( UK version ) 95 minutes ( US version ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $8 million Box office $76.6 million The Muppet Movie is a 1979 musical road comedy film and the first theatrical film featuring the Muppets . Directed by James Frawley and produced by Jim Henson , the film 's screenplay was conceived by The Muppet Show writers Jerry Juhl and Jack Burns . An American and British venture produced by Henson Associates and ITC Entertainment between the first half and the second half of The Muppet Show 's third season , the film depicts Kermit the Frog as he embarks on a cross-country trip to Hollywood , California . Along the way , he encounters several of the Muppets -- who all share the same ambition of finding success in professional show business -- while being pursued by Doc Hopper , an evil restaurateur with intentions of employing Kermit as a spokesperson for his frog legs business . Notable for its surreal humour , meta - references and prolific use of cameos , The Muppet Movie was released in the United Kingdom on May 31 , 1979 and in the United States on June 22 , 1979 , and received critical praise ; including two Academy Award nominations for Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher 's musical score and their song , `` The Rainbow Connection '' . In 2009 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . The success of The Muppet Movie spawned several sequels , none of which existed in the same continuity : The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) , The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) , The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) , Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) and Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) . In 2002 , the film series was given a prequel with Kermit 's Swamp Years . In 2011 , the film series was rebooted with The Muppets and followed by Muppets Most Wanted in 2014 . However , the latter acknowledges itself as the seventh sequel to The Muppet Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Muppet performers 2.2 Cameo guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Style 3.2 Prop vehicles 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Plot The Muppets have gathered in a theatre , in a Hollywood film studio , to screen their new biographical film , The Muppet Movie . In the film - within - a-film , Kermit the Frog enjoys a relaxing afternoon in a Florida swamp , strumming his banjo and singing `` The Rainbow Connection '' , when he is approached by Bernie ( Dom DeLuise ) , a Hollywood talent agent who encourages Kermit to pursue a career in show business . Inspired by the idea of `` making millions of people happy '' , Kermit sets off on a cross-country trip to Los Angeles , but is soon pursued by entrepreneur Doc Hopper ( Charles Durning ) and his shy assistant Max ( Austin Pendleton ) in an attempt to convince Kermit to be the new spokesman of Hopper 's struggling French - fried frog legs restaurant franchise , to Kermit 's horror . As Kermit continuously declines his offers , Hopper resorts to increasingly vicious means of persuasion . Meeting Fozzie Bear , who works as a hapless comedian in the El Sleezo Cafe , Kermit invites Fozzie to accompany him . The two set out in a 1951 Studebaker loaned to Fozzie by his hibernating uncle . The duo 's journey includes misadventures which introduce them to a variety of eccentric human and Muppet characters , including Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem and their manager Scooter , who receives a copy of the script from the pair ( one of a number of self - references ) at an old Presbyterian church ; Gonzo , who works as a plumber , and his girlfriend Camilla the Chicken ; Sweetums , who runs after them after they mistakenly think that he has turned them down at a used car lot ; and the immediately love - stricken Miss Piggy at a fair . While Kermit and Miss Piggy form a relationship over dinner that night , Doc Hopper and Max kidnap Miss Piggy and use her as bait to lure Kermit into a trap . Using an electronic cerebrectomy device , scientist Professor Krassman ( Mel Brooks ) decides to brainwash Kermit in an attempt to force Kermit to perform in Doc 's commercials until an infuriated Miss Piggy knocks out Doc Hopper 's henchmen and causes the scientist to be brainwashed by his own device . After receiving a job offer , however , she promptly abandons a devastated Kermit . After an incident in the theater where the projector briefly breaks down , with film tangled around the Swedish Chef , who was the projectionist , which causes Animal ( a member of the Electric Mayhem ) to throw a wild temper tantrum and rip off a chunk of his own seat cushion , the film starts up again . Having been joined by Rowlf the Dog and reunited with Miss Piggy , the Muppets continue their journey to Hollywood . Fozzie 's 1946 Ford Woodie station wagon trade - in breaks down in the New Mexico desert . During a campfire that night , the group sadly considers that they may miss the audition the next day , and Kermit wanders off , ashamed of himself for seemingly bringing his friends on a fruitless journey . Upon consulting a more optimistic vision of himself , Kermit remembers that it was not just his friends ' belief in the dream that brought them this far , but also his own faith in himself . Reinvigorated , he returns to camp to find that the Electric Mayhem and Scooter have read the script in advance , and arrived to help them the rest of the way . Just as it seems they are finally on their way , the group is warned by Max that Doc Hopper has hired an assassin named Snake Walker to kill Kermit . Kermit decides he will not be hunted down by a bully any longer and proposes a Western - style showdown in a nearby ghost town occupied by Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and his assistant Beaker , who invent materials that have yet to be tested . While confronting Hopper , Kermit explains his motivations , attempting to appeal to Hopper 's own hopes and dreams , but Hopper is unmoved and orders his henchmen to kill him and all his friends . They are saved only when one of Dr. Bunsen 's inventions , `` insta - grow '' pills , temporarily turns Animal into a giant , causing Hopper and his men to flee while Max turns around , laughs gleefully and waves his hat at the Muppets . The Muppets proceed to Hollywood , and after getting by his secretary , Miss Tracy ( Cloris Leachman ) , via causing her allergic reactions to their dander and fur , are hired by producer and studio executive Lew Lord ( Orson Welles ) . The Muppets attempt to make their first movie involving a surreal pastiche of their experiences . The first take goes awry when Gonzo , holding pastiche versions of the balloons he flew away on earlier , crashes into the rainbow , breaking it in half and sending it falling onto the rest of the set , bringing it down as well , then Crazy Harry pulls two levers in the control room , which overloads the electricity circuits and causes enough of an explosion to blow a hole in the roof of the studio . However , in their stunned silence of the whole chain of events , a rainbow suddenly shines through the hole into the studio right onto the Muppets . The Muppets , joined by the characters from The Muppet Show , Sesame Street , Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas , and the `` Land of Gorch '' segment of Saturday Night Live , sing the final verses of `` The Rainbow Connection '' . As the screening ends , Sweetums jumps through the theater 's screen , having finally caught up with the other Muppets . Cast Charles Durning as Doc Hopper , a businessman , entrepreneur , and restaurateur . Austin Pendleton as Max , Doc Hopper 's shy right - hand man and sidekick . Scott Walker as Snake Walker , an assassin who specializes in killing frogs . Lawrence Gabriel Jr as Sailor Ira F. Grubman as Bartender H.B. Haggerty as Lumberjack Bruce Kirby as Gate Guard Tommy Madden as One - Eyed Midget James Frawley as El Sleezo Café Waiter Arnold Roberts as Cowboy Melinda Dillon as a Woman with Balloon ( uncredited ) Muppet performers Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog , Rowlf the Dog , Dr. Teeth , Waldorf , Swedish Chef Frank Oz as Miss Piggy , Fozzie Bear , Animal , Sam Eagle , Marvin Suggs Jerry Nelson as Floyd Pepper , Crazy Harry , Robin the Frog , Lew Zealand , Camilla the Chicken Richard Hunt as Scooter , Statler , Janice , Sweetums , Beaker Dave Goelz as The Great Gonzo , Zoot , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew , Doglion Caroll Spinney as Big Bird Frank Oz appears in a cameo as a biker who beats up Fozzie Bear while Steve Whitmire appears as a man in the Bogen County Fair . Also , director Tim Burton is one of the puppeteers in the final shot of the film . John Landis is also in the final shot , performing Grover . Landis and Burton were both uncredited . Cameo guest stars Dom DeLuise as Bernie , a Hollywood agent who meets Kermit in the swamp . The character 's name is a reference to Bernie Brillstein , talent agent and producer of The Muppet Show . James Coburn as El Sleezo Café Owner Madeline Kahn as an El Sleezo Patron , with the same rhotacism and personality Kahn used for Lili von Shtupp in Blazing Saddles Telly Savalas as El Sleezo Tough Carol Kane as `` Myth '' ( summoned by name ) Paul Williams as El Sleezo Pianist Milton Berle as Mad Man Mooney , a used car salesman for whom Sweetums worked as a jack . Elliott Gould as Compère , who announces Miss Piggy as the winner of the Bogen County Beauty Pageant Edgar Bergen as Himself and Charlie McCarthy , playing judges at the Bogen County Fair . This would be Bergen 's final film role , as he died shortly after his scene was filmed . Bob Hope as Ice Cream Vendor Richard Pryor as Balloon Vendor , a man who sells balloons to Gonzo at the Bogen County Fair . Steve Martin as Insolent Waiter , a sarcastic waiter that works at the motel that Rowlf used to work at . Mel Brooks as Professor Max Krassman , a mad scientist who is hired by Doc Hopper . Cloris Leachman as Miss Tracy , Lew Lord 's secretary who is allergic to animals . Orson Welles as Lew Lord , a Hollywood producer and studio executive . The character 's name is a reference to Sir Lew Grade , head of British company , ATV , which co-produced the original Muppet Show . Production The main obstacle the filmmakers were faced with during the development of The Muppet Movie was whether the Muppets would transition seamlessly from television to film . In 1978 , director James Frawley , Jim Henson , and Frank Oz filmed several camera tests outside London to test how the characters would appear in real - world locations . To perform Kermit static on a log , Henson squeezed into a specially designed metal container complete with an air hose ( to breathe ) , a rubber sleeve which came out of the top to perform Kermit and a monitor to see his performance , and placed himself under the water , log , and the Kermit puppet . He was also assisted in this operation by Kathryn Mullen and Steve Whitmire . This scene took five days to film . Before this , no film had a hand puppet act with its entire body appearing on - screen . That is , hand puppets were only seen from the waist up , and it became a major plot point to show Kermit with legs . To have Kermit ride a bicycle in a full - body shot , a Kermit puppet with legs was posed onto the seat and his legs and arms were attached to the pedals and handlebars . An overhead crane with a marionette system held the bicycle through strong strings invisible to the camera , guiding the bicycle forward . The crane and system was out of the camera 's frame of vision . Other shots required Muppets standing and acting in a full - body shot . Specially - made , remote - controlled puppets were placed on the set and controlled by puppeteers out of the frame . A dancing Kermit and Fozzie Bear were operated by Henson and Frank Oz in front of a blue screen , and were composited onto a separate reel of the stage . Both of these effects and the bicycle effect would be used again , and refined , in subsequent Muppet films . Austin Pendleton recalled that the film was shot on `` a very unhappy set , because Jim ( Frawley ) was very unhappy directing that movie . And I noticed that was the only time the Muppet people used an outside person to direct a Muppet movie . They never did that again . After that , it was either Jim Henson or Frank Oz . And I would have liked to have been in one of those , because those sets were very harmonious . But this was not . '' Filming locations included Albuquerque , New Mexico . The closing reprise of `` Rainbow Connection '' featured a crowd of more than 250 Muppet characters -- virtually every Muppet that had been created up to that point in time . According to Henson Archivist Karen Falk : `` 137 puppeteers were enlisted from the Puppeteers of America ( along with the regular Muppet performers ) to perform every Muppet extant . Prior to the day - long filming of the shot , Jim Henson gave the enthusiastic participants a lesson in the art of cinematic puppetry . Amazingly , it did take just one day . '' The Muppet Show Fan Club newsletter answered the question of `` How did they do it ? '' The response was `` There are 250 puppets in the last shot of the film , and they 're all moving . How ? 150 puppeteers in a 6 ' deep , 17 ' wide pit , that 's how . They were recruited through the Los Angeles Guild of The Puppeteers of America and almost every puppeteer west of the Rockies reported for pit duty . '' The film is dedicated to ventriloquist Edgar Bergen who appears in the movie in a cameo role and died during production in September 1978 . Style The Muppet Movie uses meta - references as a source of humor , as characters occasionally break the fourth wall to address the audience or comment on their real - life circumstances . In one scene , Kermit and Fozzie encounter Big Bird on the road , offering him a lift to Hollywood , but he declines , heading to New York City to break into public television , referencing the character 's role in Sesame Street . In a particularly meta - fictional plot twist , Kermit and Fozzie actually give the screenplay to Dr. Teeth , who later uses it to find and rescue them after they have been stranded in the desert . Prop vehicles Several classic cars were specially selected by Henson for appearances in the film . The most prominent were a pair of 1951 Studebaker Commander Coupes driven by Fozzie Bear in the film . One car was painted but unmodified and driven by a person in the front seat . It was used for long , traveling shots . The second car was driven by a person in the trunk , who viewed the road through a TV set . The television received its image from a camera located in the center nose of the car 's front grille . This made it possible for Frank Oz to perform Fozzie Bear in the front seat , and have the character seemingly drive the car in close - up shots . This car is now on display at the Studebaker Museum in South Bend , Indiana . Doc Hopper is chauffeured throughout the movie by Max in a 1959 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine . The final car driven by the Muppets is a 1946 Ford Woodie station wagon , famous for its wood panel siding and a valuable collectible . Music Main article : The Muppet Movie ( soundtrack ) The film 's music was written by Kenneth Ascher and Paul Williams . Regarding the music 's composition , Williams said ; `` Jim Henson gave you more ( creative ) freedom than anybody I 've ever worked with in my life . I said , ' You want to hear the songs as we 're writing them ? ' He said , ' No . I 'll hear them in the studio . I know I 'm gon na love them . ' You just do n't get that kind of freedom on a project these days . '' `` Movin ' Right Along '' , `` Never Before , Never Again '' , and `` I Hope That Somethin ' Better Comes Along '' were shortened in the film , compared to their soundtrack versions , for continuity purposes . The latter , a duet between Rowlf and Kermit , contained references that the studio considered too mature for children , although the song appeared complete in the British theatrical and home video debut versions . In `` Finale : The Magic Store '' , a line performed by Kermit in the film is sung by Fozzie on the soundtrack recording . Release Box office The film proved to be a huge hit at the box office during the summer of 1979 and ended up grossing $76,657,000 domestically ( adjusted for inflation , this would equal $265,703,546 in 2016 dollars ) , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 1979 and also , the second highest - grossing Muppet film after the release of The Muppets in 2011 . The success of the film gave Jim Henson Productions an opportunity to release more Muppet productions theatrically . The film 's successful theatrical release encouraged Lew Grade into furthering his own film distribution company , which later backfired with the massive box office failures of Ca n't Stop the Music ( from EMI ) and Raise the Titanic ( from ITC ) , both released by Associated Film Distribution just a year later . Critical reception The Muppet Movie received positive reviews . The film holds an 87 % approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8 / 10 , based on 47 reviews . The site 's consensus says `` The Muppet Movie , the big - screen debut of Jim Henson 's plush creations , is smart , lighthearted , and fun for all ages . '' Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars . In his favorable review , he was fascinated that `` The Muppet Movie not only stars the Muppets but , for the first time , shows us their feet . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times offered equal praise , stating that the film `` demonstrates once again that there 's always room in movies for unbridled amiability when it 's governed by intelligence and wit . '' In 2009 , it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant and will be preserved for all time . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Rainbow Connection '' -- # 74 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated Home media The Muppet Movie was the first film from ITC Entertainment to be released on home video when Magnetic Video issued it in January 1980 , having acquired the video rights to ITC 's films . It was reissued a few times more by CBS / Fox Video before it was released by Jim Henson Video in 1993 . The movie was reissued on VHS by Columbia Tristar Home Video and Jim Henson Home Entertainment in June , 1999 . The film 's first DVD release was from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and Jim Henson Home Entertainment on June 5 , 2001 . It was re-released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on DVD and reissued as a Walt Disney Pictures release on November 29 , 2005 as Kermit 's 50th Anniversary Edition . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Muppet Movie as the Nearly 35th Anniversary Edition on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on August 13 , 2013 . Accolades Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards April 14 , 1980 Best Original Song `` Rainbow Connection '' -- Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher Nominated Best Adaptation Score Songs by Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher ; Adaption by Paul Williams Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 26 , 1980 Best Original Song `` Rainbow Connection '' -- Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher Nominated Grammy Awards February 27 , 1980 Best Album for Children Jim Henson and Paul Williams Won Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Nominated Saturn Awards July 26 , 1980 Best Fantasy Film Won Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Youth Blu - ray Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Nominated Footnotes ^ The film 's distribution rights were transferred to Walt Disney Studios in 2004 , and was subsequently reissued in home media formats as a Walt Disney Pictures release in 2005 . References Jump up ^ `` THE MUPPET MOVIE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 14 , 1979 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Brian Jay ( 2013 ) . `` Life 's Like a Movie '' . Jim Henson : The Biography . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 52611 - 3 . Meanwhile , audiences made it ( The Muppet Movie ) one of the most profitable films of the decade , grossing over $65 million in its initial release -- not a bad return on ( Lew ) Grade 's initial $8 million investment . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for The Muppet Movie '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roessner , Beth ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` First ' Muppets ' director recalls original '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swansburg , John ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Muppet Man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Austin Pendleton Film Random Roles '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 100 years of filmmaking in New Mexico 1898 -- 1998 . New Mexico Dept. of Tourism. 1998 . p. 118 . Jump up ^ The Muppet Show Fan Club newsletter ( vol. 2 , no . 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Connection '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lew Grade , Still Dancing : My Story , William Collins & Sons 1987 p 252 Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( November 14 , 1979 ) . `` The Muppet Movie '' . Chicago Sun - Times . rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 22 June 1979 ) . `` The Screen : Muppets Go to Hollywood : Roadiest Road Picture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 25 new titles added to National Film Registry '' . Yahoo News . Yahoo . December 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Ballot Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Kermit , Fozzie entertain in ' Muppet Movie ' camera test '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Leads Film Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Muppet Movie Official website at Disney.com The Muppet Movie on IMDb The Muppet Movie at the TCM Movie Database The Muppet Movie at Box Office Mojo The Muppet Movie at Rotten Tomatoes The Muppet Movie at Metacritic Tough Pigs : The Muppet Movie from Script to Screen The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Muppet performers Pam Arciero Bill Barretta Fran Brill Julianne Buescher Tyler Bunch Kevin Carlson Leslie Carrara - Rudolph Kevin Clash Stephanie D'Abruzzo Alice Dinnean - Vernon Dave Goelz Louise Gold Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Eric Jacobson Jerry Juhl John Kennedy Tim Lagasse Peter Linz Noel MacNeal Drew Massey Joey Mazzarino Brian Muehl Kathryn Mullen James Murray Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Eren Ozker Bob Payne Karen Prell Mike Quinn David Rudman Martin P. Robinson Michelan Sisti Caroll Spinney John Tartaglia Allan Trautman Matt Vogel Steve Whitmire Victor Yerrid Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( TBA 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) Saturday Night Live ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) TV It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits Take 2 ( 1994 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` The Muppet Show Theme '' `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Never Before , Never Again '' `` I Hope That Somethin ' Better Comes Along '' `` I 'm Going to Go Back There Someday '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal Films directed by James Frawley The Christian Licorice Store ( 1971 ) Kid Blue ( 1973 ) The Big Bus ( 1976 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Fraternity Vacation ( 1985 ) Another Midnight Run ( 1994 ) On the 2nd Day of Christmas ( 1997 ) The Three Stooges ( 2000 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Muppet_Movie&oldid=807174401 '' Categories : 1979 films English - language films The Muppets films American films American independent films 1970s adventure films 1970s musical films 1970s musical comedy films American children 's adventure films American musical comedy films British musical comedy films British films Films directed by James Frawley Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring puppetry Films set in Florida Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Mexico Films set in studio lots Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Mexico American road movies 1970s road movies Self - reflexive films United States National Film Registry films ITC Entertainment films The Jim Henson Company films Walt Disney Pictures films Films about Hollywood Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from July 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of car does fozzie bear drive	[ "Meeting Fozzie Bear, who works as a hapless comedian in the El Sleezo Cafe, Kermit invites Fozzie to accompany him. The two set out in a 1951 Studebaker loaned to Fozzie by his hibernating uncle. The duo’s journey includes misadventures which introduce them to a variety of eccentric human and Muppet characters, including Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem and their manager Scooter, who receives a copy of the script from the pair (one of a number of self-references) at an old Presbyterian church; Gonzo, who works as a plumber, and his girlfriend Camilla the Chicken; Sweetums, who runs after them after they mistakenly think that he has turned them down at a used car lot; and the immediately love-stricken Miss Piggy at a fair." ]	[ "a 1951 Studebaker" ]
7521184524904521337	Presidential system	Presidential system - wikipedia Presidential system Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Systems of government Republican forms of government : Presidential republics with a full presidential system Presidential republics with a semi-presidential system Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial / non-executive president , where a separate head of government leads the executive Monarchical forms of government : Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial / non-executive monarch , where a separate head of government leads the executive Constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty still hold significant executive and / or legislative power Absolute monarchies Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended ( e.g. military dictatorship ) One - party states Countries which do not fit any of the above systems ( e.g. transitional governments , unclear political situations or no government ) Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( hide ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title `` president '' has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one - party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with 19 of its 23 sovereign states being presidential republics . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Subnational governments of the world 3 Advantages 3.1 Direct elections 3.2 Separation of powers 3.3 Speed and decisiveness 3.4 Stability 4 Criticism and disadvantages 4.1 Tendency towards authoritarianism 4.2 Political gridlock 4.2. 1 Lack of accountability 4.3 Impediments to leadership change 5 Differences from a parliamentary system 5.1 Overlapping elements 6 Republics with a presidential system of government 6.1 Presidential systems with a prime minister 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Characteristics ( edit ) In a full - fledged presidential system , a politician is chosen directly by the people or indirectly by the winning party to be the head of government . Except for Belarus and Kazakhstan , this head of government is also the head of state , and is therefore called president . The post of prime minister ( also called premier ) may also exist in a presidential system , but unlike in semi-presidential or parliamentary systems , the prime minister answers to the president and not to the legislature . The following characteristics apply generally for the numerous presidential governments across the world : The executive can veto legislative acts and , in turn , a supermajority of lawmakers may override the veto . The veto is generally derived from the British tradition of royal assent in which an act of parliament can only be enacted with the assent of the monarch . The president has a fixed term of office . Elections are held at regular times and can not be triggered by a vote of confidence or other parliamentary procedures , although in some countries there is an exception which provides for the removal of a president who is found to have broken a law . The executive branch is unipersonal . Members of the cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president and must carry out the policies of the executive and legislative branches . Cabinet ministers or executive departmental chiefs are not members of the legislature . However , presidential systems often need legislative approval of executive nominations to the cabinet , judiciary , and various lower governmental posts . A president generally can direct members of the cabinet , military , or any officer or employee of the executive branch , but can not direct or dismiss judges . The president can often pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals . Subnational governments of the world ( edit ) See also : State governments of the United States Subnational governments , usually states , may be structured as presidential systems . All of the state governments in the United States use the presidential system , even though this is not constitutionally required . On a local level , many cities use Council - manager government , which is equivalent to a parliamentary system , although the post of a city manager is normally a non-political position . Some countries without a presidential system at the national level use a form of this system at a subnational or local level . One example is Japan , where the national government uses the parliamentary system , but the prefectural and municipal governments have governors and mayors elected independently from local assemblies and councils . Advantages ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Supporters generally claim four basic advantages for presidential systems : Direct elections -- in a presidential system , the president is often elected directly by the people . This makes the president 's power more legitimate than that of a leader appointed indirectly . However , this is not a necessary feature of a presidential system . Some presidential states have an indirectly elected head of state . Separation of powers -- a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures . This allows each structure to monitor and check the other , preventing abuses of power . Speed and decisiveness -- A president with strong powers can usually enact changes quickly . However , the separation of powers can also slow the system down . Stability -- a president , by virtue of a fixed term , may provide more stability than a prime minister , who can be dismissed at any time . Read further Direct elections ( edit ) In most presidential systems , the president is elected by popular vote , although some such as the United States use an electoral college ( which is itself directly elected ) or some other method . By this method , the president receives a personal mandate to lead the country , whereas in a parliamentary system a candidate might only receive a personal mandate to represent a constituency . That means a president can only be elected independently of the legislative branch . Separation of powers ( edit ) A presidential system 's separation of the executive from the legislature is sometimes held up as an advantage , in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other . In a parliamentary system , the executive is drawn from the legislature , making criticism of one by the other considerably less likely . A formal condemnation of the executive by the legislature is often considered a vote of no confidence . According to supporters of the presidential system , the lack of checks and balances means that misconduct by a prime minister may never be discovered . Writing about Watergate , Woodrow Wyatt , a former MP in the UK , said `` do n't think a Watergate could n't happen here , you just would n't hear about it . '' ( ibid ) Critics respond that if a presidential system 's legislature is controlled by the president 's party , the same situation exists . Proponents note that even in such a situation a legislator from the president 's party is in a better position to criticize the president or his policies should he deem it necessary , since the immediate security of the president 's position is less dependent on legislative support . In parliamentary systems , party discipline is much more strictly enforced . If a parliamentary backbencher publicly criticizes the executive or its policies to any significant extent then he / she faces a much higher prospect of losing his / her party 's nomination , or even outright expulsion from the party . Even mild criticism from a backbencher could carry consequences serious enough ( in particular , removal from consideration for a cabinet post ) to effectively muzzle a legislator with any serious political ambitions . Despite the existence of the no confidence vote , in practice it is extremely difficult to stop a prime minister or cabinet that has made its decision . In a parliamentary system , if important legislation proposed by the incumbent prime minister and his cabinet is `` voted down '' by a majority of the members of parliament then it is considered a vote of no confidence . To emphasize that particular point , a prime minister will often declare a particular legislative vote to be a matter of confidence at the first sign of reluctance on the part of legislators from his or her own party . If a government loses a parliamentary vote of confidence , then the incumbent government must then either resign or call elections to be held , a consequence few backbenchers are willing to endure . Hence , a no confidence vote in some parliamentary countries , like Britain , only occurs a few times in a century . In 1931 , David Lloyd George told a select committee : `` Parliament has really no control over the executive ; it is a pure fiction . '' ( Schlesinger 1982 ) By contrast , if a presidential legislative initiative fails to pass a legislature controlled by the president 's party ( e.g. the Clinton health care plan of 1993 in the United States ) , it may damage the president 's political standing and that of his party , but generally has no immediate effect on whether or not the president completes his term . Speed and decisiveness ( edit ) Some supporters of presidential systems claim that presidential systems can respond more rapidly to emerging situations than parliamentary ones . A prime minister , when taking action , needs to retain the support of the legislature , but a president is often less constrained . In Why England Slept , future U.S. president John F. Kennedy argued that British prime ministers Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain were constrained by the need to maintain the confidence of the Commons . Other supporters of presidential systems sometimes argue in the exact opposite direction , however , saying that presidential systems can slow decision - making to beneficial ends . Divided government , where the presidency and the legislature are controlled by different parties , is said to restrain the excesses of both parties , and guarantee bipartisan input into legislation . In the United States , Republican Congressman Bill Frenzel wrote in 1995 : There are some of us who think gridlock is the best thing since indoor plumbing . Gridlock is the natural gift the Framers of the Constitution gave us so that the country would not be subjected to policy swings resulting from the whimsy of the public . And the competition -- whether multi-branch , multi-level , or multi-house -- is important to those checks and balances and to our ongoing kind of centrist government . Thank heaven we do not have a government that nationalizes one year and privatizes next year , and so on ad infinitum . ( Checks and Balances , 8 ) Stability ( edit ) Although most parliamentary governments go long periods of time without a no confidence vote , Italy , Israel , and the French Fourth Republic have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability . When parliamentary systems have multiple parties , and governments are forced to rely on coalitions , as they often do in nations that use a system of proportional representation , extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a coalition to further their agendas . Many people consider presidential systems more able to survive emergencies . A country under enormous stress may , supporters argue , be better off being led by a president with a fixed term than rotating premierships . France during the Algerian controversy switched to a semi-presidential system as did Sri Lanka during its civil war , while Israel experimented with a directly elected prime minister in 1992 . In France and Sri Lanka , the results are widely considered to have been positive . However , in the case of Israel , an unprecedented proliferation of smaller parties occurred , leading to the restoration of the previous system of selecting a prime minister . The fact that elections are fixed in a presidential system is considered by supporters a welcome `` check '' on the powers of the executive , contrasting parliamentary systems , which may allow the prime minister to call elections whenever they see fit or orchestrate their own vote of no confidence to trigger an election when they can not get a legislative item passed . The presidential model is said to discourage this sort of opportunism , and instead forces the executive to operate within the confines of a term they can not alter to suit their own needs . Proponents of the presidential system also argue that stability extends to the cabinets chosen under the system , compared to a parliamentary system where cabinets must be drawn from within the legislative branch . Under the presidential system , cabinet members can be selected from a much larger pool of potential candidates . This allows presidents the ability to select cabinet members based as much or more on their ability and competency to lead a particular department as on their loyalty to the president , as opposed to parliamentary cabinets , which might be filled by legislators chosen for no better reason than their perceived loyalty to the prime minister . Supporters of the presidential system note that parliamentary systems are prone to disruptive `` cabinet shuffles '' where legislators are moved between portfolios , whereas in presidential system cabinets ( such as the United States Cabinet ) , cabinet shuffles are unusual . Criticism and disadvantages ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Critics generally claim three basic disadvantages for presidential systems : Tendency towards authoritarianism -- some political scientists say presidentialism raises the stakes of elections , exacerbates their polarization and can lead to authoritarianism ( Linz ) . Political gridlock -- the separation of powers of a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures . Critics argue that this can create an undesirable and long - term political gridlock whenever the president and the legislative majority are from different parties , which is common because the electorate usually expects more rapid results from new policies than are possible ( Linz , Mainwaring and Shugart ) . In addition , this reduces accountability by allowing the president and the legislature to shift blame to each other . Impediments to leadership change -- presidential systems often make it difficult to remove a president from office early , for example after taking actions that become unpopular . Tendency towards authoritarianism ( edit ) A prime minister without majority support in the legislature must either form a coalition or , if able to lead a minority government , govern in a manner acceptable to at least some of the opposition parties . Even with a majority government , the prime minister must still govern within ( perhaps unwritten ) constraints as determined by the members of his party -- a premier in this situation is often at greater risk of losing his party leadership than his party is at risk of losing the next election . On the other hand , winning the presidency is a winner - take - all , zero - sum game . Once elected , a president might be able to marginalize the influence of other parties and exclude rival factions in his own party as well , or even leave the party whose ticket he was elected under . The president can thus rule without any party support until the next election or abuse his power to win multiple terms , a worrisome situation for many interest groups . Yale political scientist Juan Linz argues that : `` The danger that zero - sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the president 's fixed term in office . Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate ... losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and patronage . The zero - sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization . '' Constitutions that only require plurality support are said to be especially undesirable , as significant power can be vested in a person who does not enjoy support from a majority of the population . Some political scientists say that presidential systems are not constitutionally stable and have difficulty sustaining democratic practices , noting that presidentialism has slipped into authoritarianism in many of the countries in which it has been implemented . According to political scientist Fred Riggs , presidentialism has fallen into authoritarianism in nearly every country it has been attempted . Political sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset pointed out that this has taken place in political cultures not conducive to democracy and that militaries have tended to play a prominent role in most of these countries . On the other hand , an often - cited list of the world 's 22 older democracies includes only two countries ( Costa Rica and the United States ) with presidential systems . In a presidential system , the legislature and the president have equal mandates from the public . Conflicts between the branches of government might not be reconciled . When president and legislature disagree and government is not working effectively , there is a strong incentive to use extra-constitutional measures to break the deadlock . Of the three common branches of government , the executive is in the best position to use extra-constitutional measures , especially when the president is head of state , head of government , and commander - in - chief of the military . By contrast , in a parliamentary system where the often - ceremonial head of state is either a constitutional monarch or ( in the case of a parliamentary republic ) an experienced and respected figure , given some political emergency there is a good chance that even a ceremonial head of state will be able to use emergency reserve powers to restrain a head of government acting in an emergency extra-constitutional manner -- this is only possible because the head of state and the head of government are not the same person . Ecuador is sometimes presented as a case study of democratic failures over the past quarter - century . Presidents have ignored the legislature or bypassed it altogether . One president had the National Assembly teargassed , while another disagreed with congress until he was kidnapped by paratroopers . From 1979 through 1988 , Ecuador staggered through a succession of executive - legislative confrontations that created a near permanent crisis atmosphere in the policy . In 1984 , President León Febres Cordero tried to physically bar new Congressionally appointed supreme court appointees from taking their seats . In Brazil , presidents have accomplished their objectives by creating executive agencies over which Congress had no say . Dana D. Nelson in her 2008 book Bad for Democracy sees the office of the President of the United States as essentially undemocratic and characterizes presidentialism as worship of the president by citizens , which she believes undermines civic participation . Political gridlock ( edit ) Some political scientists speak of the `` failure of presidentialism '' because the separation of powers of a presidential system often creates undesirable long - term political gridlock and instability whenever the president and the legislative majority are from different parties . This is common because the electorate often expects more rapid results than are possible from new policies and switches to a different party at the next election . These critics , including Juan Linz , argue that this inherent political instability can cause democracies to fail , as seen in such cases as Brazil and Chile . Lack of accountability ( edit ) In such cases of gridlock , presidential systems are said by critics not to offer voters the kind of accountability seen in parliamentary systems . It is easy for either the president or the legislature to escape blame by shifting it to the other . Describing the United States , former Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon said `` the president blames Congress , the Congress blames the president , and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington '' . An example is the increase in the federal debt of the United States that occurred during the presidency of Republican Ronald Reagan . Arguably , the deficits were the product of a bargain between President Reagan and the Democratic Speaker of the House of Representatives , Tip O'Neill . O'Neill agreed to tax cuts favored by Reagan , and in exchange Reagan agreed to budgets that did not restrain spending to his liking . In such a scenario , each side can say they are displeased with the debt , plausibly blame the other side for the deficit , and still claim success . Impediments to leadership change ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Another alleged problem of presidentialism is that it is often difficult to remove a president from office early . Even if a president is `` proved to be inefficient , even if he becomes unpopular , even if his policy is unacceptable to the majority of his countrymen , he and his methods must be endured until the moment comes for a new election . '' John Tyler was elected vice president and assumed the presidency because William Henry Harrison died after thirty days in office . Tyler blocked the Whig agenda , was loathed by his nominal party , but remained firmly in control of the executive branch . Most presidential systems provide no legal means to remove a president simply for being unpopular or even for behaving in a manner that might be considered unethical or immoral provided it is not illegal . This has been cited as the reason why many presidential countries have experienced military coups to remove a leader who is said to have lost his mandate . Parliamentary systems can quickly remove unpopular leaders by a vote of no confidence , a procedure that serves as a `` pressure release valve '' for political tension . Votes of no confidence are easier to achieve in minority government situations , but even if the unpopular leader heads a majority government , he or she is often in a less secure position than a president . Usually in parliamentary systems a basic premise is that if a premier 's popularity sustains a serious enough blow and the premier does not as a matter of consequence offer to resign prior to the next election , then those members of parliament who would persist in supporting the premier will be at serious risk of losing their seats . Therefore , especially in parliaments with a strong party system , other prominent members of the premier 's party have a strong incentive to initiate a leadership challenge in hopes of mitigating damage to their party . More often than not , a premier facing a serious challenge resolves to save face by resigning before being formally removed -- Margaret Thatcher 's relinquishing of her premiership being a prominent example . On the other hand , while removing a president through impeachment is allowed by most constitutions , impeachment proceedings often can be initiated only in cases where the president has violated the constitution or broken the law . Impeachment is often made difficult ; by comparison the removal a party leader is normally governed by the ( often less formal ) rules of the party . Nearly all parties ( including governing parties ) have a relatively simple process for removing their leaders . Furthermore , even when impeachment proceedings against a sitting president are successful , whether by causing his removal from office or by compelling his resignation , the legislature usually has little or no discretion in determining the ousted president 's successor , since presidential systems usually adhere to a rigid succession process which is enforced the same way regardless of how a vacancy in the presidency comes about . The usual outcome of a presidency becoming vacant is that a vice president automatically succeeds to the presidency . Vice presidents are usually chosen by the president , whether as a running mate who elected alongside the president or appointed by a sitting president , so that when a vice president succeeds to the presidency it is probable that he will continue many or all the policies of the former president . A prominent example of such an accession would be the elevation of Vice President Gerald Ford to the U.S. Presidency after Richard Nixon agreed to resign in the face of virtually certain impeachment and removal , a succession that took place notwithstanding the fact that Ford had only assumed the Vice Presidency after being appointed by Nixon to replace Spiro Agnew , who had also resigned due to scandal . In some cases , particularly when the would - be successor to a presidency is seen by legislators as no better ( or even worse ) than a president they wish to see removed , there may be a strong incentive to abstain from pursuing impeachment proceedings even if there are legal grounds to do so . Since prime ministers in parliamentary systems must always retain the confidence of the legislature , in cases where a prime minister suddenly leaves office there is little point in anyone without a reasonable prospect of gaining that legislative confidence attempting to assume the premiership . This ensures that whenever a premiership becomes vacant ( or is about to become vacant ) , legislators from the premier 's party will always play a key role in determining the leader 's permanent successor . In theory this could be interpreted to support an argument that a parliamentary party ought to have the power to elect their party leader directly , and indeed , at least historically , parliamentary system parties ' leadership electoral procedures usually called for the party 's legislative caucus to fill a leadership vacancy by electing a new leader directly by and from amongst themselves , and for the whole succession process to be completed within as short a time frame as practical . Today , however , such a system is not commonly practiced and most parliamentary system parties ' rules provide for a leadership election in which the general membership of the party is permitted to vote at some point in the process ( either directly for the new leader or for delegates who then elect the new leader in a convention ) , though in many cases the party 's legislators are allowed to exercise a disproportionate influence in the final vote . Whenever a leadership election becomes necessary on account of a vacancy arising suddenly , an interim leader ( often informally called the interim prime minister in cases where this involves a governing party ) will be selected by the parliamentary party , usually with the stipulation or expectation that the interim leader will not be a candidate for the permanent leadership . Some parties , such as the British Conservative Party , employ some combination of both aforementioned electoral processes to select a new leader . In any event , a prime minister who is forced to leave office due to scandal or similar circumstance will usually have little if any ability to influence his party on the final selection of a new leader and anyone seen to be having close ties to such a prime minister will have limited if any serious prospect of being elected the new leader . Even in cases when an outgoing prime minister is leaving office voluntarily , it is often frowned on for an outgoing or former premier to engage in any overt attempt to influence the election ( for example , by endorsing a candidate in the leadership election ) , in part because a party in the process of selecting a new leader usually has a strong incentive to foster a competitive leadership election in order to stimulate interest and participation in the election , which in turn encourages the sale of party memberships and support for the party in general . Walter Bagehot criticized presidentialism because it does not allow a transfer in power in the event of an emergency . `` Under a cabinet constitution at a sudden emergency the people can choose a ruler for the occasion . It is quite possible and even likely that he would not be ruler before the occasion . The great qualities , the imperious will , the rapid energy , the eager nature fit for a great crisis are not required -- are impediments -- in common times . A Lord Liverpool is better in everyday politics than a Chatham -- a Louis Philippe far better than a Napoleon . By the structure of the world we want , at the sudden occurrence of a grave tempest , to change the helmsman -- to replace the pilot of the calm by the pilot of the storm . But under a presidential government you can do nothing of the kind . The American government calls itself a government of the supreme people ; but at a quick crisis , the time when a sovereign power is most needed , you can not find the supreme people . You have got a congress elected for one fixed period , going out perhaps by fixed installments , which can not be accelerated or retarded -- you have a president chosen for a fixed period , and immovable during that period : ... there is no elastic element ... you have bespoken your government in advance , and whether it is what you want or not , by law you must keep it ... '' Opponents of the presidential system note that years later , Bagehot 's observation came to life during World War II , when Neville Chamberlain was replaced with Winston Churchill . However , supporters of the presidential system question the validity of the point . They argue that if presidents were not able to command some considerable level of security in their tenures , their direct mandates would be worthless . They further counter that republics such as the United States have successfully endured war and other crises without the need to change heads of state . Supporters argue that presidents elected in a time of peace and prosperity have proven themselves perfectly capable of responding effectively to a serious crisis , largely due to their ability to make the necessary appointments to his cabinet and elsewhere in government or by creating new positions to deal with new challenges . One prominent , recent example would be the appointment of a Secretary of Homeland Security following the September 11 attacks in the United States . Some supporters of the presidential system counter that impediments to a leadership change , being that they are little more than an unavoidable consequence of the direct mandate afforded to a president , are thus a strength instead of a weakness in times of crisis . In such times , a prime minister might hesitate due to the need to keep parliament 's support , whereas a president can act without fear of removal from office by those who might disapprove of his actions . Furthermore , even if a prime minister does manage to successfully resolve a crisis ( or multiple crises ) , that does not guarantee and he or she will possess the political capital needed to remain in office for a similar , future crisis . Unlike what would be possible in a presidential system , a perceived crisis in the parliamentary system might give disgruntled backbenchers or rivals an opportunity to launch a vexing challenge for a prime minister 's leadership . As noted above , in such situations a prime minister often resigns if they even moderately doubt their ability to endure a challenge . When the prime minister chooses to face such a challenger , they typically expect ( and are expected ) to win by an overwhelming majority - should the prime minister defeat his or her challenger but by a majority he or she privately deems insufficient to be able and willing to continue to effectively govern , the prime minister will often resign nonetheless . In such circumstances , there is no guarantee that the sudden accession of an unproven prime minister during a crisis will be a change for the better -- the ouster of Thatcher ( who , after successfully prosecuting the Falklands War , was nevertheless compelled to resign in the midst of the Persian Gulf Crisis ) is seen as an example by those who argue her successor , John Major , proved less able to defend British interests in the ensuing Gulf War . Finally , many have criticized presidential systems for their alleged slowness to respond to their citizens ' needs . Often , the checks and balances make action difficult . Walter Bagehot said of the American system , `` the executive is crippled by not getting the law it needs , and the legislature is spoiled by having to act without responsibility : the executive becomes unfit for its name , since it can not execute what it decides on ; the legislature is demoralized by liberty , by taking decisions of others ( and not itself ) will suffer the effects '' . Defenders of Presidential systems argue that a parliamentary system operating in a jurisdiction with strong ethnic or sectarian tensions will tend to ignore the interests of minorities or even treat them with contempt - the first half century of government in Northern Ireland is often cited as an example - whereas presidential systems ensure that minority wishes and rights can not be disregarded , thus preventing a `` Tyranny of the majority '' and vice versa protect the wishes and rights of the majority from abuse by a legislature or an executive that holds a contrary viewpoint especially when there are frequent , scheduled elections . On the other hand , supporters of parliamentary systems contend that the strength and independence of the judiciary is the more decisive factor when it comes to protection of minority rights . British - Irish philosopher and MP Edmund Burke stated that an official should be elected based on `` his unbiased opinion , his mature judgment , his enlightened conscience '' , and therefore should reflect on the arguments for and against certain policies before taking positions and then act out on what an official would believe is best in the long run for one 's constituents and country as a whole even if it means short - term backlash . Thus Defenders of Presidential systems hold that sometimes what is wisest may not always be the most popular decision and vice versa . Differences from a parliamentary system ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of key theoretical differences exist between a presidential and a parliamentary system : In a presidential system , the central principle is that the legislative and executive branches of government are separate . This leads to the separate election of president , who is elected to office for a fixed term , and only removable for gross misdemeanor by impeachment and dismissal . In addition he or she does not need to choose cabinet members commanding the support of the legislature . By contrast , in parliamentarianism , the executive branch is led by a council of ministers , headed by a Prime Minister , who are directly accountable to the legislature and often have their background in the legislature ( regardless of whether it is called a `` parliament '' , an `` assembly '' , a `` diet '' , or a `` chamber '' ) . As with the president 's set term of office , the legislature also exists for a set term of office and can not be dissolved ahead of schedule . By contrast , in parliamentary systems , the prime minister needs to survive a vote of confidence otherwise a new election must be called . The legislature can typically be dissolved at any stage during its life by the head of state , usually on the advice of either Prime Minister alone , by the Prime Minister and cabinet , or by the cabinet . In a presidential system , the president usually has special privileges in the enactment of legislation , namely the possession of a power of veto over legislation of bills , in some cases subject to the power of the legislature by weighted majority to override the veto . The legislature and the president are thus expected to serve as checks and balances on each other 's powers . Presidential system presidents may also be given a great deal of constitutional authority in the exercise of the office of Commander in Chief , a constitutional title given to most presidents . In addition , the presidential power to receive ambassadors as head of state is usually interpreted as giving the president broad powers to conduct foreign policy . Though semi-presidential systems may reduce a president 's power over day - to - day government affairs , semi-presidential systems commonly give the president power over foreign policy . Presidential systems also have fewer ideological parties than parliamentary systems . Sometimes in the United States , the policies preferred by the two parties have been very similar ( but see also polarization ) . In the 1950s , during the leadership of Lyndon B. Johnson , the Senate Democrats included the right-most members of the chamber -- Harry Byrd and Strom Thurmond , and the left-most members -- Paul Douglas and Herbert Lehman . This pattern does not prevail in Latin American presidential democracies . Overlapping elements ( edit ) In practice , elements of both systems overlap . Though a president in a presidential system does not have to choose a government under the legislature , the legislature may have the right to scrutinize his or her appointments to high governmental office , with the right , on some occasions , to block an appointment . In the United States , many appointments must be confirmed by the Senate , although once confirmed an appointee can only be removed against the president 's will through impeachment . By contrast , though answerable to parliament , a parliamentary system 's cabinet may be able to make use of the parliamentary ' whip ' ( an obligation on party members in parliament to vote with their party ) to control and dominate parliament , reducing parliament 's ability to control the government . Republics with a presidential system of government ( edit ) Main article : List of countries by system of government § Presidential systems Italics indicate states with limited recognition . Afghanistan Angola Argentina Artsakh Benin Bolivia Brazil Burundi Chile Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cyprus Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Gambia Ghana Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Iran Kenya Liberia Malawi Maldives Mexico Nicaragua Nigeria Palau Panama Paraguay Philippines Seychelles Sierra Leone Somaliland South Sudan Turkey ( will be effective after Turkish general election , 2018 ) Turkmenistan United States Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe Presidential systems with a prime minister ( edit ) The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime minister exists alongside with that of president . Differently from other systems , however , the president is still both the head state and government and the prime minister 's roles are mostly to assist the president . Belarus and Kazakhstan , where the prime minister is effectively the head of government and the president the head of state , are exceptions . Belarus Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Gabon Guinea ( Guinea - Conakry ) Guyana Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kazakhstan Rwanda South Korea Sudan Tajikistan Tanzania Togo Uganda Uzbekistan See also ( edit ) List of countries by system of government Parliamentary system & Westminster system Semi-presidential system Coalition government Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The `` presidential '' model implies that the Chief Executive is elected by all those members of the electoral body : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2003 ) . `` Titolo V e `` forme di governo '' : il caso Abruzzo ( dopo la Calabria ) `` . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism : Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy '' . International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale De Science Politique. 18 ( 3 ) : 258 . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Conceptual homogenization of a heterogeneous field : Presidentialism in comparative perspective '' . Comparing Nations : Concepts , Strategies , Substance : 72 -- 152 . 1994 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . Bad for Democracy : How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : David Sirota ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Why cult of presidency is bad for democracy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sundquist , James ( 1992 ) . Constitutional Reform and Effective Government . Brookings Institution Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Balfour . `` Introduction '' . The English Constitution . ^ Jump up to : Balfour . `` The Cabinet '' . The English Constitution . Jump up ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic , with a president elected by universal suffrage , and a theocracy , with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy , chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts . Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council . Jump up ^ `` Nazarbaev Signs Kazakh Constitutional Amendments Into Law '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . For more information : please see Abdurasulov , Abdujalil ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Kazakhstan constitution : Will changes bring democracy ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Great Debate : Parliament versus Congress Castagnola , Andrea / Pérez - Liñán , Aníbal : Presidential Control of High Courts in Latin America : A Long - term View ( 1904 - 2006 ) , in : Journal of Politics in Latin America , Hamburg 2009 . 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-5250143875533477385	Ed Sheeran	Ed Sheeran - wikipedia Ed Sheeran Ed Sheeran MBE Sheeran performing in February 2013 Background information Birth name Edward Christopher Sheeran ( 1991 - 02 - 17 ) 17 February 1991 ( age 27 ) Halifax , West Yorkshire , England Origin Framlingham , Suffolk , England Genres Pop folk pop Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter record producer guitarist Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 2004 -- present Labels Asylum Atlantic Elektra Associated acts James Blunt Eminem One Direction Rudimental Stormzy Taylor Swift Yelawolf Zeph Ellis Website www.edsheeran.com Signature Edward Christopher Sheeran , MBE ( / ˈʃɪərən / ; born 17 February 1991 ) is an English singer , songwriter , guitarist , record producer , and actor . Sheeran was born in Halifax , West Yorkshire , and raised in Framlingham , Suffolk . He attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in 2009 . In early 2011 , Sheeran independently released the extended play , No. 5 Collaborations Project . After signing with Asylum Records , his debut album , + ( pronounced `` plus '' ) , was released in September 2011 . It topped the UK and Australian charts , reached number five in the US , and has since been certified seven - times platinum in the UK . The album contains the single `` The A Team '' , which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . In 2012 , Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act . `` The A Team '' was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards , where he performed the song with Elton John . His second studio album , x ( pronounced `` multiply '' ) , was released in June 2014 . It peaked at number one in the UK and the US . In 2015 , x won the Brit Award for Album of the Year , and he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . His single from x , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . In May 2016 , x was named the second - best - selling album worldwide of 2015 . Sheeran 's third album , ÷ ( pronounced `` divide '' ) , was released in March 2017 . The album debuted at number one in the UK , the US and other major markets . The first two singles from the album , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' , were released in January 2017 and broke records in a number of countries , including the UK , Australia and Germany , by debuting in the top two positions of the charts . He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the US top 10 in the same week . By March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart , breaking the record for most top 10 UK singles from one album . His fourth single from ÷ , `` Perfect '' , reached number one in the UK and Australia , while `` Perfect Duet '' , an acoustic version featuring Beyoncé , reached number one in the US . In April 2018 , ÷ was named the best - selling album worldwide of 2017 . Sheeran has sold more than 26 million albums and 100 million singles worldwide , making him one of the world 's best - selling music artists . Two of his albums are in the list of the best - selling albums in UK chart history : x ( at number 20 ) and ÷ ( at number 34 ) . As an actor , Sheeran has portrayed recurring roles on The Bastard Executioner and Home and Away . He also appeared as a Lannister soldier on Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 2004 -- 2010 : Career beginnings 2.2 2011 -- 2013 : + and international success 2.3 2014 -- 2015 : x 2.4 2016 -- present : Hiatus and ÷ 3 Influences 4 Other ventures 4.1 Gingerbread Man records 4.2 Charity 4.3 Acting 5 Personal life 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 8 Filmography 9 Tours 9.1 Headlining act 9.2 Opening act 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Books 13 External links Early life Sheeran was born in Halifax , on 17 February 1991 . When he was a child , he moved with his family to Framlingham in Suffolk . He has an older brother named Matthew , who works as a composer . Sheeran 's parents , John and Imogen , are from London . His paternal grandparents are Irish , and Sheeran has stated that his father is from a `` very large '' Catholic family . John is an art curator and lecturer , and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer . His parents ran Sheeran Lock , an independent art consultancy , from 1990 to 2010 . Sheeran sang in a local church choir from the age of four , learned to play the guitar during his time at Rishworth School , and began writing songs while at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham . He was accepted at the National Youth Theatre in London as a teenager . He is a patron of the Youth Music Theatre UK and of Access to Music , where he studied Artist Development course . Sheeran is a second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns , who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor . Music career 2004 -- 2010 : career beginnings Sheeran performing at the Ipswich Arts Festival in July 2010 Sheeran began recording music in 2004 , and independently released his first collection of work , Spinning Man . He has been friends with fellow English singer , Passenger , since he was 15 , with the two playing on the same gig in Cambridge . He moved to London in 2008 , and began playing in small venues . In 2008 , he auditioned for the ITV series , Britannia High . He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008 , after being one of their guitar technicians . He released another EP in 2009 , You Need Me , just before going on tour with Just Jack . He also did a few collaborations with Essex singer , Leddra Chapman , including CeeLo Green 's `` Fuck You '' . In February 2010 , Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV , and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him . In the same month , he also released his critically acclaimed Loose Change EP , which featured his future debut single , `` The A Team '' . In the autumn of 2009 , Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music ( ACM ) in Guildford , Surrey as an undergraduate , though it is not clear how long he remained at the college . Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan - base grew , with him also getting credit from The Independent newspaper , England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John . He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010 . The episode is unavailable from the official Station Sessions channel . Sheeran also self - released two other EPs in 2010 , Ed Sheeran : Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy , which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with singer , Amy Wadge . In 2010 he was in Los Angeles and was invited to perform at The Foxxhole , a club run by actor Jamie Foxx , which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx 's home . On 8 January 2011 , Sheeran released another independent EP , No. 5 Collaborations Project , featuring grime artists such as Wiley , Jme , Devlin , Sway and Ghetts . With this EP , Sheeran gained mainstream attention for reaching number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label , selling over 7,000 copies in its first week . Three months later , Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden Town . Over 1,000 fans turned up , so Sheeran played four different shows to ensure everyone saw a gig , including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed . Later that month , Sheeran was signed to Asylum Records . 2011 -- 2013 : + and International success On 26 April 2011 , Sheeran appeared on the TV music show Later ... with Jools Holland , where he performed his debut single `` The A Team '' . Six weeks later , `` The A Team '' was released as a digital download in the UK . The release served as the lead single from Sheeran 's debut studio album , + ( pronounced `` plus '' ) . `` The A Team '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number three , selling over 58,000 copies in the first week . It was the best selling debut single and the overall eighth - best selling single of 2011 , selling 801,000 copies . The lead single also became a top ten hit in Australia , Germany , Ireland , Japan , Luxembourg , New Zealand , Norway and the Netherlands . During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011 , Sheeran announced that `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album . The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart . `` Lego House '' was released as the third single , reaching the top ten on the Australian , Irish and New Zealand Singles Charts . The music video for `` Lego House '' features Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint , as a play on their similar appearance . `` Drunk '' , released on 19 February 2012 , became Sheeran 's fourth consecutive top ten single in the UK , peaking at number nine . Sheeran at the Frequency Festival in Austria , August 2012 Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011 . The album received generally favourable reviews from music critics . + debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies . By end of 2011 , sales of the album in the UK stand at 791,000 ; it became the second best - selling debut album and the ninth biggest - selling album there . The album has been certified platinum six times by the British Phonographic Industry , denoting shipments of 1,800,000 copies . As of March 2012 , the album had sold 1,021,072 copies in the UK . The album also reached the top five in Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the US . The song , `` Moments '' , on the debut album by boy band One Direction , released in November 2011 , was co-written by Sheeran . At the 2012 Brit Awards on 21 February , Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist , and British Breakthrough Act of the Year . On 10 January 2012 , it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May . His song , `` Give Me Love '' , was featured in the episode `` Dangerous Liaisons '' of The Vampire Diaries . At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012 , Sheeran 's `` The A Team '' bested Adele 's `` Rolling in the Deep '' and Florence and the Machine 's `` Shake It Out '' for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Sheeran performed `` The A Team '' at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd 's `` Wish You Were Here '' at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics on 12 August 2012 . Sheeran on stage in Sydney , Australia , February 2013 Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012 . He later co-wrote and provided vocals for `` Everything Has Changed '' , a single featured on Swift 's fourth studio album , Red . Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction 's second studio album , Take Me Home , released in November 2012 ; the single `` Little Things '' became the group 's second number - one in the UK . Sheeran 's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 , while `` The A Team '' reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . In late 2012 and early 2013 , he headlined a US tour of 6,000 -- 9,000 capacity venues . `` The A Team '' received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards . Elton John , who runs Sheeran 's management company , canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high - profile enough . John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem . From March to September 2013 , Sheeran played at arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift 's The Red Tour . According to Sheeran , it was then his biggest tour and he added a scarlet RED tattoo to commemorate it . In October 2013 , Sheeran headlined three sold - out shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden , which has a capacity of 18,200 . At the concert , Sheeran debuted new songs including `` Tenerife Sea '' , a future track on his second studio album . Sheeran released `` I See Fire '' on 5 November 2013 . The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , the film 's soundtrack , and on the deluxe version of his second album . Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards . 2014 -- 2015 : x Sheeran on stage at the Southside Festival in Germany , June 2014 On 24 March 2014 , Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled `` Take It Back '' , a track that would appear on the deluxe version of the second album . `` Sing '' , the lead single , was released on 7 April 2014 . Sonically , the song is a departure from Sheeran 's previous recordings . `` Sing '' was intended to create hype over the album release , but from concern that this might alienate Sheeran 's fan base , `` One '' , an acoustic ballad , was released on 16 May 2014 ; `` One '' also marked the first of several promotional singles released leading to the album release . By early June 2014 , `` Sing '' had earned Sheeran his first number - one single in the UK . Sheeran 's second studio album , x ( pronounced `` multiply '' ) , was released worldwide on 23 June 2014 . In a span of three years , Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album , the earliest of which was composed shortly after + was released . The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin , Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco , as well as that of Gosling 's . x peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . To support the album , Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka , Japan . On 27 September 2014 , Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final . Following `` Do n't '' , `` Thinking Out Loud '' was released on 24 September 2014 as the album 's third single . Unlike his previous music videos , Sheeran took the lead role in the single 's accompaniment , where he performed a ballroom dance . It became his second single to reach number one in the UK , and it also spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 ( with only `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot ) . In 2014 , combined streams on Sheeran 's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million ; Spotify named him the most - streamed artist and x the most - streamed album . In the same year , the album made Sheeran iTunes ' best - selling artist in the UK , Ireland and New Zealand . Sheeran on stage at Wembley Stadium , July 2015 x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards . Sheeran performed alongside John Mayer at the ceremony . On 25 February , Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the 2015 Brit Awards . On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year . On 21 June , Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto , where he performed the singles , `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Photograph '' ; he also won two awards , Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group . On 27 June , Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City 's Arrowhead Stadium . On 10 -- 12 July 2015 , Sheeran performed sold - out shows at London 's Wembley Stadium . The shows , which were announced in November 2014 , were part of his world tour . The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC ; the one - hour special Ed Sheeran -- Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind - the - scenes footage . In November 2015 Sheeran released the DVD Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium , the title a nod to playing concerts at Wembley Stadium , the home of English football . In 2015 , Sheeran wrote `` Love Yourself '' for Justin Bieber 's fourth album . Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song . On 26 September , Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park 's Great Lawn in New York , an event organised by Coldplay lead singer , Chris Martin , that advocates an end to extreme global poverty . Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé , Coldplay , and Pearl Jam . The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September . Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan , Italy . He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage ; the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England . Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards . His single from x , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . In May 2016 , x was named the second - best - selling album worldwide in 2015 , behind 25 by Adele . 2016 -- present : hiatus and ÷ On 13 December 2016 , after a year long hiatus and social media break , Sheeran tweeted a picture and changed his Twitter , Facebook and Instagram to a light blue , implying the release of a new album -- each of Sheeran 's previous albums were a single coloured background with a solid mathematical symbol . On 1 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a video on social media websites which shows him holding a piece of paper with the words `` New Music Coming Friday '' written on it . On 2 January , he posted a 10 - second video on Twitter and other social media showing what was the cover design of his forthcoming album entitled ÷ ( pronounced `` divide '' ) which was released 3 March 2017 . The album debuted at number one in the UK , the US , Germany , Australia , Canada and other major markets . With first week sales of 672,000 it is the fastest selling album by a male solo artist in the UK , and third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis . It had the biggest first week sales of 2017 in the US , until it was surpassed by Taylor Swift 's Reputation . Framlingham Castle in Sheeran 's home town , the castle referred to in the single `` Castle on the Hill '' On 6 January , Sheeran released two singles , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' ; the theme of the latter single is about Sheeran 's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk , with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle . Following the release of these singles , Sheeran went on to co-host the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was inferred that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017 . It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the ÷ logo ( of his new album ) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar . Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record , with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours . Sheeran performing in Miami , Florida during his Divide Tour , August 2017 On 13 January , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two , the first time in history an artist has taken the top two UK chart positions with new songs . The same day he also became the first artist to debut at number one and number two on the official German Single Charts . On 15 January , the songs debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Chart , the first time this has been achieved in the history of the Australian chart . On 17 January , `` Shape of You '' debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at number six ; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10 . On 26 January , Sheeran announced tour dates for the album ÷ in Europe , South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017 . Sheeran played to over 950,000 people in Australia and New Zealand in March and April 2018 , making it the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history , overtaking the previous record set by Dire Straits in 1986 . On 17 February 2017 , Sheeran released `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' . Though not an official single , the song peaked at number two in the UK . By 11 March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart , breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris 's record of nine top 10 singles from one album . On hearing the news Harris stated `` Congrats Ed but also fuck you I love you but also fuck you . '' At the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards Sheeran was named Artist of the Year . The fourth single from ÷ , `` Perfect '' , reached number one in the UK and Australia , and a stripped down acoustic version of the song titled `` Perfect Duet '' , a collaboration with Beyoncé , reached number one in the US and the UK , becoming the year 's UK Christmas number one . On 7 November , Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated on the song `` End Game '' for her sixth studio album Reputation . The song , which also features rapper Future , was released on 10 November . `` He 's like the Tom Hanks of music . If you were going to talk about an actor who 's the nicest actor on the planet , everybody knows it 's Tom Hanks . And I think everybody knows that Ed Sheeran is a good person . He 's the most unaffected popstar that 's having incredible success . There should be a study on him to see how he 's doing it . '' -- Pop singer Robbie Williams speaking to the Manchester Evening News on Sheeran being down to earth . On 4 December , Sheeran was named Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2017 with 6.3 billion streams . He has Spotify 's biggest album of the year with ÷ streamed 3.1 billion times , and the top song with `` Shape of You '' with 1.4 billion streams . On 5 December 2017 , hip - hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated on the song `` River '' for his ninth studio album Revival . On working with Eminem , Sheeran stated , `` He is one of the reasons I started writing songs , and was such a pleasure to work with him . '' Speaking on The Late Late Show on Irish television on 15 December , Sheeran stated he has a theme song written for a James Bond film in case he gets the call from producers of the film series . On 3 January 2018 , `` Shape of You '' was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK , and the best selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US . The same day , ÷ was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK , and the US . At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O Arena in London on 21 February , Sheeran performed `` Supermarket Flowers '' , and received the Global Success Award . In April 2018 , the IFPI named ÷ the best - selling album worldwide of 2017 . At the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on 20 May , Sheeran performed `` Galway Girl '' from Phoenix Park in Dublin , Ireland , and picked up six awards , including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist . Influences Sheeran appeared on stage with his idol Eric Clapton at the Nippon Budokan Arena in Tokyo , Japan on 13 April 2016 performing Clapton 's `` I Will Be There '' Sheeran 's earliest memories include listening to the records of Joni Mitchell , Bob Dylan and Elton John 's Greatest Hits . According to Sheeran , the album that introduced him to music was Van Morrison 's Irish Heartbeat . During his childhood his father took him to live concerts that would inspire his musical creations . These included seeing Eric Clapton at the Royal Albert Hall , Paul McCartney in Birmingham , and Bob Dylan . On the influence of Clapton , Sheeran states , `` He 's the reason I started playing guitar '' . He singled out Clapton 's performance at the Party at the Palace in the grounds of Buckingham Palace , `` I was eleven when I saw Eric Clapton play at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee concert in June 2002 . I remember him walking on stage with this rainbow - coloured Stratocaster and playing the first riff of `` Layla '' . I was hooked . Two days later I bought a black Stratocaster copy for £ 30 that came with an amp . All I did for the next month was try to play that Layla riff . '' He has also cited The Beatles , Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences . According to Sheeran , he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger , and he credited rapping along to Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him get rid of it . He was also inspired by `` Cannonball '' singer - songwriter Damien Rice in 2002 , with Sheeran stating , `` seeing him play this small club in Ireland , I was able to meet him , and he was unbelievably cool . I went straight home and started writing songs . I would not be doing what I 'm doing now if he 'd been a jerk . '' Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016 , with Sheeran stating to People magazine , `` I sang on Eric Clapton 's album ( I Still Do ) . It 's one thing having him on mine , but being his , that 's an honour that you ca n't ever pinpoint on how great that is . I did something for his record , and I was credited as ' Angelo Mysterioso , ' ( appearing as a guest on Clapton 's `` I Will Be There '' , in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage ) , and he did something for my record ( performing a guitar solo on `` Dive '' on Sheeran 's album ÷ ) and was credited as ' Angelo Mysterioso . ' '' Other ventures Gingerbread Man Records In March 2015 , Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label , Gingerbread Man Records , which is a deal with Warner Music Group . The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel . Jamie Lawson , the label 's first signee , met Sheeran while they were both in London 's folk circuit . Lawson released his self - titled debut album on 9 October 2015 , which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart . Sheeran signed his second artist , Foy Vance , in November 2015 . Charity Sheeran performed a gig in Bristol , which raised £ 40,000 for a charity that reaches out to street sex workers . `` It 's good to show insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charity work as anyone else , '' Sheeran said . `` There 's a lot more popular charities that get a lot of attention . And with certain subjects like this they 're often washed over and people do n't necessarily give them the attention they deserve . '' Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity 's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the £ 40,000 fundraising mark . Sheeran often wears hoodies or tartan shirts , and frequently donates his clothes to charity shops in Suffolk Sheeran frequently gives away his clothes to charity shops around Suffolk , his home county . An ambassador for East Anglia 's Children 's Hospice , he has donated clothes to the St Elizabeth Hospice charity shop in his home town Framlingham , including eight bags of clothes to the shop in February 2014 , and eight items of clothing he wore at the 2015 Grammy Awards . In 2016 he donated 13 bags of clothes to the shop . The tartan shirt worn by Sheeran when he met Renee Zellweger 's character , Bridget , in Bridget Jones 's Baby , was auctioned online to raise further funds for the hospice . On 15 November 2014 , Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts , recording the latest version of the track `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill , London , to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic . In November 2015 , Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity , Turn2us . Sheeran was one of nearly thirty celebrities , which included Helen Mirren , Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie , to donate items of winter clothing to the campaign , with the proceeds used to help people in the country struggling to keep their home warm in winter . Sheeran appeared in a November 2017 episode of Gogglebox along with other UK celebrities such as Ozzy Osbourne , former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher , and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK 's Stand Up to Cancer fundraising campaign . Acting Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014 , a cameo role as himself on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street , filmed while he was in the country for a one - off performance . In May 2015 , he appeared as himself and performed on a live episode of the NBC sitcom Undateable . Later that year , while in Australia , he recorded scenes for the soap Home and Away , as a character based on himself . After recording a cover version of Foy Vance 's `` Make It Rain '' for Sons of Anarchy , Sheeran was cast by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in the medieval drama The Bastard Executioner on FX . Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones 's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones , played by Renée Zellweger , encounters the singer at the Glastonbury Festival where he is performing . In July 2017 , Sheeran appeared in a longer cameo on Game of Thrones in a scene together with actress Maisie Williams , who plays the character Arya Stark . David Benioff explained that since Williams was a big fan of the singer , they wanted to have Sheeran appear on the show to surprise Williams , and that they had tried to get him on for years . It received a mix of positive and very critical reviews . Personal life Sheeran 's tattoos are either connected to his family , achievements or memories . In early 2011 , after securing recording and publishing deals , Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham , Suffolk , where he was raised . He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there . During 2013 , he lived between Hendersonville , Tennessee and Los Angeles , California . In 2014 , he bought a house in South London . Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer - songwriter Nina Nesbitt ( who was in his music video for `` Drunk '' ) in 2012 , before breaking up . Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran 's songs `` Nina '' and `` Photograph '' , while most of Nesbitt 's album , Peroxide , is about Sheeran . In January 2014 , Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos , who works for chef Jamie Oliver . She is the inspiration of Sheeran 's song `` Thinking Out Loud '' . They broke up in February 2015 . Since July 2015 , Sheeran has been in a relationship with childhood friend and former high school classmate Cherry Seaborn . They announced their engagement in January 2018 . He is also close friends with singer - songwriter Taylor Swift , and collaborated on her albums Red and Reputation . In June 2015 , Forbes listed his earnings at $57 million for the previous 12 months , and ranked him the 27th - highest - earning celebrity in the world . On 19 October 2015 , Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his `` outstanding contribution to music '' . Sheeran commented : `` Suffolk is very much where I call home . Receiving this recognition is a real privilege . '' Sheeran supported Vote Remain at the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016 , voicing his opposition to Brexit . In a December 2017 interview with The Sunday Times ' `` Culture '' magazine , Sheeran spoke of his admiration for Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn . `` I love Corbyn . I love everything Corbyn is about . And I feel people thought that , because I did n't put myself behind him , I was n't a Corbyn supporter . He cares about other people . He cares about all classes , races and generations , and that 's how I was brought up -- we need more people that care about everyone . '' Awards and Nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Ed Sheeran Sheeran was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity . He received the award from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 7 December 2017 . Discography Main article : Ed Sheeran discography Studio albums + ( 2011 ) × ( 2014 ) ÷ ( 2017 ) Filmography Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 2014 Shortland Street Himself 2015 Undateable Himself Home and Away Teddy The Bastard Executioner Sir Cormac 5 episodes Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Himself Concert Film 2016 Bridget Jones 's Baby Himself 2017 Game of Thrones Lannister soldier Episode : `` Dragonstone '' 2018 The Simpsons Brendan ( voice ) Episode : `` Haw - Haw Land '' 2019 Untitled Danny Boyle / Richard Curtis film Filming Tours Headlining act + Tour ( 2011 -- 2013 ) × Tour ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ÷ Tour ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Opening act Snow Patrol 's Fallen Empires Tour ( North American select dates ) ( 2012 ) Taylor Swift 's The Red Tour ( all North American dates ) ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones 's Zip Code Tour ( Kansas City only ) See also List of awards and nominations received by Ed Sheeran List of Official Subscription Plays Chart number - one songs of the 2010s Notes Jump up ^ `` In 2004 , I made my very first album , Spinning Man , named after a picture that my dad had . I burnt the CDs myself and made the covers . There were 14 songs and they were all songs that rhymed . One lyric went : ' I 'm a typical average teen , if you know what I mean . ' There are probably 20 copies of Spinning Man in existence and I have 19 of them . I do n't want anyone else to get hold of a copy . Most of the songs were about a girl called Claire . She was my first love when I was 13 . It was a very innocent love and we only ever held hands , but it lasted a fair amount of time . Then came my first devastating break - up . Looking back , it really was n't that bad , but at the time it was soul - shattering . When she left me , I wrote a lot of songs off the back of it -- my first love songs . '' References Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' More Life ' Playlist Is Redefining Borders of Blackness in Pop '' . Rolling Stone . 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Maura Johnston ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Review : Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' '' . Rolling Stone ... Ed Sheeran who is exclusively recognized as `` pop . '' Jump up ^ `` British folk pop star Ed Sheeran plays the Xcel '' . Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Comment : Why do we love Ed Sheeran so much ? '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halifax - born singer Ed Sheeran wins top award '' . The Hebden Bridge Times . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Ed Sheeran Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( 6 December 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : Boy next door who made it very big '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Talks with Bex '' . 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Arthur 's Day : Ed Sheeran interview - '' . 21 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan 2012 , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : Irish blood , English heart '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Roman , Tyler ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Q&A With Ed Sheeran at the Acoustic Café '' . Cbslocal.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sage , Sarky ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` Framlingham : Pop star Ed Sheeran 's mum has success with jewellery range -- News -- East Anglian Daily Times '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Larner , Catherine ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` The man who loves art '' . Suffolkmag.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rishworth School : : Welcome to Rishworth School '' . rishworth-school.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rock and Pop Features ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : ' I have n't got used to the screams ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing -- Ed Sheeran '' . BBC Suffolk. April 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Haugh , Richard ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Suffolk -- Entertainment -- Ed Sheeran '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : ' I want a couple of months off ' Scout London > Music '' . Scout London . 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sheeran penned 26 new album tracks '' . MSN Music . MSN . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Ed Sheeran '' . Access to Music . Access to Music . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Student Success Stories '' . Access to Music . Access to Music . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Burns ' so proud ' over cousin Ed Sheeran 's Brit Awards success '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran : A Visual Journey , pg 38 Jump up ^ `` Passenger , a.k.a. Mike Rosenberg , grateful for Ed Sheeran 's support '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ed Sheeran , musician '' . Edinburgh Evening News . 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Ed Sheeran '' . Soulside funk . Retrieved 30 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Featured Alumni : Ed Sheeran -- Musician / Songwriter '' . 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran reveals embarrassing moment Elton John emailed him dodgy VIDEOS while he was at US customs '' . Daily Mirror. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elt says Ed 's the Cat 's whiskers '' . The Sun . London . 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Station Sessions : Ed Sheeran ( 10 June 2010 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Van Evra , Jennifer . `` Watch Ed Sheeran play in a London train station before he was famous -- Blog '' . q . CBC Radio . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 10 ) The Station Sessions channel '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Wadge , Amy ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` How I wrote Ed Sheeran 's song ... On Harry Styles ' guitar '' . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran : ' I have n't got used to the screams ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Haugh , Richard ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran battles Rihanna for top spot in album chart '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran signs with Asylum Records / Atlantic Records following ' No. 5 Collaborations Project ' success '' . BBC News . 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , ' x ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard ( 24 November 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 biggest selling singles of 2011 revealed ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 09 - 10 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego House -- EP by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` 5 times Rupert Grint and Ed Sheeran joked about being the same person '' . Entertainment Weekly . 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 03 - 10 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for + '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran tops UK album chart with ' + ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 biggest selling albums of 2011 revealed ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BPI Search Page by Artist '' . BPI . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Official Chart Analysis : Sande thrives in Scotland , Ed Sheeran album tops 1m sales in UK '' . Music Week . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Album & Song Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard. 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- + '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction name debut album '' . Digital Spy. 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2012 : List of winners '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele , Coldplay Lead BRIT Award Nominations '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Announces US Supporting Tour '' . Sinchronicity. 11 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 10 February 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' recap : In which Elena is starting to get on our nerves '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adele wins Ivor Novello Awards double '' . BBC News . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , Carolyn ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Olympics Closing Ceremony : Singer Wears Hoodie , Sings Pink Floyd '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran to Record New Album on Taylor Swift Tour '' . Billboard. 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction score Number 1 single AND album ! '' . United Kingdom : Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Grammy Nominations '' . MTV . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran on the Grammys '' . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Tour to Paint the Road ' Red ' '' . Billboard. 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Craig ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran interview : ' I do n't make music for critics ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Calls Taylor Swift Opening Gig ' Mind - blowing ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV News . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift Gives Ed Sheeran Some ' Love ' With Surprise Concert Appearance '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Watch Ed Sheeran Perform Sweet ' Thinking Out Loud ' for ' Austin City Limits ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` If Ed Sheeran Sees His Own Shadow , Will He Drop A New Single in April ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jamie ( 5 November 2013 ) . `` Ed Sheeran debuts new solo song ' I See Fire ' for ' Hobbit ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Australia . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2014 : Full Nominations List '' . Billboard. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Martin ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` British singer / songwriters get Teenage Cancer Trust benefit shows off to a storming start at London 's Royal Albert Hall '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Un-Zipped : On His Pharrell - Produced Single , Being a Sex Symbol and Turning Betrayal Into Song ( Cover Story ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ St. Asaph , Katherine ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Teams Up With Pharrell for New Single `` Sing '' : Listen `` . Time . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Interview : Ed Sheeran on ' X , ' Pharrell and Elton John '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran scores first ever Number 1 single with Sing '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Patrick ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Heartache and Wildest Nights : Behind His Raw LP ' X ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cabooter , James ( 3 May 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's new track is whiskey business '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Baron Ed Sheeran Performs With Sir Tom Jones at AFL Grand Final '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Sheeran Busts Out the Ballroom Moves in ' Thinking Out Loud ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 2 November 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud claims longest climb to Number 1 ever ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` '' Uptown Funk '' spends 10th week at No. 1 , while Ed Sheeran spends eighth week at No. 2 `` . Billboard . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is Spotify 's Most - Streamed Act for 2014 '' . Billboard. 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran tops iTunes ' UK bestseller list '' . The Guardian . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Daniel ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Pharrell , Ed Sheeran and Frozen top NZ iTunes 2014 charts '' . 3 News . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2015 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Andrew ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` Grammys 2015 : Ed Sheeran Performs ' Thinking Out Loud ' with Questlove , Herbie Hancock , John Mayer '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brit awards 2015 : the full list of winners '' . The Guardian . 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` Ivor Novello Awards 2015 winners list : Ed Sheeran , Clean Bandit and Hozier triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Patch , Nick ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , the Weeknd rule the MMVAs ; Drake drops in as a surprise '' . CTV News . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out The Full List of MMVA Winners Now ! '' . MMVA . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` See Rolling Stones Perform ' Beast of Burden ' With Ed Sheeran '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran to play biggest solo show to date at Wembley '' . BBC . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Announces ' Live at Wembley Stadium ' TV Special '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the trailer for Ed Sheeran 's exuberant concert film ' Jumpers for Goalposts ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber 's New Album , but Not One Direction 's '' . ABC News . 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself ' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Beyoncé , Coldplay , Pearl Jam to Headline New York 's 2015 Global Citizen Festival '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` MTV EMAs 2015 : Five things we learned '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and the Killers to headline V Festival 2014 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` One Direction , Ed Sheeran , & The Grateful Dead Big Winners at Billboard Touring Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One in six albums sold worldwide is by a UK star '' . BBC . 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran teases new music with return to social media '' . NME. 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Shares Tracklist , Cover Art , and Release Date for New Album ' ÷ ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ @ edsheeran ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` ÷ out 3rd March . Pre-order will go live at midnight in your country x '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran smashes Official Chart records as ÷ is the fastest - selling album by a male artist ever '' . Official Charts Company . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 12 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Bows at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart With 2017 's Biggest Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Charts : Ed Sheeran ' Divide ' Debuts At No 1 '' . Noise 11 . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Returns With Two New Tracks ' Castle on the Hill ' and `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 ( 6 January 2017 ) , Ed Sheeran 's Back ! 10 minutes 47 seconds of his best bits ! , retrieved 6 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Castle on the Hill ( Live ) '' . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran has broken Spotify 's ' day one ' streaming record '' . Yahoo !. 9 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran takes top two chart positions '' . BBC . 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical record : Ed Sheeran starts as the first artist on 1 and 2 of the Official German single charts '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ( translated from German ) Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Creates Chart History Down Under '' . Billboard. 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard. 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran new album ' ÷ ' -- release date , tour dates , new songs & more '' . NME. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran adds final Australian shows ; breaking all records '' ( 26 May 2017 ) . News.com.au. 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran has three songs in the top five '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris has some mixed feelings about Ed Sheeran beating his UK chart record '' . Digital Spy. 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV Press ( 27 August 2017 ) . `` 2017 `` VMA '' Winners and Performances `` . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Perfect remix features Beyonce '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran scores first Christmas No 1 with Perfect '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Reputation Track List '' . 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Renner Brown , Eric . `` Taylor Swift unites with Ed Sheeran and Future on ' End Game ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams on why Ed Sheeran is the `` Tom Hanks of Music '' `` . Manchester Evening News . 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Tops Spotify 's 2017 Most - Streamed List '' . Billboard. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem 's new album ' Revival ' features Ed Sheeran on one song '' . Entertainment.ie. 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran has Bond theme written and ready to go '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 40 biggest songs of 2017 on the Official Chart '' . Official Charts Company . 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 biggest albums of 2017 on the Official Chart '' ( 3 January 2018 ) . Official Charts Company . 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' ( 3 January 2018 ) . Billboard. 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners '' . BRIT Awards . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Global Top 10 Albums of 2017 '' , IFPI Global Music Report 2018 ( PDF ) , International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , p. 9 , retrieved 24 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Here Are All the Winners From the 2018 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ed sheeran : a visual journey . ( S.l. ) : Running Press . 2014 . p. 27 . ISBN 9780762456963 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Opens Up About His A-List Pals , from His Clapton Collab to Taking Shots with Beyoncé '' . People . 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Butah , Philip ( 2014 ) . Ed Sheeran : A Visual Journey . Hachette UK . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- The Interview '' . MTV . Retrieved 29 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Interview with UK Pop Sensation Ed Sheeran '' , axs . Retrieved 29 November 2014 Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : Up All Night With Pop 's Hardcore Troubadour '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : The Music That Made Me '' . Rolling Stone . 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran announces new record label ' Gingerbread ' '' . NME. 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Talks About His Label Gingerbread Man Records in New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Jamie Lawson a mystery despite big hit and spot on Ed Sheeran 's label -- oh , and he 's not Irish '' . The Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Jamie Lawson tops Official Albums Chart : `` I 'm really over the moon '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jessie ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Signs Foy Vance As Second Artist to His Gingerbread Man Label '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran gig in Bristol raises £ 40,000 for One25 '' . BBC News . 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran donates clothes to Suffolk charity shops '' . BBC . 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran proves he 's the nicest guy in pop by giving away his Grammy wardrobe to charity '' . Mirror. 25 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran donates shirt worn in Bridget Jones film to charity '' . BBC . 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction among celebrity line - up '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is selling his ACTUAL clothes for charity '' . Heatworld.com . Retrieved 1 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` About us : Our campaign . Ed Sheeran '' Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Turn2us.org . Retrieved 1 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Watch first preview of Liam Gallagher , Jeremy Corbyn , Ed Sheeran on ' Gogglebox ' . NME . Retrieved 10 December 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Ed Sheeran 's international acting debut ! '' . Television New Zealand . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran performs ' Thinking Out Loud ' and ' Photograph ' on live Undateable episode '' . Digital Spy. 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet ' Teddy ' : Ed Sheeran appears in Home and Away '' . The Telegraph . 9 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran to Recur on Kurt Sutter 's ' The Bastard Executioner ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sage . `` The Ed Sheeran Cameo in Bridget Jones 's Diary Proves He Does n't Take Himself Too Seriously '' . Bustle . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Makes a Surprise Cameo in Game of Thrones Premiere -- and Fans Are Going Nuts '' . People . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones fans angry as Ed Sheeran makes painfully unsubtle cameo '' . The Independent . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Deletes Twitter Account '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul . `` Yes , Ed Sheeran 's ' Game of Thrones ' Cameo Was A Mistake '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Is Renovating A House For His Future Family -- Celebrity Gossip , News & Photos , Movie Reviews , Competitions '' . Entertainmentwise. 13 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Live In - Studio ( PHOTOS + VIDEO + LIVE PERFORMANCE ) -- Elvis Duran and the Morning Show '' . Elvisduran.com. 30 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nina Nesbitt : Ed Sheeran wrote a song about our love life and I 'm giving him a miss at T in the Park '' . Daily Record . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athina Andrelos , Ed Sheeran 's Girlfriend : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy Entertainment . 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Confirms Split With Girlfriend Who Inspired ' Thinking Out Loud ' Athina Andrelos '' . IBT News . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Ed Sheeran 's high school crush who could be marriage material '' . The Sun . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran engaged to long - time girlfriend Cherry Seaborn - BBC Newsbeat '' . BBC Newsbeat. 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . 22 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran returns home for honorary degree '' . BBC . 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sheeran shares his views on Brexit and Jeremy Corbyn '' . NME. 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : I love everything Corbyn is about '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61962 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 June 2017 . p . B22 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran picks up MBE from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace '' . BBC . 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the trailer for Ed Sheeran 's exuberant concert film ' Jumpers For Goalposts ' '' . USA Today . 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pocklington , Rebecca ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran meets Bridget Jones ! Singer ' to star in third movie as film crew spotted at Dublin concert ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones season 7 to guest star Ed Sheeran '' . Entertainment Weekly . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the first preview of Ed Sheeran 's cameo in ' The Simpsons ' '' . NME. 9 January 2018 . Books Nolan , David ( 2012 ) . Ed Sheeran A+ : The Unauthorised Biography . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 1782198849 . External links Find more aboutEd Sheeranat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Ed Sheeran at AllMusic Ed Sheeran on IMDb Preceded by Pharrell Williams Saturday Night Live musical guest 12 April 2014 Succeeded by Coldplay Preceded by Alessia Cara Saturday Night Live musical guest 11 February 2017 Succeeded by Father John Misty hide Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` Hearts Do n't Break Around Here '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) BNF : cb16557826g ( data ) GND : 1020321148 ISNI : 0000 0003 6443 4564 LCCN : nb2012000710 MusicBrainz : b8a7c51f - 362c - 4dcb - a259 - bc6e0095f0a6 SUDOC : 168871343 VIAF : 227424956 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed_Sheeran&oldid=846539470 '' Categories : Ed Sheeran 1991 births 21st - century English singers Asylum Records artists Atlantic Records artists Brit Award winners Elektra Records artists English folk guitarists English folk singers English male singers English people of Irish descent English male singer - songwriters Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Living people Male guitarists People from Framlingham People from Halifax , West Yorkshire National Youth Theatre members Musicians from Yorkshire Members of the Order of the British Empire Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from December 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2018 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 11 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is ed sheeran's record label called	[ "In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group.[145] The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel.[146] Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit.[147] Lawson released his self-titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart.[148] Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015.[149]" ]	[ "Gingerbread Man Records" ]
-494814657922618121	List of Indian Premier League records and statistics	List of Indian Premier League records and statistics - wikipedia List of Indian Premier League records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This is an overall list of statistics and records of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 cricket competition based in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team records 1.1 Results summary 1.2 Highest totals 1.3 Lowest totals 1.4 Highest successful run chases 1.5 Lowest scores defended 1.6 Largest victories ( by runs ) 2 Batting records 2.1 Most runs 2.2 Highest individual score 2.3 Most sixes ( overall ) 2.4 Most sixes ( innings ) 2.5 Fastest centuries 2.6 Fastest fifties 2.7 Best strike rate 3 Bowling records 3.1 Most wickets 3.2 Best bowling figures in an innings 3.3 Best bowling averages 3.4 Best economy rates 3.5 Most runs conceded in an innings 3.6 Most dot balls bowled 3.7 Most maiden overs bowled 3.8 List of hat - tricks 4 Wicketkeeping and fielding records 4.1 Most dismissals 4.2 Most catches ( fielder ) 5 Miscellaneous records 6 Awards 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Team records Results summary Team Span Mat Won Lost Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % Titles Mumbai Indians 2008 -- 2017 157 91 65 0 0 58.28 Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 -- 2017 153 72 76 48.66 0 Kolkata Knight Riders 2008 -- 2017 148 77 69 0 0 52.70 Kings XI Punjab 2008 -- 2017 148 68 78 0 0 46.62 0 Delhi Daredevils 2008 -- 2017 147 62 82 0 43.10 0 Chennai Super Kings 2008 -- 2015 132 79 51 0 60.68 Rajasthan Royals 2008 -- 2015 118 61 53 53.41 Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 -- 2017 76 41 34 0 0 54.60 Deccan Chargers 2008 -- 2012 75 29 46 0 0 0 38.66 Pune Warriors India 2011 -- 2013 46 12 33 0 0 26.66 0 Rising Pune Supergiants 2016 -- 2017 30 15 15 0 0 0 50.00 0 Gujarat Lions 2016 -- 2017 30 13 16 0 0 45.00 0 Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 -- 2011 14 6 8 0 0 0 42.85 0 Note : Defunct Teams Tie + W and Tie + L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by `` Super Over '' The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20 Source : Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Highest totals Score Team Opponent Season 7002264166666666669 ♠ 263 / 5 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors India 2013 248 / 3 Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions 2016 7002247166666666670 ♠ 246 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Rajasthan Royals 7002241166666666670 ♠ 240 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab 2008 7002235166666666670 ♠ 235 / 1 Royal Challengers Bangalore Mumbai Indians 2015 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Lowest totals Score Team Opponent Season 7001680909090909090 ♠ 49 Royal Challengers Bangalore Kolkata Knight Riders 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 58 Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore 2009 7001680909090909090 ♠ 66 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Indians 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 67 Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 67 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians 2008 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Highest successful run chases Score Team Opponent Season 217 / 7 Rajasthan Royals Deccan Chargers 2008 214 / 3 Delhi Daredevils Gujarat Lions 2017 211 / 4 Kings XI Punjab Sunrisers Hyderabad 2014 208 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Royal Challengers Bangalore 2012 206 / 4 Kings XI Punjab Chennai Super Kings 2014 Highest chases in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Lowest scores defended Score Team Opponent Opponent score Season 116 / 9 Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab 92 / 8 2009 119 / 8 Kings XI Punjab Mumbai Indians 116 / 7 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors India 108 / 10 2013 120 / 9 Mumbai Indians Pune Warriors India 119 / 6 2012 126 / 8 Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai Super Kings 112 / 8 2008 Sunrisers Hyderabad Pune Warriors India 104 / 10 2013 129 / 8 Mumbai Indians Rising Pune Supergiant 128 / 6 2017 lowest scores defended in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Largest victories ( by runs ) Score Team Opponent Season 146 Mumbai Indians Delhi Daredevils 2017 144 Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions 2016 140 Kolkata Knight Riders Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 138 Royal Challengers Bangalore Kings XI Punjab 2015 130 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors 2013 largest victories ( runs ) in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Batting records Most runs Batsman Inns Runs Span Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 158 4544 2008 -- 2018 Virat Kohli ( RCB ) 142 4449 2008 -- 2018 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 155 4222 2008 -- 2018 Gambhir , Gautam Gautam Gambhir ( DD , KKR ) 148 4187 2008 -- 2018 David Warner ( DD , SRH ) 114 4014 2009 -- 2017 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 8 April 2018 Highest individual score Batsman Runs Balls Opp Season Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 * 66 PWI 2013 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum ( KKR ) 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 * 73 RCB 2008 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 * 59 MI 2015 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 * 52 GL 2016 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 * 62 DD 2012 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most sixes ( overall ) Batsman Inn 6 's Span Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB ) 100 265 2009 -- 2017 Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 157 173 2008 -- 2017 Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 154 172 2008 -- 2017 David Warner ( DD , SRH ) 114 160 2009 -- 2017 Virat Kohli ( RCB ) 141 159 2008 -- 2017 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most sixes ( innings ) Batsman 6 's Opponent Season Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 17 PWI 2013 Brendon McCullum ( KKR ) 13 RCB 2008 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) DD 2012 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 12 KXIP 2015 AB de Villiers ( RCB ) GL 2016 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Fastest centuries See also : List of Indian Premier League centuries Batsman Balls Opp Season Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 30 PWI 2013 Yusuf Pathan ( RR ) 37 MI David Miller ( KXIP ) 38 RCB 2013 Adam Gilchrist ( DC ) 42 MI 2008 AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 43 GL 2016 Full Table on Itsonlycricket Last updated : 21 May 2017 Fastest fifties Batsman Balls Opp Season K.L. Rahul ( KXIP ) 14 DD 2018 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 15 RCB 2017 Yusuf Pathan ( KKR ) SRH 2014 Suresh Raina ( CSK ) 16 KXIP 2014 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 17 RCB 2018 Kieron Pollard ( MI ) KKR 2016 Chris Morris ( DD ) GL 2016 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) PWI 2013 Adam Gilchrist ( DC ) DD 2009 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 8 April 2018 Best strike rate Batsman SR Span Russell , Andre Andre Russell ( DD , KKR ) 173.41 2012 -- 2016 Chris Morris ( CSK , DD , RR ) 165.66 2013 -- 2017 Maxwell , Glenn Glenn Maxwell ( DD , KXIP , MI ) 164.39 2012 -- 2017 Pandya , Krunal Krunal Pandya ( MI ) 158.41 2016 -- 2017 Lynn , Chris Chris Lynn ( DC , KKR ) 158.02 2012 -- 2017 Minimum balls faced -- 125 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Bowling records Most wickets Bowler Inn Wkts Span Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 110 154 2009 -- 2017 Mishra , Amit Amit Mishra ( DC , DD , SRH ) 126 134 2008 -- 2017 Harbhajan Singh ( MI ) 134 127 2008 -- 2017 Piyush Chawla ( KXIP , KKR ) 128 126 2008 -- 2017 Dwayne Bravo ( CSK , GL , MI ) 103 122 2008 -- 2016 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Best bowling figures in an innings Player Ovr BBI Opp Season Sohail Tanvir Sohail Tanvir ( RR ) 4.0 7000706666666666670 ♠ 6 - 14 CSK 2008 Zampa , Adam Adam Zampa ( RPS ) 4.0 7000616666666666670 ♠ 6 - 19 SRH 2016 Kumble , Anil Anil Kumble ( RCB ) 3.1 7000616666666666670 ♠ 5 - 5 RR 2009 Sharma , Ishant Ishant Sharma ( DC ) 3.0 7000607692307692310 ♠ 5 - 12 KTK 2011 Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 3.4 7000607142857142860 ♠ 5 - 13 DD 2011 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Best bowling averages Player Mat Average Span Doug Bollinger ( CSK ) 27 18.72 2010 -- 2012 Mascarenhas , Dimitri Dimitri Mascarenhas ( KXIP , RR ) 13 18.73 2008 -- 2013 Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 110 19.01 2009 -- 2017 Farveez Maharoof ( DC ) 20 19.25 2008 -- 2010 Chaminda Vaas ( DC ) 13 19.72 2008 -- 2010 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Best economy rates Player Mat Econ Span Narine , Sunil Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 82 6.33 2012 -- 2017 Shaun Pollock ( MI ) 13 6.54 2008 -- 2008 Ashwin , Ravichandran Ravichandran Ashwin ( CSK , RPS ) 111 6.54 2009 -- 2016 Kumble , Anil Anil Kumble ( RCB ) 42 6.57 2009 -- 2010 Glenn Mcgrath ( DD ) 14 6.61 2008 -- 2008 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most runs conceded in an innings Bowler Overs Wkts Runs Opp Season Ishant Sharma ( SRH ) 4.0 0 66 CSK 2013 Umesh Yadav ( DD ) 4.0 0 65 RCB 2013 Sandeep Sharma ( KXIP ) 4.0 65 SRH 2014 Varun Aaron ( DD ) 4.0 63 CSK 2012 Ashok Dinda ( PWI ) 4.0 0 63 MI 2013 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most dot balls bowled Player Inns Dot Balls Praveen Kumar 119 1075 Harbhajan Singh 134 1062 Lasith Malinga 110 1060 Dale Steyn 90 978 Amit Mishra 126 953 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most maiden overs bowled Player Inns Maidens Praveen Kumar 119 14 Irfan Pathan 101 10 Lasith Malinga 110 8 Sandeep Sharma 56 8 Dhawal Kulkarni 72 7 Dale Steyn 90 7 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 21 May 2017 List of hat - tricks No . Bowler Opp Season Lakshmipathy Balaji ( CSK ) KXIP 2008 Amit Mishra ( DD ) DC 2008 Makhaya Ntini ( CSK ) KKR 2008 Yuvraj Singh ( KXIP ) RCB 2009 5 Rohit Sharma ( DC ) MI 2009 6 Yuvraj Singh ( KXIP ) DC 2009 7 Praveen Kumar ( RCB ) RR 8 Amit Mishra ( DC ) KXIP 2011 9 Ajit Chandila ( RR ) PWI 2012 10 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) KXIP 2013 11 Amit Mishra ( SRH ) PWI 2013 12 Pravin Tambe ( RR ) KKR 2014 13 Shane Watson ( RR ) SRH 2014 14 Axar Patel ( KXIP ) GL 2016 15 Samuel Badree ( RCB ) MI 2017 16 Andrew Tye ( GL ) RPS 2017 17 Jaydev Unadkat ( RPS ) SRH 2017 Hat - tricks in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Wicketkeeping and fielding records Most dismissals Wicket Keeper Dis Ct St Span Karthik , Dinesh Dinesh Karthik ( DD , KXIP , MI , RCB ) 106 80 26 2008 -- 2017 MS Dhoni ( CSK , RPS ) 102 72 30 2008 -- 2017 Uthappa , Robin Robin Uthappa ( KKR , MI , PWI , RCB ) 90 58 32 2008 -- 2017 Naman Ojha ( DD , RR , SRH ) 75 65 10 2008 -- 2017 Patel , Parthiv Parthiv Patel ( CSK , DC , KTK , MI , RCB , SRH ) 71 57 14 2008 -- 2017 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most catches ( fielder ) Player Ct Span Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 86 2008 -- 2017 AB de Villiers ( DD , RCB ) 72 2008 -- 2017 Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 71 2008 -- 2017 Kieron Pollard ( MI ) 70 2010 -- 2017 Dwayne Bravo ( CSK , MI ) 60 2008 -- 2016 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Miscellaneous records See also : List of Indian Premier League captains Records Player / Team Stats Season / Span Team Most wins Mumbai Indians 91 ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Most defeats Delhi Daredevils 82 ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Highest win % Chennai Super Kings 60.68 ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Largest victory ( runs ) Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils 146 2017 Most consecutive wins ( season ) Kolkata Knight Riders 9 2014 Most consecutive wins ( overall ) Kolkata Knight Riders 10 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Most consecutive defeats ( season ) Delhi Daredevils Pune Warriors 9 2014 2012 Most consecutive defeats ( overall ) Delhi Daredevils Pune Warriors 11 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Batting Most 100s Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB ) 5 ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Most 50s David Warner ( DD , SRH ) 36 ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Highest Partnership Virat Kohli ( RCB ) AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 229 2016 Most ducks Harbhajan Singh ( MI ) 13 ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Bowling Most 4 wicket hauls Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 6 ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Most 5 wicket hauls James Faulkner ( KXIP , PWI , RR ) ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Most hat - tricks Amit Mishra ( DC , DD , SRH ) ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Other Miscellaneous Most matches Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 161 ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Most matches as captain MS Dhoni ( CSK , RPS ) 143 ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Most man of the matches Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB ) 18 ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Most matches as umpire Kumar Dharmasena 87 ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Last updated : 21 May 2017 Awards Main article : List of Indian Premier League Awards See also List of Chennai Super Kings records List of Kolkata Knight Riders records List of Rajasthan Royals records List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records Notes Jump up ^ This is also the highest innings total by any team in a T20 match . References ^ Jump up to : `` List of Hat - tricks in IPL '' . 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Result summary '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records Indian Premier League Largest victories ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive wins -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive defeats -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Most Hundreds in IPL '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most fifties '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Partnership '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most ducks '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Four Wickets Innings '' . IPLT20 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most five - wickets - in - an - innings '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches as captain '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the matches '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches as an umpire '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . ( hide ) Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Awards List of awards Fair Play Award Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=836741234 '' Categories : Indian Premier League Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics Indian Premier League lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which player has made the highest number of runs in ipl	[ "\n\nBatsman\nInns\nRuns\nSpan\n\n\n Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)\n158\n4544\n2008–2018\n\n\n Virat Kohli (RCB)\n142\n4449\n2008–2018\n\n\n Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)\n155\n4222\n2008–2018\n\n\n Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)\n148\n4187\n2008–2018\n\n\n David Warner (DD, SRH)\n114\n4014\n2009–2017\n\n" ]	[ "Suresh Raina" ]
-8722499616627060515	Adenomyosis	Adenomyosis - wikipedia Adenomyosis Jump to : navigation , search Adenomyosis Adenomyosis uteri seen during laparoscopy : soft and enlarged uterus ; the blue spots represent subserous endometriosis . Classification and external resources Specialty Gynecology ICD - 10 N80. 0 ICD - 9 - CM 617.0 OMIM 600458 DiseasesDB 250 MedlinePlus 001513 eMedicine radio / 737 MeSH D004715 ( edit on Wikidata ) Adenomyosis is a gynecologic medical condition characterized by the abnormal presence of endometrial tissue ( the inner lining of the uterus ) within the myometrium ( the thick , muscular layer of the uterus ) . In contrast , when endometrial tissue is present entirely outside the uterus , it represents a similar but distinct medical condition called endometriosis . The two conditions are found together in many cases , but often occur independently . Before being recognized as its own condition , adenomyosis used to be called endometriosis interna . Additionally , the less - commonly used term `` adenomyometritis '' is a more specific name for the condition , specifying involvement of the uterus . The condition is typically found in women between the ages of 35 and 50 but can also be present in younger women . Patients with adenomyosis often present with painful and / or profuse menses ( dysmenorrhea & menorrhagia , respectively ) . Other possible symptoms are pain during sexual intercourse , chronic pelvic pain and irritation of the urinary bladder . In adenomyosis , basal endometrium penetrates into hyperplastic myometrial fibers . Therefore , unlike functional layer , basal layer does not undergo typical cyclic changes with menstrual cycle . Adenomyosis may involve the uterus focally , creating an adenomyoma . With diffuse involvement , the uterus becomes bulky and heavier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Pathology 3.2 Imaging 3.2. 1 Transvaginal ultrasonography 3.2. 2 Magnetic resonance imaging 4 Treatment 4.1 Medications 4.1. 1 Hormones and hormone modulators 4.2 Surgery 4.2. 1 Uterine - sparing procedures 4.2. 2 Endometrial ablation and resection 4.2. 3 Non-uterine - sparing procedures 5 Prognosis 5.1 Fertility 6 Etymology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Adenomyosis can vary widely in the type and severity of symptoms that it causes , ranging from being entirely asymptomatic 33 % of the time to being a severe and debilitating condition in some cases . Women with adenomyosis typically first report symptoms when they are between 40 and 50 , but symptoms can occur in younger women . Symptoms and the estimated percent affected may include : Chronic pelvic pain ( 77 % ) Heavy menstrual bleeding ( 40 - 60 % ) , which is more common with in women with deeper adenomyosis . Blood loss may be significant enough to cause anemia , with associated symptoms of fatigue , dizziness , and moodiness . Abnormal uterine bleeding Painful cramping menstruation ( 15 - 30 % ) Painful vaginal intercourse ( 7 % ) A ' bearing ' down feeling Pressure on bladder Dragging sensation down thighs and legs Clinical signs of adenomyosis may include : Uterine enlargement ( 30 % ) , which in turn can lead to symptoms of pelvic fullness . Tender uterus Infertility or sub-fertility ( 11 - 12 % ) - In addition , adenomyosis is associated with an increased incidence of preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes . Women with adenomyosis are also more likely to have other uterine conditions , including : Uterine fibroids ( 50 % ) Endometriosis ( 11 % ) Endometrial polyp ( 7 % ) Causes ( edit ) The cause of adenomyosis is unknown , although it has been associated with any sort of uterine trauma that may break the barrier between the endometrium and myometrium , known as the junctional zone , such as a caesarean section , surgical pregnancy termination , and any pregnancy . It can be linked with endometriosis , but studies looking into similarities and differences between these two conditions have conflicting results . The pathogenesis of adenomyosis still remains unclear , but the functioning of the inner myometrium , also called the junction zone ( JZ ) , is believed to play a major role in the development of adenomyosis . It is also a matter of discussion whether the link between reproductive disorders and major obstetrical disorders also lies here . Parity , age , and previous uterine abrasion increase the risk of adenomyosis . Hormonal factors such as local hyperestrogenism and elevated levels of s - prolactin as well as autoimmune factors have also been identified as possible risk factors . As both the myometrium and stroma in an adenomyosis affected uterus show significant differences from those of a non-affected uterus , a complex origin that includes multifactorial changes on both genetic and biochemical levels is likely . The tissue injury and repair ( TIAR ) theory is now widely accepted and suggests that uterine hyperperistalsis ( i.e. , increased peristalsis ) , during early periods of reproductive life will induce micro-injury at the endometrial - myometrial interface ( EMI ) region . That again leads to elevation of local estrogen in order to heal the damage . At the same time , estrogen treatment will increase uterine peristalsis again , leading to a vicious circle and a chain of biological alterations essential for the development of adenomyosis . Iatrogenic injury of the junctional zone or physiological damages due to placental implantation most likely results in the same pathological cascade . This also explains that adenomyosis often gets more severe after each pregnancy and childbirth , while endometriosis will ameliorate . Diagnosis ( edit ) Pathology ( edit ) Cross section through the wall of a hysterectomy specimen of a 30 - year - old woman who reported chronic pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding . The endometrial surface is at the top of the image , and the serosa is at the bottom . The gold - standard method to definitively diagnose adenomyosis is through a pathologist microscopically examining small tissue samples of the uterus . These tissue samples can come from a uterine biopsy or directly following a hysterectomy ( surgery to remove the uterus ) . Uterine biopsies can be obtained by either a laparoscopic procedure through the abdomen or hysteroscopy through the vagina and cervix . The diagnosis is established when the pathologist can find invading clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium . Several diagnostic criterion can be used , but typically they require either the endometrial tissue to have invaded greater than 2 % of the myometrium , or a minimum depth of invasion such as 1 -- 4 mm . Histopathological image of uterine adenomyosis observed in hysterectomy specimen . Hematoxylin & eosin stain . Imaging ( edit ) Adenomyosis can vary widely in the extent and location of its invasion within the uterus . As a result , there are no established pathognomonic features to allow for a definitive diagnosis of adenomyosis through non-invasive imaging . Nevertheless , non-invasive imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasonography ( TVUS ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) can both be used to strongly suggest the diagnosis of adenomyosis , guide treatment options , and monitor response to treatment . Indeed , TVUS and MRI are the only two practical means available to establish a pre-surgical diagnosis . Transvaginal ultrasonography ( edit ) Transvaginal ultrasound of the uterus , showing the endometrium as a hyperechoic ( brighter ) area in the middle , with linear striations extending upwards from it . Transvaginal ultrasonography is a cheap and readily available imaging test that is typically used early during the evaluation of gynecologic symptoms . Ultrasound imaging , like MRI , does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs . Overall , it is estimated that transvaginal ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 79 % and specificity of 85 % for the detection of adenomyosis . Common transvaginal ultrasound findings in patients with adenomyosis include the following : globular , enlarged , and / or asymmetric uterus abnormally dense or especially varied density within the myometrium myometrial cysts - pockets of fluid within the smooth muscle of the uterus linear , acoustic shadowing without presence of a uterine fibroid echogenic linear striations - bright lines or stripes anterior / posterior wall asymmetry diffuse spread of small vessels within the myometrium Less common findings : Lack of contour abnormality Absence of mass effect Ill - defined margins between a normal and abnormal myometrium The power Doppler or Doppler ultrasonography function can be used during transvaginal ultrasonography to help differentiate adenomyomas from uterine fibroids . This is because uterine fibroids typically have blood vessels circling the fibroid 's capsule . In contrast , adenomyomas are characterized by widespread blood vessels within the lesion . Doppler ultrasonography also serves to differentiate the static fluid within myometrial cysts from flowing blood within vessels . The junction zone ( JZ ) , or a small distinct hormone - dependent region at the endometrial - myometrial interface , may be assessed by three - dimensional transvaginal ultrasound ( 3D TVUS ) and MRI . Features of adenomyosis are disruption , thickening , enlargement or invasion of the junctional zone . Sagital MRI of a woman 's pelvis showing a uterus with adenomyosis in the posterior wall . Gross enlargement of the posterior wall is noted , with many foci of hyperintensity . Magnetic resonance imaging ( edit ) Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) provides slightly better diagnostic capability compared to TVUS , due to the increased ability of MRI to differentiate objectively between different types of soft tissue . This is possible with MRI 's higher spatial and contrast resolution . Overall , it is estimated that MRI has a sensitivity of 74 % and specificity of 91 % for the detection of adenomyosis . Diagnosis through MRI focuses predominately upon investigating the junctional zone . The uterus will have a thickened junctional zone with darker / diminished signal on both T1 and T2 weighted sequences . Three objective measures of the junctional zone can be used to diagnose adenomyosis . A thickness of the junctional zone greater than 8 -- 12 mm . Less than 8 mm is normal . A junctional zone width being greater than 40 % of the width of the myometrium . Variability in the width of the junctional zone being greater than 5 mm . Interspersed within the thickened , darker signal of the junctional zone , one will often see foci of hyperintensity ( bright spots ) on the T2 weighted scans representing small cystically dilatated glands or more acute sites of microhemorrhage . MRI is limited by other factors , but not by calcified uterine fibroids ( as is ultrasound ) . In particular , MRI is better able to differentiate adenomyosis from multiple small uterine fibroids . Treatment ( edit ) Adenomyosis can only be cured definitively with surgical removal of the uterus . As adenomyosis is responsive to reproductive hormones , it reasonably abates following menopause when these hormones decrease . In women in their reproductive years , adenomyosis can typically be managed with the goals to provide pain relief , to restrict progression of the process , and to reduce significant menstrual bleeding . Medications ( edit ) NSAIDs : Nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs , such as ibuprofen and naproxen , are commonly used in conjunction with other therapies for pain relief . NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase . Prostaglandins have been shown to be primarily responsible for dysmenorrhea or the cramping pelvic pain associated with menses . Hormones and hormone modulators ( edit ) Levonorgestrel - releasing intrauterine devices or hormonal IUDs , such as the Mirena , are an effective treatment for adenomyosis . They reduce symptoms by causing decidualization of the endometrium , reducing or eliminating menstrual flow . Additionally , by helping downregulate estrogen receptors , hormonal IUDs shrink the clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium . This leads to reduced menstrual blood flow , helps the uterus contract more properly , and helps to reduce the menstrual pain . The use of hormonal IUDs in patients with adenomyosis have been proven to reduce menstrual bleeding , improve anemia and iron levels , reduce pain , and even result in an improvement of adenomyosis with a smaller uterus on medical imaging . At least in the short term , patients who can tolerate hormonal IUDs for the treatment of adenomyosis result in equivalent improvement of symptoms and better quality - of - life and social well - being as compared to women who undergo a hysterectomy . Hormonal IUDs are particularly well suited for individuals needing effective treatment of their adenomyosis while still maintaining future fertility potential . The most common negative side - effect of hormonal IUDs is irregular menstrual bleeding or spotting . Oral contraceptives reduce the menstrual pain and bleeding associated with adenomyosis . This may require taking continuous hormone therapy to reducing or eliminating menstrual flow . Oral contraceptives may even lead to short - term regression of adenomyosis . Progesterone or Progestins : Progesterone counteracts estrogen and inhibits the growth of endometrial tissue . Such therapy can reduce or eliminate menstruation in a controlled and reversible fashion . Progestins are chemical variants of natural progesterone . Gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) agonists and danazol have been tried in order to relieve adenomyosis related symptoms and show some effect , but the studies are few in number , mainly with a retrospective study design and have small sample sizes . Long - time use of GnRH - analogues is often associated with heavy side effects , loss of bone density and increased risk of cardiovascular events , and therefore not feasible for young women . Furthermore , all present treatment options are irrelevant options for women trying to conceive . Exogenous progestogenic treatments have been found to be ineffective . In IVF - settings long down - regulation prior to IVF might have a positive effect on pregnancy rates . Surgery ( edit ) Broadly speaking , surgical management of adenomyosis is split into two categories : uterine - sparing and non-uterine - sparing procedures . Uterine - sparing procedures are surgical operations that do not include surgical removal of the uterus . Some uterine - sparing procedures have the benefit of improving fertility or retaining the ability to carry a pregnancy to term . In contrast , some uterine - sparing procedures worsen fertility or even result in complete sterility . The impact of each procedure on a woman 's fertility is of particular concern and typically guides the selection . Non-uterine - sparing procedures , by definition , include surgical removal of the uterus and consequently they will all result in complete sterility . Uterine - sparing procedures ( edit ) Uterine artery embolization ( UAE ) : In this minimally - invasive procedure , doctors intentionally block two large arteries that supply the uterus , called the uterine arteries . This is performed in order to dramatically reduce the blood supply to the uterus . By doing so , there is insufficient blood and thus oxygen present for the adenomyosis to develop and spread . 57 - 75 % of women who undergo UAE for adenomyosis typically report long - term improvement in their menstrual pain and bleeding . However , there is a recurrence rate of symptoms in 35 % of women following a UAE . Also , UAE has the risk of causing major complications in 5 % of women who undergo the procedure . Major complications include infection , significant bleeding , and needing an additional surgery . UAE has also been shown in some cases to reduce ovarian function . Finally , 26 % of women who undergo UAE ultimately end up requiring a hysterectomy . Myometrium or adenomyoma resection : In this procedure , surgeons remove a focal consolidation of adenomyosis known as an adenomyoma . To be successful this procedure requires that the adenomyosis is relatively focally isolated and with a minimal diffuse spread . Unfortunately , adenomyosis is commonly diffuse and the operation is successful only 50 % of the time . The procedure is performed with either a laparoscope or hysteroscope . Additionally , it can be a difficult surgery to perform as diffuse adenomyosis physically weakens the myometrium and surgical sutures can tear through the muscle with minimal force . When successful , the procedure significantly improves menstrual pain and bleeding . Additionally , it can result in improved fertility with pregnancy rates as high as 78 % in women trying to conceive after the operation with successful delivery occurring in as many as 69 % of those pregnancies . On the other hand , there is an increased miscarriage rate ( as high as 39 % of pregnancies ) , which is higher than the general population . This is likely due to increased uterine scar tissue formation caused by the surgery . Myometrial electrocoagulation Myometrial reduction MRI - guided focused ultrasound surgery Endometrial ablation and resection ( edit ) Endometrial ablation techniques result in sterility and therefore are suitable only for women who have completed their childbearing . The techniques either include physical resection and removal of the endometrium through a hysteroscope , or focus on ablating or killing the endometrial layer of the uterus without its immediate removal . Endometrial ablation and resection techniques are most appropriate for shallow adenomyosis . The efficacy of the procedures is reduced if the adenomyosis is too widespread or deep . Furthermore , deep adenomyosis may become trapped behind a scarred region that was ablated , leading to further bleeding and pain . Endometrial resection is also limited to relatively shallow adenomyosis as significant bleeding may result from damage to large arteries that are present 5 mm deep within the myometrium . Non-hysteroscopic procedures : These techniques do not require a hysteroscope , are relatively fast , and many can be performed as an outpatient procedure . High - energy radiofrequency ablation : Using a small expandable mesh placed within the uterus , providers use high - energy radio waves to ablate the endometrium . Thermal balloon : Using a thin expanding balloon placed within the uterus , providers can introduce heated fluid and ablate the endometrium . This procedure has been shown to result in amenorrhea or complete cessation of menstrual bleeding for 12 months in 23 % of patients . 16 % of patients eventually experience treatment failure with pain or bleeding requiring additional treatments or a hysterectomy . Women older than 45 and those with milder adenomyosis were more likely to experience successful amenorrhea following the procedure . In contrast , women younger than 45 , with multiple childbirths , a history of a prior tubal ligation , and / or a history of menstrual pain were more likely to experience treatment failure . Cryo - endometrial ablation ( CEA ) : A form of cryotherapy whereby using a small probe , providers can directly apply sub-zero temperatures within the uterus to freeze and ablate the endometrium . Circulating Hot Water : Heated water directly introduced into the uterus is used to thermally ablate the endometrium . Microwave ablation : Using a small probe introduced into the uterus , a provider uses microwave energy to ablate the endometrium . Hysteroscopic procedures : These techniques all require the use of a hysteroscope to perform . Wire - loop resection : Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope , a wire loop instrument charged with an electric current permits a provider to carefully remove the endometrium in strips . Laser ablation : Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope , lasers are used to vaporize and ablate the endometrium . Rollerball ablation : Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope , a metallic ball on the end of a probe is charged with electricity and rolled across the surface of the endometrium . This has been shown to have a coagulative effect to the depth of 2 -- 3 mm into the myometrium . This destroys the endometrium and the nearby growth of dysfunctional smooth muscle . Deeper adenomyosis escapes this coagulative effect . Non-uterine - sparing procedures ( edit ) See also : Hysterectomy Hysterectomy , or surgical removal of the uterus , has historically been the primary method of diagnosing and treating adenomyosis . It was especially popular in women who had completed their childbearing or in cases where fertility was not desired . Today , there are many more medical and surgical interventions available . These treatments , such as hormonal therapy and endometrial ablation , have significantly reduced the number of women who require a hysterectomy . That being said , hysterectomies remain as the final treatment option for women in whom the other treatments have failed . Typically viewed as definitive treatment for the bleeding and pelvic pain associated with adenomyosis , a hysterectomy will always result in sterility and cessation of menstrual bleeding . Pelvic pain , on the other hand , can persist after a hysterectomy in as many as 22 % of women . There are many different types of hysterectomy , with varying options existing to removal the fallopian tubes , ovaries , and cervix . Also , the varying types of hysterectomy can be performed by many different surgical techniques . A hysterectomy can be performed : laparoscopically through small holes in the abdomen robotically in a manner similar to the laparoscopic procedure entirely by route of the vagina with no abdominal incisions through a larger abdominal incision Variants also exist which combine several of these techniques and surgeries can even change during the operation from one technique to another in response to unforeseen obstacles or individual anatomy considerations . For example , adenomyosis can increase the size of the uterus to such an extent that it physically can not be removed through the vagina without first being cut into smaller pieces . Prognosis ( edit ) Adenomyosis is a benign but often progressing condition . It is advocated that adenomyosis poses no increased risk for cancer development . However , both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma , with potentially deep myometrial invasion . As the condition is estrogen - dependent , menopause presents a natural cure . Ultrasound features of adenomyosis will still be present after menopause . People with adenomyosis are also more likely to have uterine fibroids or endometriosis . Fertility ( edit ) Adenomyosis itself can cause infertility issues , however , fertility can be improved if the adenomyosis has resolved following hormone therapies like levonorgestrel therapy . The discontinuation of medication or removal of IUD can be timed to be coordinated with fertility treatments . There has also been one report of a successful pregnancy and healthy birth following high - frequency ultrasound ablation of adenomyosis . Preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes both occur more frequently in women with adenomyosis . In sub-fertile women who received in - vitro fertilization ( IVF ) , women with adenomyosis were less likely to become pregnant and subsequently more likely to experience a miscarriage . Given this , it is encouraged to screen women for adenomyosis by TVUS or MRI before starting assisted reproduction treatments ( ART ) . Etymology ( edit ) The term adenomyosis is derived from the Greek terms adeno - ( meaning gland ) , myo - ( meaning muscle ) , and - osis ( meaning condition ) . See also ( edit ) Adenomyoma Atypical polypoid adenomyoma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` adenomyosis '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Lazzeri L , Di Giovanni A , Exacoustos C et al. Preoperative and postoperative clinical and transvaginal ultrasound findings of adenomyosis in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis . Reprod . Sci . doi : 10.1177 / 1933719114522520 ( 2014 ) ( Epub ahead of print ) . ^ Jump up to : Katz VL ( 2007 ) . Comprehensive gynecology ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia PA : Mosby Elsevier . Jump up ^ `` adenomyometritis '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Matalliotakis , I. ; Kourtis , A. ; Panidis , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Adenomyosis '' . Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America . 30 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 82 , viii . PMID 12699258 . doi : 10.1016 / S0889 - 8545 ( 02 ) 00053 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brosens , I. , et al. , Uterine Cystic Adenomyosis : A Disease of Younger Women . J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyendecker , G. ; Herbertz , M. ; Kunz , G. ; Mall , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium '' . Hum . Reprod. 17 : 2725 -- 2736 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 17.10. 2725 . ^ Jump up to : Struble , Jennifer ; Reid , Shannon ; Bedaiwy , Mohamed A. `` Adenomyosis : A Clinical Review of a Challenging Gynecologic Condition '' . Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. 23 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmig. 2015.09. 018 . ^ Jump up to : Juang , C-M ; Chou , P ; Yen , M-S ; Twu , N-F ; Horng , H-C ; Hsu , W-L ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Adenomyosis and risk of preterm delivery '' . BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 114 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 169 . ISSN 1471 - 0528 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.2006. 01186. x . ^ Jump up to : Maheshwari , A. ; Gurunath , S. ; Fatima , F. ; Bhattacharya , S. ( 2012 ) . `` Adenomyosis and subfertility : A systematic review of prevalence , diagnosis , treatment and fertility outcomes '' . Human Reproduction Update. 18 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 392 . PMID 22442261 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dms006 . Jump up ^ Leyendecker G , Kunz G , Kissler S , Wildt L ( August 2006 ) . `` Adenomyosis and reproduction '' . Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 20 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 46 . PMID 16520094 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpobgyn. 2006.01. 008 . Jump up ^ Benagiano , G. ; Brosens , I. ; Habiba , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Structural and molecular features of the endomyometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 386 -- 402 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24140719 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt052 . Jump up ^ Brosens , I. , et al. , The enigmatic uterine junctional zone : the missing link between reproductive disorders and major obstetrical disorders ? Hum Reprod , 2010 . 25 ( 3 ) : p. 569 - 74 . Jump up ^ Kitawaki , J. , Adenomyosis : the pathophysiology of an oestrogen - dependent disease . Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol , 2006 . 20 ( 4 ) : p. 493 - 502 . Jump up ^ Kitawaki , J. , et al. , Oestrogen receptor - alpha gene polymorphism is associated with endometriosis , adenomyosis and leiomyomata . Hum Reprod , 2001 . 16 ( 1 ) : p. 51 - 55 . Jump up ^ Ota , H. , et al. , Is adenomyosis an immune disease ? Hum Reprod Update , 1998 . 4 ( 4 ) : p. 360 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bergeron , C. , F. Amant , and A. Ferenczy , Pathology and physiopathology of adenomyosis . Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol , 2006 . 20 ( 4 ) : p. 511 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nepomnyashchikh , L.M. , et al. , Immunocytochemical analysis of proliferative activity of endometrial and myometrial cell populations in focal and stromal adenomyosis . Bull Exp Biol Med , 2013 . 155 ( 4 ) : p. 512 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leyendecker , G. , L. Wildt , and G. Mall , The pathophysiology of endometriosis and adenomyosis : tissue injury and repair . Arch Gynecol Obstet , 2009 . 280 ( 4 ) : p. 529 - 38 . Jump up ^ Leyendecker , G. , et al. , Adenomyosis and endometriosis . Re-visiting their association and further insights into the mechanisms of auto - traumatisation . An MRI study . Arch Gynecol Obstet , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Exacoustos , Caterina ; Manganaro , Lucia ; Zupi , Errico . `` Imaging for the evaluation of endometriosis and adenomyosis '' . Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 28 ( 5 ) : 655 -- 681 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpobgyn. 2014.04. 010 . Jump up ^ Torloni , M.R. ; Vedmedovska , N. ; Merialdi , M. ; Betrán , A.P. ; Allen , T. ; González , R. ; Platt , L.D. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy : WHO systematic review of the literature and meta - analysis '' . Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 33 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 608 . ISSN 1469 - 0705 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 6328 . Jump up ^ Kepkep K , Tuncay YA , Göynümer G , Tutal E ( 2007 ) . `` Transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of adenomyosis : which findings are most accurate ? '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 30 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 5 . PMID 17659649 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 3985 . Jump up ^ Sakhel , K. and A. Abuhamad , Sonography of adenomyosis . J Ultrasound Med , 2012 . 31 ( 5 ) : p. 805 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dartmouth , Katherine ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` A systematic review with meta - analysis : the common sonographic characteristics of adenomyosis '' . Ultrasound. 22 ( 3 ) : 148 -- 157 . ISSN 1742 - 271X . PMC 4760530 . PMID 27433212 . doi : 10.1177 / 1742271X14528837 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Kaveri . `` Role of 3D Ultrasound and Doppler in Differentiating Clinically Suspected Cases of Leiomyoma and Adenomyosis of Uterus '' . JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH . doi : 10.7860 / jcdr / 2015 / 12240.5846 . Jump up ^ Exacoustos , C. , et al. , Adenomyosis : three - dimensional sonographic findings of the junctional zone and correlation with histology . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol , 2011 . 37 ( 4 ) : p. 471 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bragheto A.M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Effectiveness of the levonorgestrel - releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis diagnosed and monitored by magnetic resonance imaging . '' . Contraception. 76 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2007.05. 091 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Maheshwari , A. , et al. , Adenomyosis and subfertility : a systematic review of prevalence , diagnosis , treatment and fertility outcomes . Hum Reprod Update , 2012 . 18 ( 4 ) : p. 374 - 92 . Jump up ^ Niu , Z. , et al. , Long - term pituitary downregulation before frozen embryo transfer could improve pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis . Gynecol Endocrinol , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Levgur , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Therapeutic options for adenomyosis : a review '' . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 276 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . PMID 17186255 . doi : 10.1007 / S00404 - 006 - 0299 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ismiil N , Rasty G , Ghorab Z , et al. ( August 2007 ) . `` Adenomyosis involved by endometrial adenocarcinoma is a significant risk factor for deep myometrial invasion '' . Ann Diagn Pathol. 11 ( 4 ) : 252 -- 7 . PMID 17630108 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anndiagpath. 2006.08. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Vercellini , Paolo ; Consonni , Dario ; Dridi , Dhouha ; Bracco , Benedetta ; Frattaruolo , Maria Pina ; Somigliana , Edgardo ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction. 29 ( 5 ) : 964 -- 977 . ISSN 0268 - 1161 . PMID 24622619 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / deu041 . 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About Wikipedia	abnormal growth of the lining of the uterus outside the uterus is called	[ "Adenomyosis is a gynecologic medical condition characterized by the abnormal presence of endometrial tissue (the inner lining of the uterus) within the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of the uterus).[1] In contrast, when endometrial tissue is present entirely outside the uterus, it represents a similar but distinct medical condition called endometriosis. The two conditions are found together in many cases,[2][3] but often occur independently. Before being recognized as its own condition, adenomyosis used to be called endometriosis interna. Additionally, the less-commonly used term \"adenomyometritis\" is a more specific name for the condition, specifying involvement of the uterus.[4][5]" ]	[ "endometriosis" ]
3455467626243217107	First Great Awakening	First Great Awakening - wikipedia First Great Awakening Jump to : navigation , search Great Awakening First ( c. 1730 -- 1755 ) Second ( c. 1790 -- 1840 ) Third ( c. 1855 -- 1900 ) Fourth ( c. 1960 -- 1980 ) Part of a series on Calvinism John Calvin Background ( show ) Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Theology ( show ) Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Lord 's Supper Regulative principle Documents ( show ) Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Bible Three Forms of Unity Westminster Standards Canons of Dort Second Helvetic Confession Heidelberg catechism Belgic Confession La Rochelle Confession Savoy Declaration 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith First Helvetic Confession Scots Confession Influences ( show ) Huldrych Zwingli Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Theodore Beza Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Charles Hodge Churches ( show ) Continental Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Low church Anglican Peoples ( show ) Afrikaners Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Largest groups ( show ) World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Presbyterianism in South Korea List of Reformed denominations Calvinism portal The Great Awakening or First Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that swept Protestant Europe and British America in the 1730s and 1740s . An evangelical and revitalization movement , it left a permanent impact on American Protestantism . It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ . The Great Awakening pulled away from ritual , ceremony , sacramentalism , and hierarchy , and made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption , and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality . The movement was an important social event in New England , which challenged established authority and incited rancor and division between traditionalist Protestants , who insisted on the continuing importance of ritual and doctrine , and the revivalists , who encouraged emotional involvement . It had an impact in reshaping the Congregational church , the Presbyterian church , the Dutch Reformed Church , and the German Reformed denominations , and strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist Anglican denominations . It had little impact on most Anglicans , Lutherans , Quakers , and non-Protestants . Throughout the colonies , especially in the south , the revivalist movement increased the number of African slaves and free blacks who were exposed to and subsequently converted to Christianity . The Second Great Awakening began about 1800 and reached out to the unchurched , whereas the First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members . 18th - century American Christians added an emphasis on `` outpourings of the Holy Spirit '' to the evangelical imperatives of Reformation Protestantism . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and spread the newly created evangelicalism in the early republic . Evangelical preachers `` sought to include every person in conversion , regardless of gender , race , and status . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 International dimension 2 American colonies 3 Prominent leaders 3.1 Jonathan Edwards 3.2 George Whitefield 3.3 Samuel Davies 4 Impact on individuals 5 Schisms and conflict 5.1 Connecticut 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 8.1 Scholarly studies 8.2 Historiography 8.3 Primary sources 9 External links International dimension ( edit ) The evangelical revival was international in scope , affecting predominantly Protestant countries of Europe . The emotional response of churchgoers marked the start of the English awakening in Bristol and London in 1737 , and of the Kingswood colliers ( coal miners ) with white gutters on their cheeks caused by tears in 1739 under the preaching of George Whitefield . Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a `` great international Protestant upheaval '' that also created Pietism in Germany , the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England . Revivalism was a critical component of the Great Awakening , and actually began in the 1620s in Scotland among Presbyterians , and featured itinerant preachers . American colonies ( edit ) The idea of a `` great awakening '' has been contested by Butler ( 1982 ) as vague and exaggerated , but it is clear that the period was a time of increased religious activity , particularly in New England . The First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans ' understanding of God , themselves , the world around them , and religion . In the Middle and Southern colonies , especially in the `` back country '' regions , the Awakening was influential among Presbyterians . In the southern Tidewater and Low Country , northern Baptist and Methodist preachers converted both white and black people , whether enslaved or free . Caucasians began to welcome dark - skinned individuals into their churches , taking their religious experiences seriously , while also admitting them into active roles in congregations as exhorters , deacons , and even preachers , although the last was a rarity . The message of spiritual equality appealed to many slaves and , as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America , black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time . Evangelist leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery much more frequently than those in the North . Still , many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate their slaves so that they could become literate and be able to read and study the Bible . Consequently , many Africans were finally provided with some sort of education . Africans hoped that their newly acquired spiritual equality would translate into earthly equalities . As black people started to make up substantial proportions of congregations , they were given a chance to momentarily forget about their bondage and enjoy a slight sense of freedom . Before the American Revolution , the first black Baptist churches were founded in the South in Virginia , South Carolina , and Georgia ; two black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg , Virginia . Prominent leaders ( edit ) Jonathan Edwards ( edit ) Monument in Enfield , Connecticut commemorating the location where Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God was preached The revival began with Jonathan Edwards in Northampton , Massachusetts . Edwards came from Puritan , Calvinist roots , but emphasized the importance and power of immediate , personal religious experience . Religious experience had to be immediate , he taught . He distrusted hierarchy and catechisms . His sermons were `` solemn , with a distinct and careful enunciation , and a slow cadence . '' His sermons were powerful and attracted a large following . Anglican preacher George Whitefield visited from England ; he continued the movement , traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style , accepting everyone into his audiences . Both Edwards and Whitefield were slave owners and believed that blacks would acquire absolute equality with whites in the Millennial church . Winiarski ( 2005 ) examines Edwards 's preaching in 1741 , especially his famous sermon `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God . '' At this point , Edwards countenanced the `` noise '' of the Great Awakening , but his approach to revivalism became more moderate and critical in the years immediately following . George Whitefield ( edit ) Main article : George Whitefield The arrival of young Anglican preacher George Whitefield sparked the Great Awakening . Whitefield 's reputation preceded his visit as a great pulpit and open - air orator . He traveled through the colonies in 1739 and 1740 . He attracted large and emotional crowds everywhere , eliciting countless conversions as well as considerable controversy . He declared the whole world his `` parish . '' God was merciful , Whitefield proclaimed . Men and women were not predestined to damnation , but could be saved by repenting of their sins . Whitefield mainly spoke about the concept of spiritual `` rebirth '' , explaining that men and women could experience a spiritual revival in life that would grant them entrance to the Promised Land . He appealed to the passions of his listeners , powerfully sketching the boundless joy of salvation and the horrors of damnation . Critics condemned his `` enthusiasm '' , his censoriousness , and his extemporaneous and itinerant preaching . His techniques were copied by numerous imitators , both lay and clerical . They became itinerant preachers themselves , spreading the Great Awakening from New England to Georgia , among rich and poor , educated and illiterate , and in the back country as well as in seaboard towns and cities . Whitefield 's sermons reiterated an egalitarian message , but only translated into a spiritual equality for Africans in the colonies who mostly remained enslaved . Whitefield was known to criticize slaveholders who treated their slaves cruelly and those who did not educate them , but he had no intention to abolish . He lobbied to have slavery reinstated in Georgia and proceeded to become a slave holder himself . Whitefield shared a common belief held among Evangels that , after conversion , slaves would be granted true equality in Heaven . Despite his stance on slavery , Whitefield became influential to many Africans . Benjamin Franklin became an enthusiastic supporter of him . Franklin was a Deist who rarely attended church , and he did not subscribe to Whitefield 's theology , but he admired him for exhorting people to worship God through good works . He printed Whitefield 's sermons on the front page of his Gazette , devoting 45 issues to Whitefield 's activities . Franklin used the power of his press to spread Whitefield 's fame by publishing all of his sermons and journals . Many of Franklin 's publications between 1739 -- 1741 contained information about Whitefield 's work , and helped promote the evangelical movement in America . Franklin remained a friend and supporter of Whitefield until Whitefield 's death in 1770 . Part of a series on the History of Christian theology Background Theology Early Christianity Timeline History of Christianity Ecclesiastical polity Trinitarianism Nontrinitarianism Restorationism Christology Mariology Biblical canon Deuterocanonical books Ecumenical Creeds Apostles ' Nicene Chalcedonian Athanasian Patristics and Councils Church Fathers Augustine Nicaea Ephesus Chalcedon Post-Nicene development Heresy Monophysitism Monothelitism Iconoclasm Gregory I Alcuin Photios East -- West Schism Scholasticism Aquinas Anselm Palamas Reformation Reformation Luther Melanchthon Indulgences Justification Five solae 95 Theses Book of Concord Predestination Calvinism Arminianism English Reformation Counter-Reformation Trent Since the Reformation Pietism John Wesley Great Awakenings Holiness movement Restoration Movement Existentialism Liberalism Modernism in the Catholic Church Postmodernism Vatican II Radical Orthodoxy Hermeneutics Liberation theology Christian anarchism Christianity portal Samuel Davies ( edit ) Samuel Davies was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of Princeton University . He was noted for preaching to African slaves who converted to Christianity in unusually large numbers , and is credited with the first sustained proselytization of slaves in Virginia . Davies wrote a letter in 1757 in which he refers to the religious zeal of an enslaved man whom he had encountered during his journey . `` I am a poor slave , brought into a strange country , where I never expect to enjoy my liberty . While I lived in my own country , I knew nothing of that Jesus I have heard you speak so much about . I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die ; but I now see such a life will never do , and I come to you , Sir , that you may tell me some good things , concerning Jesus Christ , and my Duty to GOD , for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done . '' Davies became accustomed to hearing such excitement from many blacks who were exposed to the revivals . He believed that blacks could attain knowledge equal to whites if given an adequate education , and he promoted the importance for slaveholders to permit their slaves to become literate so that they could become more familiar with the instructions of the Bible . Impact on individuals ( edit ) The new style sermons and the way in which people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America . Participants became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion , rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner . Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called `` new lights '' , while the preachers who remained unemotional were referred to as `` old lights '' . People affected by the revival began to study the Bible at home . This effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious matters and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation . The Awakening played a major role in the lives of women , though they were rarely allowed to preach or take leadership roles . A deep sense of religious enthusiasm encouraged women , especially to analyze their feelings , share them with other women , and write about them . They became more independent in their decisions , as in the choice of a husband . This introspection led many women to keep diaries or write memoirs . The autobiography of Hannah Heaton ( 1721 -- 94 ) , a farm wife of North Haven , Connecticut , tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening , her encounters with Satan , her intellectual and spiritual development , and daily life on the farm . Phillis Wheatley was the first published black female poet , and she was converted to Christianity as a child after she was brought to America . Her beliefs were overt in her works ; she describes the journey of being taken from a Pagan land to be exposed to Christianity in the colonies in a poem entitled `` On Being Brought from Africa to America . '' Wheatley became so influenced by the revivals and especially George Whitefield that she dedicated a poem to him after his death in which she referred to him as an `` Impartial Saviour . '' Sarah Osborn adds another layer to the role of women during the Awakening . She was a Rhode Island schoolteacher , and her writings offer a fascinating glimpse into the spiritual and cultural upheaval of the time period , including a 1743 memoir , various diaries and letters , and her anonymously published The Nature , Certainty and Evidence of True Christianity ( 1753 ) . The emotionality of the revivals appealed to many Africans and African leaders started to emerge from the revivals soon after they converted in substantial numbers . These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first black congregations and churches in the American colonies . The newly incorporated town of Uxbridge , Massachusetts saw the first new Congregational church congregation and worship building in Massachusetts in the Great Awakening period of 1730 -- 60 . It was headed by Pastor Rev. Nathan Webb , a native of Braintree , who remained in the ministry in Uxbridge for the next 41 years . His student Samuel Spring served as a chaplain in the American Revolutionary War , and started the Andover Seminary and the Massachusetts Missionary Society . Schisms and conflict ( edit ) The Calvinist denominations were especially affected . For example , Congregational churches in New England experienced 98 schisms , which in Connecticut also had impact on which group would be considered `` official '' for tax purposes . These splits were between the New Lights ( those who were influenced by the Great Awakening ) and the Old Lights ( those who were more traditional ) . It is estimated in New England that in the churches there were about 1 / 3 each of New Lights , Old Lights , and those who saw both sides as valid . Connecticut ( edit ) In Connecticut , the Saybrook Platform of 1708 marked a conservative counter-revolution against a non-conformist tide which had begun with the Halfway Covenant and culminated in the Great Awakening in the 1740s . The Great Awakening bitterly divided Congregationalists between the `` New Lights '' or `` Arminians '' who welcomed the revivals , and the `` Old Lights '' or `` Calvinists '' who used governmental authority to suppress revivals . The Arminians believed that every person could be saved by experiencing a religious conversion and one of the revivals , while the Calvinists held that everyone 's fate was a matter of predestination , and revivals were a false religion . The legislature was controlled by the Old Lights who passed an `` Act for regulating abuses and correcting disorder in ecclesiastical affairs '' in 1742 that sharply restricted ministers from leading revivals . Another law was passed to prevent the opening of a New Light seminary . Numerous New Light evangelicals were imprisoned or fined . The New Lights responded by their own political organization , fighting it out town by town . The religious issues declined somewhat after 1748 , although the New Light versus Old Light factionalism spilled into other issues , such as disputes over currency and Imperial issues . However , the divisions involved did not play a role in the coming of the American Revolution , which both sides supported . See also ( edit ) American philosophy Second Great Awakening Christian revival Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 280 -- 330 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery and African American Religion . '' American Eras. 1997 . Encyclopedia.com. ( April 10 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Harry Stout , The Divine Dramatist : George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies ( 2001 ) , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Gillies , John . `` Memoirs of George Whitefield '' . Hunt & Co. , 1841 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom p. 263 . Jump up ^ Kee , Howard C ( 1998 ) , Christianity : A Social and Cultural History , et al ( 2nd ed . ) , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : A Brief History with Documents ( 2008 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Frank . `` I Saw the Book Talk '' : Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening . '' The Journal of African American History , Vol. 87 , The Past before US ( Winter , 2002 ) pp. 12 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Butler , Jon . Awash in a Sea of Faith : Christianizing the American People . ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Brooks , Walter Henderson . The Silver Bluff Church : A History of Negro Baptist Churches in America . Electronic Edition . Documenting the American South . PRESS OF RL PENDLETON : WASHINGTON DC , 1910 . Jump up ^ See Holly Reed , `` Jonathan Edwards ( 1703 -- 1758 ) '' ( 2004 ) online Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening , ( New Haven & London : Yale University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Winiarski , Douglas L. ( 2005 ) . `` Jonathan Edwards , enthusiast ? Radical revivalism and the Great Awakening in the Connecticut Valley '' . Church History . 74 ( 4 ) : 683 -- 739 . doi : 10.1017 / s0009640700100861 . Jump up ^ Whitefield , George . To the Inhabitants of Maryland , Virginia , North and South Carolina ( Philadelphia : 1740 ) ; quoted in Thomas S. Kidd . The Great Awakening : A Brief History with Documents . ( Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2008 ) 112 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening , ( New Haven & London : Yale University Press , 2007 ) p. 217 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Benjamim Franklin , An American Life ( 2003 ) p. 110 Jump up ^ Isaacson pp. 107 -- 13 Jump up ^ Presidents of Princeton from princeton.edu . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Davies and the Transatlantic Campaign for Slave Literacy in Virginia , '' an abridged version of Jeffrey H. Richards ' article . from historicpolegreen.org . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Letters from the Reverend Samuel Davies ( London , 1757 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Frank . `` ( https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562488 ' I Saw the Book Talk ' : Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening . ) '' The Journal of African American History , Vol. 87 , The Past before US ( Winter , 2002 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Catherine A. Brekus , Strangers & Pilgrims : Female Preaching in America , 1740 -- 1845 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Glenna Matthews ( 2010 ) . The Rise of Public Woman : Woman 's Power and Woman 's Place in the United States , 1630 - 1970 . Oxford UP . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Barbara E. Lacey , `` The World of Hannah Heaton : The Autobiography of an Eighteenth - Century Connecticut Farm Woman , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1988 ) 45 # 2 pp 280 -- 304 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wheatley , Phillis . `` On Being Brought From Africa to America . '' ( London : 1773 ) . Poems By Phillis Wheatley . http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Wheatley/phil.htm . Jump up ^ Wheatley , Phillis . `` An Elegiac Poem On the Death of that celebrated Divine , and eminent Servant of Jesus Christ , the Reverend and Learned Mr. George Whitefield . ( London : 1773 ) . Massachusetts Historical Society . Jump up ^ Brekus , Catherine A. Sarah Osborn 's World : The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America . ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Balmer , Randall , Jon Butler , and Grant Wacker . Religion in American Life : A Short History . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ) pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Joseph S , DD ( 1858 ) . A Historical Sketch of the Congregational Churches in Massachusetts , from 1620 to 1858 . Boston ( Digitixczed by Google books ) : Congregational Board of Publication . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Howard C. Kee , et al. , 415 Jump up ^ Howard C. Kee , et al. , 416 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi ( 1986 ) . Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America . Oxford University Press . pp. 162 -- 68 . ISBN 9780199729111 . Further reading ( edit ) Scholarly studies ( edit ) Ahlstrom , Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) ( ISBN 0 - 385 - 11164 - 9 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America Oxford University Press , 1988 Bumsted , J.M. `` What Must I Do to Be Saved ? '' : The Great Awakening in Colonial America 1976 , Thomson Publishing , ISBN 0 - 03 - 086651 - 0 . Butler , Jon . Awash in a Sea of Faith : Christianizing the American People . 1990 . Choiński , Michał . The Rhetoric of the Revival : The Language of the Great Awakening Preachers. 2016 , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 56023 - 5 . Conforti , Joseph A. Jonathan Edwards , Religious Tradition and American Culture University of North Carolina Press . 1995 . Fisher , Linford D . The Indian Great Awakening : Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America Oxford University Press , 2012 . Gaustad , Edwin S . The Great Awakening in New England ( 1957 ) Gaustad , Edwin S . `` The Theological Effects of the Great Awakening in New England , '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 40 , No. 4 . ( Mar. , 1954 ) , pp. 681 -- 706 . in JSTOR Goen , C.C. Revivalism and Separatism in New England , 1740 -- 1800 : Strict Congregationalists and Separate Baptists in the Great Awakening 1987 , Wesleyan University Press , ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6133 - 9 . Hatch , Nathan O . The Democratization of American Christianity 1989 . Heimert , Alan . Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution ( 1966 ) Isaac , Rhys . The Transformation of Virginia , 1740 -- 1790 1982 , emphasis on Baptists Kidd , Thomas S . The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 15846 - 7 . Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) . Lambert , Frank . Pedlar in Divinity : George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals ; ( 1994 ) Lambert , Frank . `` The First Great Awakening : Whose interpretive fiction ? '' The New England Quarterly , vol. 68 , no. 4 , pp. 650 , 1995 Lambert , Frank . Inventing the `` Great Awakening '' ( 1998 ) . McLoughlin , William G. Revivals , Awakenings , and Reform : An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America , 1607 -- 1977 ( 1978 ) . Schmidt , Leigh Eric . Holy Fairs : Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism ( 2001 ) Schmotter , James W . `` The Irony of Clerical Professionalism : New England 's Congregational Ministers and the Great Awakening '' , American Quarterly , 31 ( 1979 ) , a statistical study in JSTOR Smith , John Howard . The First Great Awakening : Redefining Religion in British America , 1725 - 1775 ( 2015 ) 345 pp . Smith , Lisa . The First Great Awakening in Colonial American Newspapers : A Shifting Story ( 2012 ) Stout , Harry . The Divine Dramatist : George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism ( 1991 ) Winiarski , Douglas L. Darkness Falls on the Land of Light : Experiencing Religious Awakenings in Eighteenth - Century New England ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . xxiv , 607 pp . Historiography ( edit ) Butler , Jon . `` Enthusiasm Described and Decried : The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction . '' Journal of American History 69 ( 1982 ) : 305 -- 25 . in JSTOR Goff , Philip . `` Revivals and Revolution : Historiographic Turns since Alan Heimert 's Religion and the American Mind . '' Church History 1998 67 ( 4 ) : 695 -- 721 . ISSN 0009 - 6407 full text online McLoughlin , William G. `` Essay Review : the American Revolution as a Religious Revival : ' The Millennium in One Country . ' '' New England Quarterly 1967 40 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 110 . Jstor Primary sources ( edit ) Jonathan Edwards , ( C. Goen , editor ) The Great - Awakening : A Faithful Narrative Collected contemporary comments and letters ; 1972 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 01437 - 6 . Alan Heimert and Perry Miller ed. ; The Great Awakening : Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences 1967 Davies , Samuel . Sermons on Important Subjects . Edited by Albert Barnes. 3 vols. 1845 . reprint 1967 Gillies , John . Memoirs of Rev. George Whitefield . New Haven , CN : Whitmore and Buckingham , and H. Mansfield , 1834 . Jarratt , Devereux . The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt . Religion in America , ed . Edwin S. Gaustad . New York , Arno , 1969 . Whitefield , George . George Whitefield 's Journals . Edited by Iain Murray . London : Banner of Truth Trust , 1960 . Whitefield , George . Letters of George Whitefield . Edited by S.M. Houghton . Edinburgh , UK : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Great Awakening . Lesson plan on First Great Awakening The Great Awakening Comes to Weathersfield , Connecticut : Nathan Cole 's Spiritual Travels `` I Believe It Is Because I Am a Poor Indian '' : Samsom Occom 's Life as an Indian Minister `` The Joseph Bellamy House : The Great Awakening in Puritan New England '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Edwards , `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God '' text ( hide ) History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Great_Awakening&oldid=807337618 '' Categories : History of the Thirteen Colonies History of Christianity in the United States Christian revivals Christian terminology 18th - century Protestantism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 09 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the first great awakening take place	[ "The Great Awakening or First Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that swept Protestant Europe and British America in the 1730s and 1740s. An evangelical and revitalization movement, it left a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. The Great Awakening pulled away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism, and hierarchy, and made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.[1]" ]	[ "Protestant Europe and British America" ]
-3076474527255029819	(I've Had) The Time of My Life	( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Music video `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube Alternative cover 7 '' - U.S. `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Awards 5 Cover versions and samples 6 Formats and track listings 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 50,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . cria.ca . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=800206733 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote time of my life dirty dancing	[ "\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals." ]	[ "Franke Previte", "John DeNicola", "Donald Markowitz" ]
690600606475102801	Choux pastry	Choux pastry - wikipedia Choux pastry Choux pastry Choux pastry swans Alternative names Pâte à choux Type Pastry Place of origin France Created by Panterelli Main ingredients butter , flour , eggs , water Cookbook : Choux pastry Media : Choux pastry Choux pastry , or pâte à choux ( French : ( pɑt a ʃu ) ) , is a light pastry dough used to make profiteroles , croquembouches , éclairs , French crullers , beignets , St. Honoré cake , quenelles , Parisian gnocchi , dumplings , gougères , chouquettes , craquelins and churros . It contains only butter , water , flour and eggs . Instead of a raising agent , it employs high moisture content to create steam during cooking to puff the pastry . The pastry is used in many European and European - derived cuisines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Essential ingredients and manner of rising 3 Foods made with choux pastry 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) According to some cookbooks , a chef by the name of Pantarelli or Pantanelli invented the dough in 1540 , seven years after he left Florence with Catherine de ' Medici and her court . He used the dough to make a gâteau and named it pâte à Pantanelli . Over time , the recipe of the dough evolved , and the name changed to pâte à popelin , which was used to make popelins , small cakes made in the shape of a woman 's breasts . Then , Avice , a pâtissier in the eighteenth century , created what were then called choux buns . The name of the dough changed to pâte à choux , as Avice 's buns resembled cabbages -- choux in French . From there , Antoine Carême made modifications to the recipe , resulting in the recipe most commonly used now for profiteroles . Essential ingredients and manner of rising ( edit ) The ingredients for choux pastry are butter , water , flour and eggs . Like Yorkshire Pudding or David Eyre 's pancake , instead of a raising agent , it employs high moisture content to create steam during cooking to puff the pastry . The high moisture content is achieved by boiling the water and butter , then adding the flour . The mixture is cooked a few minutes longer , then cooled before adding enough eggs to achieve the desired consistency . The boiling step causes the starch in the flour to gel , allowing the incorporation of more water . Foods made with choux pastry ( edit ) This pastry is used to make profiteroles , croquembouches , éclairs , religieuses , French crullers , beignets , St. Honoré cake , quenelles , Parisian gnocchi , dumplings and gougères . Choux pastry is usually baked but for beignets it is fried . In Spain and Latin America , churros are made of fried choux pastry , sugared and dipped in a thick hot chocolate for breakfast . In Austrian cuisine , one variation of Marillenknödel , a sweet apricot dumpling cooked in simmering water , uses choux pastry ; in that case it does not puff , but remains relatively dense . Choux pastries are sometimes filled with cream after baking to make cream puffs or éclairs . Chouquettes , named for the diminutive of choux , are small , round , hollow choux pastry covered with large - grain sugar . Craquelins are covered in a `` crackly '' sugar topping -- and often filled with pastry cream , much like eclairs . Mixing choux pastry dough for beignets Piping out the dough for beignets with a pastry bag See also ( edit ) List of choux pastry dishes List of pastries food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Le Cordon Bleu patisserie foundations . Clifton Park , N.Y. : Delmar. 2011 . ISBN 9781439057131 . Jump up ^ Juillet , Claude ( 1998 ) . Classic Patisserie : An A -- Z Handbook . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3815 - X . Jump up ^ McGee , Harold ( 2004 ) . On Food and Cooking : The Science and Lore of the Kitchen ( Completely rev. and updated . ed . ) . New York , NY : Scribner . pp. 552 -- 553 , 612 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Henri - Paul Pellaprat , Jeremiah Tower , The Great Book of French Cuisine , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Recipe for this variation of Marillenknödel '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ `` Basics : Choux pastry '' . Just Hungry. 2004 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Look up choux pastry or pâte à choux in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pastries list Types Choux pastry Filo Flaky pastry Hot water crust pastry Pan dulce Puff pastry Shortcrust pastry General Alexandertorte Allerheiligenstriezel Apple strudel Azerbaijani pakhlava Bakewell pudding Baklava Bakpia Bakpia Pathok Bánh pía Banitsa Bear claw Belekoy Belokranjska povitica Bethmännchen Bierock Bizcocho Blachinda Börek Boyoz Briouat Bruttiboni Bundevara Chorley cake Cinnamon roll Coca Coulibiac Coussin de Lyon Cream horn Cremeschnitte Croline Cronut Cruller Cuban pastry Curry beef triangle Curry puff Dabby - Doughs Danish pastry Dutch letter Eccles cake Empanada Ensaïmada Fa gao Fazuelos Fig roll Fish - shaped pastry Flaó Flia Flies ' graveyard Franzbrötchen Gâteau Basque Gibanica Gözleme Gundain Gustavus Adolphus pastry Haddekuche Haitian patty Hellimli Heong Peng Huff paste Hwangnam - ppang Inipit Jachnun Kanafeh Kitchener bun Klobasnek Knieküchle Kolach Kołacz Kringle Kroštule Kürtőskalács Lattice Leipziger Lerche London Cheesecake Lukhmi Ma'amoul Makmur Makroudh Malsouka Mandelkubb Mantecadas Marillenknödel Mekitsa Miguelitos Milhoja Milk - cream strudel Moorkop Mouna Nǎiyóu sū bǐng Nokul Öçpoçmaq Otap Pain à la grecque Pan dulce Pastel Pastizz Pastry heart Pasty Pâté chaud Peremech Piaya Pie tee Pineapple cake Pionono Pirog Pirozhki Pop - Tarts Prekmurska gibanica Pretzel Profiterole Punsch - roll Punschkrapfen Quesito Rab cake Remonce Roti tissue Roze koek Runeberg torte Runza Sad cake Schaumrolle Schnecken Schneeball Schuxen Semla Şöbiyet Sou Spritzkuchen Streusel Strudel Stutenkerl Sweetheart cake Tahini roll Toast'em Pop Ups Toaster pastry Toaster Strudel Tompouce Torpedo dessert Tortell Tortita negra Tu Turnover Uštipci Vatrushka Veka Vetkoek Yurla Zeeuwse bolus Žemlovka Poppy seed Chatti pathiri Hamantash Kifli Kolach Kołacz Kūčiukai Međimurska gibanica Nunt Nut roll Poppy seed roll Prekmurska gibanica Rugelach Chinese Chasan Marry girl cake Masan Mooncake Paper wrapped cake Sachima French Angel wings Beignet Bichon au citron Biscuit rose de Reims Broyé poitevin Canelé Chouquette Choux pastry Conversation tart Croissant Croquembouche Croustade Éclair Financier Gougère Jésuite Ladyfinger Macaron Madeleine Mille - feuille Nun 's puffs Pain au chocolat Pain aux raisins Palmier Paris -- Brest Puits d'amour Religieuse St. Honoré cake Tuile Viennoiserie Vol - au - vent Greek Bougatsa Filo Galaktoboureko Kasseropita Koulourakia Spanakopita Tiropita Iranian Gosh - e Fil Kolompeh Koloocheh Komaj sehen Qottab Sohan Asali Italian Baicoli Biscotti Biscotti Regina Bocconotto Bombolone Cannoli Ciarduna Cornetto Crocetta of Caltanissetta Florentine biscuit Frittole Ladyfinger Pandoro Pasticciotto Pevarini Pignolata Pignolo Pizzelle Sfogliatella Struffoli Torta caprese Zeppole Zippuli Romanian Cornulețe Gogoși Papanași Plăcintă Sfințișori Swiss Birnbrot Blue cake Bündner Nusstorte Carac Cholera Spanisch Brötli Turkish Bülbül yuvası Güllaç Kalburabastı Lady 's navel Qurabiya Saray helva Şekerpare Sütlü Nuriye Torpedo dessert Related topics Confectionery Crust Custard Doughnut Konditorei Kuo Yuan Ye Museum of Cake and Pastry List of cakes List of choux pastry dishes List of desserts List of fried dough foods List of pies , tarts and flans List of poppy seed pastries and dishes Pastry bag Pastry blender Pastry brush Pastry chef Pastry fork Pâtisserie World Pastry Cup Commons Cookbook WikiProject Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choux_pastry&oldid=846161374 '' Categories : Doughs French pastries Pastries Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2013 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the french name for the dough used to make eclairs	[ "Choux pastry, or pâte à choux (French: [pɑt a ʃu]), is a light pastry dough used to make profiteroles, croquembouches, éclairs, French crullers, beignets, St. Honoré cake, quenelles, Parisian gnocchi, dumplings, gougères, chouquettes, craquelins and churros. It contains only butter, water, flour and eggs. Instead of a raising agent, it employs high moisture content to create steam during cooking to puff the pastry. The pastry is used in many European and European-derived cuisines.\n" ]	[ "Choux pastry, or pâte à choux" ]
7501686196329156192	Once Upon a Time (season 7)	Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 17 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It will consist of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marks a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle will be the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline has been softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Several years after the Final Battle , Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story , only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest where a conflict between Cinderella and Lady Tremaine culminates in the casting of yet another curse . As Henry 's daughter sets out to restore his belief , the enchantress Mother Gothel revives a coven of witches with unknown intentions , the sinister Dr. Facilier reforges his connection with Regina , and a mysterious figure sets their murderous sights on the coven and anyone who gets in their way . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener Chris Gauthier as Smee Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi Robin Givens as Eudora Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Jeff Pierre as Naveen / Drew Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn Guest ( edit ) Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Kevin Ryan as Robert Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecelia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota Nisreen Slim as Dr. Andrea Sage Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Elle McKinnon as young Alice Sara Canning as Gretel Charles Mesure as Blackbeard Kip Pardue as Chad Dan Payne as Ivo Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel Lily van der Griend as young Gretel Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Sean Maguire as Robin Hood JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil / Cruella Feinberg Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan / Pied Piper Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper David Paul Grove as Doc Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but , when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Rumple , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After six years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair , but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart . One day , Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but , to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel , convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 In a flashback , baby Lucy is born , just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry , and Regina is forced into casting Drizella 's curse to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' Mick Garris Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 2.14 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother 's wishes . After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel , Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her . Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living . In the present day , Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy . However , Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel , not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around . As the amulet 's magic begins to take Drizella 's life , Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken . Elsewhere , it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights , as a doctor who finds out about Lucy 's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure . 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' Nina Lopez - Corrado David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.22 In a flashback to the day of Tiana 's coronation , Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom , which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator . She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two do n't get along , they agree to search for it together . When the alligator attacks them on a lake , Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured . When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast , Tiana gets him to revive Naveen , but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice . In the present day , Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable . She accuses Drew , a former classmate - turned - food truck rival , of sabotage . However , it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi , a mysterious investor , to get close to her for his own purposes . Regina figures out that Facilier is n't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse , while Rogers and Weaver uncover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular . 146 13 `` Knightfall '' Steve Miner Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.38 In the flashbacks , after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower , Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumple in the Wish Realm . Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab . He wins it from Ahab over a die roll , however , when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status , Hook agrees to a pistol duel . When he returns to the tower , Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel , who had poisoned the bullet that hit him . In the present day , Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult , though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers . Tilly , who is experiencing a manic episode , desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is . When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case , they check up on Hilda in the hospital , only to find her dead with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room . 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' Antonio Negret Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.11 In a flashback , Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after , a troll appears and helps her escape . Years later , Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin , who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest . Robin intends to honor her father 's legacy by hunting down Alice 's troll , who has since been destroying villages , but Alice goes after her to protect it . In the present day , Rogers , Henry , and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker 's murder to clear her name . As she retraces her steps , Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited . Meanwhile , Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights . 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' Ellen S. Pressman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 2.03 In a flashback , Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven . Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course , however , it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win . In the present day , Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood `` Candy Killer . '' Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm , though it would be at the expense of Anastasia 's life . Initially , Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual . When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens , she must choose between Drizella or Gothel , and ultimately chooses her sister . The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry , Rogers , and Nick , which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer . 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' Ron Underwood Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.15 In a flashback , Henry expresses his desire to find his own story , as he feels unworthy of Ella . When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents , Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones ' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard . However , it is revealed that it was all a set - up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure . A little while later , Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway . In the present day , Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave , Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer , whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the `` Hansel '' of the story . When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport , Nick offers him a ride , which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick , who confirms the former 's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer . As this is happening , Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer 's next target . 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 2.18 In a flashback , another witch , who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel , has settled into Oz , to Zelena 's disdain . After Zelena refuses to help the kids , she is magically weakened by the witch , and faints in the forest . She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo , who happens to be Hansel and Gretel 's father . When Zelena decides to go back for the children , she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her . When the family refuses to give her a second chance , Zelena angrily burns Hansel . In the present day , Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts , but Henry is still a nonbeliever . Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge . Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past , though he does n't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together . Meanwhile , Facilier uses Naveen , who is actually not cursed , to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack . 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 152 19 `` Flower Child '' Tessa Blake Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD 153 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' Ron Underwood Dana Horgan & Leah Fong May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) TBD 154 21 `` Homecoming '' Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) TBD 155 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest , which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm . Other locations featured in flashbacks are New Wonderland , the Wish Realm and Storybrooke itself . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . On March 16 , it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes . This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore ( who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode ) and Sean Maguire , as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher , Victoria Smurfit , Robbie Kay , Beverley Elliott , Lee Arenberg , Keegan Connor Tracy , and Tony Amendola . On March 21 , it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time , along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series . In addition , Raphael Sbarge , David Paul Grove , and Faustino di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Secret Garden '' March 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.14 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.22 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 13 `` Knightfall '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.38 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' March 23 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.11 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 15 `` Sisterhood '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' April 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.15 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 17 `` Chosen '' April 13 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 712 ) `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 714 ) `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dana Horgan ( @ horgandee ) ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Cecelia ( now just TRY not getting the Simon & Garfunkle song stuck in your head for the rest of the day ... :) ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 711 ) `` Secret Garden '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 713 ) `` Knightfall '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 715 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 716 ) `` Breadcrumbs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 717 ) `` Chosen '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire among returning faces for series finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire , JoAnna Garcia and Robbie Kay Among Farewell Run 's 9 Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : All the Stars -- Including Jennifer Morrison and Ginnifer Goodwin -- Returning for the Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Sbarge ( @ RaphaelSbarge ) ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` You can go home again . # Storybrooke # Pongo # reunited # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lee Arenberg ( @ leearenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` # TheWildCrew ... it 's been an honor to toe the marks with you fine gents ! ! ! @ FaustinoDiBauda @ RaphaelSbarge @ davidavalon # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 718 ) `` The Guardian '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rose Reynolds ( @ RoseAReynolds ) ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` That 's a wrap on 0719 with Tessa Blake . Such a brilliant director . Generous , articulate , and a joy . @ OnceABC # femalesinfilm # MondayMotivation '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leah Fong ( @ leahfong ) ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` There definitely were no tears when @ horgandee and I turned in our final episode . Nope . Def not . # OnceUponATime # OUAT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Steve Pearlman ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Day 2 # 721 # OUAT # DirectorSneaks '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Here is the last # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler ever . It 's been fun ! Hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time original cast member returning in final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=837270478 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the last episode of once upon a time air	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [49]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n134\n1\n\"Hyperion Heights\"\nRalph Hemecker\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)\n3.26[50]\n\n\nIn a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.\n\n\n135\n2\n\"A Pirate's Life\"\nTara Nicole Weyr\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)\n2.74[51]\n\n\nIn flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.\n\n\n136\n3\n\"The Garden of Forking Paths\"\nRon Underwood\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)\n2.49[52]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her \"death\" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.\n\n\n137\n4\n\"Beauty\"\nMick Garris\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n2.44[53]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the \"sun\" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity.\n\n\n138\n5\n\"Greenbacks\"\nGeofrey Hildrew\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)\n2.29[54]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.\n\n\n139\n6\n\"Wake Up Call\"\nSharat Raju\nJerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson\nNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)\n2.37[55]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about \"Regina Mills\" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.\n\n\n140\n7\n\"Eloise Gardener\"\nAlex Kalymnios\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping.\n\n\n141\n8\n\"Pretty in Blue\"\nRalph Hemecker\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.\n\n\n142\n9\n\"One Little Tear\"\nSteve Pearlman\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\n2.45[57]\n\n\nVictoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After six years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair, but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but, to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel, convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.\n\n\n143\n10\n\"The Eighth Witch\"\nRalph Hemecker\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)\n2.29[58]\n\n\nIn a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.\n\n\n144\n11\n\"Secret Garden\"\nMick Garris\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)\n2.14[59]\n\n\nIn a flashback, an 18-year-old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother's wishes. After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel, Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her. Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living. In the present day, Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy. However, Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel, not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around. As the amulet's magic begins to take Drizella's life, Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken. Elsewhere, it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights, as a doctor who finds out about Lucy's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure.\n\n\n145\n12\n\"A Taste of the Heights\"\nNina Lopez-Corrado\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)\n2.22[60]\n\n\nIn a flashback to the day of Tiana's coronation, Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom, which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator. She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two don't get along, they agree to search for it together. When the alligator attacks them on a lake, Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured. When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast, Tiana gets him to revive Naveen, but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice. In the present day, Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable. She accuses Drew, a former classmate-turned-food truck rival, of sabotage. However, it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi, a mysterious investor, to get close to her for his own purposes. Regina figures out that Facilier isn't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse, while Rogers and Weaver uncover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular.\n\n\n146\n13\n\"Knightfall\"\nSteve Miner\nJerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya\nMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)\n2.38[61]\n\n\nIn the flashbacks, after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower, Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumple in the Wish Realm. Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab. He wins it from Ahab over a die roll, however, when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status, Hook agrees to a pistol duel. When he returns to the tower, Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel, who had poisoned the bullet that hit him. In the present day, Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult, though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers. Tilly, who is experiencing a manic episode, desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is. When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case, they check up on Hilda in the hospital, only to find her dead with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room.\n\n\n147\n14\n\"The Girl in the Tower\"\nAntonio Negret\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)\n2.11[62]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after, a troll appears and helps her escape. Years later, Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin, who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest. Robin intends to honor her father's legacy by hunting down Alice's troll, who has since been destroying villages, but Alice goes after her to protect it. In the present day, Rogers, Henry, and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker's murder to clear her name. As she retraces her steps, Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited. Meanwhile, Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights.\n\n\n148\n15\n\"Sisterhood\"\nEllen S. Pressman\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n2.03[63]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven. Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course, however, it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win. In the present day, Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood \"Candy Killer.\" Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm, though it would be at the expense of Anastasia's life. Initially, Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual. When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens, she must choose between Drizella or Gothel, and ultimately chooses her sister. The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry, Rogers, and Nick, which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer.\n\n\n149\n16\n\"Breadcrumbs\"\nRon Underwood\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)\n2.15[64]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Henry expresses his desire to find his own story, as he feels unworthy of Ella. When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents, Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard. However, it is revealed that it was all a set-up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure. A little while later, Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway. In the present day, Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave, Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer, whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the \"Hansel\" of the story. When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport, Nick offers him a ride, which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick, who confirms the former's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer. As this is happening, Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer's next target.\n\n\n150\n17\n\"Chosen\"\nLana Parrilla\nPaul Karp & Brian Ridings\nApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)\n2.18[65]\n\n\nIn a flashback, another witch, who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel, has settled into Oz, to Zelena's disdain. After Zelena refuses to help the kids, she is magically weakened by the witch, and faints in the forest. She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo, who happens to be Hansel and Gretel's father. When Zelena decides to go back for the children, she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her. When the family refuses to give her a second chance, Zelena angrily burns Hansel. In the present day, Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts, but Henry is still a nonbeliever. Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge. Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past, though he doesn't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together. Meanwhile, Facilier uses Naveen, who is actually not cursed, to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack.\n\n\n151\n18\n\"The Guardian\"[66]\nGeofrey Hildrew\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)\nTBD\n\n\n152\n19\n\"Flower Child\"[67]\nTessa Blake[68]\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)\nTBD\n\n\n153\n20\n\"Is This Henry Mills?\"[69]\nRon Underwood\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)\nTBD\n\n\n154\n21\n\"Homecoming\"[70]\nSteve Pearlman[71]\nDavid H. Goodman\nMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)\nTBD\n\n\n155\n22\n\"Leaving Storybrooke\"[72]\nTBA\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "May 18, 2018" ]
2231818926416220840	Rosary	Rosary - wikipedia Rosary This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Narky Blert ( talk contribs ) at 13 : 22 , 9 August 2017 ( Link to DAB page repaired ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 13 : 22 , 9 August 2017 by Narky Blert ( talk contribs ) ( Link to DAB page repaired ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Marian devotion . For other Christian forms , see Rosary - based prayers . For the object and its related forms in other religions , see Prayer beads . For other uses , see Rosary ( disambiguation ) . The most commonly known format of the Rosary , flanked by the Bible and a free - standing crucifix . La Visione di San Domenico ( The Vision of Saint Dominic ) , Bernardo Cavallino , 1640 Part of a series on the Rosary of the Catholic Church A Catholic rosary . Overview Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Mariology Devotions and spirituality History of the rosary Methods of praying the rosary Our Lady of the Rosary Rosary and scapular Battle of Lepanto Prayers and promises Fatima Prayers Fifteen rosary promises The Mysteries Rosary - based prayers Rosary of the Holy Wounds Three Hail Marys Writings God Alone Ingruentium malorum Marialis cultus The Power of the Rosary Rosarium Virginis Mariae Secret of the Rosary People and societies Saint Dominic Blessed Alanus de Rupe Pope Saint Pius V Saint Louis de Montfort Rosary Pope ( Leo XIII ) Confraternity of the Rosary Our Lady 's Rosary Makers Catholicism portal The Rosary ( pronunciation : / ˈrəʊz ( ə ) ri / , Latin : rosarium , in the sense of `` crown of roses '' or `` garland of roses '' ) , usually in the form of the Dominican Rosary , is a form of prayer used especially in the Catholic Church named for the string of knots or beads used to count the component prayers . When used of the form of prayer , the word is usually capitalized ( `` the Rosary '' ) , as is customary for other names of prayers , such as `` the Lord 's Prayer '' , `` the Hail Mary '' , `` the Magnificat '' . When referring to the beads , it is normally written with a lower - case initial ( `` a rosary '' ) . The prayers that essentially compose the Rosary are arranged in sets of ten Hail Marys with each set preceded by one Lord 's Prayer and followed by one Glory Be , with perhaps the `` Oh My Jesus '' added , based on the apparitions at Fátima in 1917 . During recitation of each set , known as a decade , thought is given to one of the Mysteries of the Rosary , which recall events in the lives of Jesus and Mary . Normally , five decades are recited in a session . Various prayers are sometimes added after each decade ( for example , the Fátima Prayer ) , at the beginning ( in particular , the Apostles ' Creed ) , and at the end ( in particular , the Hail , Holy Queen ) . The rosary as a material object is an aid towards saying these prayers in the proper sequence . The Rosary is a devotion for the meditation of the mysteries of the lives of Jesus and Mary . Sister Lucia dos Santos said `` The Most Holy Virgin in these last times in which we live has given a new efficacy to the recitation of the Rosary to such an extent that there is no problem , no matter how difficult it is , whether temporal or above all spiritual , in the personal life of each one of us , of our families ... that can not be solved by the Rosary . There is no problem , I tell you , no matter how difficult it is , that we can not resolve by the prayer of the Holy Rosary . '' The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion ( John Paul II ) said `` Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace , as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer . A standard fifteen Mysteries of the Rosary , based on the long - standing custom , was established by Pope Pius V in the 16th century , grouping the mysteries in three sets : the Joyful Mysteries , the Sorrowful Mysteries , and the Glorious Mysteries . In 2002 Pope John Paul II said that it is fitting that a new set of five be added , called the Luminous Mysteries , bringing the total number of mysteries to twenty , although he did not create these mysteries . They had been used by Holy Cross father Patrick Peyton , the `` Rosary Priest '' of the 20th Century . For over four centuries , the rosary has been promoted by several popes as part of the veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism , and consisting essentially in meditation on the life of Christ . The rosary also represents the Roman Catholic emphasis on `` participation in the life of Mary , whose focus was Christ '' , and the Mariological theme `` to Christ through Mary '' , taught by Saint Louis de Montfort . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theological significance 1.1 Devotions and spirituality 2 History 2.1 Devotional growth 3 Structure of prayers 3.1 Basic structure 3.2 Variations and common pious additions 3.3 Group recitation of the Rosary 4 Mysteries of the Rosary 4.1 Days of praying 5 Rosary beads 5.1 Single - decade rosaries 5.2 Materials and distribution 5.3 Wearing the rosary 5.4 Rosary and Scapular 6 Rosary based devotions 7 Recordings of the Rosary 8 In non-Catholic Christianity 8.1 Anglicanism 8.2 Lutheranism 9 Churches named for the Rosary 10 In Marian art 11 See also 12 Notes 12.1 General references 13 Further reading 14 External links Theological significance A traditional five decade rosary in sterling silver An Egyptian , Coptic - style rosary featuring an extra Coptic crucifix The rosary is part of Catholic veneration of Mary , which has been promoted by numerous popes . In the 16th century , Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory ( later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary ) , which is celebrated on 7 October . Pope Leo XIII , known as `` The Rosary Pope '' , issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters on the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto . Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima , which is credited with a new resurgence of the rosary within the Catholic Church . Pope John Paul II ( whose pontificate had major Marian themes ) issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which emphasized the Christocentric nature of the Rosary as a meditation on the life of Christ . On 3 May 2008 , Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime : `` It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother . '' To Benedict XVI , the rosary is a meditation on all the important moments of salvation history . The Congregation for Divine Worship 's directory of popular piety and the liturgy emphasizes the Christian meditation / meditative aspects of the rosary , and states that the Rosary is essentially a contemplative prayer which requires `` tranquility of rhythm or even a mental lingering which encourages the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of the Lord 's life . '' The Congregation for Divine Worship points out the role the Rosary can have as a formative component of spiritual life . The theologian Romano Guardini described the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as `` participation in the life of Mary , whose focus was Christ . '' This view was earlier expressed by Leo XIII who viewed the rosary as way to accompany Mary in her contemplation of Christ . Devotions and spirituality Main article : Rosary devotions and spirituality Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality . Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it `` among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation . '' Saints and popes have emphasized the meditative and contemplative elements of the rosary and provided specific teachings for how the rosary should be prayed , for instance the need for `` focus , respect , reverence and purity of intention '' during rosary recitations and contemplations . From the sixteenth century onwards , rosary recitations often involved `` picture texts '' that assisted meditation . Such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary . Saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation . Scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina , ( literally divine reading ) as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the person and Christ . Padre Pio , a rosary devotee , said : `` Through the study of books one seeks God ; by meditation one finds him . '' References to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries . The reported messages from these apparitions have influenced the spread of rosary devotion worldwide . In Quamquam pluries Pope Leo XIII related rosary devotions to Saint Joseph and granted indulgences for adding a prayer to St. Joseph to the Rosary during the month of October . Praying the rosary may be prescribed by priests as a form of penance after confession . Penance in this form is not generally intended as a `` punishment '' ; rather , it is meant to encourage reflection upon and spiritual growth from past sins . History Main article : History of the rosary According to pious tradition , the concept of the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition of the Virgin Mary in the year 1214 in the church of Prouille . This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary . In the 15th century it was promoted by Alanus de Rupe ( aka Alain de la Roche or Blessed Alan of the Rock ) , a Dominican priest and theologian , who established the `` fifteen rosary promises '' and started many rosary confraternities . According to Herbert Thurston , it is certain that in the course of the twelfth century and before the birth of St. Dominic , the practice of reciting 50 or 150 Ave Marias had become generally familiar . According to 20th century editions of the Catholic Encyclopedia , the story of St. Dominic 's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus , some 250 years after Dominic . However recent scholarship by Donald H. Calloway , which has received the endorsement of some of the Church hierarchy , seeks to refute this claim . Leonard Foley claimed that although Mary 's giving the rosary to St. Dominic is recognized as a legend , the development of this prayer form owes much to the Order of Preachers . The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to Dominic of Prussia ( 1382 -- 1460 ) , a Carthusian monk who called it `` Life of Jesus Rosary '' . The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys , using quotes from scriptures ( which at that time followed the name `` Jesus '' , before the intercessory ending was added during the Counter-Reformation ) . In 1569 , the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church . From the 16th to the early 20th century , the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged . There were 15 mysteries , one for each of the 15 decades . In the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common . There were no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries , although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented in the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton . Devotional growth See also : Roman Catholic Mariology Our Lady of Lourdes appearing at Lourdes with rosary beads . The rosary has been featured in the writings of Roman Catholic figures from saints to popes and continues to be mentioned in reported Marian apparitions , with a number of promises attributed to the power of the rosary . According to Alan de la Roche , the Virgin Mary is reputed to have made 15 specific promises to Christians who pray the rosary . The Fifteen rosary promises range from protection from misfortune to meriting a high degree of glory in heaven . John T. McNicholas says that during the time of the Penal Laws in Ireland when Mass was either infrequent or impossible , the Rosary became a substitute in the home . In the 18th century , the French priest Louis de Montfort elaborated on the importance of the rosary and its power in his book Secret of the Rosary . He emphasized the power of the rosary and provided specific instructions on how it should be prayed , e.g. with attention , devotion , and modesty ( reverence ) , with reflective pauses . One of the forces that drove the spread of the rosary during the 19th century among Roman Catholics was the influence of the Rosary Pope , a title given to Leo XIII ( 1878 -- 1903 ) because he issued a record twelve encyclicals and five Apostolic Letters on the rosary , instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October and , in 1883 , added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto . Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God from the faithful to the mother and from her to Christ and through Christ to the Father , and that the rosary was a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ . This emphasis on the path through Mary to Christ has since been a key direction in Roman Catholic Mariology , with Mariology being viewed as inherent in Christology . Rosary as a family prayer was supported by Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Ingruentium malorum : `` The custom of the family praying of the Holy Rosary is a most efficacious means . '' Structure of prayers The crucifix on a rosary . Basic structure The structure of the Rosary is as follows : The Rosary is begun on the short strand : The sign of the cross on the Crucifix ; The prayer `` O Lord , open my lips ; O God , come to my aid ; O Lord , make haste to help me '' , still on the Crucifix ; The Apostles ' Creed , still on the Crucifix ; The Lord 's Prayer at the first large bead ( for the intentions of the pope and the needs of the Church ) ; The Hail Mary on each of the next three beads ( for the three theological virtues : faith , hope , and charity ) ; and The Glory Be on the next large bead . The praying of the decades then follows , repeating this cycle for each mystery : Announce the mystery ; The Lord 's Prayer on the large bead ; The Hail Mary on each of the ten adjacent small beads ; The Glory Be on the space before the next large bead ; and To conclude : The Salve Regina ; The Loreto Litany ; Any further intentions ; and The sign of the cross . Instead of ending each decade with the Gloria Patri , Pope Pius IX would add `` May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace . '' The Fatima Prayer , is commonly added here as a pious addition , still on the large bead . Variations and common pious additions See also : Rosary - based prayers Common pious additions to the Rosary occur after each decade and after recitation of the Hail Holy Queen . Some Catholics recite the Fatima Decade Prayer at the end of each decade , preceding or following the Glory Be . Some add the Miraculous Medal prayer `` O Mary , conceived without sin ... '' or the Fatima Ave refrain ( `` Ave , Ave , Ave Maria ! Ave , Ave , Ave Maria ! '' ) . Others add a praying of the pious Eucharistic prayer `` O Sacrament Most Holy , O Sacrament Divine , All praise and all thanksgiving be every moment Thine '' at the end of each decade in honor of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament . In the practice of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , there is an additional decade for the intentions of the students or the Virgin Mary . A single decade Irish penal rosary After the Hail , Holy Queen many Catholics add the prayer `` O God , by Your Only Begotten Son ... '' , the prayer to Saint Michael , and a prayer for the intentions of the Pope . In some cases , the Litany of Loreto may be recited at the end . In the practice of the Dominican Order , the opening prayers of the rosary mirror the opening of the Divine Office : In the Name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . Amen . Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with Thee . Blessed art Thou among women , and Blessed is the Fruit of Thy Womb , Jesus . O Lord , open my lips . And my mouth will proclaim Your praise . Incline Your aid to me , O God . O Lord , make haste to help me . Glory be to the Father , and to the Son , and to the Holy Spirit , as it was in the beginning , is now , and ever shall be , world without end . Amen . Group recitation of the rosary This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When a group recites the Rosary , it is customary that the prayers that constitute the decades are divided into two parts . A leader may recite the first half of the prayer while the other participants recite the rest . The second part of the Our Father begins with `` Give us this day our daily bread ... '' ; the second part of the Hail Mary begins with `` Holy Mary , Mother of God ... '' ; and the second part of the Glory Be to the Father with `` As it was in the beginning ... '' In another style of praying the Rosary , the recitation of the first part of the prayers is sometimes entrusted to different persons while still maintaining the traditional Leader versus Congregation style of praying . Among certain cultures , the first , third , and fifth mysteries are recited by the single leader while the other members of the group say the second part ; the second and fourth mysteries are recited by the congregation by saying the first part and the leader says the second part of the prayer . Mysteries of the rosary Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church Madonna of the Magnificat ( 1481 ) by Sandro Botticelli Overview ( show ) Mariology Dogmas and doctrines Encyclicals History Popes Saints Societies Consecrations and entrustments Veneration Doctrines ( show ) Assumption Co-Redemptrix Immaculate Conception Mediatrix Mother of God Mother of the Church Perpetual virginity Queen of Heaven Papal documents ( show ) Bulls Dominici gregis Ineffabilis Deus Bis saeculari Munificentissimus Deus Encyclicals Ad diem illum Deiparae Virginis Mariae Ingruentium malorum Fulgens corona Ad Caeli Reginam Redemptoris Mater Auspicia quaedam Apostolic letters Gloriosae Dominae Marialis Cultus Rosarium Virginis Mariae Expressions of devotion ( show ) Art Churches Music Hymns Marian Processions Prayers and devotions ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus As a Child I Loved You Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Immaculate Mary Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Stabat Mater Sub tuum praesidium Three Hail Marys Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Grand Marian Procession Hearts of Jesus and Mary Immaculate Heart Rosary Scapular Seven Joys Seven Sorrows Movements and societies ( show ) Sodality of Our Lady Congregation of Marian Fathers Company of Mary ( Montfort ) Marianists ( Society of Mary ) Marist Fathers Marist Brothers Schoenstatt Movement Legion of Mary World Apostolate of Fátima ( Blue Army ) Mariological Society Our Lady 's Rosary Makers Marian Movement of Priests Fatima Family Apostolate Queen of Angels Foundation Apparitions ( show ) Approved by the Pope Banneux Beauraing Fátima Guadalupe La Salette Laus Lourdes Miraculous Medal Pontmain Key Marian feast days ( show ) Mother of God ( 1 January ) Annunciation ( 25 March ) Assumption ( 15 August ) Immaculate Conception ( 8 December ) Catholicism portal The Mysteries of the Rosary are meditations on episodes in the life and death of Jesus from the Annunciation to the Ascension and beyond , known as the Joyful ( or Joyous ) Mysteries , the Sorrowful Mysteries , and the Glorious Mysteries . Each of these Mysteries contemplates five different stages of Christ 's life . Typically a fruit ( spiritual goal ) are also assigned to the mystery . Below are listed from the appendix Louis Marie de Montfort 's Book , Secret of the Rosary for the original 15 mysteries , with other possible fruits being listed in other pamphlets bracketed : Joyful Mysteries The Annunciation . Fruit of the Mystery : Humility The Visitation . Fruit of the Mystery : Love of Neighbour The Nativity . Fruit of the Mystery : Poverty , Detachment from the things of the world , Contempt of Riches , Love of the Poor The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple . Fruit of the Mystery : Gift of Wisdom and Purity of mind and body ( Obedience ) The Finding of Jesus in the Temple . Fruit of the Mystery : True Conversion ( Piety , Joy of Finding Jesus ) Sorrowful Mysteries The Agony in the Garden . Fruit of the Mystery : Sorrow for Sin , Uniformity with the Will of God The Scourging at the Pillar . Fruit of the Mystery : Mortification ( Purity ) The Crowning with Thorns . Fruit of the Mystery : Contempt of the world ( moral courage ) The Carrying of the Cross . Fruit of the Mystery : Patience The Crucifixion and Death of our Lord . Fruit of the Mystery : Perseverance in faith , grace for a holy death ( Forgiveness ) Glorious Mysteries The Resurrection . Fruit of the Mystery : Faith The Ascension . Fruit of the Mystery : Hope , Desire for ascension to Heaven The Descent of the Holy Spirit . Fruit of the Mystery : Love of God , Holy Wisdom to know the truth and share with everyone , Divine Charity , Worship of the Holy Spirit The Assumption of Mary . Fruit of the Mystery : Grace of a Happy Death and True Devotion towards Mary The Coronation of the Virgin . Fruit of the Mystery : Perseverance and increase in virtue ( Trust in Mary 's Intercession ) Pope John Paul II , in his apostolic letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae ( October 2002 ) , recommended an additional set called the Luminous Mysteries ( or the `` Mysteries of Light '' ) . The original Mysteries of Light were written by George Preca , the only Maltese official Catholic Saint , and later reformed by the Pope . Luminous Mysteries ( Light ) The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan . Fruit of the Mystery : Openness to the Holy Spirit , the Healer . The Wedding at Cana . Fruit of the Mystery : To Jesus through Mary . The understanding of the ability to manifest - through faith . Jesus ' Proclamation of the Kingdom of God . Fruit of the Mystery : Trust in God ( Call of Conversion to Messiah ) The Transfiguration . Fruit of the Mystery : Desire for Holiness . The Institution of the Eucharist . Fruit of the Mystery : Adoration Days of praying The full rosary consists of praying all sets of mysteries , with the Joyful , Sorrowful and Glorious considered the minimal amount . Alternatively , a single set of five mysteries can be prayed each day , according to the following convention : Day of praying Standard / Traditional With the Luminous Mysteries Sunday During Advent , Christmas , and Time After Epiphany : The Joyful Mysteries During Septuagesima and Lent : The Sorrowful Mysteries During Easter and Time After Pentecost : The Glorious Mysteries The Glorious Mysteries Monday The Joyful Mysteries The Joyful Mysteries Tuesday The Sorrowful Mysteries The Sorrowful Mysteries Wednesday The Glorious Mysteries The Glorious Mysteries Thursday The Joyful Mysteries The Luminous Mysteries Friday The Sorrowful Mysteries The Sorrowful Mysteries Saturday The Glorious Mysteries The Joyful Mysteries † Note : It is customary to pray only the Sorrowful Mysteries during the seasons of Septuagesima and Lent , regardless of the day of week . Rosary beads See also : Prayer beads A 16th - century rosary found on board the carrack Mary Rose A Rosary bead with miniature reliefs The rosary beads provide a physical method of keeping count of the number of Hail Marys said as the mysteries are contemplated . The fingers are moved along the beads as the prayers are recited . By not having to keep track of the count mentally , the mind is free to meditate on the mysteries . A five - decade rosary contains five groups of ten beads ( a decade ) , with additional large beads before each decade . The Hail Mary is said on the ten beads within a decade , while the Lord 's Prayer is said on the large bead before each decade . A new mystery meditation commences at each of the large beads . Some rosaries , particularly those used by religious orders , contain fifteen decades , corresponding to the traditional fifteen mysteries of the rosary . Both five - and fifteen - decade rosaries are attached to a shorter strand , which starts with a crucifix , followed by one large bead , three small beads , and one large bead , before connecting to the rest of the rosary . Although counting the prayers on a string of beads is customary , the prayers of the rosary do not actually require a set of beads , but can be said using any type of counting device , by counting on the fingers or by counting without any device at all . Single - decade rosaries Single - decade rosaries can also be used : the devotee counts the same ring of ten beads repeatedly for every decade . During religious conflict in 16th and 17th century Ireland severe legal penalties were prescribed against practicing Roman Catholics . Small , easily hidden rosaries were thus used to avoid identification and became known as Irish penal rosaries . Sometimes rather than a cross , other symbols of specific meanings were used , such as a hammer to signify the nails of the cross , cords to represent the scourging , a chalice to recall the Last Supper , or a crowing rooster signifying the denial of Peter . Materials and distribution A Saint Michael Rosary The beads can be made from any materials , including wood , bone , glass , crushed flowers , semi-precious stones such as agate , jet , amber , or jasper , or precious materials including coral , crystal , silver , and gold . Beads may be made to include enclosed sacred relics or drops of holy water . Rosaries are sometimes made from the seeds of the `` rosary pea '' or `` bead tree '' . Today , the vast majority of rosary beads are made of glass , plastic , or wood . It is common for beads to be made of material with some special significance , such as jet from the shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela , or olive seeds from the Garden of Gethsemane . In rare cases beads are made of expensive materials , from gold and silver to mother of pearl and Swarovski black diamond designs . Early rosaries were strung on thread , often silk , but modern ones are more often made as a series of chain - linked beads . Catholic missionaries in Africa have reported that rosaries made of tree bark have been used there for praying due to the lack of conventional rosaries . Our Lady 's Rosary Makers produce some 7 million rosaries annually that are distributed to those considered to be in economic and spiritual need . Most rosaries used in the world today have simple and inexpensive plastic or wooden beads connected by cords or strings. The major cost is labour for assembly . A large number of inexpensive rosary beads are manufactured in Asia , especially in China and Taiwan . Italy has a strong manufacturing presence in medium - and high - cost rosaries . Rosaries are often made for sale ; hundreds of millions have also been made and distributed free of charge by Roman Catholic lay and religious apostolates worldwide . There are a number of rosary - making clubs around the world that make and distribute rosaries to missions , hospitals , prisons , etc. free of charge . To comply with safety precautions in prisons , special rosaries are donated using string that easily breaks . Wearing the rosary The Apostolate of Holy Motherhood writes that the Virgin Mary encourages the faithful to wear the rosary and scapular because `` it will help them to love Jesus more '' and serve as a `` protection from Satan . '' In addition , Saint Louis - Marie Grignion de Montfort encouraged Christians to wear the rosary , stating that doing so `` eased him considerably . '' Many religious orders wear the rosary as part of their habit . A rosary hanging from the belt often forms part of the Carthusian habit . Canon Law § 1171 provides that sacred objects , which are designated for divine worship by dedication or blessing , are to be treated reverently and are not to be employed for profane or inappropriate use even if they are owned by private persons . As such , according to Edward McNamara , professor of liturgy at the Regina Apostolorum university : If the reason for wearing a rosary is as a statement of faith , as a reminder to pray it , or some similar reason `` to the glory of God , '' then there is nothing to object to . It would not be respectful to wear it merely as jewelry . This latter point is something to bear in mind in the case of wearing a rosary around the neck . In the first place , while not unknown , it is not common Catholic practice ... While a Catholic may wear a rosary around the neck for a good purpose , he or she should consider if the practice will be positively understood in the cultural context in which the person moves . If any misunderstanding is likely , then it would be better to avoid the practice ... Similar reasoning is observed in dealing with rosary bracelets and rings , although in this case there is far less danger of confusion as to meaning . They are never mere jewelry but are worn as a sign of faith . Single - decade ring rosary A rosary ring is a ring worn around the finger with 10 indentations and a cross on the surface , representing one decade of a rosary . These rosary rings have been given to some Catholic nuns at the time of their solemn profession . A finger rosary is similar to a ring , but is somewhat larger . Rosaries like these are used by either rotating or just holding them between a finger and thumb while praying . A hand rosary is a decade in a complete loop , with one bead separated from ten other beads , this is meant to be carried while walking or running , so as not to entangle the larger type . Smaller ring rosaries became known as soldiers ' rosaries , because they were often taken into battle by soldiers , most notably during World War I . In addition to a string of beads , single - decade rosaries are made in other physical forms . A ring rosary , also known as a `` Basque rosary '' , is a finger ring with eleven knobs on it , ten round ones and one crucifix . A rosary bracelet is one with ten beads and often a cross or medal as well . Another form is the rosary card . A rosary card is either one with a `` handle '' that moves like a slide rule to count the decade , or it has a whole rosary with bumps similar to Braille and ancient counting systems . Some households that can not afford Christian artwork or a crucifix hang up a rosary . In addition , many Christians hang rosaries from the rear - view mirror of their automobiles as a sign of their faith and for protection as they drive . Rosary and Scapular Main article : Rosary and scapular Rosary and Scapular `` The Rosary and the Scapular are inseparable '' were words attributed to the Virgin Mary by Lucia Santos , one of the three children who reported the Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917 and later the Pontevedra apparitions in 1925 , Fátima , Portugal , and Pontevedra in Galicia , Spain . In these apparitions , the Virgin Mary reportedly called herself The Lady of the Rosary and in one of the final Fátima appearances on 13 October 1917 had a Brown Scapular in one hand and a Rosary in the other . The Lady of the Rosary reportedly encouraged the praying of the Rosary and the wearing of the Brown Scapular . Throughout history , the Rosary and the Scapular as objects for devotions and prayers have been supported , encouraged , and linked by a number of popes , and specific indulgences have been attached to them . Rosary based devotions The use of Novenas which include a rosary is popular among Roman Catholics . As in other Novenas , the traditional method consists of praying the rosary on nine consecutive days , and submitting a petition along with each prayer . Indulgences are provided for rosary Novenas that include specific prayers , e.g. a prayer to Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Dominic . The longer `` 54 - day Rosary Novena '' consists of two parts , 27 days each , i.e. three repetitions of the 9 day Novena cycle . It is an uninterrupted series of Rosaries in honor of the Virgin Mary , reported as a private revelation by Fortuna Agrelli in Naples , Italy , in 1884 . The Novena is performed by praying five decades of the Rosary each day for twenty - seven days in petition . The second phase which immediately follows it consists of five decades each day for twenty - seven days in thanksgiving , and is prayed whether or not the petition has been granted . During the novena , the meditations rotate among the joyful , sorrowful and glorious mysteries . Rosary beads are at times used to say rosary based prayers which do not primarily involve the Hail Mary and the mysteries of the rosary . Some forms of the Roman Catholic rosary are aimed at reparation including the sins of others . An example is the Rosary of the Holy Wounds first introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by the Venerable Sister Marie Martha Chambon , a Roman Catholic nun of the Monastery of the Visitation Order in Chambéry , France . This rosary is somewhat similar in structure to the Chaplet of Divine Mercy introduced by Saint Faustina Kowalska said on the usual rosary beads and intended as an Act of Reparation to Jesus Christ for the sins of the world . These prayers often use rosary beads , but their words and format do not correspond to the Mysteries . Both Kowałska and Chambon attributed these prayers to visions of Jesus . Recordings of the rosary Recordings of the rosary prayers are sometimes used by devotees to help with aspects of prayer such as pacing , memorization , and by providing inspirational meditations . Some of the more well known include : The Rosary is a Place , Fr . Benedict J. Groeschel , CFR and Simonetta , The Saint Philomena Foundation The Rosary is a Luminous Place , Fr . Benedict J. Groeschel , CFR and Simonetta , The Saint Philomena Foundation The Rosary , Fr . Kevin Scallon and Dana , Heartbeat Records Pray the Rosary with Servant of God , Fr . Patrick Peyton In non-catholic Christianity Many similar prayer practices exist in other Christian communities , each with its own set of prescribed prayers and its own form of prayer beads , such as the prayer rope in Eastern Orthodox Christianity . These other devotions and their associated beads are usually referred to as `` chaplets '' . The rosary is sometimes used by other Christians , especially in Lutheranism , the Anglican Communion , and the Old Catholic Church . Another example of rosary - based prayers includes the non-denominational Ecumenical Miracle Rosary , `` a set of prayers and meditations which covers key moments in the New Testament . '' Anglicanism Main article : Anglican prayer beads Anglican prayer beads The use of the Catholic Rosary is fairly common among Anglicans of Anglo - Catholic churchmanship . Many Anglo - Catholic prayer books and manuals of devotion contain the Roman Catholic Rosary along with other Marian devotions . The public services of the Anglican churches , as contained in the Book of Common Prayer , do not directly invoke the Blessed Virgin or any other saint in prayer as the Thirty - Nine Articles reject the practice of praying to saints , but many Anglo - Catholics feel free to do so in their private devotions . Anglicans who pray the Roman Catholic Rosary tend not to use the Luminous Mysteries or the Fátima decade prayer . Anglican prayer beads , also known informally as the `` Anglican Rosary '' , are a recent innovation created in the 1980s . They consist of four `` weeks '' ( the equivalent of a decade ) of seven beads each . The weeks are separated from each other by single beads termed `` cruciform beads . '' A variety of different prayers may be said , the most common being the Jesus Prayer . Anglican Prayer Beads are not a Marian devotion , and there are no appointed meditations . Although it is sometimes called the `` Anglican rosary , '' it is distinct from the Rosary of Our Lady as prayed by Catholics , Anglicans , and other Western Christians . Lutheranism A small minority of Lutherans pray the Rosary . However , while following the Catholic format of the Rosary , each `` Hail Mary '' is replaced with the `` Jesus Prayer '' . The only time the `` Hail Mary '' is said is at the end of the Mysteries on the medal , where it is then replaced with the `` Pre-Trent '' version of the prayer ( which omits `` Holy Mary , mother of God , pray for us sinners , now and at the hour of our death '' ) . The final `` Hail Mary '' can also be replaced by reciting of either the Magnificat , or Martin Luther 's `` Evangelical praise of the Mother of God . '' The Wreath of Christ is used in the Swedish Lutheran church . Churches named for the rosary For a larger gallery of church images , please see : Rosary church gallery . Main article : Roman Catholic Marian churches A number of churches around the world are named after the Rosary . These range from small churches in Poland , Canada , Brazil and Hong Kong to key basilicas at Lourdes and Fatima with millions of pilgrims per year. . Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world named in honor of the rosary include : the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy , Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica in the Archdiocesan seat of Rosario province , Argentina ; the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás in the neighboring suffragan diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos , the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes , and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre , Brazil . Rosary Basilica , Fatima , Portugal , 1953 . Rosary Basilica , Lourdes , France , 1899 . Our Lady of the Rosary , Drawień , Poland , 1695 . Rosary Cathedral , Toledo , Ohio , 1931 . Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás , Buenes Aires province , Argentina In Marian art Since the 17th century , the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art . Key examples include Murrillo 's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan . Madonna and rosary by Nicola Porta Madonna with rosary , by Guido Reni , 1596 Madonna offering Saint Dominic rosary by August Palme , 1860 Madonna with the Rosary by Murillo , 1650 Madonna of the Rosary statue , Naples , Italy Rosary Madonna , Porto Alegre , Brazil Madonna with Rosary , South - Tyrol , Austria Madonna with Rosary by Josef Mersa , Italy Crucifixion and rosary Saint Anthony with a rosary Rosary with pomander Old woman praying Madonna of the Rosary by Caravaggio See also Book : Mary and Mariology The Angelus Anglican devotions Catholic devotions Confraternity of the Rosary Ecumenical Miracle Rosary for all Christians Methods of praying the rosary Our Lady 's Rosary Makers Rosary - based prayers Rule of the Theotokos Prayer rope Secret of the Rosary Papal support Ingruentium malorum , encyclical by Pope Pius XII ( on reciting the rosary ) Rosarium Virginis Mariae , apostolic letter by Pope John Paul II Rosary Pope ( Pope Leo XIII ) Non-Christian traditions Buddhist prayer beads Japa mala , Hindu prayer beads Juzu , Asian prayer beads Prayer beads Tasbeeh , for Islamic prayer beads Notes Jump up ^ Wedgewood , Hensleigh ( 1872 ) . A Dictionary of English Etymology ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Trubner & Co. p. 544 . Jump up ^ Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . p. 1427 . ISBN 9780192802903 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . The rosary was propagated by the establishment of rosary confraternities , which were increasingly under Dominican control ; in 1569 , Pius V gave the Dominican Master General exclusive control over them . As a consequence , until 1984 the blessing of rosaries came to be reserved to Dominicans or priests having special faculties . Besides the Dominican rosary , there are various other forms . The Servite rosary , for instance , has seven sections in memory of the Seven Sorrows of the BVM , each consisting of the Lord 's Prayer and seven Hail Marys ; it apparently dates from the 17th cent. and was approved by the General Chapter of Servites in 1646 . Jump up ^ Casanowicz , Immanuel Moses ( 1919 ) . Ecclesiastical Art in the United States National Museum . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 632 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Rosary. - Made of glass and composition beads . The full or greater Dominican rosary of 15 decades . Jump up ^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/2002/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae.html Jump up ^ Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy , 197 The Rosary , or Psalter of the Blessed Virgin Mary , is one of the most excellent prayers to the Mother of God Popular Piety Besides sacramental liturgy and sacramentals , catechesis must take into account the forms of piety and popular devotions among the faithful . The religious sense of the Christian people has always found expression in various forms of piety surrounding the Church 's sacramental life , such as the veneration of relics , visits to sanctuaries , pilgrimages , processions , the stations of the cross , religious dances , the rosary , medals , etc . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : The Rosary '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jenny Schroede , 2006 The Everything Mary Book ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 page 219 ^ Jump up to : A Heinz , Rosenkranz , Marienlexikon , Eos , St. Ottilien , 1993 , 555 ^ Jump up to : John Paul II ( 16 October 2002 ) . `` Rosarium Virginis Mariae : On the Most Holy Rosary '' . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ihmhermitage.stblogs.com/2008/05/15/benedict-xvi-on-the-rosary/ Jump up ^ Directory of popular piety and the liturgy , Congregation of Divine Worship , Vatican , 2001 , ^ Jump up to : Encyclical Jucunda Semper 8.9. 1894 quoted in Marienlexikon , Eos St. Ottilien , 1988 42 Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. , Christian Spirituality : An Introduction , 1995 ISBN 0 - 631 - 21281 - 7 p. 16 Jump up ^ Madore , George . The Rosary with John Paul II , 2004 , Alba House , ISBN 2 - 89420 - 545 - 7 page 18 Jump up ^ Winston - Allen , Anne. Stories of the rose : the making of the rosary in the Middle Ages , 1997 ISBN 0 - 271 - 01631 - 0 pp. 32 - 34 Jump up ^ Kelly , Liz . The Rosary : A Path Into Prayer , 2004 ISBN 0 - 8294 - 2024 - X p. 79 Jump up ^ Shamon , Albert J.M. , The Power of the Rosary , CMJ Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 891280 - 10 - 4 p. 5 Jump up ^ Miller , John D. Beads and prayers : the rosary in history and devotion , 2002 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 320 - 0 p. 151 Jump up ^ Vatican website : Quamquam pluries Jump up ^ No penance is meant as punishment , according to the Catechism : Catechism , the Sacrament of Penance Jump up ^ Beebe , Catherine , St. Dominic and the Rosary ISBN 0 - 89870 - 518 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert , and Andrew Shipman . `` The Rosary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 13 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 7 Oct. 2014 Jump up ^ `` Champions of the Rosary '' . www.ignatius.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Foley , Leonard O.F.M. , `` Our Lady of the Rosary '' , Saint of the Day , Lives , Lessons , and Feast , ( revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M. ) , Franciscan Media Jump up ^ McNicholas , J.T. `` Alanus de Rupe '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . Jump up ^ Scaperlanda , Maria Ruiz . The Seeker 's Guide to Mary , 2002 ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1489 - 4 p. 151 Jump up ^ Dominican Fathers on the Rosary Jump up ^ Holyrosary.org Jump up ^ McNicholas , John T. , `` The Rosary '' , The Ecclesiastical Review , Vol . VII , No. 4 , October 1917 , p. 343 Jump up ^ De Montfort , St. Louis - Marie . Secret of the Rosary , Forty - Fourth Rose ( paragraph 127 ) Jump up ^ Lauretanische Litanei , Marienlexikon , Eos , St. Ottilien , 1988 , p. 41 Jump up ^ At the center of this mystery , in the midst of this wonderment of faith , stands Mary . As the loving Mother of the Redeemer , she was the first to experience it : `` To the wonderment of nature you bore your Creator '' ! Pope John Paul II , in Redemptoris Mater , 51 Jump up ^ See Pius XII Mystici corporis Christi ; John Henry Newman : Mariology is always christocentric , in Michael Testa , Mary : The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman 2001 Jump up ^ Mariology Is Christology in Vittorio Messori , `` The Mary Hypothesis '' Rome , 2005 Jump up ^ Ingruentium malorum , 13 ^ Jump up to : Ball pp. 485 - 487 . Jump up ^ Psalm 51 : 15 Jump up ^ Psalm 69 : 2 Jump up ^ McNicholas 1917 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ The pattern of the Dominican opening prayers can be found at The Dominican form of praying the Rosary Archived 12 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How to Say the Dominican Rosary '' , Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Formosa , John ( 2004 ) . `` Dun Gorg - San Gorg Preca '' . Museum San Giljan . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Garry Wills , The Rosary , Viking Press 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03449 - 5 page 13 Jump up ^ `` Our Lady 's Rosary Makers '' , Access date : 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Shamon , Albert Joseph Mary ( 1 June 2003 ) . Our Lady Teaches about Sacramentals and Blessed Objects . CMJ Publishers and Distributors . p. 31 . ISBN 9781891280122 . To Mariamante , Our Lady said : `` The Scapular of Mount Carmel is a sign of my protection . Wear it always . It will help you to do good because it is a sign of my love and will remind you of me often . This is the purpose of all sacramentals -- to remind you of the person behind them and to help you to imitate their virtues . The Scapular and the Rosary are the greatest of these and will afford you the most protection . I want all my children to wear one . It will help them to love Jesus more . This is a simple means by which God helps His children . Wear it always . '' ( The Apostolate of Holy Motherhood , pp. 10 - 11 . ) Jump up ^ Saint Louis - Marie Grignion de Montfort ( 1965 ) . The Secret of the Rosary . Montfort Publications . p. 67 . ISBN 0895550563 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , William M. , Encyclopedia of Monasticism , Volume 1 ( 2000 , ISBN 1 - 57958 - 090 - 4 ) , p. 246 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law . Holy See . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 28 . Can . 1171 Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Wearing the Rosary as a Necklace '' , Zenit , 14 June 2011 Jump up ^ Ball p. 483 . Jump up ^ Claudia Kinmonth . Irish Rural Interiors in Art . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 28 . Such icons were displayed in homes which sometimes seemed to possess few other material things : in some of the poorest houses , where people could not afford religious pictures , prints , or even a crucifix , a rosary could be hung up in their place . Jump up ^ Garbowski , Christopher ( 27 January 2014 ) . Religious Life in Poland : History , Diversity and Modern Issues . McFarland . p. 222 . ISBN 9780786475896 . If folk religion is demonstrated by drivers with rosaries hanging from rearview mirrors or St. Christopher figures on the dashboard , still common enough in Poland , the fish sticker on the car is a more conscious symbol of a witnessing Christian -- significantly , unlike the former , it is on the outside of the car for everyone to see . This stops some interested Catholics from placing the symbol on their cars , since they feel might not live up to the good driving practices that should accompany its presence . Jump up ^ Ordaz , Lynette Marie , The Real Mary , Authorhouse Books , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 4332 - 1 p. 88 Jump up ^ Santos , Lucia , Fatima in Lucia 's Own Words , 1976 , Ravengate Press ISBN 0 - 911218 - 10 - 6 Jump up ^ Vatican website for Pope Paul VI 's Apostolic Constitution Indulgentiarum Doctrina ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , 1996 , Gift And Mystery , Doubleday Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 40966 - 7 page 28 Jump up ^ Hilgers , Joseph . `` Novena . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 7 Oct. 2014 Jump up ^ Christopher , Joseph P. , Spence , Charles E. , and Rowan , John F. , The Raccolta or A Manual of Indulgences , 2003 ISBN 0 - 9706526 - 6 - 6 pages 294 - 296 Jump up ^ The Church 's Most Powerful Novenas by Michael Dubruiel 2006 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 097 - X pp. 171 - 174 Jump up ^ Ball p. 394 . Jump up ^ Ball pp. 121 , 245 . Jump up ^ Michael Freze , 1993 , Voices , Visions , and Apparitions , OSV Publishing ISBN 0 - 87973 - 454 - X ^ Jump up to : The Rosary for Episcopalians / Anglicans by Thomas Schultz 2003 ISBN 1 - 58790 - 055 - 6 ^ Jump up to : A Lutheran Rosary . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dennis Di Mauro ( 2012 ) . `` A Rosary for All Christians ? '' . Paulist Fathers . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . I call the rosary `` ecumenical '' , since the prayers and `` miracles '' are either directly from the Bible or are derived from the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Mary : The Imagination of Her Heart by Penelope Duckworth 2004 ISBN 1 - 56101 - 260 - 2 page 118 Jump up ^ http://kingofpeace.org/prayerbeads.htm Jump up ^ Personal Prayer Book , 1522 General references `` Rosary '' in New Catholic Encyclopedia . Ed . Catholic University of America . New York : McGraw Hill , 1967 . Calloway , Donald ( 2016 ) . Champions of the Rosary . Marian Press . ISBN 9781596143432 . Ball , Ann ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices . Our Sunday Visitor . ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X . Winston - Allen , Anne ( 1997 ) . Stories of the Rose : The Making of the Rosary in the Middle Ages . Penn State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01631 - 0 . Further reading Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the `` Rosary '' article dated 30 September 2013 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Friar Servants of Mary ( 1990 ) . Rosary of Our Lady of Sorrows . Chicago , Illinois . Miller , John D. ( 2001 ) . Beads and Prayers : The Rosary in History and Devotion . Continuum . ISBN 0860123200 . Montfort , Louis de ( 1995 ) . God Alone : The Collected Writings of St. Louis Marie De Montfort . Montfort Publications . ISBN 0 - 910984 - 55 - 7 . Paul VI ( 2 February 1974 ) . `` Marialis Cultus : For the Right Ordering and Development of Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Pious XII ( 15 September 1951 ) . `` Ingruentium Malorum : Encyclical on Reciting the Rosary '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Todd , Oliver ( 2003 ) . The Lourdes Pilgrim . Matthew James Publishing . Ward , J. Neville ( 2005 ) . Five for Sorrow , Ten for Joy : Meditations on the Rosary . Seabury Classics . ISBN 1 - 59628 - 012 - 3 . 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Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	what mysteries of the rosary is said after easter	[ "\n\nDay of praying\nStandard / Traditional\nWith the Luminous Mysteries\n\n\nSunday\nDuring Advent, Christmas, and Time After Epiphany: The Joyful Mysteries\nDuring Septuagesima and Lent: The Sorrowful Mysteries\nDuring Easter and Time After Pentecost: The Glorious Mysteries\nThe Glorious Mysteries\n\n\nMonday\nThe Joyful Mysteries†\nThe Joyful Mysteries\n\n\nTuesday\nThe Sorrowful Mysteries\nThe Sorrowful Mysteries\n\n\nWednesday\nThe Glorious Mysteries†\nThe Glorious Mysteries\n\n\nThursday\nThe Joyful Mysteries†\nThe Luminous Mysteries\n\n\nFriday\nThe Sorrowful Mysteries\nThe Sorrowful Mysteries\n\n\nSaturday\nThe Glorious Mysteries†\nThe Joyful Mysteries\n\n" ]	[ "The Joyful Mysteries" ]
-4410990767199747310	Kalyan Singh	Kalyan Singh - wikipedia Kalyan Singh Jump to : navigation , search Kalyan Singh Governor of Rajasthan Incumbent Assumed office 4 September 2014 Preceded by Margaret Alva Governor of Himachal Pradesh In office 28 January 2015 -- 12 August 2015 Preceded by Urmila Singh Succeeded by Acharya Dev Vrat Lok Sabha Member of Parliament for Etah In office 2009 -- 2014 Preceded by Devendra Singh Yadav Succeeded by Rajveer Singh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh In office 24 Jun 1991 -- 6 Dec 1992 Preceded by Mulayam Singh Yadav Succeeded by President 's Rule In office 21 Sep 1997 -- 12 Nov 1999 Preceded by Mayawati Succeeded by Ram Prakash Gupta Personal details ( 1932 - 01 - 05 ) 5 January 1932 ( age 85 ) Atrauli , United Provinces , British India Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Spouse ( s ) Ramwati Children 1 son and 1 daughter Residence Raj Bhavan ( Rajasthan ) As of 20 January , 2009 Source : ( 1 ) Kalyan Singh ( born 5 January 1932 ) is the Governor of Rajasthan since 4 September 2014 . He took additional charge of Himachal Pradesh replacing Urmila Singh , whose five - year term ended on 24 January 2015 . Prior to that , he was an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh . Kalyan Singh was born to Tejpal Singh Lodhi and Sita on 5 January 1932 . He has served two terms as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and was appointed Governor of Rajasthan on 26 August 2014 . Kalyan Singh is known for his role in the Babri Masjid demolition . Addressing reporters in Etah , Kalyan Singh once said that he owns full responsibility for the demolition of the 16th - century mosque in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 , thus reigniting the controversial Ramjanmabhoomi dispute . During a speech at the 26th convocation ceremony , he appealed against the word ' Adhinayak ' , saying it should be replaced by ' Mangal ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political career 1.1 First term as Chief Minister 1.1. 1 Role in demolition of Babri Masjid 1.2 Post-Babri politics 2 Defections 3 Governor of Rajasthan 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Political career ( edit ) First term as chief minister ( edit ) He first became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in June 1991 . Role in demolition of Babri Masjid ( edit ) According to the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) in the Babri Masjid demolition case , just after becoming chief minister , he , with his colleagues , `` visited Ayodhya and took a vow to construct Ram temple there itself . '' In October 1991 , his government acquired 2.77 acres ( 11,200 m ) of land around the `` Babri Masjid Complex '' under a government notification for the purpose of `` promoting tourism '' . In July 1992 , the Sangh Parivar laid the foundation for the proposed Ram temple by digging around the Babri Masjid and filling the area with 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) - thick layer of reinforced cement concrete . Kalyan Singh 's government called it a `` platform '' for performing bhajans while the Vishva Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) declared it as the foundation for Ram temple . Kar Seva was supposed to be conducted in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 and he filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court that as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh , he will not allow any damage to the mosque . However , Kar Sevaks demolished Babri mosque on that day . Taking the moral responsibility , he resigned from the post of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in the evening . Later , Union government dissolved Uttar Pradesh assembly . Post-babri Politics ( edit ) He contested assembly elections to Uttar Pradesh assembly in November 1993 from two constituencies , namely Atrauli and Kasganj and won from both . As Samajwadi Party - Bahujan Samaj Party combine formed the government in the state under the chief ministership of Mulayam Singh Yadav , even though the BJP won the most votes and increased its vote share Kalyan Singh served as Leader of Opposition in the assembly . He later served as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh again between September 1997 and November 1999 . This government of his `` insisted that all primary classes should begin the day with a worship of Bharat Mata and that Vande Mataram should substitute ' Yes Sir ' during roll call '' . In February 1998 , his government withdrew cases against those who were associated with Ram janmabhoomi movement and said that a `` Ram temple will be constructed at the same site if the Bharatiya Janata Party came to power at the centre '' . He also promised to create Uttarakhand within 90 days if BJP leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister . On 21 October 1997 , Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) withdrew support to Kalyan Singh government . Kalyan Singh , who was already in touch with disgruntled Indian National Congress Member of Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Naresh Agrawal , contacted him and Agrawal immediately rushed to his support with 21 other MLAs having hurriedly formed a new party , Vinay Sharam the Loktantrik Congress . For this , he was given the energy portfolio in the new cabinet . On 21 February 1998 , his government was dismissed and Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Romesh Bhandari invited Jagdambika Pal to form the new government when the same Naresh Agrawal withdrew support to Kalyan Singh 's government and became deputy chief minister in Jagdambika 's short - lived government . The order was stayed by a division bench of the Allahabad High Court which directed the status quo ante bellum to be maintained thus reinstating his government . After this decision , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who had gone on fast unto death in protest against the governor 's order called off his fast and said that the court 's verdict was a `` well - deserved slap in the face of the governor '' . Naresh Agrawal , who had become deputy chief minister in Jagdambika Pal 's government , returned to BJP fold after the court order . When Kalyan Singh successfully proved his majority on the floor of the assembly with the support of Agrawal as well as some BSP rebels , Agrawal claimed that he had succeeded in proving that only his party could provide a stable government . The BSP rebels were to be rewarded with ministerial berths and this was duly done within days . He left the party in December 1999 and rejoined in January 2004 . He contested the 2004 Lok Sabha elections on the BJP ticket from Bulandshahar . Before the LokSabha election of 2009 he left BJP and contest election from Etah LokSabha seat as an independent and subsequently won it . It has been reported that Kalyan Singh is expected to join BJP and is to be appointed as a Vice-President of Bharatiya Janata Party . His son Rajveer Singh have also been a Member of Legislative Assembly for a term . The Liberhan Commission gave clean chit to then PM Rao but criticized CM Kalyan Singh and his government for pre-planned mannered events , misuse of power , attracting youth for support , and allowing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh to run the state government directly . Defections ( edit ) Singh resigned his post and party membership on 20 January 2009 . After meetings with Samajwadi Party leaders Mulayam Singh Yadav and Amar Singh , Singh announced that he would campaign for the SP in the 2009 Lok Sabha elections . Meanwhile , his son Rajveer Singh , one of the main reasons of his disenchantment with the BJP , joined the Samajwadi Party . On 14 November 2009 , Mulayam Singh Yadav said that the poor performance of the party at the Firozabad Lok Sabha by - election was due to the loss of Muslim support because of Kalyan Singh . In January 2010 , he announced the formation of a new Hindutva - oriented political party , the Jan Kranti Party , but chose to take the role of patron while his son became the leader . Governor of Rajasthan ( edit ) Singh was sworn in as Governor of Rajasthan on 4 September 2014 . See also ( edit ) Kalyan Singh ministry ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Atrauli ( Assembly constituency ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Press Releases Detail - The President of India '' . Jump up ^ https://in.news.yahoo.com/kalyan-singh-wants-the-word--adhiyanaka--removed-from-the-national-anthem--what-say-you-095454388.html Jump up ^ `` Ruling on Ayodhya charge - sheet soon '' . Indian Express . 26 April 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Ram temple ' drama '' . Frontline . July 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of December 6 , 1992 '' . Indian Express . 6 December 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Kalyan Singh , Ayodhya and Hindu resurgence Niti Central - 25 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Goodbye to Akhand Bharat '' . Indian Express . 5 January 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quicktakes '' . Indian Express . 3 February 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Uttarakhand rhetoric fails to please '' . Indian Express . 22 February 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sultan of somersaults '' . Indian Express . 1 March 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh sacked , Jagdambika Pal CM '' . rediff.com. 21 February 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Court reinstates Kalyan Singh '' . rediff.com. 23 February 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vajpayee calls off fast , asks Bhandari to quit '' . rediff.com. 23 February 1998 . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BSP rebels may get berth in UP cabinet '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Rajiv ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Kalyan Singh 's homecoming to BJP after January 14 - The Times of India '' . Times Internet . Times of India . TNN . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh 's homecoming to BJP after January 14 '' . Times of India . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Politics / Nation '' . The Times of India . 20 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan to campaign for SP '' . Hindustan Times . Chennai , India . PTI. 21 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Updated Tuesday , 19 August 2014 12 : 08 AM IST . `` Manorama Online Home '' . Week.manoramaonline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Khan , Atiq ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` Kalyan Singh calls Mulayam an ' opportunist ' '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan 's son to lead new party '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh sworn - in as 20th Governor of Rajasthan '' . The Indian Express . PTI. 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Kalyan Singh , Governor of Rajasthan Official biography from Parliament of India records ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Political offices Preceded by Urmila Singh Governor of Himachal Pradesh 28 January 2015 -- 12 August 2015 Succeeded by Acharya Dev Vrat Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Governors of Rajasthan Man Singh II Gurmukh Nihal Singh Sampurnanand Hukam Singh Jogendra Singh Vedpal Tyagi $ Raghukul Tilak K.D. Sharma $ Om Prakash Mehra Vasantdada Patil Sukhdev Prasad Milap Chand Jain $ D.P. Chattopadhyaya Swarup Singh $ Marri Chenna Reddy Dhanik Lal Mandal # Bali Ram Bhagat Darbara Singh Navrang Lal Tibrewal $ Anshuman Singh Nirmal Chandra Jain Kailashpati Mishra # Madan Lal Khurana T.V. Rajeswar # Pratibha Patil Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai # Shilendra Kumar Singh Prabha Rau Shivraj Patil # Margaret Alva Ram Naik Kalyan Singh $ - acting , # - additional charge Chief Ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu ( incumbent ) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal ( incumbent ) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh ( incumbent ) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar ( incumbent ) Laxmikant Parsekar Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani ( incumbent ) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar ( incumbent ) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das ( incumbent ) Karnataka B.S. Yeddyurappa D.V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan ( incumbent ) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis ( incumbent ) Manipur N. Biren Singh ( incumbent ) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje ( incumbent ) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B.C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat ( incumbent ) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath ( incumbent ) Bharatiya Janata Party Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh BD Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Om Prakash Kohli Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha S.C. Jamir Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi VIAF : 11631940 LCCN : n98923422 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalyan_Singh&oldid=802920912 '' Categories : 1932 births Living people Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party People from Kasganj district People from Aligarh People from Bulandshahr 14th Lok Sabha members Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991 -- 93 Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993 -- 96 Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997 -- 2002 Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh 15th Lok Sabha members Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Governors of Rajasthan Indians imprisoned during the Emergency ( India ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 09 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the chief minister of up during babri masjid demolition	[ "According to the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the Babri Masjid demolition case, just after becoming chief minister, he, with his colleagues, \"visited Ayodhya and took a vow to construct Ram temple there itself.\"[3] In October 1991, his government acquired 2.77 acres (11,200 m2) of land around the \"Babri Masjid Complex\" under a government notification for the purpose of \"promoting tourism\". In July 1992, the Sangh Parivar laid the foundation for the proposed Ram temple by digging around the Babri Masjid and filling the area with 10-foot (3.0 m)-thick layer of reinforced cement concrete. Kalyan Singh's government called it a \"platform\" for performing bhajans while the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) declared it as the foundation for Ram temple.[4]" ]	[ "Kalyan Singh" ]
4327870248249719164	Haight-Ashbury	Haight - Ashbury - wikipedia Haight - Ashbury Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Neighborhood Cole Street , left , and Haight Street , right Nickname ( s ) : The Haight , Upper Haight , Hashbury , Psychedelphia Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Location within Central San Francisco Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 49 '' W / 37.7700 ° N 122.4469 ° W / 37.7700 ; - 122.4469 Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 49 '' W / 37.7700 ° N 122.4469 ° W / 37.7700 ; - 122.4469 Country United States State California City and county San Francisco Government Supervisor London Breed Assemblymember David Chiu ( D ) State senator Scott Wiener ( D ) U.S. rep . Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Area Total 0.309 sq mi ( 0.80 km ) Land 0.309 sq mi ( 0.80 km ) Population Total 10,601 Density 34,253 / sq mi ( 13,225 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP code 94117 Area codes 415 / 628 Haight - Ashbury is a district of San Francisco , California , named for the intersection of Haight and Ashbury streets . It is also called The Haight and The Upper Haight . The neighborhood is known for its history of , and being the origin of , hippie counterculture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Farms , entertainment , and homes 2.2 Depression and war 2.3 Postwar 2.4 Hippie community 2.5 Recent history 3 Attractions and characteristics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 8 Geographic situation within San Francisco Location ( edit ) The district generally encompasses the neighborhood surrounding Haight Street , bounded by Stanyan Street and Golden Gate Park on the west , Oak Street and the Golden Gate Park Panhandle on the north , Baker Street and Buena Vista Park to the east and Frederick Street and Ashbury Heights and Cole Valley neighborhoods to the south . The street names commemorate two early San Francisco leaders : Pioneer and exchange banker Henry Haight and Munroe Ashbury , a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 1864 to 1870 . Both Haight and his nephew , as well as Ashbury , had a hand in the planning of the neighborhood and , more importantly , nearby Golden Gate Park at its inception . The name `` Upper Haight '' , used by locals , is in contrast to the Haight - Fillmore or Lower Haight district ; the latter being lower in elevation and part of what was previously the principal African - American and Japanese neighborhoods in San Francisco 's early years . The Haight - Ashbury district is noted for its role as a center of the 1960s hippie movement . The earlier bohemians of the beat movement had congregated around San Francisco 's North Beach neighborhood from the late 1950s . Many who could not find accommodation there turned to the quaint , relatively cheap and underpopulated Haight - Ashbury . The Summer of Love ( 1967 ) , the 1960s era as a whole , and much of modern American counterculture have been synonymous with San Francisco and the Haight - Ashbury neighborhood ever since . History ( edit ) Farms , entertainment , and homes ( edit ) Before the completion of the Haight Street Cable Railroad in 1883 , what is now the Haight - Ashbury was a collection of isolated farms and acres of sand dunes . The Haight cable car line , completed in 1883 , connected the east end of Golden Gate Park with the geographically central Market Street line and the rest of downtown San Francisco . As the primary gateway to Golden Gate Park , and with an amusement park known as the Chutes on Haight Street between Cole and Clayton Streets between 1895 and 1902 and the California League Baseball Grounds stadium opening in 1887 , the area became a popular entertainment destination , especially on weekends . The cable car , land grading and building techniques of the 1890s and early 20th century later reinvented the Haight - Ashbury as a residential upper middle class homeowners ' district . It was one of the few neighborhoods spared from the fires that followed the catastrophic San Francisco earthquake of 1906 . Depression and war ( edit ) The Haight was hit hard by the Depression , as was much of the city . Residents with enough money to spare left the declining and crowded neighborhood for greener pastures within the growing city limits , or newer , smaller suburban homes in the Bay Area . During the housing shortage of World War II , large single - family Victorians were divided into apartments to house workers . Others were converted into boarding homes for profit . By the 1950s , the Haight was a neighborhood in decline . Many buildings were left vacant after the war . Deferred maintenance also took its toll , and the exodus of middle class residents to newer suburbs continued to leave many units for rent . Postwar ( edit ) In the 1950s , a freeway was proposed that would have run through the Panhandle , but due to a citizen freeway revolt , it was cancelled in a series of battles that lasted until 1966 . The Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council ( HANC ) was formed at the time of the 1959 revolt . HANC is still active in the neighborhood as of 2008 . The Haight - Ashbury 's elaborately detailed , 19th century , multi-story , wooden houses became a haven for hippies during the 1960s , due to the availability of cheap rooms and vacant properties for rent or sale in the district ; property values had dropped in part because of the proposed freeway . The bohemian subculture that subsequently flourished there took root , and to a great extent , has remained to this day . Hippie community ( edit ) The mainstream media 's coverage of hippie life in the Haight - Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America . Hunter S. Thompson labeled the district `` Hashbury '' in The New York Times Magazine , and the activities in the area were reported almost daily . The Haight - Ashbury district was sought out by hippies to constitute a community based upon counterculture ideals , drugs , and music . This neighborhood offered a concentrated gathering spot for hippies to create a social experiment that would soon spread throughout the nation . The first ever head shop , Ron and Jay Thelin 's Psychedelic Shop , opened on Haight Street on January 3 , 1966 , offering hippies a spot to purchase marijuana and LSD , which was essential to hippie life in Haight - Ashbury . Along with businesses like the coffee shop The Blue Unicorn , the Psychedelic Shop quickly became one of the unofficial community centers for the growing numbers of freaks , heads , and hippies migrating to the neighborhood in 1966 - 67 . The entire hippie community had easy access to drugs , which was perceived as a community unifier . Another well - known neighborhood presence was the Diggers , a local `` community anarchist '' group known for its street theater , formed in the mid to late 1960s . The Diggers believed in a free society and the good in human nature . To express their belief , they established a free store , gave out free meals daily , and built a free medical clinic , which was the first of its kind , all of which relied on volunteers and donations . The Diggers were strongly opposed to a capitalistic society ; they felt that by eliminating the need for money , people would be free to examine their own personal values , which would provoke people to change the way they lived to better suit their character , and thus lead a happier life . During the 1967 Summer of Love , psychedelic rock music was entering the mainstream , receiving more and more commercial radio airplay . The Scott McKenzie song `` San Francisco ( Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair ) , '' became a hit that year . The Monterey Pop Festival in June further cemented the status of psychedelic music as a part of mainstream culture and elevated local Haight bands such as the Grateful Dead , Big Brother and the Holding Company , and Jefferson Airplane to national stardom . A July 7 , 1967 , Time magazine cover story on `` The Hippies : Philosophy of a Subculture , '' an August CBS News television report on `` The Hippie Temptation '' and other major media interest in the hippie subculture exposed the Haight - Ashbury district to enormous national attention and popularized the counterculture movement across the country and around the world . The neighborhood 's fame reached its peak as it became the haven for a number of psychedelic rock performers and groups of the time . The members of Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead , and Janis Joplin , all lived close to the intersection . They not only immortalized the scene in song , but also knew many within the community . The Summer of Love attracted a wide range of people of various ages : teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining a cultural utopia ; middle - class vacationers ; and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance . The Haight - Ashbury could not accommodate this rapid influx of people , and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated . Overcrowding , homelessness , hunger , drug problems , and crime afflicted the neighborhood . Many people left in the autumn to resume their college studies . On October 6 , 1967 , those remaining in the Haight staged a mock funeral , Digger happening , `` The Death of the Hippie '' ceremony . Mary Kasper explained the message of the mock funeral as : We wanted to signal that this was the end of it , do n't come out . Stay where you are ! Bring the revolution to where you live . Do n't come here because it 's over and done with . Recent history ( edit ) After 1968 , the area went into decline due to `` an influx of hard drugs and a lack of police presence , '' but was improved and renewed in the late 1970s . The Haight Ashbury was the origin of several communities and movements . The Farm started here as did the Rainbow Family . The Haight was at one point the home to hundreds of intentional communities , few lasted and many moved outside the area . The last hippie commune with a continuous presence there may have been Kerista Commune . Throughout the 1980s , the Haight became an epicenter for the SF Comedy Scene when a small coffee house off Haight Street called The Other Café at 100 Carl Street ( currently the restaurant Crepes on Cole ) became a full - time comedy club that helped launch the careers of Robin Williams , Dana Carvey , and Whoopi Goldberg . Also from the 1980s to the early 1990s , the I - Beam nightclub on Haight Street became a hot spot for modern rock dance music in San Francisco , and a popular venue for live performances by new wave , punk , industrial and indie bands . Attractions and characteristics ( edit ) Storefronts on Haight Street The Red Victorian hotel is a popular attraction . An independent theater of the same name operated about a block away from the hotel from 1980 to 2011 . The Tubes performing at 2012 Haight - Ashbury Street Fair . The Haight - Ashbury Street Fair is held on the second Sunday of June each year attracting thousands of people , during which Haight Street is closed between Stanyan and Masonic to vehicular traffic , with one sound stage at each end . See also ( edit ) The Red Victorian , a theme hotel Haight - Ashbury facade . San Francisco Bay Area portal Chinese Immersion School at De Avila Counterculture of the 1960s Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight - Ashbury Switchboard Huckleberry House Haight Street Grounds I - Beam ( nightclub ) Kerista Commune Magnolia Thunderpussy The Process Church of The Final Judgment ( religious movement formerly based in Haight - Ashbury ) The Red Victorian References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spann , Edward K. ( 2003 ) . Democracy 's Children : The Young Rebels of the 1960s and the Power of Ideals . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 12th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` Haigh - Ashbury neighborhood in San Francisco , California ( CA ) , 94117 subdivision profile '' . City-Data.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SFStation.com Jump up ^ `` Haight - Ashbury '' . San Francisco Travel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Streets Named for Pioneers '' . Museum of the City of San Francisco . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Louis ( 1984 ) . Streets of San Francisco : The Origins of Street & Place Names . San Francisco : Lexikos . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 938530 - 27 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 42 - The Acid Test : Defining ' hippy ' '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Chutes - FoundSF '' . March 1998 . Retrieved Mar 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old 21 - Neighborhood - The Chutes '' . Retrieved Mar 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old 21 - Neighborhood - Haight Ashbury '' . Retrieved Mar 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Gerald ( 2003 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Farewell to freeway : Decades of revolt force Fell Street off - ramp to fall '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Starr , Jerold ( 1985 ) . Cultural Politics : Radical Movements in Modern History . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 062522 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph ( 1999 ) . City Against Suburb : The Culture Wars in an American Metropolis . Praeger . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96406 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) . `` New community activists flex muscle in Haight '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/doolan_nr.pdf San Francisco Landmark Number 253 ) Jump up ^ Ashbolt , Anthony ( December 2007 ) . `` ' Go Ask Alice ' : Remembering the Summer of Love Forty Years On '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Journal of American Studies . 26 ( 2 ) : 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ White , Dan ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` In San Francisco , Where Flower Power Still Blooms '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ T. Anderson , The Movement and the Sixties : Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee , ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Ashbolt , Anthony . `` ' Go Ask Alice ' : Remembering the Summer of Love Forty Years On '' . JSTOR . JSTOR , n.d. Web . 2 Mar. 2014 . Jump up ^ Tamony , Peter . `` Tripping out in San Francisco '' . American Speech . 2nd ed . Vol. 56 . N.p. : Duke UP , n.d. 98 - 103 . JSTOR . Web . 13 Mar. 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshua Clark Davis , The Business of Getting High : Head Shops , Countercultural Capitalism , and the Marijuana Legalization Movement , The Sixties : A Journal of Politics , Culture and Society , Summer 2015 Jump up ^ Ashbolt , Anthony . `` From Haight - Ashbury to Soulful Socialism : Culture and Politics in the Movement '' . Australasian Journal of American Studies . 3rd ed . Vol. 1 . N.p. : Australia and New Zealand American Studies Association , n.d. 28 - 38 . JSTOR . Web . 13 Mar. 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry ( 2004 ) . Hippie . New York : Sterling . pp. 106 -- 112 . ^ Jump up to : Gail Dolgin ; Vicente Franco ( 2007 ) . American Experience : The Summer of Love . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco : 10 Things to Do -- 5 . Haight - Ashbury - TIME '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Year of the Hippie : Timeline '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 ... Jump up ^ `` Transcript ( for American Experience documentary on the Summer of Love ) '' . PBS and WGBH. 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Katherine Powell Cohen ( 2008 ) . San Francisco 's Haight - Ashbury . Arcadia Publishing . p. 77 . ISBN 9780738559940 . Jump up ^ `` Calm has descended on Haight - Ashbury '' . The Milwaukee Journal . UPI. 17 December 1979 . p. 4 . But by winter , with drug pushers moving into the neighborhood in force , the Haight abruptly turned into a teenage slum of robbers , rapists , and speed freaks . Jump up ^ `` Haight - Ashbury ( district , San Francisco , California , United States ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Other Cafe Jump up ^ `` The Other Cafe Story '' . 2011 . Retrieved Mar 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , G. Allen ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Red Vic Movie House in San Francisco to Close '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Street Fair website Further reading ( edit ) Joshua Clark Davis , The Business of Getting High : Head Shops , Countercultural Capitalism , and the Marijuana Legalization Movement , The Sixties : A Journal of Politics , Culture and Society , Summer 2015 Cohen , Katherine Powell . San Francisco 's Haight - Ashbury . Arcadia Publishers , 2008 Perry , Charles . The Haight - Ashbury : A History . Wenner Books , 2005 . Original publication : 1984 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Francisco / Haight . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco . The Haight - Ashbury 30 Years Ago : A Timeline The Maze : Haight / Ashbury -- 1967 KPIX - TV documentary about the Haight - Ashbury district presented by writer Michael McClure , from the Digital Information Virtual Archive at San Francisco State University Who 's Who of the Haight - Ashbury Era Geographic situation within San Francisco ( edit ) Richmond District North Panhandle Alamo Square Golden Gate Park Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Lower Haight Duboce Triangle Sunset District Cole Valley Castro Neighborhoods of the City and County of San Francisco , California , United States Downtown Chinatown Civic Center Financial District French Quarter Mid-Market Nob Hill North Beach Mission Bay South of Market Telegraph Hill Tenderloin Union Square North of Downtown Cow Hollow Fisherman 's Wharf Marina District Pacific Heights Presidio Russian Hill Treasure Island Yerba Buena Island Outside Lands Forest Hill Ingleside Ingleside Terraces Ocean View Parkside Richmond District Sea Cliff St. Francis Wood Sunset District West Portal Westwood Highlands Westwood Park Western Addition Alamo Square Anza Vista Cathedral Hill Cole Valley Corona Heights Duboce Triangle Fillmore Haight - Ashbury Hayes Valley Japantown Laurel Heights Lower Haight Western Addition Southern Bayview - Hunters Point Bernal Heights Castro Crocker - Amazon Diamond Heights Dogpatch Eureka Valley Excelsior District Glen Park Mission District Noe Valley Outer Mission Portola Potrero Hill Visitacion Valley List Portal Hippies History of the hippie movement Etymology of ' hippie ' Beat Generation / Beatniks Central Park be-in Counterculture of the 1960s Red Dog Experience San Francisco Sound Drop City Sunset Strip curfew riots Love Pageant Rally Haight - Ashbury Human Be-In Mantra - Rock Dance Summer of Love Fantasy Fair Monterey Pop Festival Newport Pop Festival Sky River Rock Festival People 's Park Woodstock Glastonbury Festival The Farm Piedra Roja Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Nambassa People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Further bus Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight - Ashbury Switchboard Yippies Wavy Gravy and the Hog Farm Collective Brotherhood of Eternal Love Rainbow Family Deadhead New Age travellers Radical Faeries Politics and ethics Free love Anti-authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love , not war Turn on , tune in , drop out Vegetarianism Veganism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Hippie exploitation films Happening Peace symbols Bell - bottoms Love beads Long hair Tie - dye Intentional community communal living Free festival Music festival Flower child Music Folk music Folk rock Protest music Psychedelic music Psychedelic folk Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic pop Psychedelic trance Acid rock Space rock Progressive rock Raga rock World music New - age music Jam bands List of jam band music festivals List of historic rock festivals Psychedelics and other drugs Cannabis LSD Magic mushrooms Mescaline Peyote Related List of films List of books and other publications Subculture Cannabis culture Cyberdelic Head shop Underground press press syndicate list New Age movement Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Freak scene Free Speech Movement Anti-war movement Civil Rights Movement Protests of 1968 Chicago Seven New Left UK underground La Onda New social movements Mánička Post-materialism Neotribalism Hungry generation Sexual revolution Second Summer of Love Neo-psychedelia Shopping in the San Francisco Bay Area North Bay The Mall at Northgate , San Rafael Town Center at Corte Madera The Village at Corte Madera Solano Mall , Fairfield Oakland / East Bay 4th Street , Berkeley Abella Center , San Pablo Bayfair Center , San Leandro Bay Street Emeryville Broadway Plaza , Walnut Creek El Cerrito Plaza Grand Lake , Oakland Hilltop Mall , Richmond Jack London Square , Oakland Macdonald 80 Shopping Center , Richmond Montclair Village , Oakland NewPark Mall , Newark Oakland City Center Pacific Commons , Fremont Pacific East Mall , Richmond Piedmont Avenue , Oakland Point Richmond Historic District Rockridge Market Hall , Oakland Skywest Commons , Hayward Solano Avenue , Albany and Berkeley Somersville Towne Center , Antioch Southland Mall , Hayward Stoneridge Shopping Center , Pleasanton Sunvalley Shopping Center , Concord Telegraph Avenue , Berkeley Union Landing , Union City Uptown Oakland Westgate Center , San Leandro The Willows Shopping Center , Concord San Francisco / Peninsula Chinatown , San Francisco San Francisco Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Hillsdale Shopping Center , San Mateo Metreon , San Francisco Westfield San Francisco Centre Serramonte Center , Daly City The Shops at Tanforan , San Bruno Stonestown Galleria , San Francisco Union Square , San Francisco Westlake Shopping Center , Daly City San Jose / South Bay Eastridge Center , San Jose Great Mall of the Bay Area , Milpitas Downtown Los Gatos Milpitas Square PruneYard Shopping Center , Campbell San Antonio Shopping Center , Mountain View Santana Row , San Jose Stanford Shopping Center , Palo Alto Vallco Shopping Mall , Cupertino Westfield Oakridge , San Jose Westfield Valley Fair , San Jose Westgate Mall , San Jose VIAF : 125658239 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haight-Ashbury&oldid=824696174 '' Categories : Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Neighborhoods in San Francisco Counterculture of the 1960s Hippie movement History of San Francisco Shopping districts and streets in the San Francisco Bay Area Western Addition , San Francisco Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lived in haight ashbury in the 60s	[ "The Haight-Ashbury's elaborately detailed, 19th century, multi-story, wooden houses became a haven for hippies during the 1960s,[17] due to the availability of cheap rooms and vacant properties for rent or sale in the district; property values had dropped in part because of the proposed freeway.[18] The bohemian subculture that subsequently flourished there took root, and to a great extent, has remained to this day.[19]" ]	[ "hippies" ]
8732715217757267387	Belgium	Belgium - Wikipedia Belgium Coordinates : 50 ° 50 ′ N 4 ° 00 ′ E / 50.833 ° N 4.000 ° E / 50.833 ; 4.000 Kingdom of Belgium Koninkrijk België ( Dutch ) Royaume de Belgique ( French ) Königreich Belgien ( German ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Eendracht maakt macht '' ( Dutch ) `` L'union fait la force '' ( French ) `` Einigkeit macht stark '' ( German ) `` Unity makes Strength '' Anthem : `` La Brabançonne '' `` The Brabantian '' Location of Belgium ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) Capital and largest city Brussels 50 ° 51 ′ N 4 ° 21 ′ E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50.850 ; 4.350 Official languages Dutch French German Ethnic groups see Demographics Religion ( 2015 ) 60.7 % Christianity 32.0 % No religion 5.2 % Islam 2.1 % Other religions Demonym Belgian Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Philippe Prime Minister Charles Michel Legislature Federal Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Representatives Independence ( from the Netherlands ) Declared 4 October 1830 Recognised 19 April 1839 Area Total 30,528 km ( 11,787 sq mi ) ( 136th ) Water ( % ) 6.4 Population 1 August 2018 census 11,420,163 ( 79th ) Density 374.2 / km ( 969.2 / sq mi ) ( 36th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $550.664 billion ( 38th ) Per capita $48,258 ( 20th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $562.229 billion ( 23rd ) Per capita $49,272 ( 17th ) Gini ( 2011 ) 26.3 low HDI ( 2017 ) 0.916 very high 17th Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone UTC + 1 ( CET ) Summer ( DST ) UTC + 2 ( CEST ) Driving side right Calling code + 32 ISO 3166 code BE Internet TLD . be The flag 's official proportions of 13 : 15 are rarely seen ; proportions of 2 : 3 or similar are more common . The Brussels region is the de facto capital , but the City of Brussels municipality is the de jure capital . The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Belgium officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany and Luxembourg . It covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres ( 11,787 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.4 million . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state of Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . Its institutional organisation is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : Flanders in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels - Capital Region . Brussels is both the smallest and richest region in terms of GDP per capita . It is also the most densely populated area in Belgium . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or Communities : the Dutch - speaking , mostly Flemish Community , which constitutes about 59 percent of the population , and the French - speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . Additionally , a small German - speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels - Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language of the population . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments . Historically , Belgium was part of an area known as the Low Countries , a somewhat larger region than the current Benelux group of states that also included parts of northern France and western Germany . Its name is derived from the Latin word Belgica , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . Between the 16th and early 19th centuries , Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , earning the moniker the `` Battlefield of Europe '' , a reputation strengthened by both world wars . The country emerged in 1830 following the Belgian Revolution when it seceded from the Netherlands . Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch - speaking and the French - speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far - reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Unemployment in Wallonia is more than double that of Flanders , which boomed after the war . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , the Council of the European Union , and the European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD , and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union and the Schengen Area . Brussels hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high - income economy . The country achieves very high standards of living , life quality , healthcare , education , and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index . It also ranks as one of the safest or most peaceful countries in the world . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-independent Belgium 1.2 Independent Belgium 2 Geography 2.1 Provinces 3 Politics 3.1 Political culture 3.2 Communities and regions 3.3 Locus of policy jurisdiction 3.4 Foreign relations 3.5 Armed forces 4 Economy 4.1 Science and technology 5 Demographics 5.1 Migration 5.2 Functional urban areas 5.3 Languages 5.4 Religion 5.5 Health 5.6 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Fine arts 6.2 Folklore 6.3 Cuisine 6.4 Sports 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links History Main article : History of Belgium Pre-independent Belgium Gaul is divided into three parts , one of which the Belgae inhabit , the Aquitani another , those who in their own language are called Celts , in ours Gauls , the third . ( ... ) Of all these , the Belgae are the strongest ( ... ) . -- Julius Caesar , De Bello Gallico , Book I , Ch. 1 The name `` Belgium '' is derived from Gallia Belgica , a Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that before Roman invasion in 100 BC , was inhabited by the Belgae , a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples . A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings . A gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire . Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor . The Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the region into Middle and West Francia and therefore into a set of more or less independent fiefdoms which , during the Middle Ages , were vassals either of the King of France or of the Holy Roman Emperor . Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries . Emperor Charles V extended the personal union of the Seventeen Provinces in the 1540s , making it far more than a personal union by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 and increased his influence over the Prince - Bishopric of Liège . The Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 -- 1648 ) divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces ( Belgica Foederata in Latin , the `` Federated Netherlands '' ) and the Southern Netherlands ( Belgica Regia , the `` Royal Netherlands '' ) . The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish ( Spanish Netherlands ) and the Austrian Habsburgs ( Austrian Netherlands ) and comprised most of modern Belgium . This was the theatre of most Franco - Spanish and Franco - Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries . Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars , the Low Countries -- including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule , such as the Prince - Bishopric of Liège -- were annexed by the French First Republic , ending Austrian rule in the region . The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815 , after the defeat of Napoleon . Independent Belgium Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 ( 1834 ) , by Gustaf Wappers In 1830 , the Belgian Revolution led to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois , officially French - speaking and neutral , independent Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress . Since the installation of Leopold I as king on 21 July 1831 , now celebrated as Belgium 's National Day , Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a laicist constitution based on the Napoleonic code . Although the franchise was initially restricted , universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 ( with plural voting until 1919 ) and for women in 1949 . The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party and the Liberal Party , with the Belgian Labour Party emerging towards the end of the 19th century . French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie . It progressively lost its overall importance as Dutch became recognized as well . This recognition became official in 1898 and in 1967 the parliament accepted a Dutch version of the Constitution . The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession . From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold II , for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production . Many Congolese were killed by Leopold 's agents for failing to meet production quotas for ivory and rubber . It is estimated that nearly 10 million were killed during the Leopold period . In 1908 , this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony , henceforth called the Belgian Congo . A Belgian commission in 1919 estimated that Congo 's population was half what it was in 1879 . Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan to attack France , and much of the Western Front fighting of World War I occurred in western parts of the country . The opening months of the war were known as the Rape of Belgium due to German excesses . Belgium assumed control of the German colonies of Ruanda - Urundi ( modern - day Rwanda and Burundi ) during the war , and in 1924 the League of Nations mandated them to Belgium . In the aftermath of the First World War , Belgium annexed the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German - speaking minority . Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels , 4 September 1944 German forces again invaded the country in May 1940 , and 40,690 Belgians , over half of them Jews , were killed during the subsequent occupation and The Holocaust . From September 1944 to February 1945 the Allies liberated Belgium . After World War II , a general strike forced King Leopold III to abdicate in 1951 , since many Belgians felt he had collaborated with Germany during the war . The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 during the Congo Crisis ; Ruanda - Urundi followed with its independence two years later . Belgium joined NATO as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg . Belgium became one of the six founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and of the European Atomic Energy Community and European Economic Community , established in 1957 . The latter has now become the European Union , for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions , including the European Commission , the Council of the European Union and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the European Parliament . Geography Main article : Geography of Belgium A relief map of Belgium Belgium shares borders with France ( 620 km ) , Germany ( 167 km ) , Luxembourg ( 148 km ) and the Netherlands ( 450 km ) . Its total surface , including water area , is 30,528 square kilometres from which land area alone 30,278 km . It lies between latitudes 49 ° 30 and 51 ° 30 N , and longitudes 2 ° 33 and 6 ° 24 E . Polders along the Yser river . Campine landscape . Belgium has three main geographical regions ; the coastal plain in the northwest and the central plateau both belong to the Anglo - Belgian Basin , and the Ardennes uplands in the southeast to the Hercynian orogenic belt . The Paris Basin reaches a small fourth area at Belgium 's southernmost tip , Belgian Lorraine . The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders . Further inland lies a smooth , slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways , with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the Campine ( Kempen ) . The thickly forested hills and plateaux of the Ardennes are more rugged and rocky with caves and small gorges . Extending westward into France , this area is eastwardly connected to the Eifel in Germany by the High Fens plateau , on which the Signal de Botrange forms the country 's highest point at 694 metres ( 2,277 ft ) . The Meuse river between Dinant and Hastière . High Fens landscape near the German border . The climate is maritime temperate with significant precipitation in all seasons ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) , like most of northwest Europe . The average temperature is lowest in January at 3 ° C ( 37.4 ° F ) and highest in July at 18 ° C ( 64.4 ° F ) . The average precipitation per month varies between 54 millimetres ( 2.1 in ) for February and April , to 78 mm ( 3.1 in ) for July . Averages for the years 2000 to 2006 show daily temperature minimums of 7 ° C ( 44.6 ° F ) and maximums of 14 ° C ( 57.2 ° F ) and monthly rainfall of 74 mm ( 2.9 in ) ; these are about 1 ° C and nearly 10 millimetres above last century 's normal values , respectively . Phytogeographically , Belgium is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , the territory of Belgium belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed forests . Because of its high population density , industrialization and its location in the centre of Western Europe , Belgium still faces some environmental problems . However , due to consistent efforts by the various levels of government in Belgium , the state of the environment in Belgium is gradually improving . This led to Belgium being ranked as one of the top 10 countries ( 9 out of 132 ) in terms of environmental protection trends , and to Belgium being ranked in 2012 as the 24th country out of 132 for environmental protection . Belgium moreover has one of Europe 's highest waste recycling rates . In particular , the Flemish region of Belgium has the highest waste diversion rate in Europe . Almost 75 percent of the residential waste produced there is reused , recycled , or composted . Provinces Antwerp East Flanders Flemish Brabant Hainaut Liège Limburg Luxembourg Namur Walloon Brabant West Flanders Flanders Wallonia Brussels Main article : Provinces of Belgium The territory of Belgium is divided into three Regions , two of which , the Flemish Region and Walloon Region , are in turn subdivided into provinces ; the third Region , the Brussels Capital Region , is neither a province nor a part of a province . Province Dutch name French name German name Capital Largest city Area ( km ) Population ( 1 January 2016 ) Antwerp Antwerpen Anvers Antwerpen Antwerp ( Dutch : Antwerpen ) ( French : Anvers ) Antwerp ( Dutch : Antwerpen ) ( French : Anvers ) 2,860 1,824,136 East Flanders Oost - Vlaanderen Flandre - Orientale Ostflandern Ghent ( Dutch : Gent ) ( French : Gand ) Ghent ( Dutch : Gent ) ( French : Gand ) 2,982 1,486,722 Flemish Brabant Vlaams - Brabant Brabant flamand Flämisch Brabant Leuven ( French : Louvain ) ( German : Löwen ) Leuven ( French : Louvain ) 2,106 1,121,693 Hainaut Henegouwen Hainaut Hennegau Mons ( Dutch : Bergen ) Charleroi 3,800 1,337,157 Liège Luik Liège Lüttich Liège ( Dutch : Luik ) ( German : Lüttich ) Liège ( Dutch : Luik ) ( German : Lüttich ) 3,844 1,098,688 Limburg Limburg Limbourg Limburg Hasselt Hasselt 2,414 863,425 Luxembourg Luxemburg Luxembourg Luxemburg Arlon ( Dutch : Aarlen ) ( German : Arel ) Arlon ( Dutch : Aarlen ) ( German : Arel ) 4,443 280,327 Namur Namen Namur Namur Namur ( Dutch : Namen ) Namur ( Dutch : Namen ) 3,664 489,204 Walloon Brabant Waals - Brabant Brabant wallon Wallonisch Brabant Wavre ( Dutch : Waver ) Braine - l'Alleud ( Dutch : Eigenbrakel ) 1,093 396,840 West Flanders West - Vlaanderen Flandre - Occidentale Westflandern Bruges ( Dutch : Brugge ) ( French : Bruges ) ( German : Brügge ) Bruges ( Dutch : Brugge ) ( French : Bruges ) ( German : Brügge ) 3,151 1,181,828 Politics Main articles : Politics of Belgium and Belgian federal government Philippe King of the Belgians since 2013 Charles Michel Prime Minister since 2014 Belgium is a constitutional , popular monarchy and a federal parliamentary democracy . The bicameral federal parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives . The former is made up of 50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the communities and regions and 10 co-opted senators . Prior to 2014 , most of the Senate 's members were directly elected . The Chamber 's 150 representatives are elected under a proportional voting system from 11 electoral districts . Belgium has compulsory voting and thus maintains one of the highest rates of voter turnout in the world . The King ( currently Philippe ) is the head of state , though with limited prerogatives . He appoints ministers , including a Prime Minister , that have the confidence of the Chamber of Representatives to form the federal government . The Council of Ministers is composed of no more than fifteen members . With the possible exception of the Prime Minister , the Council of Ministers is composed of an equal number of Dutch - speaking members and French - speaking members . The judicial system is based on civil law and originates from the Napoleonic code . The Court of Cassation is the court of last resort , with the Court of Appeal one level below . Political culture Belgium 's political institutions are complex ; most political power is organized around the need to represent the main cultural communities . Since about 1970 , the significant national Belgian political parties have split into distinct components that mainly represent the political and linguistic interests of these communities . The major parties in each community , though close to the political centre , belong to three main groups : Christian Democrats , Liberals , and Social Democrats . Further notable parties came into being well after the middle of last century , mainly around linguistic , nationalist , or environmental themes and recently smaller ones of some specific liberal nature . The Belgian Federal Parliament in Brussels , one of six different governments of the country A string of Christian Democrat coalition governments from 1958 was broken in 1999 after the first dioxin crisis , a major food contamination scandal . A `` rainbow coalition '' emerged from six parties : the Flemish and the French - speaking Liberals , Social Democrats and Greens . Later , a `` purple coalition '' of Liberals and Social Democrats formed after the Greens lost most of their seats in the 2003 election . The government led by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt from 1999 to 2007 achieved a balanced budget , some tax reforms , a labour - market reform , scheduled nuclear phase - out and instigated legislation allowing more stringent war crime and more lenient soft drug usage prosecution . Restrictions on withholding euthanasia were reduced and same - sex marriage legalized . The government promoted active diplomacy in Africa and opposed the invasion of Iraq . It is the only country that does not have age restrictions on euthanasia . Verhofstadt 's coalition fared badly in the June 2007 elections . For more than a year , the country experienced a political crisis . This crisis was such that many observers speculated on a possible partition of Belgium . From 21 December 2007 until 20 March 2008 the temporary Verhofstadt III Government was in office . This coalition of the Flemish and Francophone Christian Democrats , the Flemish and Francophone Liberals together with the Francophone Social Democrats was an interim government until 20 March 2008 . On that day a new government , led by Flemish Christian Democrat Yves Leterme , the actual winner of the federal elections of June 2007 , was sworn in by the king . On 15 July 2008 Leterme announced the resignation of the cabinet to the king , as no progress in constitutional reforms had been made . In December 2008 he once more offered his resignation to the king after a crisis surrounding the sale of Fortis to BNP Paribas . At this juncture , his resignation was accepted and Christian Democratic and Flemish Herman Van Rompuy was sworn in as Prime Minister on 30 December 2008 . After Herman Van Rompuy was designated the first permanent President of the European Council on 19 November 2009 , he offered the resignation of his government to King Albert II on 25 November 2009 . A few hours later , the new government under Prime Minister Yves Leterme was sworn in . On 22 April 2010 , Leterme again offered the resignation of his cabinet to the king after one of the coalition partners , the OpenVLD , withdrew from the government , and on 26 April 2010 King Albert officially accepted the resignation . The Parliamentary elections in Belgium on 13 June 2010 saw the Flemish nationalist N - VA become the largest party in Flanders , and the Socialist Party PS the largest party in Wallonia . Until December 2011 , Belgium was governed by Leterme 's caretaker government awaiting the end of the deadlocked negotiations for formation of a new government . By 30 March 2011 this set a new world record for the elapsed time without an official government , previously held by war - torn Iraq . Finally , in December 2011 the Di Rupo Government led by Walloon socialist Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo was sworn in . The 2014 federal election ( coinciding with the regional elections ) resulted in a further electoral gain for the Flemish nationalist N - VA , although the incumbent coalition ( composed of Flemish and French - speaking Social Democrats , Liberals , and Christian Democrats ) maintains a solid majority in Parliament and in all electoral constituencies . On 22 July 2014 , King Philippe nominated Charles Michel ( MR ) and Kris Peeters ( CD&V ) to lead the formation of a new federal cabinet composed of the Flemish parties N - VA , CD&V , Open Vld and the French - speaking MR , which resulted in the Michel Government . It is the first time N - VA is part of the federal cabinet , while the French - speaking side is represented only by the MR , which achieved a minority of the public votes in Wallonia . Communities and regions Main article : Communities , regions and language areas of Belgium Communities : Flemish Community / Dutch language area Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area French Community / French language area German - speaking Community / German language area Regions : Flemish Region / Dutch language area Brussels - Capital Region / bilingual area Walloon Region / French and German language areas Following a usage which can be traced back to the Burgundian and Habsburg courts , in the 19th century it was necessary to speak French to belong to the governing upper class , and those who could only speak Dutch were effectively second - class citizens . Late that century , and continuing into the 20th century , Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation . While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French , and most Brusselers adopted French as their first language , the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system . Following World War II , Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities . Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimise the potential for conflict . Based on the four language areas defined in 1962 -- 63 ( the Dutch , bilingual , French and German language areas ) , consecutive revisions of the country 's constitution in 1970 , 1980 , 1988 and 1993 established a unique form of a federal state with segregated political power into three levels : The federal government , based in Brussels . The three language communities : the Flemish Community ( Dutch - speaking ) ; the French Community ( French - speaking ) ; the German - speaking Community . The three regions : the Flemish Region , subdivided into five provinces ; the Walloon Region , subdivided into five provinces ; the Brussels - Capital Region . The constitutional language areas determine the official languages in their municipalities , as well as the geographical limits of the empowered institutions for specific matters . Although this would allow for seven parliaments and governments , when the Communities and Regions were created in 1980 , Flemish politicians decided to merge both . Thus the Flemings just have one single institutional body of parliament and government is empowered for all except federal and specific municipal matters . The overlapping boundaries of the Regions and Communities have created two notable peculiarities : the territory of the Brussels - Capital Region ( which came into existence nearly a decade after the other regions ) is included in both the Flemish and French Communities , and the territory of the German - speaking Community lies wholly within the Walloon Region . Conflicts about jurisdiction between the bodies are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Belgium . The structure is intended as a compromise to allow different cultures to live together peacefully . Locus of policy jurisdiction The Federal State 's authority includes justice , defence , federal police , social security , nuclear energy , monetary policy and public debt , and other aspects of public finances . State - owned companies include the Belgian Post Group and Belgian Railways . The Federal Government is responsible for the obligations of Belgium and its federalized institutions towards the European Union and NATO . It controls substantial parts of public health , home affairs and foreign affairs . The budget -- without the debt -- controlled by the federal government amounts to about 50 % of the national fiscal income . The federal government employs around 12 % of the civil servants . Communities exercise their authority only within linguistically determined geographical boundaries , originally oriented towards the individuals of a Community 's language : culture ( including audiovisual media ) , education and the use of the relevant language . Extensions to personal matters less directly connected with language comprise health policy ( curative and preventive medicine ) and assistance to individuals ( protection of youth , social welfare , aid to families , immigrant assistance services , and so on . ) . Regions have authority in fields that can be broadly associated with their territory . These include economy , employment , agriculture , water policy , housing , public works , energy , transport , the environment , town and country planning , nature conservation , credit and foreign trade . They supervise the provinces , municipalities and intercommunal utility companies . In several fields , the different levels each have their own say on specifics . With education , for instance , the autonomy of the Communities neither includes decisions about the compulsory aspect nor allows for setting minimum requirements for awarding qualifications , which remain federal matters . Each level of government can be involved in scientific research and international relations associated with its powers . The treaty - making power of the Regions ' and Communities ' Governments is the broadest of all the Federating units of all the Federations all over the world . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Belgium Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe , Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours . With virtually defenceless borders , Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation . The Belgians have been strong advocates of European integration . Both the European Union and NATO are headquartered in Belgium . Armed forces Main article : Belgian Armed Forces The Belgian Armed Forces have about 47,000 active troops . In 2010 , Belgium 's defence budget totaled € 3.95 billion ( representing 1.12 % of its GDP ) . They are organized into one unified structure which consists of four main components : Land Component , or the Army ; Air Component , or the Air Force ; Naval Component , or the Navy ; Medical Component . The operational commands of the four components are subordinate to the Staff Department for Operations and Training of the Ministry of Defence , which is headed by the Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training , and to the Chief of Defence . The effects of the Second World War made collective security a priority for Belgian foreign policy . In March 1948 Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels , and then joined NATO in 1948 . However the integration of the armed forces into NATO did not begin until after the Korean War . The Belgians , along with the Luxembourg government , sent a detachment of battalion strength to fight in Korea known as the Belgian United Nations Command . This mission was the first in a long line of UN missions which the Belgians supported . Currently , the Belgian Naval Component is working closely together with the Dutch Navy under the command of the Admiral Benelux . Economy Main article : Economy of Belgium Belgium is part of a monetary union , the eurozone ( dark blue ) , and of the EU single market Belgium 's strongly globalized economy and its transport infrastructure are integrated with the rest of Europe . Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the world 's 15th largest trading nation in 2007 . The economy is characterized by a highly productive work force , high GNP and high exports per capita . Belgium 's main imports are raw materials , machinery and equipment , chemicals , raw diamonds , pharmaceuticals , foodstuffs , transportation equipment , and oil products . Its main exports are machinery and equipment , chemicals , finished diamonds , metals and metal products , and foodstuffs . The Belgian economy is heavily service - oriented and shows a dual nature : a dynamic Flemish economy and a Walloon economy that lags behind . One of the founding members of the European Union , Belgium strongly supports an open economy and the extension of the powers of EU institutions to integrate member economies . Since 1922 , through the Belgium - Luxembourg Economic Union , Belgium and Luxembourg have been a single trade market with customs and currency union . Steelmaking along the Meuse River at Ougrée , near Liège Belgium was the first continental European country to undergo the Industrial Revolution , in the early 19th century . Liège and Charleroi rapidly developed mining and steelmaking , which flourished until the mid-20th century in the Sambre and Meuse valley and made Belgium among one of the three most industrialized nations in the world from 1830 to 1910 . However , by the 1840s the textile industry of Flanders was in severe crisis , and the region experienced famine from 1846 to 1850 . After World War II , Ghent and Antwerp experienced a rapid expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries . The 1973 and 1979 oil crises sent the economy into a recession ; it was particularly prolonged in Wallonia , where the steel industry had become less competitive and experienced serious decline . In the 1980s and 1990s , the economic centre of the country continued to shift northwards and is now concentrated in the populous Flemish Diamond area . By the end of the 1980s , Belgian macroeconomic policies had resulted in a cumulative government debt of about 120 % of GDP . As of 2006 , the budget was balanced and public debt was equal to 90.30 % of GDP . In 2005 and 2006 , real GDP growth rates of 1.5 % and 3.0 % , respectively , were slightly above the average for the Euro area . Unemployment rates of 8.4 % in 2005 and 8.2 % in 2006 were close to the area average . By October 2010 , this had grown to 8.5 % compared to an average rate of 9.6 % for the European Union as a whole ( EU 27 ) . From 1832 until 2002 , Belgium 's currency was the Belgian franc . Belgium switched to the euro in 2002 , with the first sets of euro coins being minted in 1999 . The standard Belgian euro coins designated for circulation show the portrait of the monarch ( first King Albert II , since 2013 King Philippe ) . Despite an 18 % decrease observed from 1970 to 1999 , Belgium still had in 1999 the highest rail network density within the European Union with 113.8 km / 1 000 km . On the other hand , the same period of time , 1970 -- 1999 , has seen a huge growth ( + 56 % ) of the motorway network . In 1999 , the density of km motorways per 1000 km and 1000 inhabitants amounted to 55.1 and 16.5 respectively and were significantly superior to the EU 's means of 13.7 and 15.9 . Port of Zeebrugge Belgium experiences some of the most congested traffic in Europe . In 2010 , commuters to the cities of Brussels and Antwerp spent respectively 65 and 64 hours a year in traffic jams . Like in most small European countries , more than 80 % of the airways traffic is handled by a single airport , the Brussels Airport . The ports of Antwerp and Zeebrugge ( Bruges ) share more than 80 % of Belgian maritime traffic , Antwerp being the second European harbour with a gross weight of goods handled of 115 988 000 t in 2000 after a growth of 10.9 % over the preceding five years . In 2016 , the port of Antwerp handled 214 million tons after a year - on - year growth of 2.7 % . There is a large economic gap between Flanders and Wallonia . Wallonia was historically wealthy compared to Flanders , mostly due to its heavy industries , but the decline of the steel industry post-World War II led to the region 's rapid decline , whereas Flanders rose swiftly . Since then , Flanders has been prosperous , among the wealthiest regions in Europe , whereas Wallonia has been languishing . As of 2007 , the unemployment rate of Wallonia is over double that of Flanders . The divide has played a key part in the tensions between the Flemish and Walloons in addition to the already - existing language divide . Pro-independence movements have gained high popularity in Flanders as a consequence . The separatist New Flemish Alliance ( N - VA ) party for instance is the largest party in Belgium . Science and Technology Further information : Science and technology in Brussels , Science and technology in Flanders , and Science and technology in Wallonia Gerardus Mercator Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared throughout the country 's history . The 16th century Early Modern flourishing of Western Europe included cartographer Gerardus Mercator , anatomist Andreas Vesalius , herbalist Rembert Dodoens and mathematician Simon Stevin among the most influential scientists . Chemist Ernest Solvay and engineer Zenobe Gramme ( École Industrielle de Liège ) gave their names to the Solvay process and the Gramme dynamo , respectively , in the 1860s . Bakelite was developed in 1907 -- 1909 by Leo Baekeland . Ernest Solvay also acted as a major philanthropist and gave its name to the Solvay Institute of Sociology , the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management and the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry which are now part of the Université libre de Bruxelles . In 1911 , he started a series of conferences , the Solvay Conferences on Physics and Chemistry , which have had a deep impact on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry . A major contribution to fundamental science was also due to a Belgian , Monsignor Georges Lemaître ( Catholic University of Leuven ) , who is credited with proposing the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe in 1927 . Three Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine were awarded to Belgians : Jules Bordet ( Université libre de Bruxelles ) in 1919 , Corneille Heymans ( University of Ghent ) in 1938 and Albert Claude ( Université Libre de Bruxelles ) together with Christian de Duve ( Université Catholique de Louvain ) in 1974 . François Englert ( Université Libre de Bruxelles ) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 . Ilya Prigogine ( Université Libre de Bruxelles ) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977 . Two Belgian mathematicians have been awarded the Fields Medal : Pierre Deligne in 1978 and Jean Bourgain in 1994 . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Belgium Brussels , the capital city and largest metropolitan area of Belgium As of 1 January 2015 , the total population of Belgium according to its population register was 11,190,845 . Almost all of the population is urban , at 97 % in 2004 . The population density of Belgium is 365 per square kilometre ( 952 per square mile ) as of March 2013 . The most densely inhabited area is Flanders . The Ardennes have the lowest density . As of 1 January 2015 , the Flemish Region had a population of 6,437,680 , its most populous cities being Antwerp ( 511,771 ) , Ghent ( 252,274 ) and Bruges ( 117,787 ) . Wallonia had 3,585,214 with Charleroi ( 202,021 ) , Liège ( 194,937 ) and Namur ( 110,447 ) , its most populous cities . Brussels has 1,167,951 inhabitants in the Capital Region 's 19 municipalities , three of which have over 100,000 residents . Migration This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) As of 2007 , nearly 92 % of the population had Belgian citizenship , and other European Union member citizens account for around 6 % . The prevalent foreign nationals were Italian ( 171,918 ) , French ( 125,061 ) , Dutch ( 116,970 ) , Moroccan ( 80,579 ) , Portuguese ( 43,509 ) , Spanish ( 42,765 ) , Turkish ( 39,419 ) and German ( 37,621 ) . In 2007 , there were 1.38 million foreign - born residents in Belgium , corresponding to 12.9 % of the total population . Of these , 685,000 ( 6.4 % ) were born outside the EU and 695,000 ( 6.5 % ) were born in another EU Member State . At the beginning of 2012 , people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed around 25 % of the total population i.e. 2.8 million new Belgians . Of these new Belgians , 1,200,000 are of European ancestry and 1,350,000 are from non-Western countries ( most of them from Morocco , Turkey , and the DR Congo ) . Since the modification of the Belgian nationality law in 1984 more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship . The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Moroccans. 89.2 % of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized , as have 88.4 % of people of Moroccan background , 75.4 % of Italians , 56.2 % of the French and 47.8 % of Dutch people . Largest cities or towns in Belgium Numbers according to the NIS , table 3 ( 01 / 01 / 2014 ) Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Antwerp Ghent Antwerp Flanders 510,610 11 Mons Wallonia 95,047 Charleroi Liège Ghent Flanders 251,133 12 Sint - Jans - Molenbeek / Molenbeek - Saint - Jean Brussels 94,854 Charleroi Wallonia 202,730 13 Aalst Flanders 83,347 Liège Wallonia 196,291 14 Elsene / Ixelles Brussels 83,332 5 City of Brussels Brussels 170,407 15 Mechelen Flanders 83,194 6 Schaarbeek / Schaerbeek Brussels 131,604 16 Ukkel / Uccle Brussels 81,089 7 Bruges Flanders 117,377 17 La Louvière Wallonia 80,172 8 Anderlecht Brussels 115,178 18 Hasselt Flanders 75,991 9 Namur Wallonia 110,665 19 Kortrijk Flanders 75,128 10 Leuven Flanders 98,292 20 Sint - Niklaas Flanders 73,716 Bruges , historical city centre , UNESCO World Heritage Site Functional urban areas Functional urban areas Population 2011 Brussels 2,608,000 Antwerp 1,091,000 Liège 744,000 Ghent 591,000 Charleroi 488,000 Languages Main article : Languages of Belgium Distribution of languages of Belgium Dutch 59 % French 40 % German 1 % Bilingual signs in Brussels Belgium has three official languages : Dutch , French and German . A number of non-official minority languages are spoken as well . As no census exists , there are no official statistical data regarding the distribution or usage of Belgium 's three official languages or their dialects . However , various criteria , including the language ( s ) of parents , of education , or the second - language status of foreign born , may provide suggested figures . An estimated 60 % of the Belgian population speaks Dutch ( often referred to as Flemish ) , and 40 % of the population speaks French . French - speaking Belgians are often referred to as Walloons , although the French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons . Total Dutch speakers are 6.23 million , concentrated in the northern Flanders region , while French speakers number 3.32 million in Wallonia and an estimated 870,000 ( or 85 % ) in the officially bilingual Brussels - Capital Region . The German - speaking Community is made up of 73,000 people in the east of the Walloon Region ; around 10,000 German and 60,000 Belgian nationals are speakers of German . Roughly 23,000 more German speakers live in municipalities near the official Community . Both Belgian Dutch and Belgian French have minor differences in vocabulary and semantic nuances from the varieties spoken respectively in the Netherlands and France . Many Flemish people still speak dialects of Dutch in their local environment . Walloon , considered either as a dialect of French or a distinct Romance language , is now only understood and spoken occasionally , mostly by elderly people . Walloon is divided into four dialects , which along with those of Picard , are rarely used in public life and have largely been replaced by French . Religion Main article : Religion in Belgium National Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg , Brussels Since the country 's independence , Roman Catholicism , counterbalanced by strong freethought movements , has had an important role in Belgium 's politics . However Belgium is largely a secular country as the laicist constitution provides for freedom of religion , and the government generally respects this right in practice . During the reigns of Albert I and Baudouin , the monarchy had a reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism . Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium 's majority religion ; being especially strong in Flanders . However , by 2009 Sunday church attendance was 5 % for Belgium in total ; 3 % in Brussels , and 5.4 % in Flanders . Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 ( 11 % for the total of Belgium in 1998 ) . Despite the drop in church attendance , Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgium 's culture . According to the Eurobarometer 2010 , 37 % of Belgian citizens responded that they believe there is a God . 31 % answered that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life - force . 27 % answered that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit , God , or life - force . 5 % did not respond . According to the Eurobarometer 2015 , 60.7 % of the total population of Belgium adhered to Christianity , with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination with 52.9 % . Protestants comprised 2.1 % and Orthodox Christians were the 1.6 % of the total . Non religious people comprised the 32.0 % of the population and were divided between atheists ( 14.9 % ) and agnostics ( 17.1 % ) . A further 5.2 % of the population was Muslim and 2.1 % were believers in other religions . The same survey held in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in Belgium accounting 65 % of Belgians . Symbolically and materially , the Roman Catholic Church remains in a favourable position . Belgium officially recognises three religions : Christianity ( Catholic , Protestantism , Orthodox churches and Anglicanism ) , Islam and Judaism . Interior of the Great Synagogue of Brussels In the early 2000s there were approximately 42,000 Jews in Belgium . The Jewish Community of Antwerp ( numbering some 18,000 ) is one of the largest in Europe , and one of the last places in the world where Yiddish is the primary language of a large Jewish community ( mirroring certain Orthodox and Hasidic communities in New York , New Jersey , and Israel ) . In addition most Jewish children in Antwerp receive a Jewish education . There are several Jewish newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues ( 30 of which are in Antwerp ) in the country . A 2006 inquiry in Flanders , considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia , showed that 55 % considered themselves religious and that 36 % believed that God created the universe . On the other hand , Wallonia has become one of Europe 's most secular / least religious regions . Most of the French - speaking region 's population does not consider religion an important part of their lives , and as much as 45 % of the population identifies as irreligious . This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia and areas along the French border . The Great Mosque of Brussels is the seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium A 2008 estimate found that approximately 6 % of the Belgian population ( 628,751 people ) is Muslim . Muslims constitute 23.6 % of the population of Brussels , 4.9 % of Wallonia and 5.1 % of Flanders . The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities , such as Antwerp , Brussels and Charleroi . The largest group of immigrants in Belgium are Moroccans , with 400,000 people . The Turks are the third largest group , and the second largest Muslim ethnic group , numbering 220,000 . Health Main article : Healthcare in Belgium University Hospital of Antwerp The Belgians enjoy good health . According to 2012 estimates , the average life expectancy is 79.65 years . Since 1960 , life expectancy has , in line with the European average , grown by two months per year . Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders , neoplasms , disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death ( accidents , suicide ) . Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44 . Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation . Health insurance is compulsory . Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public , university and semi-private hospitals . Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions , but for ineligible categories ( of patients and services ) so - called 3rd party payment systems exist . The Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government , the Flemish and Walloon Regional governments ; and the German Community also has ( indirect ) oversight and responsibilities . For the first time in Belgian history , the first child was euthanized following the 2 year mark of the removal of the euthanization age restrictions . The child had been euthanized due to an incurable disease that was inflicted upon the child . Although there may have been some support for the euthanization there is a possibility of controversy due to the issue revolving around the subject of assisted suicide . Education Main article : Education in Belgium The Central Library of the KU Leuven University Education is compulsory from 6 to 18 years of age for Belgians . Among OECD countries in 2002 , Belgium had the third highest proportion of 18 - to 21 - year - olds enrolled in postsecondary education , at 42 % . Though an estimated 99 % of the adult population is literate , concern is rising over functional illiteracy . The Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) , coordinated by the OECD , currently ranks Belgium 's education as the 19th best in the world , being significantly higher than the OECD average . Education being organized separately by each , the Flemish Community scores noticeably above the French and German - speaking Communities . Mirroring the dual structure of the 19th - century Belgian political landscape , characterized by the Liberal and the Catholic parties , the educational system is segregated within a secular and a religious segment . The secular branch of schooling is controlled by the communities , the provinces , or the municipalities , while religious , mainly Catholic branch education , is organized by religious authorities , although subsidized and supervised by the communities . Culture Main article : Culture of Belgium Despite its political and linguistic divisions , the region corresponding to today 's Belgium has seen the flourishing of major artistic movements that have had tremendous influence on European art and culture . Nowadays , to a certain extent , cultural life is concentrated within each language Community , and a variety of barriers have made a shared cultural sphere less pronounced . Since the 1970s , there are no bilingual universities or colleges in the country except the Royal Military Academy and the Antwerp Maritime Academy , no common media and no single large cultural or scientific organization in which both main communities are represented . Fine Arts See also : List of Belgian painters , Architecture of Belgium , and Music of Belgium The Ghent Altarpiece : The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb ( interior view ) , painted 1432 by van Eyck Contributions to painting and architecture have been especially rich . The Mosan art , the Early Netherlandish , the Flemish Renaissance and Baroque painting and major examples of Romanesque , Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque architecture are milestones in the history of art . While the 15th century 's art in the Low Countries is dominated by the religious paintings of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden , the 16th century is characterized by a broader panel of styles such as Peter Breughel 's landscape paintings and Lambert Lombard 's representation of the antique . Though the Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck flourished in the early 17th century in the Southern Netherlands , it gradually declined thereafter . During the 19th and 20th centuries many original romantic , expressionist and surrealist Belgian painters emerged , including James Ensor and other artists belonging to the Les XX group , Constant Permeke , Paul Delvaux and René Magritte . The avant - garde CoBrA movement appeared in the 1950s , while the sculptor Panamarenko remains a remarkable figure in contemporary art . Multidisciplinary artists Jan Fabre , Wim Delvoye and the painters Guy Huygens and Luc Tuymans are other internationally renowned figures on the contemporary art scene . Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into the 19th and 20th centuries , including the work of Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde , who were major initiators of the Art Nouveau style . Jacques Brel , 1963 The vocal music of the Franco - Flemish School developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture . In the 19th and 20th centuries , there was an emergence of major violinists , such as Henri Vieuxtemps , Eugène Ysaÿe and Arthur Grumiaux , while Adolphe Sax invented the saxophone in 1846 . The composer César Franck was born in Liège in 1822 . Contemporary popular music in Belgium is also of repute . Jazz musician Toots Thielemans and singer Jacques Brel have achieved global fame . Nowadays , singer Stromae has been a musical revelation in Europe and beyond , having great success . In rock / pop music , Telex , Front 242 , K 's Choice , Hooverphonic , Zap Mama , Soulwax and dEUS are well known . In the heavy metal scene , bands like Machiavel , Channel Zero and Enthroned have a worldwide fan - base . Belgium has produced several well - known authors , including the poets Emile Verhaeren , Robert Goffin and novelists Hendrik Conscience , Georges Simenon , Suzanne Lilar , Hugo Claus , Joseph Weterings and Amélie Nothomb . The poet and playwright Maurice Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911 . The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé is the best known of Franco - Belgian comics , but many other major authors , including Peyo ( The Smurfs ) , André Franquin ( Gaston Lagaffe ) , Dupa ( Cubitus ) , Morris ( Lucky Luke ) , Greg ( Achille Talon ) , Lambil ( Les Tuniques Bleues ) , Edgar P. Jacobs and Willy Vandersteen brought the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame . Belgian cinema has brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to life on - screen . Other Belgian directors include André Delvaux , Stijn Coninx , Luc and Jean - Pierre Dardenne ; well - known actors include Jean - Claude Van Damme , Jan Decleir and Marie Gillain ; and successful films include Bullhead , Man Bites Dog and The Alzheimer Affair . In the 1980s , Antwerp 's Royal Academy of Fine Arts produced important fashion trendsetters , known as the Antwerp Six . Folklore Further information : Folklore of Belgium The Gilles of Binche , in costume , wearing wax masks Folklore plays a major role in Belgium 's cultural life : the country has a comparatively high number of processions , cavalcades , parades , ' ommegangs ' and ' ducasses ' , ' kermesse ' and other local festivals , nearly always with an originally religious or mythological background . The Carnival of Binche with its famous Gilles and the ' Processional Giants and Dragons ' of Ath , Brussels , Dendermonde , Mechelen and Mons are recognized by UNESCO as Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Other examples are the Carnival of Aalst ; the still very religious processions of the Holy Blood in Bruges , Virga Jesse Basilica in Hasselt and Basilica of Our Lady of Hanswijk in Mechelen ; 15 August festival in Liège ; and the Walloon festival in Namur . Originated in 1832 and revived in the 1960s , the Gentse Feesten have become a modern tradition . A major non-official holiday is the Saint Nicholas Day , a festivity for children and , in Liège , for students . Cuisine Main article : Belgian cuisine Moules - frites / mosselen met friet is the national dish of Belgium Many highly ranked Belgian restaurants can be found in the most influential restaurant guides , such as the Michelin Guide . Belgium is famous for beer , chocolate , waffles and french fries with mayonnaise . Contrary to their name , french fries are claimed to have originated in Belgium , although their exact place of origin is uncertain . The national dishes are `` steak and fries with salad '' , and `` mussels with fries '' . Brands of Belgian chocolate and pralines , like Côte d'Or , Neuhaus , Leonidas and Godiva are famous , as well as independent producers such as Burie and Del Rey in Antwerp and Mary 's in Brussels . Belgium produces over 1100 varieties of beer . The Trappist beer of the Abbey of Westvleteren has repeatedly been rated the world 's best beer . The biggest brewer in the world by volume is Anheuser - Busch InBev , based in Leuven . Sports Eddy Merckx , regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time Main article : Sport in Belgium Since the 1970s , sports clubs and federations are organized separately within each language community . Association football is the most popular sport in both parts of Belgium ; also very popular are cycling , tennis , swimming , judo and basketball . Belgians hold the most Tour de France victories of any country except France . They have also the most victories on the UCI Road World Championships . Philippe Gilbert is the 2012 world champion . Another modern well - known Belgian cyclist is Tom Boonen . With five victories in the Tour de France and numerous other cycling records , Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time . Jean - Marie Pfaff , a former Belgian goalkeeper , is considered one of the greatest in the history of association football . Belgium hosted the 1972 European Football Championships , and co-hosted the 2000 European Championships with the Netherlands . The Belgium national football team reached first place in the FIFA World Rankings for the first time in November 2015 . Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the Year in the Women 's Tennis Association as they were ranked the number one female tennis player . The Spa - Francorchamps motor - racing circuit hosts the Formula One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix . The Belgian driver , Jacky Ickx , won eight Grands Prix and six 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished twice as runner - up in the Formula One World Championship . Belgium also has a strong reputation in , motocross with the rider Stefan Everts . Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme athletics competition , the Belgian Grand Prix Formula One , and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour of Flanders and Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège . The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp . The 1977 European Basketball Championship was held in Liège and Ostend . See also Belgium portal Brussels portal Book : Belgium Index of Belgium - related articles Outline of Belgium Footnotes Jump up ^ Dutch : België ( ˈbɛlɣijə ) ( listen ) ; French : Belgique ( bɛlʒik ) ( listen ) ; German : Belgien ( ˈbɛlɡi̯ən ) ( listen ) Jump up ^ Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G - 10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Jump up ^ The Celtic and / or Germanic influences on and origin ( s ) of the Belgae remains disputed . Further reading : Witt , Constanze Maria ( May 1997 ) . `` Ethnic and Cultural Identity '' . Barbarians on the Greek Periphery ? -- Origins of Celtic Art . Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities , University of Virginia . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The Constitution set out seven institutions each of which can have a parliament , government and administration . In fact there are only six such bodies because the Flemish Region merged into the Flemish Community . This single Flemish body thus exercises powers about Community matters in the bilingual area of Brussels - Capital and in the Dutch language area , while about Regional matters only in Flanders . Jump up ^ The richest ( per capita income ) of Belgium 's three regions is the Flemish Region , followed by the Walloon Region and lastly the Brussels - Capital Region . The ten municipalities with the highest reported income are : Laethem - Saint - Martin , Keerbergen , Lasne , Oud - Heverlee , Hove , De Pinte , Meise , Knokke - Heist , Bierbeek . `` Où habitent les Belges les plus riches ? '' . trends.be. 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Native speakers of Dutch living in Wallonia and of French in Flanders are relatively small minorities that furthermore largely balance one another , hence attributing all inhabitants of each unilingual area to the area 's language can cause only insignificant inaccuracies ( 99 % can speak the language ) . Dutch : Flanders ' 6.079 million inhabitants and about 15 % of Brussels ' 1.019 million are 6.23 million or 59.3 % of the 10.511 million inhabitants of Belgium ( 2006 ) ; German : 70,400 in the German - speaking Community ( which has language facilities for its less than 5 % French - speakers ) and an estimated 20,000 -- 25,000 speakers of German in the Walloon Region outside the geographical boundaries of their official Community , or 0.9 % ; French : in the latter area as well as mainly in the rest of Wallonia ( 3.321 million ) and 85 % of the Brussels inhabitants ( 0.866 million ) thus 4.187 million or 39.8 % ; together indeed 100 % . Jump up ^ Flemish Academic Eric Corijn ( initiator of Charta 91 ) , at a colloquium regarding Brussels , on 2001 - 12 - 05 , states that in Brussels 91 % of the population speaks French at home , either alone or with another language , and about 20 % speaks Dutch at home , either alone ( 9 % ) or with French ( 11 % ) -- After ponderation , the repartition can be estimated at between 85 and 90 % French - speaking , and the remaining are Dutch - speaking , corresponding to the estimations based on languages chosen in Brussels by citizens for their official documents ( ID , driving licenses , weddings , birth , sex , and so on ) ; all these statistics on language are also available at Belgian Department of Justice ( for weddings , birth , sex ) , Department of Transport ( for Driving licenses ) , Department of Interior ( for IDs ) , because there are no means to know precisely the proportions since Belgium has abolished ' official ' linguistic censuses , thus official documents on language choices can only be estimations . For a web source on this topic , see e.g. General online sources : Janssens , Rudi Jump up ^ Notable Belgian films based on works by Flemish authors include : De Witte ( author Ernest Claes ) movie by Jan Vanderheyden and Edith Kiel in 1934 , remake as De Witte van Sichem directed by Robbe De Hert in 1980 ; De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen ( Johan Daisne ) André Delvaux 1965 ; Mira ( ' De teleurgang van de Waterhoek ' by Stijn Streuvels ) Fons Rademakers 1971 ; Malpertuis ( aka The Legend of Doom House ) ( Jean Ray ( pen name of Flemish author who mainly wrote in French , or as John Flanders in Dutch ) ) Harry Kümel 1971 ; De loteling ( Hendrik Conscience ) Roland Verhavert 1974 ; Dood van een non ( Maria Rosseels ) Paul Collet and Pierre Drouot 1975 ; Pallieter ( Felix Timmermans ) Roland Verhavert 1976 ; De komst van Joachim Stiller ( Hubert Lampo ) Harry Kümel 1976 ; De Leeuw van Vlaanderen ( Hendrik Conscience ) Hugo Claus ( a famous author himself ) 1985 ; Daens ( ' Pieter Daens ' by Louis Paul Boon ) Stijn Coninx 1992 ; see also Filmarchief les DVD ! s de la cinémathèque ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved on 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The Dutch word ' ommegang ' is here used in the sense of an entirely or mainly non-religious procession , or the non-religious part thereof -- see also its article on the Dutch - language Wikipedia ; the Processional Giants of Brussels , Dendermonde and Mechelen mentioned in this paragraph are part of each city 's ' ommegang ' . The French word ' ducasse ' refers also to a procession ; the mentioned Processional Giants of Ath and Mons are part of each city 's ' ducasse ' . Jump up ^ Contrarily to what the text suggests , the season starts as early as July and lasts through April . References ^ Jump up to : Eurobarometer 437 : Discrimination in the EU in 2015 . European Commission . Retrieved 15 October 2017 -- via GESIS . Jump up ^ `` Government type : Belgium '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ( PDF ) . Statistics Belgium , Federal Public Service Economy. 1 August 2018 http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/fr/pop/statistiques/stat-1-1_f.pdf . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ The Belgian Constitution ( PDF ) . Brussels , Belgium : Belgian House of Representatives . May 2014 . p. 63 . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Pateman , Mark Elliott ( 2006 ) . Belgium . Benchmark Books . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Leclerc , Jacques ( 18 January 2007 ) . `` Belgique België Belgien -- Région de Bruxelles - Capitale Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . Host : Trésor de la langue française au Québec ( TLFQ ) , Université Laval , Quebec . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . C'est une région officiellement bilingue formant au centre du pays une enclave dans la province du Brabant flamand ( Vlaams Brabant ) * `` About Belgium '' . Belgian Federal Public Service ( ministry ) / Embassy of Belgium in the Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . the Brussels - Capital Region is an enclave of 162 km within the Flemish region . * `` Flanders ( administrative region ) '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Microsoft . 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . The capital of Belgium , Brussels , is an enclave within Flanders . * McMillan , Eric ( October 1999 ) . `` The FIT Invasions of Mons '' ( PDF ) . Capital translator , Newsletter of the NCATA , Vol. 21 , No. 7 , p. 1 . National Capital Area Chapter of the American Translators Association ( NCATA ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . The country is divided into three autonomous regions : Dutch - speaking Flanders in the north , mostly French - speaking Brussels in the center as an enclave within Flanders and French - speaking Wallonia in the south , including the German - speaking Cantons de l'Est . * Van de Walle , Steven . `` Language Facilities in the Brussels Periphery '' . KULeuven -- Leuvens Universitair Dienstencentrum voor Informatica en Telematica . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Brussels is a kind of enclave within Flanders -- it has no direct link with Wallonia . Jump up ^ Haß , Torsten ( 17 February 2003 ) . Rezension zu ( Review of ) Cook , Bernard : Belgium . A History ( in German ) . FH - Zeitung ( journal of the Fachhochschule ) . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 5824 - 4 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2007 . die Bezeichnung Belgiens als `` the cockpit of Europe '' ( James Howell , 1640 ) , die damals noch auf eine kriegerische Hahnenkampf - Arena hindeutete -- The book reviewer , Haß , attributes the expression in English to James Howell in 1640 . Howell 's original phrase `` the cockpit of Christendom '' became modified afterwards , as shown by : * Carmont , John . `` The Hydra No. 1 New Series ( November 1917 ) -- Arras And Captain Satan '' . War Poets Collection . Napier University 's Business School . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2007 . -- and as such coined for Belgium : * Wood , James ( 1907 ) . `` Nuttall Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge -- Cockpit of Europe '' . Retrieved 24 May 2007 . Cockpit of Europe , Belgium , as the scene of so many battles between the Powers of Europe . ( See also The Nuttall Encyclopaedia ) ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , John ( 1996 ) . `` New Order ? International models of peace and reconciliation -- Diversity and civil society '' . Democratic Dialogue Northern Ireland 's first think tank , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium country profile '' . EUbusiness , Richmond , UK . 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl , Farah ; Stoneking , James ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 27 . The Age of Imperialism ( Section 2 . The Partition of Africa ) '' ( PDF ) . World History II . Appomattox Regional Governor 's School ( History Department ) , Petersburg , Virginia , USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Buoyant Brussels . `` Bilingual island in Flanders '' . UCL . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Belgian government sworn in , ending 18 - month crisis '' . Expatica. 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Quality of Life Index by Country 2017 Mid-Year '' . www.numbeo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Health index World Health Organization '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Education index Human Development Reports '' . hdr.undp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Global Peace Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire ( Hardcover ed . ) . Facts on File , New York . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2135 - X . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Bernard A. ( 2002 ) . Belgium : A History . Studies in Modern European History , Vol. 50 . Peter Lang Pub , New York . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 5824 - 4 . Ib . e-book ( 2004 ) NetLibrary , Boulder , Colorado , United States , ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7283 - 2 ( Also print edition ( ISBNDB.com Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 2004 - 06 - 30 ) or ( Peterlang.com Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7647 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Edmundson , George ( 1922 ) . `` Chapter I : The Burgundian Netherlands '' . History of Holland . The University Press , Cambridge . Republished : Authorama . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Edmundson , George ( 1922 ) . `` Chapter II : Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands '' . History of Holland . The University Press , Cambridge . Republished : Authorama . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Dobbelaere , Karel ; Voyé , Liliane ( 1990 ) . `` From Pillar to Postmodernity : The Changing Situation of Religion in Belgium '' ( PDF ) . www-oxford.op.org ( The Allen Review ) . Online at Oxford Journals , Oxford University Press : S1 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gooch , Brison Dowling ( 1963 ) . Belgium and the February Revolution . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , The Hague , Netherlands . p. 112 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Day and feast days of Communities and Regions '' . Belgian Federal Government . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Deschouwer , Kris ( January 2004 ) . `` Ethnic structure , inequality and governance of the public sector in Belgium '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Research Institute for Social Development ( UNRISD ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. Harper & Row . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0061224904 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium Confronts Its Heart of Darkness ; Unsavory Colonial Behavior in the Congo Will Be Tackled by a New Study - The New York Times '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Martin ( 2005 ) . The State of Africa . Jonathan Ball . pp. 95 -- 96 ( ? ) . ISBN 978 - 1868422203 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Arango , Ramon ( 1961 ) . Leopold III and the Belgian Royal Question . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Press . p. 108 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Congolese Civil War 1960 -- 1964 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Geografische beschrijving van België -- Over Belgie -- Portaal Belgische Overheid . Belgium.be . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium -- The land -- Relief '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Chicago , Illinois , US . 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Geography of Belgium '' . 123independenceday.com . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Life -- Nature '' ( PDF ) . Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2005 . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Peel , Murray C. ; Finlayson , Bryan L. & McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrology and Earth System Sciences . 11 ( 5 ) : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) Jump up ^ `` Climate averages -- Brussels '' . EuroWEATHER / EuroMETEO , Nautica Editrice Srl , Rome , Italy . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kerncijfers 2006 -- Statistisch overzicht van België '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Economy -- Directorate - general Statistics Belgium . pp. 9 -- 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Takhtajan , Armen , 1986 . Floristic Regions of the World . ( translated by T.J. Crovello and A. Cronquist ) . University of California Press , Berkeley . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic mixed forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Jump up ^ López Pintor , Rafael ; Gratschew , Maria ( 2002 ) . `` Voter Turnout Rates from a Comparative Perspective '' ( PDF ) . IDEA . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Belgian Constitution -- Article 99 '' ( PDF ) . Belgian House of Representatives . January 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium 1831 ( rev. 2012 ) '' . Constitute . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium , a federal state '' . Belgium.be . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Background Note : Belgium '' . U.S. Department of States . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium -- Political parties '' . European Election Database . Norwegian Social Science Data Services . 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Richard ( 8 June 1999 ) . `` Dioxin contamination scandal hits Belgium : Effects spread through European Union and beyond '' . World Socialist Web Site ( WSWS ) . International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ElAmin , Ahmed ( 31 January 2006 ) Belgium , Netherlands meat sectors face dioxin crisis Archived 14 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... foodproductiondaily.com Jump up ^ European Commission ( 16 June 1999 ) . `` Food Law News -- EU : CONTAMINANTS -- Commission Press Release ( IP / 99 / 399 ) Preliminary results of EU - inspection to Belgium '' . School of Food Biosciences , University of Reading , UK . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium 's `` rainbow '' coalition sworn in `` . BBC News . 12 July 1999 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` La Chambre des représentants -- Composition '' ( Composition of the Chamber of Representatives ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . The Chamber of Representatives of Belgium . 9 March 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda '' . tiscali. reference . Tiscali UK . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . The article shows an example of Belgium 's recent African policies . Jump up ^ `` Belgian demand halts NATO progress '' . CNN . 16 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2005 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium minor first to be granted euthanasia - BBC News '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time - line Belgium '' . BBC News . 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . 2007 September -- Belgium without a government for 100 days . Jump up ^ Bryant , Elizabeth ( 12 October 2007 ) . `` Divisions could lead to a partition in Belgium '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Dominic ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` Analysis : Where now for Belgium ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Banks , Martin ( 6 September 2010 ) . `` Fears over ' break up ' of Belgium '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgian PM offers his resignation '' . BBC News . 15 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN.com , `` Belgium Prime Minister offers resignation over banking deal '' Jump up ^ Belgian king asks Van Rompuy to form government Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Leterme resigns after liberals quit government '' . France 24 . 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` King Albert II accepts resignation of Prime Minister Yves Leterme '' . France 24 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Elections in Belgium -- Chamber of Representatives Results '' . Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Tamara ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Reality Check : How long can nations go without governments ? '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Johannes ( 1984 ) . Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux - ländern ( in German ) . Buske Verlag . p. 69 . ISBN 3 - 87118 - 597 - 3 . Zur prestige Sprache wurde in den Spanischen Niederlanden ganz eindeutig das Französische . Die Vertreter Spaniens beherrschten normalerweise das Französische , nicht aber das Niederländische ; ein beachtlicher Teil der am Hofe tätigen Adligen stammte aus Wallonien , das sich ja eher auf die spanische Seite geschlagen hatte als Flandern und Brabant . In dieser Situation war es selbstverständlich , dass die flämischen Adligen , die im Laufe der Zeit immer mehr ebenfalls zu Hofbeamten wurden , sich des Französischen bedienen mussten , wenn sie als gleichwertig anerkannt werden wollten . ( Transl. : The prestigious language in the Spanish Netherlands was clearly French . Spain 's representatives usually mastered French but not Dutch ; a notable part of the nobles at the court came from Wallonia , which had taken party for the Spanish side to a higher extent than Flanders and Brabant . It was therefore evident within this context that the Flemish nobility , of which a progressively larger number became servants of the court , had to use French , if it wanted to get acknowledged as well . ) Jump up ^ Witte , Els ; Craeybeckx , Jan & Meynen , Alain ( 2009 ) . Political History of Belgium : From 1830 Onwards . Brussels : Academic and Scientific Publishers . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice ( 1996 ) , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium '' . European Election Database . Norwegian Social Science Data Services . 2010 . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Willemyns , Roland ( 2002 ) . `` The Dutch - French Language Border in Belgium '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development . 23 ( 1&2 ) : 36 -- 49 . doi : 10.1080 / 01434630208666453 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Belgian Constitution -- Article 4 '' ( PDF ) . Belgian House of Representatives . January 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice ( 1996 ) , p. 121 Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice ( 1996 ) , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Government 's Powers '' ... be Portal . Belgian Federal Government . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lagasse , Charles - Etienne ( 2003 ) . Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe . Namur : Erasme . p. 289 . ISBN 2 - 87127 - 783 - 4 . In 2002 , 58.92 % of the fiscal income was going to the budget of the federal government , but more than one - third was used to pay the interests of the public debt . Without including this post , the share of the federal government budget would be only 48.40 % of the fiscal income . There are 87.8 % of the civil servants who are working for the Regions or the Communities and 12.2 % for the Federal State . Jump up ^ `` The Communities '' ... be Portal . Belgian Federal Government . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Regions '' ... be Portal . Belgian Federal Government . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lagasse , Charles - Etienne ( 17 -- 18 May 2004 ) . `` Federalism in Russia , Canada and Belgium : experience of comparative research '' ( in French ) . Kazan Institute of Federalism . La Belgique constitue ainsi le seul exemple clair du transfert d'une partie de la compétence `` affaires étrangères '' à des entités fédérées . ( Transl. : Belgium is thus the only clear example of a transfer of a part of the `` Foreign Affairs '' competences to federated units . ) Jump up ^ Lagasse , Charles - Etienne . Les nouvelles institutions de la Belgique et de l'Europe ( in French ) . p. 603 . ( Le fédéralisme belge ) repose sur une combinaison unique d'équipollence , d'exclusivité et de prolongement international des compétences . ( ( Belgian federalism ) is based on a unique combination of equipollence , of exclusivity , and of international extension of competences . ) Jump up ^ Suinen , Philippe ( October 2000 ) . `` Une Première mondiale '' . Le Monde diplomatique ( in French ) . Dans l'organisation de ces autonomies , la Belgique a réalisé une `` première '' mondiale : afin d'éviter la remise en cause , par le biais de la dimension internationale , de compétences exclusives transférées aux entités fédérées , les communautés et régions se sont vu reconnaître une capacité et des pouvoirs internationaux . ( In organizing its autonomies , Belgium realized a World 's First : to avoid a relevant stalemate , international consequences caused transfers of exclusive competences to federal , community and regional entities that are recognised to have become internationally enabled and enpowered . ) Jump up ^ `` Defence Data of Belgium in 2010 '' . European Defence Agency . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defensie La Défense '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David Isby and Charles Kamps Jr , ' Armies of NATO 's Central Front , ' Jane 's Publishing Company , 1985 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Belgium ranked first in the KOF Globalization Index 2009 ETH Zürich ( ed . ) . `` KOF Index of Globalization '' . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rank Order -- Exports '' . CIA -- The 2008 world factbook . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . 15 ( th ) : Belgium $322,200,000,000 ( 2007 est . ) Jump up ^ `` Rank Order -- Imports '' . CIA -- The 2008 world factbook . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . 15 ( th ) : Belgium $323,200,000,000 ( 2007 est . ) Jump up ^ `` Belgian economy '' . Belgium . Belgian Federal Public Service ( ministry ) of Foreign Affairs , Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Belgium is the world leader in terms of export per capita and can justifiably call itself the ' world 's largest exporter ' . Jump up ^ `` Wallonia in ' decline ' thanks to politicians '' . Expatica Communications BV. 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Union économique belgo - luxembourgeoise '' ( in French ) . Luxembourgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial History Belgium '' . European Route of Industrial Heritage . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rioux , Jean - Pierre ( 1989 ) . La révolution industrielle ( in French ) . Paris : Seuil . p. 105 . ISBN 2 - 02 - 000651 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial History , Belgium '' . European route of industrial heritage . Jump up ^ Vanhaute , Eric ; Paping , Richard & Ó Gráda , Cormac ( 2006 ) . The European subsistence crisis of 1845 -- 1850 : a comparative perspective ( PDF ) . IEHC . Helsinki . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Vanhaute , Eric ( 2007 ) . `` ' So worthy an example to Ireland ' . The subsistance and industrial crisis of 1845 -- 1850 in Flanders '' . When the potato failed . Causes and effects of the ' last ' European subsistance crisis , 1845 -- 1850 . Brepols . pp. 123 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 51985 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Belgium '' . US Department of State , Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs . April 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Vanhaverbeke , Wim . `` Het belang van de Vlaamse Ruit vanuit economisch perspectief The importance of the Flemish Diamond from an economical perspective '' ( in Dutch ) . Netherlands Institute of Business Organization and Strategy Research , University of Maastricht . Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- ( Rank Order -- Public debt ) '' . CIA . 17 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Key figures '' . National Bank of Belgium . Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` EurActiv '' . Belgium makes place for urban enterprises . EurActiv . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Panorama of Transport ( PDF ) . Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2003 . ISBN 92 - 894 - 4845 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Fidler , Stephen ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Europe 's Top Traffic Jam Capitals '' . Wallstreet Journal . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Another comparative study on transportation in Belgium : OECD environmental performance reviews : Belgium . OECD. 2007 . ISBN 92 - 64 - 03111 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Double record for freight volume '' . port of Antwerp . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Belgian Crisis '' . The Belgian Crisis . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ John Lichfield ( 2007 ) . `` Belgium : A nation divided '' . Independent . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , B.A. ( 2002 ) . Belgium : A History . Peter Lang . p. 139 . ISBN 9780820458243 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rembert Dodoens : iets over zijn leven en werk -- Dodoens ' werken '' . Plantaardigheden -- Project Rembert Dodoens ( Rembertus Dodonaeus ) ( in Dutch ) . Balkbrug : Stichting Kruidenhoeve / Plantaardigheden. 20 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 ... het Cruijdeboeck , dat in 1554 verscheen . Dit meesterwerk was na de bijbel in die tijd het meest vertaalde boek . Het werd gedurende meer dan een eeuw steeds weer heruitgegeven en gedurende meer dan twee eeuwen was het het meest gebruikte handboek over kruiden in West - Europa . Het is een werk van wereldfaam en grote wetenschappelijke waarde . De nieuwe gedachten die Dodoens erin neerlegde , werden de bouwstenen voor de botanici en medici van latere generaties . ( ... the Cruijdeboeck , published in 1554 . This masterpiece was , after the Bible , the most translated book in that time . It continued to be republished for more than a century and for more than two centuries it was the mostly used referential about herbs . It is a work with world fame and great scientific value . The new thoughts written down by Dodoens , became the building bricks for botanists and physicians of later generations . ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertsonfirst2 = E.F. ( 2004 ) . `` Simon Stevin '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Although he did not invent decimals ( they had been used by the Arabs and the Chinese long before Stevin 's time ) he did introduce their use in mathematics in Europe . Jump up ^ `` Abstract ( * ) '' . S. Karger AG , Basel . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . The importance of A. Vesalius ' publication ' de humani corporis fabrica libri septem ' can not be overestimated . ( * ) Free abstract for pay - per - view article by De Broe , Marc E. ; De Weerdt , Dirk L. ; Ysebaert , Dirk K. ; Vercauteren , Sven R. ; De Greef , Kathleen E. ; De Broe , Luc C. ( 1999 ) . `` The Low Countries -- 16th / 17th century '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Nephrology. 19 ( 2 ) : 282 -- 9 . doi : 10.1159 / 000013462 . PMID 10213829 . Jump up ^ Midbon , Mark ( 24 March 2000 ) . `` ' A Day Without Yesterday ' : Georges Lemaitre & the Big Bang '' . Commonweal , republished : Catholic Education Resource Center ( CERC ) . pp. 18 -- 19 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Carson , Patricia . The Fair Face of Flanders . Lannoo Uitgeverij . p. 136 . ISBN 90 - 209 - 4385 - 5 . Jump up ^ Day , Lance ( 2003 ) . Lance Day ; Ian McNeil , eds . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . Routledge . p. 1135 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 02829 - 5 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Gordon ( 2003 ) . Lance Day ; Ian McNeil , eds . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . Routledge . p. 523 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 02829 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Ulf ( 2001 ) . Cultures of Creativity : the Centennial Exhibition of the Nobel Prize . Science History Publications . p. 211 . ISBN 0 - 88135 - 288 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Georges Lemaître , Father of the Big Bang '' . American Museum of Natural History . 2000 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 '' . Nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Pierre Deligne '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ( Retrieved 10 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Jean Bourgain '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ( Retrieved 10 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Quelques résultats des précédents recensements -- Indicateurs de logement ( 1991 ) '' ( in French ) . Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Economy -- Directorate - general Statistics Belgium . 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium -- Market essentials '' ( PDF ) . British chamber of commerce in Belgium . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ This number evolved to 89 % in 2011 . Belgian Federal Government . `` Population par sexe et nationalité pour la Belgique et les régions , 2001 et 2011 '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Perrin , Nicolas ( April 2006 ) . `` European Migration Network -- Annual Statistical Report on migration and asylum in Belgium ( Reference year 2003 ) -- section A. 1 ) b ) Population by citizenship & c ) Third country nationals , 1 January 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Study Group of Applied Demographics ( Gédap ) . Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Interior -- Immigration Office . pp. 5 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ De vreemde bevolking . ecodata.mineco.fgov.be Jump up ^ L'IMMIGRATION EN BELGIQUE . EFFECTIFS , MOUVEMENTS . ET MARCHE DU TRAVAIL . Rapport 2009 . Direction générale Emploi et marché du travai Jump up ^ Belgian Federal Government . `` Structure de la population selon le pays de naissance '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ BuG 155 -- Bericht uit het Gewisse -- 01 januari 2012 . npdata.be ( 1 January 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : BuG 159 -- Bericht uit het Gewisse -- 7 mei 2012 . npdata.be ( 7 May 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Voor het eerst meer Marokkaanse dan Italiaanse migranten . hbvl.be. 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do ? dataset = urb_lpop1&lang = en '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , M. Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Languages of Belgium . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( sixteenth ed . ) . Dallas , Texas , U.S.A. : SIL International . pp. 1 , 248 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55671 - 216 - 6 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ de Witte , Bruno ( 1996 ) . Rainey , Anson F. , ed . `` Surviving in Babel ? Language rights and European integration '' . Canaanite in the Amarna tablets . 1 . Brill . p. 122 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10521 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium Market background '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 22 November 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . The capital Brussels , 80 -- 85 percent French - speaking , ... -- Strictly , the capital is the municipality ( City of ) Brussels , though the Brussels - Capital Region might be intended because of its name and also its other municipalities housing institutions typical for a capital . Jump up ^ `` The German - speaking Community '' . The German - speaking Community . Archived from the original on 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . The ( original ) version in German language ( already ) mentions 73,000 instead of 71,500 inhabitants . Jump up ^ `` Citizens from other countries in the German - speaking Community '' . The German - speaking Community . Archived from the original on 28 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` German ( Belgium ) -- Overview of the language '' . Mercator , Minority Language Media in the European Union , supported by the European Commission and the University of Wales . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Leclerc , Jacques ( 19 April 2006 ) . `` Belgique België Belgien -- La Communauté germanophone de Belgique '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . Host : Trésor de la langue française au Québec ( TLFQ ) , Université Laval , Quebec . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ According to Le Petit Larousse , Walloon is a dialect of the langue d'oïl . According to the Meyers grosses Taschenlexikon Jump up ^ Feller Jules ( 1912 ) . Notes de philologie wallonne . Liège : Vaillant Carmanne . ^ Jump up to : Among Belgium native German speakers many are familiar with the local dialect varieties of their region , that include dialects that spill over into neighboring Luxembourg and Germany . Gordon , Raymond G. Jr. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Languages of Belgium . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( Fifteenth ed . ) . Dallas , Texas , U.S.A. : SIL International . ( Online version : Sixteenth edition ) Jump up ^ See for example Belgium entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Loopbuyck , P. & Torfs , R. ( 2009 ) . The world and its people -- Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . 4 . Marshall Cavendish . p. 499 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7890 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Churchgoers in Brussels threatened with extinction '' . Brusselnieuws.be ( in Dutch ) . 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerken lopen zeer geleidelijk helemaal leeg -- Dutch news article describing church attendance in Flanders . Standaard.be ( 25 November 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Eurobarometer Biotechnology report 2010 Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . p. 381 . Jump up ^ `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 '' ( PDF ) , Special Eurobarometer , 383 , European Union : European Commission , p. 233 , 2012 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2012 , retrieved 14 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` State and Church in BELGIUM '' . euresisnet.eu. 31 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghiuzeli , Haim F. The Jewish Community of Antwerp , Belgium . Beit Hatfutsot , the Museum of the Jewish People Jump up ^ Inquiry by ' Vepec ' , ' Vereniging voor Promotie en Communicatie ' ( Organization for Promotion and Communication ) , published in Knack magazine 22 November 2006 p. 14 ( The Dutch language term ' gelovig ' is in the text translated as ' religious ' . More precisely it is a very common word for believing in particular in any kind of God in a monotheistic sense , or in some afterlife ) , or both . Jump up ^ `` In België wonen 650.000 muslims '' . Indy Media . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moslims in België per gewest , provincie en gemeente '' . Npdata.be. 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corens , Dirk ( 2007 ) . `` Belgium , health system review '' ( PDF ) . Health Systems in Transition . European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 9 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Belgium euthanasia : First child dies - CNN.com '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Santa Clara University . `` Assisted Suicide : A Right or a Wrong ? - Resources - Bioethics - Focus Areas - Markkula Center for Applied Ethics - Santa Clara University '' . scu.edu . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hofman , Roelande H. ; Hofman , W.H.A. ; Gray , J.M. ; Daly , P. ( 2004 ) . Institutional context of education systems in Europe : a cross-country comparison on quality and equity . Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 97 , 105 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2744 - 3 . Extracts : p. 97 , p. 105 Jump up ^ `` Table 388 . Percentage of population enrolled in secondary and postsecondary institutions , by age group and country -- Chapter 6 . International Comparisons of Education , data : 2002 '' . Digest of Education Statistics -- Tables and Figures . National Center for Education Statistics , Institute of Education Sciences ( IES ) , US Department of Education . 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I. Monitoring Human Development : Enlarging peoples 's choices ... -- 5 . Human poverty in OECD , Eastern Europe and the CIS '' ( PDF ) . Human Development Indicators . United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . 2000 . pp. 172 -- 173 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ De Meyer , Inge ; Pauly , Jan ; Van de Poele , Luc ( 2005 ) . `` Learning for Tomorrow 's Problems -- First Results from PISA2003 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of the Flemish Community -- Education Department ; University of Ghent -- Department of Education , Ghent , Belgium ( Online by OECD ) : 52 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ De Ley , Herman ( 2000 ) . `` Humanists and Muslims in Belgian Secular Society ( Draft version ) '' . Centrum voor Islam in Europe ( Centre for Islam in Europe ) , Ghent University . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium -- Arts and cultural education '' . Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe , 8th edition . Council of Europe / ERICarts. 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Belgique '' . European Culture Portal . European Commission . 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Gonthier , Adrien ( 2003 ) . `` Frontière linguistique , frontière politique , une presse en crise '' . Le Monde diplomatique ( in French ) . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Mumford , David ( 2008 ) . The World Today Series . The New York Times . Western Europe / 2007 . ISBN 1 - 887985 - 89 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Low Countries , 1000 -- 1400 AD '' . Timeline of Art History . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Low Countries , 1400 -- 1600 AD '' . Timeline of Art History . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Several examples of major architectural realizations in Belgium belong to UNESCO 's World Heritage List : `` Belgium '' . Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List . UNESCO . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Hendrick , Jacques ( 1987 ) . La peinture au pays de Liège ( in French ) . Liège : Editions du Perron . p. 24 . ISBN 2 - 87114 - 026 - X . Jump up ^ Guratzsch , Herwig ( 1979 ) . Die große Zeit der niederländische Malerei ( in German ) . Freiburg im Beisgau : Verlag Herder . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Low Countries , 1600 -- 1800 AD '' . Timeline of Art History . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Art History : Flemish School : ( 1600 -- 1800 ) -- Artists : ( biography & artworks ) '' . World Wide Arts Resources . 5 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . -- A general presentation of the Flemish artistic movement with a list of its artists , linking to their biographies and artworks Jump up ^ `` Belgian Artists : ( biographies & artworks ) '' . World Wide Arts Resources . 5 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . -- List of Belgian painters , linking to their biographies and artworks Jump up ^ Baudson , Michel ( 1996 ) . `` Panamarenko '' . Flammarion ( Paris ) , quoted at presentation of the XXIII Bienal Internacional de São Paulo . Archived from the original on 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brussels , capital of Art Nouveau ( page 1 ) , `` ib . ( page2 ) '' . Senses Art Nouveau Shop , Brussels . 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . ( for example ) Jump up ^ `` Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta ( Brussels ) '' . UNESCO 's World Heritage List . UNESCO . Retrieved 16 May 2007 . The appearance of Art Nouveau in the closing years of the 19th century marked a decisive stage in the evolution of architecture , making possible subsequent developments , and the Town Houses of Victor Horta in Brussels bear exceptional witness to its radical new approach . Jump up ^ `` Western music , the Franco - Flemish school '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Most significant musically was the pervasive influence of musicians from the Low Countries , whose domination of the musical scene during the last half of the 15th century is reflected in the period designations the Netherlands school and the Franco - Flemish school . Jump up ^ Two comprehensive discussions of rock and pop music in Belgium since the 1950s : `` The Timeline -- A brief history of Belgian Pop Music '' . The Belgian Pop & Rock Archives . Flanders Music Centre , Brussels . March 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . `` Belgian Culture -- Rock '' . Vanberg & DeWulf Importing. 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , Laurence ( 2010 ) . Comics in French : the European bande dessinée in context . Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 588 - 6 . Jump up ^ A review of the Belgian cinema till about 2000 can be found at `` History of Cinema in Belgium '' . Film Birth. 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion and the ' Antwerp Six ' '' . Dorset , UK : Fashion Worlds. 2004 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Folklore estudiantin liégeois '' ( in French ) . University of Liège . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Michelin stars 2007 in Belgium '' . Resto.be TM Dreaminvest. 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Steak - frites '' . Epicurious . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Republished from Van Waerebeek , Ruth ; Robbins , Maria ( October 1996 ) . Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook . Workman Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56305 - 411 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium '' . Global Gourmet . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Republished from Van Waerebeek , Ruth ; Robbins , Maria ( October 1996 ) . Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook . Workman Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56305 - 411 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Mussels '' . Visit Belgium . Official Site of the Belgian Tourist Office in the Americas . 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark & Cole , Geert ( 2000 ) . Belgium and Luxembourg . Lonely Planet . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 245 - 2 . Jump up ^ Snick , Chris ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Nieuwe bierbijbel bundelt alle 1.132 Belgische bieren '' . Het Nieuwsblad ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nieuwe bierbijbel met 1.132 Belgische bieren voorgesteld in Brugge '' . Krant van West - Vlaanderen ( in Dutch ) . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` Buying the World 's Best Beer '' . Global Post . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Tyler ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` Day trip to the best beer in the world '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monks run short of ' world 's best ' beer '' . ABC . Reuters. 12 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` InBev dividend 2006 : 0.72 euro per share -- infobox : About InBev '' ( Press release ) . InBev. 24 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . InBev is a publicly traded company ( Euronext : INB ) based in Leuven , Belgium . The company 's origins date back to 1366 , and today it is the leading global brewer by volume . Jump up ^ Task , Marijke ; Renson , Roland & van Reusel , Bart ( 1999 ) . Klaus Heinemann , ed . Organised sport in transition : development , structures and trends of sports clubs in Belgium . Sport clubs in various European countries . Schattauer Verlag . pp. 183 -- 229 . ISBN 3 - 7945 - 2038 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , George ( 2008 ) . Charles F. Gritzner , ed . Belgium . Infobase Publishing . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9670 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Kelly ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Belgium 's 10 most popular sports '' . The Bulletin . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Majendie , Matt ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Great , but there are greater '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . ( the Author 's ) top five ( cyclists ) of all time : 1 Eddy Merckx , 2 Bernard Hinault , 3 Lance Armstrong , 4 Miguel Indurain , 5 Jacques Anquetil Jump up ^ `` Goalkeeping Greats '' Goalkeepersaredifferent.com . Retrieved on 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium go top , Chile and Austria soar '' . FIFA. 5 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Bob ( 2008 ) . Motocross History : From Local Scrambling to World Championship MX to Freestyle . Crabtree Publishing Company . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7787 - 3987 - 6 . Online sources `` Belgium '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Chicago , Illinois , USA . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . `` Boordtabel '' ( in Dutch ) . Centre for Information , Documentation and Research on Brussels ( BRIO ) . 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . ( mentioning other original sources ) `` Belgium '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved on 7 June 2007 . `` The Constitution '' . Federal Parliament Belgium . 21 January 1997 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . `` Country Portal -- Europe -- Belgium '' . Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Economy -- Directorate - general Statistics Belgium . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Fischer , Kathrin ( 21 July 1999 ) . `` Die Stellung und Rolle der deutschsprachigen Minderheit in Ostbelgien innerhalb des belgischen Nationalstaats '' . Kleiner Geländekurs in die EUREGIO Maas - Rhein ( in German ) . Geographical Institute of the Georg - August University ( Department Culture and Social Geography ) , Göttingen , Germany . Archived from the original on 20 July 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . `` History of Belgium '' . World History at KMLA . Korean Minjok Leadership Academy ( KMLA ) . 30 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Janssens , Rudi ( 1 June 2001 ) . Brusselse Thema 's in Brussel -- Taalverhoudingen , taalverschuivingen en taalindentiteit in een meertalige stad -- summary The Use of Languages in Brussels pp. 227 -- 250 in English ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Vrije Universiteit Brussel Press , Brussels . pp. 227 -- 250 . ISBN 90 - 5487 - 293 - 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Leclerc , Jacques ( 2006 ) . `` Belgique België Belgien '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . Host : Trésor de la langue française au Québec ( TLFQ ) , Université Laval , Quebec . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Mnookin , Robert ; Verbeke , Alain ( 20 December 2006 ) . `` Bye bye Belgium ? '' . International Herald Tribune , republished by Harvard Law School . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . -- Reflections on nations and nation - state developments regarding Belgium Bibliography Arblaster , Paul ( 23 December 2005 ) . A History of the Low Countries . Palgrave Essential Histories ( Hardcover 312pp ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan , New York . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 4827 - 5 . Blom , J.C.H. ; Lamberts , Emiel , eds . ( May 1999 ) . History of the Low Countries . Translated by Kennedy , James C. ( Hardcover 503pp ed . ) . Berghahn Books , Oxford / New York . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 084 - 6 . Cammaerts , Émile L. ( 1921 ) ( 1913 ) . A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day ( 357pp ed . ) . D. Appleton and Co , New York . ASIN B00085PM0A . OCLC 1525559 . ( Also editions ( 1913 ) , London , OCLC 29072911 ; ( 1921 ) D. Unwin and Co. , New York OCLC 9625246 also published ( 1921 ) as Belgium from the Roman invasion to the present day , The Story of the nations , 67 , T. Fisher Unwin , London , OCLC 2986704 ) de Kavanagh Boulger ; Demetrius C. ( 28 June 2001 ) ( 1902 ) . The History of Belgium : Part 1 . Cæsar to Waterloo . Elibron Classics ( Paperback 493pp ed . ) . Adamant Media ( Delaware corporation ) , Boston , Massachusetts , United States . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6714 - 8 . Facsimile reprint of a 1902 edition by the author , London Ib . ( June 2001 ) ( 1909 ) . Ib . Part 2 . 1815 -- 1865 . Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I. Ib . ( Paperback 462pp ed . ) . Ib . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6713 - X . Facsimile reprint of a 1909 edition by the author , London Fitzmaurice , John ( 1996 ) . The Politics of Belgium : A Unique Federalism . Nations of the modern world ( Paperback 284pp ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado , USA : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2386 - X . OCLC 30112536 . Kossmann - Putto , Johanna A. ; Kossmann Ernst H. ( January 1993 ) ( 1987 ) . Deleu Jozef H.M. , ed . The Low Countries : History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands . Translated by Fenoulhet Jane . De Lage Landen : geschiedenis van de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden . Vlaams - Nederlandse Stichting Ons Erfdeel , Rekkem ( 3rd Rev. edition Paperback 64pp ed . ) . Flemish - Netherlands Foundation `` Stichting Ons Erfdeel '' , Rekkem , Belgium . ISBN 90 - 70831 - 20 - 1 . ( Several editions in English , incl. 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About Wikipedia	what is the population of belgium in 2018	[ "Kingdom of BelgiumKoninkrijk België (Dutch)Royaume de Belgique (French)Königreich Belgien (German)\n\n \n \n Flag\n \n \n \n Coat of arms\n \n \nMotto: \"Eendracht maakt macht\" (Dutch)\"L'union fait la force\" (French)\"Einigkeit macht stark\" (German)\"Unity makes Strength\"\nAnthem: \"La Brabançonne\"\"The Brabantian\"\nLocation of .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}Belgium (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green)\nCapitaland largest city\nBrussels50°51′N 4°21′E / 50.850°N 4.350°E / 50.850; 4.350Official languages\nDutchFrenchGermanEthnic groups \nsee DemographicsReligion (2015[1])\n60.7% Christianity32.0% No religion5.2% Islam2.1% Other religionsDemonym\nBelgianGovernment\nFederal parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy[2]\n• Monarch \nPhilippe• Prime Minister \nCharles Michel\nLegislature\nFederal Parliament• Upper house\nSenate• Lower house\nChamber of RepresentativesIndependence (from the Netherlands)\n• Declared \n4 October 1830• Recognised \n19 April 1839\nArea • Total\n30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) (136th)• Water (%)\n6.4Population• 1 August 2018 census\n11,420,163\t [3] (79th)• Density\n374.2/km2 (969.2/sq mi) (36th)GDP (PPP)\n2018 estimate• Total\n$550.664 billion[4] (38th)• Per capita\n$48,258[4] (20th)GDP (nominal)\n2016 estimate• Total\n$562.229 billion[4] (23rd)• Per capita\n$49,272[4] (17th)Gini (2011)\n26.3[5]lowHDI (2017)\n 0.916[6]very high · 17thCurrency\nEuro (€) (EUR)Time zone\nUTC+1 (CET)• Summer (DST)\nUTC+2 (CEST)Driving side\nrightCalling code\n+32ISO 3166 code\nBEInternet TLD\n.be\n\nThe flag's official proportions of 13:15 are rarely seen; proportions of 2:3 or similar are more common.The Brussels region is the de facto capital, but the City of Brussels municipality is the de jure capital.[7]The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.\n" ]	[ "11,420,163" ]
3435625056385249842	Labor unions in the United States	Labor unions in the United States - wikipedia Labor unions in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Organized labor Labor movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labor rights ( show ) Child labor Eight - hour day Five - day work week # Length Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( show ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labor parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli New Zealand Norwegian List of Labor parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labor economics Labor history Labor law Labor unions in the United States are representatives of workers in many industries recognized under US labor law . Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages , benefits , and working conditions for their membership , and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions . Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level . Most unions in the United States are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations : the AFL - CIO created in 1955 , and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 . Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues . In 2016 , there were 14.6 million members in the U.S. , down from 17.7 million in 1983 . The percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States ( or total labor union `` density '' ) was 10.7 % , compared to 20.1 % in 1983 . Union membership in the private sector has fallen under 7 % -- levels not seen since 1932 . From a global perspective , the density in 2013 was 7.7 % in France , 18.1 % in Germany , 27.1 % in Canada , and 85.5 % in Iceland , which is currently highest in the world . In the 21st century the most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as city employees , government workers , teachers and police . Members of unions are disproportionately older , male , and residents of the Northeast , the Midwest , and California . Union workers average 10 - 30 % higher pay than non-union in the United States after controlling for individual , job , and labor market characteristics . Although much smaller compared to their peak membership in the 1950s , American unions remain a political factor , both through mobilization of their own memberships and through coalitions with like - minded activist organizations around issues such as immigrant rights , trade policy , health care , and living wage campaigns . Of special concern are efforts by cities and states to reduce the pension obligations owed to unionized workers who retire in the future . Republicans elected with Tea Party support in 2010 , most notably Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin , have launched major efforts against public sector unions due in part to state government pension obligations along with the allegation that the unions are too powerful . States with higher levels of union membership tend to have higher median incomes and standards of living . It has been asserted by scholars and the International Monetary Fund that rising income inequality in the United States is directly attributable to the decline of the labor movement and union membership . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Post-World War II 2 Labor unions today 2.1 Labor negotiations 2.2 Membership 2.3 Labor education programs 2.4 Jurisdiction 2.5 Public opinion 3 Possible causes of drop in membership 3.1 Global trends 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Polls of public opinion and labor unions 3.4 Institutional environments 3.5 Labor legislation 3.6 Economic globalization 3.7 Employer strategies 3.8 Union responses to globalization 3.8. 1 Transnational labor regulation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Labor history of the United States Unions began forming in the mid-19th century in response to the social and economic impact of the industrial revolution . National labor unions began to form in the post-Civil War Era . The Knights of Labor emerged as a major force in the late 1880s , but it collapsed because of poor organization , lack of effective leadership , disagreement over goals , and strong opposition from employers and government forces . The American Federation of Labor , founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers until his death in 1924 , proved much more durable . It arose as a loose coalition of various local unions . It helped coordinate and support strikes and eventually became a major player in national politics , usually on the side of the Democrats . American labor unions benefited greatly from the New Deal policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1930s . The Wagner Act , in particular , legally protected the right of unions to organize . Unions from this point developed increasingly closer ties to the Democratic Party , and are considered a backbone element of the New Deal Coalition . Post-world War ii ( edit ) Pro-business conservatives gained control of Congress in 1946 , and in 1947 passed the Taft - Hartley Act , drafted by Senator Robert A. Taft . President Truman vetoed it but the Conservative coalition overrode the veto . The veto override had considerable Democratic support , including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House , and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate . The law , which is still in effect , banned union contributions to political candidates , restricted the power of unions to call strikes that `` threatened national security , '' and forced the expulsion of Communist union leaders ( the Supreme Court found the anticommunist provision to be unconstitutional , and it is no longer in force ) . The unions campaigned vigorously for years to repeal the law but failed . During the late 1950s , the Landrum Griffin Act of 1959 passed in the wake of Congressional investigations of corruption and undemocratic internal politics in the Teamsters and other unions . The percentage of workers belonging to a union ( or `` density '' ) in the United States peaked in 1954 at almost 35 % and the total number of union members peaked in 1979 at an estimated 21.0 million . Membership has declined since , with private sector union membership beginning a steady decline that continues into the 2010s , but the membership of public sector unions grew steadily . After 1960 public sector unions grew rapidly and secured good wages and high pensions for their members . While manufacturing and farming steadily declined , state - and local - government employment quadrupled from 4 million workers in 1950 to 12 million in 1976 and 16.6 million in 2009 . Adding in the 3.7 million federal civilian employees , in 2010 8.4 million government workers were represented by unions , including 31 % of federal workers , 35 % of state workers and 46 % of local workers . As Daniel Disalvo notes , `` In today 's public sector , good pay , generous benefits , and job security make possible a stable middle - class existence for nearly everyone from janitors to jailors . '' By the 1970s , a rapidly increasing flow of imports ( such as automobiles , steel and electronics from Germany and Japan , and clothing and shoes from Asia ) undercut American producers . By the 1980s there was a large - scale shift in employment with fewer workers in high - wage sectors and more in the low - wage sectors . Many companies closed or moved factories to Southern states ( where unions were weak ) , countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant , or moved their factories offshore to low - wage countries . The number of major strikes and lockouts fell by 97 % from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010 . On the political front , the shrinking unions lost influence in the Democratic Party , and pro-Union liberal Republicans faded away . Union membership among workers in private industry shrank dramatically , though after 1970 there was growth in employees unions of federal , state and local governments . The intellectual mood in the 1970s and 1980s favored deregulation and free competition . Numerous industries were deregulated , including airlines , trucking , railroads and telephones , over the objections of the unions involved . The climax came when President Ronald Reagan -- a former union president -- broke the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization ( PATCO ) strike in 1981 , dealing a major blow to unions . Republicans , using conservative think tanks as idea farms , began to push through legislative blueprints to curb the power of public employee unions as well as eliminate business regulations . Labor unions today ( edit ) See also : US labor law and List of trade unions in the United States Labor unions in the United States National trade union organization ( s ) AFL - CIO , CtW , IWW National government agency ( ies ) United States Department of Labor National Labor Relations Board Primary trade union legislation National Labor Relations Act Taft - Hartley Act Trade union membership 16.2 million Percentage of workforce ; Total : 11.1 % Public sector : 35.7 % Private sector : 6.6 % Demographics Age 16 -- 24 : 5.1 % 25 -- 34 : 10.0 % 35 -- 44 : 13.0 % 45 -- 54 : 14.4 % 55 -- 64 : 14.9 % 65 and over : 10.4 % Women : 10.5 % Men : 11.7 % Standard Occupational Classification Management , professional : 11.9 % Service : 9.2 % Sales and office : 6.5 % Natural resources , construction , and maintenance : 15.3 % Production , transportation , and material moving : 14.8 % International Labour Organization United States is a member of the ILO Convention ratification Freedom of Association Not ratified Right to Organise Not ratified Richard Trumka of the AFL - CIO is one of the most prominent union leaders in the United States Today most labor unions in the United States are members of one of two larger umbrella organizations : the American Federation of Labor -- Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL - CIO ) or the Change to Win Federation , which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 - 2006 . Both organizations advocate policies and legislation favorable to workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics favoring the Democratic party but not exclusively so . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade and economic issues . Private sector unions are regulated by the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) , passed in 1935 and amended since then . The law is overseen by the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) , an independent federal agency . Public sector unions are regulated partly by federal and partly by state laws . In general they have shown robust growth rates , because wages and working conditions are set through negotiations with elected local and state officials . The unions ' political power thus comes into play , and of course the local government can not threaten to move elsewhere , nor is there any threat from foreign competition . To join a traditional labor union , workers must either be given voluntary recognition from their employer or have a majority of workers in a bargaining unit vote for union representation . In either case , the government must then certify the newly formed union . Other forms of unionism include minority unionism , solidarity unionism , and the practices of organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World , which do not always follow traditional organizational models . Public sector worker unions are governed by labor laws and labor boards in each of the 50 states . Northern states typically model their laws and boards after the NLRA and the NLRB . In other states , public workers have no right to establish a union as a legal entity . ( About 40 % of public employees in the USA do not have the right to organize a legally established union . ) A review conducted by the federal government on pay scale shows that employees in a labor union earn up to 33 % more income than their nonunion counterparts , as well as having more job security , and safer and higher - quality work conditions . The median weekly income for union workers was $973 in 2014 , compared with $763 for nonunion workers . Labor negotiations ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Labor unions in the United States . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Once the union has won the support of a majority of the bargaining unit and is certified in a workplace , it has the sole authority to negotiate the conditions of employment . However , under the NLRA , if a minority of employees voted for a union , those employees can then form a union which represents the rights of only those members who voted for the union . This minority model was once widely used , but was discarded when unions began to consistently win majority support . Unions are beginning to revisit the `` members only '' model of unionism because of new changes to labor law which unions view as curbing workers ' ability to organize . The employer and the union write the terms and conditions of employment in a legally binding contract . When disputes arise over the contract , most contracts call for the parties to resolve their differences through a grievance process to see if the dispute can be mutually resolved . If the union and the employer still can not settle the matter , either party can choose to send the dispute to arbitration , where the case is argued before a neutral third party . Right - to - work statutes forbid unions from negotiating union shops and agency shops . Thus , while unions do exist in `` right - to - work '' states , they are typically weaker . Members of labor unions enjoy `` Weingarten Rights . '' If management questions the union member on a matter that may lead to discipline or other changes in working conditions , union members can request representation by a union representative . Weingarten Rights are named for the first Supreme Court decision to recognize those rights . The NLRA goes farther in protecting the right of workers to organize unions . It protects the right of workers to engage in any `` concerted activity '' for mutual aid or protection . Thus , no union connection is needed . Concerted activity `` in its inception involves only a speaker and a listener , for such activity is an indispensable preliminary step to employee self - organization . '' Unions are currently advocating new federal legislation , the Employee Free Choice Act ( EFCA ) , that would allow workers to elect union representation by simply signing a support card ( card check ) . The current process established by federal law requires at least 30 % of employees to sign cards for the union , then wait 45 to 90 days for a federal official to conduct a secret ballot election in which a simple majority of the employees must vote for the union in order to obligate the employer to bargain . Unions report that , under the present system , many employers use the 45 - to 90 - day period to conduct anti-union campaigns . Some opponents of this legislation fear that removing secret balloting from the process will lead to the intimidation and coercion of workers on behalf of the unions . During the 2008 elections , the Employee Free Choice Act had widespread support of many legislators in the House and Senate , and of the President . Since then , support for the `` card check '' provisions of the EFCA subsided substantially . Membership ( edit ) See also : Union affiliation by U.S. state Union membership had been declining in the US since 1954 , and since 1967 , as union membership rates decreased , middle class incomes shrank correspondingly . In 2007 , the labor department reported the first increase in union memberships in 25 years and the largest increase since 1979 . Most of the recent gains in union membership have been in the service sector while the number of unionized employees in the manufacturing sector has declined . Most of the gains in the service sector have come in West Coast states like California where union membership is now at 16.7 % compared with a national average of about 12.1 % . Historically , the rapid growth of public employee unions since the 1960s has served to mask an even more dramatic decline in private - sector union membership . At the apex of union density in the 1940s , only about 9.8 % of public employees were represented by unions , while 33.9 % of private , non-agricultural workers had such representation . In this decade , those proportions have essentially reversed , with 36 % of public workers being represented by unions while private sector union density had plummeted to around 7 % . The US Bureau of Labor Statistics most recent survey indicates that union membership in the US has risen to 12.4 % of all workers , from 12.1 % in 2007 . For a short period , private sector union membership rebounded , increasing from 7.5 % in 2007 to 7.6 % in 2008 . However , that trend has since reversed . In 2013 there were 14.5 million members in the U.S. , compared with 17.7 million in 1983 . In 2013 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union was 11.3 % , compared to 20.1 % in 1983 . The rate for the private sector was 6.7 % , and for the public sector 35.3 % . In the ten years 2005 through 2014 , the National Labor Relations Board recorded 18,577 labor union representation elections ; in 11,086 of these elections ( 60 percent ) , the majority of workers voted for union representation . Most of the elections ( 15,517 ) were triggered by employee petitions for representation , of which unions won 9,933 . Less common were elections caused by employee petitions for decertification ( 2792 , of which unions won 1070 ) , and employer - filed petitions for either representation or decertification ( 268 , of which unions won 85 ) . Labor education programs ( edit ) In the US , labor education programs such as the Harvard Trade Union Program created in 1942 by Harvard University professor John Thomas Dunlop sought to educate union members to deal with important contemporary workplace and labor law issues of the day . The Harvard Trade Union Program is currently part of a broader initiative at Harvard Law School called the Labor and Worklife Program that deals with a wide variety of labor and employment issues from union pension investment funds to the effects of nanotechnology on labor markets and the workplace . Cornell University is known to be one of the leading centers for labor education in the world , establishing the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations in 1945 . The school 's mission is to prepare leaders , inform national and international employment and labor policy , and improve working lives through undergraduate and graduate education . The school publishes the Industrial and Labor Relations Review and had Frances Perkins on its faculty . The school has six academic departments : Economics , Human Resource Management , International and Comparative Labor , Labor Relations , Organizational Behavior , and Social Statistics . Classes include `` Politics of the Global North '' and `` Economic Analysis of the University . '' Jurisdiction ( edit ) Labor unions use the term jurisdiction to refer to their claims to represent workers who perform a certain type of work and the right of their members to perform such work . For example , the work of unloading containerized cargo at United States ports , which the International Longshoremen 's Association , the International Longshore and Warehouse Union and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters have claimed rightfully should be assigned to workers they represent . A jurisdictional strike is a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members ' right to such job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers . Jurisdictional strikes occur most frequently in the United States in the construction industry . Unions also use jurisdiction to refer to the geographical boundaries of their operations , as in those cases in which a national or international union allocates the right to represent workers among different local unions based on the place of those workers ' employment , either along geographical lines or by adopting the boundaries between political jurisdictions . Public opinion ( edit ) Although not as overwhelmingly supportive as it was from the 1930s through the early 1960s , a clear majority of the American public approves of labor unions . The Gallup organization has tracked public opinion of unions since 1936 , when it found that 72 percent approved of unions . The overwhelming approval declined in the late 1960s , but - except for one poll in 2009 in which the unions received a favorable rating by only 48 percent of those interviewed , majorities have always supported labor unions . The latest poll in August 2016 gave labor unions a 56 percent approval rating , versus 36 percent who disapproved of unions . On the question of whether or not unions should have more influence or less influence , Gallup has found the public consistently split since Gallup first posed the question in 2000 , with no majority favoring either more influence or less influence . In August 2016 , 36 percent wanted unions to have more influence , 34 percent less influence , with 26 percent wanting the influence of labor unions to remain about the same . Possible causes of drop in membership ( edit ) As union membership declined income inequality rose , because labor unions have been the main way to participate at work . The US does not yet require employee representatives on boards of directors , or elected work councils . Rise and fall of US union membership density , by % of industry . Although most industrialized countries have seen a drop in unionization rates , the drop in union density ( the unionized proportion of the working population ) has been more significant in the United States than elsewhere . Global trends ( edit ) The US Bureau of Labor Statistics surveyed the histories of union membership rates in industrialized countries from 1970 to 2003 , and found that of 20 advanced economies which had union density statistics going back to 1970 , 16 of them had experienced drops in union density from 1970 to 2003 . Over the same period during which union density in the US declined from 23.5 percent to 12.4 percent , some counties saw even steeper drops . Australian unionization fell from 50.2 percent in 1970 to 22.9 percent in 2003 , in New Zealand it dropped from 55.2 percent to 22.1 percent , and in Austria union participation fell from 62.8 percent down to 35.4 percent . All the English - speaking countries studied saw union membership decline to some degree . In the United Kingdom , union participation fell from 44.8 percent in 1970 to 29.3 percent in 2003 . In Ireland the decline was from 53.7 percent down to 35.3 percent . Canada had one of the smallest declines over the period , going from 31.6 percent in 1970 to 28.4 percent in 2003 . Most of the countries studied started in 1970 with higher participation rates than the US , but France , which in 1970 had a union participation rate of 21.7 percent , by 2003 had fallen to 8.3 percent . The remaining four countries which had gained in union density were Finland , Sweden , Denmark , and Belgium . Popularity ( edit ) A historical comparison of union membership as a percentage of all workers and union support in the United States . Public approval of unions climbed during the 1980s much as it did in other industrialized nations , but declined to below 50 % for the first time in 2009 during the Great Recession . It is not clear if this is a long term trend or a function of a high unemployment rate which historically correlates with lower public approval of labor unions . One explanation for loss of public support is simply the lack of union power or critical mass . No longer do a sizable percentage of American workers belong to unions , or have family members who do . Unions no longer carry the `` threat effect '' : the power of unions to raise wages of non-union shops by virtue of the threat of unions to organize those shops . Polls of public opinion and labor unions ( edit ) A New York Times / CBS Poll found that 60 % of Americans opposed restricting collective bargaining while 33 % were for it . The poll also found that 56 % of Americans opposed reducing pay of public employees compared to the 37 % who approved . The details of the poll also stated that 26 % of those surveyed , thought pay and benefits for public employees were too high , 25 % thought too low , and 36 % thought about right . Mark Tapscott of the Washington Examiner criticized the poll , accusing it of over-sampling union and public employee households . A Gallup poll released on March 9 , 2011 , showed that Americans were more likely to support limiting the collective bargaining powers of state employee unions to balance a state 's budget ( 49 % ) than disapprove of such a measure ( 45 % ) , while 6 % had no opinion . 66 % of Republicans approved of such a measure as did 51 % of independents . Only 31 % of Democrats approved . A Gallup poll released on March 11 , 2011 , showed that nationwide , Americans were more likely to give unions a negative word or phrase when describing them ( 38 % ) than a positive word or phrase ( 34 % ) . 17 % were neutral and 12 % did n't know . Republicans were much more likely to say a negative term ( 58 % ) than Democrats ( 19 % ) . Democrats were much more likely to say a positive term ( 49 % ) than Republicans ( 18 % ) . A nationwide Gallup poll ( margin of error ± 4 % ) released on April 1 , 2011 , showed the following ; When asked if they supported the labor unions or the governors in state disputes ; 48 % said they supported the unions , 39 % said the governors , 4 % said neither , and 9 % had no opinion . Women supported the governors much less than men . 45 % of men said they supported the governors , while 46 % said they supported the unions . This compares to only 33 % of women who said they supported the governors and 50 % who said they supported the unions . All areas of the US ( East , Midwest , South , West ) were more likely to support unions than the governors . The largest gap being in the East with 35 % supporting the governors and 52 % supporting the unions , and the smallest gap being in the West with 41 % supporting the governors and 44 % the unions . 18 - to 34 - year - olds were much more likely to support unions than those over 34 years of age . Only 27 % of 18 - to 34 - year - olds supported the governors , while 61 % supported the unions . Americans ages 35 to 54 slightly supported the unions more than governors , with 40 % supporting the governors and 43 % the unions . Americans 55 and older were tied when asked , with 45 % supporting the governors and 45 % the unions . Republicans were much more likely to support the governors when asked with 65 % supporting the governors and 25 % the unions . Independents slightly supported unions more , with 40 % supporting the governors and 45 % the unions . Democrats were overwhelmingly in support of the unions . 70 % of Democrats supported the unions , while only 19 % supported the governors . Those who said they were following the situation not too closely or not at all supported the unions over governors , with a 14 -- point ( 45 % to 31 % ) margin . Those who said they were following the situation somewhat closely supported the unions over governors by a 52 -- 41 margin . Those who said that they were following the situation very closely were only slightly more likely to support the unions over the governors , with a 49 - 48 margin . A nationwide Gallup poll released on August 31 , 2011 , revealed the following : 52 % of Americans approved of labor unions , unchanged from 2010 . 78 % of Democrats approved of labor unions , up from 71 % in 2010 . 52 % of Independents approved of labor unions , up from 49 % in 2010 . 26 % of Republicans approved of labor unions , down from 34 % in 2010 . A nationwide Gallup poll released on September 1 , 2011 , revealed the following : 55 % of Americans believed that labor unions will become weaker in the United States as time goes by , an all - time high . This compared to 22 % who said their power would stay the same , and 20 % who said they would get stronger . The majority of Republicans and Independents believed labor unions would further weaken by a 58 % and 57 % percentage margin respectively . A plurality of Democrats believed the same , at 46 % . 42 % of Americans want labor unions to have less influence , tied for the all - time high set in 2009 . 30 % wanted more influence and 25 % wanted the same amount of influence . The majority of Republicans wanted labor unions to have less influence , at 69 % . A plurality of Independents wanted labor unions to have less influence , at 40 % . A plurality of Democrats wanted labor unions to have more influence , at 45 % . The majority of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped members of unions by a 68 to 28 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped the companies where workers are unionized by a 48 - 44 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly helped state and local governments by a 47 - 45 margin . A plurality of Americans believed labor unions mostly hurt the US economy in general by a 49 - 45 margin . The majority of Americans believed labor unions mostly hurt workers who are not members of unions by a 56 - 34 margin . Institutional environments ( edit ) A broad range of forces have been identified as potential contributors to the drop in union density across countries . Sano and Williamson outline quantitative studies that assess the relevance of these factors across countries . The first relevant set of factors relate to the receptiveness of unions ' institutional environments . For example , the presence of a Ghent system ( where unions are responsible for the distribution of unemployment insurance ) and of centralized collective bargaining ( organized at a national or industry level as opposed to local or firm level ) have both been shown to give unions more bargaining power and to correlate positively to higher rates of union density . Unions have enjoyed higher rates of success in locations where they have greater access to the workplace as an organizing space ( as determined both by law and by employer acceptance ) , and where they benefit from a corporatist relationship to the state and are thus allowed to participate more directly in the official governance structure . Moreover , the fluctuations of business cycles , particularly the rise and fall of unemployment rates and inflation , are also closely linked to changes in union density . Labor legislation ( edit ) Labor lawyer Thomas Geoghegan attributes the drop to the long - term effects of the 1947 Taft - Hartley Act , which slowed and then halted labor 's growth and then , over many decades , enabled management to roll back labor 's previous gains . First , it ended organizing on the grand , 1930s scale . It outlawed mass picketing , secondary strikes of neutral employers , sit downs : in short , everything ( Congress of Industrial Organizations founder John L . ) Lewis did in the 1930s . The second effect of Taft - Hartley was subtler and slower - working . It was to hold up any new organizing at all , even on a quiet , low - key scale . For example , Taft - Hartley ended `` card checks . '' ... Taft - Hartley required hearings , campaign periods , secret - ballot elections , and sometimes more hearings , before a union could be officially recognized . It also allowed and even encouraged employers to threaten workers who want to organize . Employers could hold `` captive meetings , '' bring workers into the office and chew them out for thinking about the Union . And Taft - Hartley led to the `` union - busting '' that started in the late 1960s and continues today . It started when a new `` profession '' of labor consultants began to convince employers that they could violate the ( pro-labor 1935 ) Wagner Act , fire workers at will , fire them deliberately for exercising their legal rights , and nothing would happen . The Wagner Act had never had any real sanctions . ( ... ) So why had n't employers been violating the Wagner Act all along ? Well , at first , in the 1930s and 1940s , they tried , and they got riots in the streets : mass picketing , secondary strikes , etc . But after Taft - Hartley , unions could n't retaliate like this , or they would end up with penalty fines and jail sentences . In general , scholars debate the influence of politics in determining union strength in the US and other countries . One argument is that political parties play an expected role in determining union strength , with left - wing governments generally promoting greater union density , while others contest this finding by pointing out important counterexamples and explaining the reverse causality inherent in this relationship . Economic globalization ( edit ) More recently , as unions have become increasingly concerned with the impacts of market integration on their well - being , scholars have begun to assess whether popular concerns about a global `` race to the bottom '' are reflected in cross-country comparisons of union strength . These scholars use foreign direct investment ( FDI ) and the size of a country 's international trade as a percentage of its GDP to assess a country 's relative degree of market integration . These researchers typically find that globalization does affect union density , but is dependent on other factors , such as unions ' access to the workplace and the centralization of bargaining . Sano and Williamson argue that globalization 's impact is conditional upon a country 's labor history . In the United States in particular , which has traditionally had relatively low levels of union density , globalization did not appear to significantly affect union density . Employer strategies ( edit ) Illegal union firing increased during the Reagan administration and has continued since . Studies focusing more narrowly on the U.S. labor movement corroborate the comparative findings about the importance of structural factors , but tend to emphasize the effects of changing labor markets due to globalization to a greater extent . Bronfenbrenner notes that changes in the economy , such as increased global competition , capital flight , and the transitions from a manufacturing to a service economy and to a greater reliance on transitory and contingent workers , accounts for only a third of the decline in union density . Bronfenbrenner claims that the federal government in the 1980s was largely responsible for giving employers the perception that they could engage in aggressive strategies to repress the formation of unions . Richard Freeman also points to the role of repressive employer strategies in reducing unionization , and highlights the way in which a state ideology of anti-unionism tacitly accepted these strategies Goldfield writes that the overall effects of globalization on unionization in the particular case of the United States may be understated in econometric studies on the subject . He writes that the threat of production shifts reduces unions ' bargaining power even if it does not eliminate them , and also claims that most of the effects of globalization on labor 's strength are indirect . They are most present in change towards a neoliberal political context that has promoted the deregulation and privatization of some industries and accepted increased employer flexibility in labor markets . Union responses to globalization ( edit ) Studies done by Kate Bronfenbrenner at Cornell University show the adverse effects of globalization towards unions due to illegal threats of firing . Regardless of the actual impact of market integration on union density or on workers themselves , organized labor has been engaged in a variety of strategies to limit the agenda of globalization and to promote labor regulations in an international context . The most prominent example of this has been the opposition of labor groups to free trade initiatives such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) and the Dominican Republic - Central American Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) . In both cases , unions expressed strong opposition to the agreements , but to some extent pushed for the incorporation of basic labor standards in the agreement if one were to pass . However , Mayer has written that it was precisely unions ' opposition to NAFTA overall that jeopardized organized labor 's ability to influence the debate on labor standards in a significant way . During Clinton 's presidential campaign , labor unions wanted NAFTA to include a side deal to provide for a kind of international social charter , a set of standards that would be enforceable both in domestic courts and through international institutions . Mickey Kantor , then U.S. trade representative , had strong ties to organized labor and believed that he could get unions to come along with the agreement , particularly if they were given a strong voice in the negotiation process . When it became clear that Mexico would not stand for this kind of an agreement , some critics from the labor movement would not settle for any viable alternatives . In response , part of the labor movement wanted to declare their open opposition to the agreement , and to push for NAFTA 's rejection in Congress . Ultimately , the ambivalence of labor groups led those within the Administration who supported NAFTA to believe that strengthening NAFTA 's labor side agreement too much would cost more votes among Republicans than it would garner among Democrats , and would make it harder for the United States to elicit support from Mexico . Graubart writes that , despite unions ' open disappointment with the outcome of this labor - side negotiation , labor activists , including the AFL - CIO have used the side agreement 's citizen petition process to highlight ongoing political campaigns and struggles in their home countries . He claims that despite the relative weakness of the legal provisions themselves , the side - agreement has served a legitimizing functioning , giving certain social struggles a new kind of standing . Transnational labor regulation ( edit ) Unions have recently been engaged in a developing field of transnational labor regulation embodied in corporate codes of conduct . However , O'Brien cautions that unions have been only peripherally involved in this process , and remain ambivalent about its potential effects . They worry that these codes could have legitimizing effects on companies that do not actually live up to good practices , and that companies could use codes to excuse or distract attention from the repression of unions . Braun and Gearhart note that although unions do participate in the structure of a number of these agreements , their original interest in codes of conduct differed from the interests of human rights and other non-governmental activists . Unions believed that codes of conduct would be important first steps in creating written principles that a company would be compelled to comply with in later organizing contracts , but did not foresee the establishment of monitoring systems such as the Fair Labor Association . These authors point out that are motivated by power , want to gain insider status politically and are accountable to a constituency that requires them to provide them with direct benefits . In contrast , activists from the non-governmental sector are motivated by ideals , are free of accountability and gain legitimacy from being political outsiders . Therefore , the interests of unions are not likely to align well with the interests of those who draft and monitor corporate codes of conduct . Arguing against the idea that high union wages necessarily make manufacturing uncompetitive in a globalized economy is labor lawyer Thomas Geoghegan . Busting unions , in the U.S. manner , as the prime way of competing with China and other countries ( does not work ) . It 's no accident that the social democracies , Sweden , France , and Germany , which kept on paying high wages , now have more industry than the U.S. or the UK. ... ( T ) hat 's what the U.S. and the UK did : they smashed the unions , in the belief that they had to compete on cost . The result ? They quickly ended up wrecking their industrial base . Unions have made some attempts to organize across borders . Eder observes that transnational organizing is not a new phenomenon but has been facilitated by technological change . Nevertheless , he claims that while unions pay lip service to global solidarity , they still act largely in their national self - interest . He argues that unions in the global North are becoming increasingly depoliticized while those in the South grow politically , and that global differentiation of production processes leads to divergent strategies and interests in different regions of the world . These structural differences tend to hinder effective global solidarity . However , in light of the weakness of international labor , Herod writes that globalization of production need not be met by a globalization of union strategies in order to be contained . Herod also points out that local strategies , such as the United Auto Workers ' strike against General Motors in 1998 , can sometimes effectively interrupt global production processes in ways that they could not before the advent of widespread market integration . Thus , workers need not be connected organizationally to others around the world to effectively influence the behavior of a transnational corporation . See also ( edit ) US labor law Labor federation competition in the United States Union affiliation by U.S. state Public - sector trade unions in the United States History : Labor history of the United States Timeline of labor unions in the United States Commission on Industrial Relations List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes International : Industrial Workers of the World International comparisons of labor unions General : List of strikes Opposition to trade unions Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Labor Statistics , `` Union Membership Summary '' Jan 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : See : Trade Union Density . OECD . StatExtracts . Retrieved : 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Union Members Summary Bureau of Labor Statistics , January 24 , 2014 Retrieved : 11 March 2014 Jump up ^ Not With a Bang , But a Whimper : The Long , Slow Death Spiral of America 's Labor Movement Richard Yeselson June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ 8 - 31 - 2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States Gerald Mayer . Congressional Research Service . 8 - 31 - 2004 Jump up ^ Alicia H. Munnell ( 2012 ) . State and Local Pensions : What Now ? . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Nelson Lichtenstein , `` Can This Election Save the Unions ? , '' Dissent Summer 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Stein and Patrick Marley , More than They Bargained For : Scott Walker , Unions , and the Fight for Wisconsin ( 2013 ) is favorable toward Walker , who beat off a recall challenge and was easily reelected in 2014 Jump up ^ Politics that Work ( April 3 , 2015 ) . Union Membership and Median Income . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Politics that Work ( April 3 , 2015 ) . Union Membership and Standard of Living . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Doree Armstrong ( February 12 , 2014 ) . Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership , influence . UW Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . See also : Jake Rosenfeld ( 2014 ) What Unions No Longer Do . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674725115 Jump up ^ Keith Naughton , Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green ( February 20 , 2015 ) . As the Rich Get Richer , Unions Are Poised for Comeback . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . `` A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity . Those trends have since continued , said Bruce Western , a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study . '' Jump up ^ Michael Hiltzik ( March 25 , 2015 ) . IMF agrees : Decline of union power has increased income inequality . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise , Lobbying in America , ( Princeton University Press , 2013 ) 53 . Jump up ^ William H. Holley et al. Jr. ( 2011 ) . The Labor Relations Process , 10th ed . Cengage Learning . p. 85 . Jump up ^ David Scott Witwer ( 2003 ) . Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union . University of Illinois Press . p. 131ff . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , `` Census Bureau Reports State and Local Government Employment Remains at 16.6 Million '' ( press release Aug. 10 , 2010 ) Archived 2014 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ This includes some people who are covered by union contracts but are not themselves members . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , `` Table 3 . Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry '' Jump up ^ Daniel Disalvo , `` The Trouble with Public Sector Unions '' , National Affairs ( issue 5 Fall 2010 ) Jump up ^ Susan Margaret Collins ( 1998 ) . Imports , Exports , and the American Worker . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 288 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Frank Levy , Larry Mishel and Jared Bernstein ( 1996 ) . Running in Place : Recent Trends in U.S. Living Standards . DIANE Publishing . pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ James Charles Cobb and William Whitney Stueck ( 2005 ) . Globalization and the American South . U. of Georgia Press . p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 2012 ( 2011 ) p 428 table 663 ^ Jump up to : Carter A. Wilson ( 2013 ) . Public Policy : Continuity and Change , Second Edition . Waveland Press . pp. 256 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Brenner ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Nicol C. Rae , The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans : From 1952 to the Present ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ James T. Bennett and Bruce E. Kaufman ( 2002 ) . The Future of Private Sector Unionism in the United States . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 373 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Zieger , and Gilbert J. Gall , American Workers , American Unions : The Twentieth Century ( 3rd ed. 2002 ) ; Lawrence Richards , Union - Free America : Workers and Antiunion Culture ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) p 218 Jump up ^ Derthick and Quirk , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) pp vii , 11 , 104 , 137 Jump up ^ Michael Round , Grounded : Reagan and the PATCO Crash ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol ; Vanessa Williamson ( 2012 ) . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford U.P. p. 192 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Freeman and Eunice Han . `` The war against public sector collective bargaining in the US . '' Journal of Industrial Relations ( 2012 ) 54 # 3 pp : 386 - 408 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Members Summary '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ CQ , `` Public Employee Unions '' ( 2011 ) online Jump up ^ American Federation of Government Employees AFGE Local 704 , `` More FAQs '' 2015 Jump up ^ Schultz , Duane P. Schultz , Sydney Ellen ( 2010 ) . Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology ( 10th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 0205683581 . Jump up ^ NLRB v. J. Weingarten , Inc. , 420 U.S. 251 ( 1975 ) ; Tate & Renner Attorneys at Law Jump up ^ Root - Carlin , Inc. , 92 NLRB 1313 , 27 LRRM , 1235 , citing NLRB v. City Yellow Cab Co. ( 6th Cir. 1965 ) , 344 F. 2d 575 , 582 ; www.workplacefairness.org Jump up ^ Madland , Walter , and Bunker , `` As Union Membership Rates Decrease , Middle Class Incomes Shrink . '' , AFL - CIO , May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Union members in 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Labor . Greenhouse , Steven ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Union membership sees biggest rise since ' 83 '' . The New York Times . p . A11 . Freeman , Sholnn ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Union membership up slightly in 2007 ; Growth was biggest in Western states ; Midwest rolls shrank with job losses '' . The Washington Post . p . D2 . Jump up ^ Representation petitions , National Labor Relations Board , accessed 10 Oct. 2015 . Jump up ^ Decertification petitions , National Labor Relations Board , accessed 10 Oct. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Labor and Worklife Program '' . Law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor and Worklife Program '' . Law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the ILR School '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rittenhouse , Ed . ( 1950 ) . School with a Purpose . Journal of Higher Education , 21 ( 7 ) , 360 - 362 + 393 ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James W. and Strongin , Patricia K . The Law of the Workplace : Rights of Employers and Employees . 3rd ed . Washington , D.C. : BNA Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 87179 - 841 - 7 ; Whitney , Nathaniel Rugges . Jurisdiction in American Building - Trades Unions . Charleston , S.C. : BiblioBazaar , 2008 ( originally published 1914 ) . ISBN 0 - 559 - 45399 - X Jump up ^ Lydia Saad , Labor Unions , Gallup , accessed 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources : E McGaughey , ' Do corporations increase inequality ? ' ( 2015 ) TLI Think ! Paper 32 / 2016 , 29 . Bureau of Labor Statistics , Series D 940 -- 945 and Thomas Piketty ( 2014 ) Technical Appendices , Table S9. 2 Jump up ^ See further RL Hogler and GJ Grenier , Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Jelle Visser , Union membership statistics in 24 countries , Monthly Labor Review , Jan. 2006 , p. 38 - 49 . ^ Jump up to : Sexton , Patricia Cayo . `` The Decline of the Labor Movement . '' The Social Movements Reader : Cases and Concepts . Goodwin , Jeff and James M. Jasper , eds . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ^ Jump up to : State Of The Unions by James Surowiecki newyorker.com January 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tapscott , Mark ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` CBS News / New York Times survey oversampled union households '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Message to States : Cut , Do n't Tax and Borrow '' . Gallup.com. 2011 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Negative , Democrats Positive in Describing Unions '' . Gallup.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Back Unions Than Governors in State Disputes '' . Gallup.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of Labor Unions Holds Near Its Low , at 52 % '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New High of 55 % of Americans Foresee Labor Unions Weakening '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Sano , Joelle and John B. Williamson. ( 2008 ) `` Factors Affecting Union Decline and their Implications for Labor Reform , '' International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49 : 479 - 500 ^ Jump up to : The United States of Inequality , Entry 6 : The Great Divergence and the death of organized labor . By Timothy Noah slate.com 12 September 2010 Jump up ^ Ebbinghaus , B. and Visser , J. ( 1999 ) `` When Institutions Matter . Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe , 1950 -- 1995 '' , European Sociological Review 15 # 2 pp 135 -- 58 Jump up ^ Scruggs , L. and Lange , P. ( 2002 ) `` Where Have all the Members Gone ? Globalizations , Institutions , and Union Density , '' The Journal of Politics 64 # 1 pp 126 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Sano , Joelle and John B. Williamson. ( 2008 ) `` Factors Affecting Union Decline and their Implications for Labor Reform . '' International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49 : 479 - 500 . Jump up ^ Why America Needs Unions Archived 2011 - 06 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , BusinessWeek Jump up ^ Bronfenbrenner , Kate . Organizing to Win : New Research on Union Strategies ( Ithaca , N.Y. : ILR Press , 1998 ) Jump up ^ Goldfield , Michael . `` The impact of globalization and neoliberalism on the decline of organized labour in the United States '' in Labor , Globalization and the State : Workers , women and migrants confront neoliberalism ed. by Banerjee , Debdas and Michael Goldfield , ( Routledge , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Kate Bronfenbrenner , ' We 'll Close ' , The Multinational Monitor , March 1997 , based on the study she directed , ' `` Final Report : The Effects of Plant Closing or Threat of Plant Closing on the Right of Workers to Organize '' ' . Jump up ^ Bolle , Mary Jane . `` DR - CAFTA Labor Rights Issues . '' Congressional Research Service Report for Congress Order Code RS22159. 8 Jul 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIAO '' . Ciaonet.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Maxwell A. and Brian W. Tomlin . The Making of NAFTA : How the Deal was Done . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Graubart , Jonathan . Legalizing Transnational Activism : The Struggle to Gain Social Change from NAFTA 's Citizen Petitions ( Pennsylvania State University Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Robert . `` The varied paths to minimum global labour standards . '' Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed by Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Rainer Braun , and Judy Gearhart . `` Who should code your conduct ? Trade union and NGO differences in the fight for workers ' rights , '' Development in Practice 14.1 - 2 ( 2004 ) : 183 - 196 . Jump up ^ Were You Born On The Wrong Continent ? by Thomas Geoghegan Jump up ^ Eder , Mine . `` The constraints on labour internationalism : contradictions and prospects . '' in Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Herod , Andrew . `` Organizing globally , organizing locally : union spatial strategy in a global economy . '' in Global Unions ? Theory and Strategies of organized labour in the global political economy ed Harrod , Jeffrey and Robert O'Brien , ( Routledge , 2002 ) . References ( edit ) Surveys Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search Beard , Mary Ritter . A Short History of the American Labor Movement 1920 - 176 pages online edition Beik , Millie , ed . 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The Lean Years : A History of the American Worker , 1920 - 33 ( 1966 ) Brody , David . Labor in Crisis : The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1965 ) Dubofsky , Melvyn and Warren Van Tine . John L. Lewis : A Biography ( 1986 ) Brody , David . Labor in Crisis : The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1965 ) Faue , Elizabeth . Community of Suffering & Struggle : Women , Men , and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis , 1915 - 1945 ( 1991 ) Fraser , Steve . Labor Will Rule : Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor ( 1993 ) Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 - 1935 ( 1994 ) Greene , Julie . Pure and Simple Politics : The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism , 1881 - 1917 ( 1998 ) Hooker , Clarence . Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace , 1910 - 1927 : Ford Workers in the Model T Era ( 1997 ) Laslett , John H.M. Labor and the Left : A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement , 1881 - 1924 ( 1970 ) Karson , Marc . American Labor Unions and Politics , 1900 - 1918 ( 1958 ) McCartin , Joseph A. Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 - 1921 ( 1997 ) Mandel , Bernard . Samuel Gompers : A Biography ( 1963 ) Meyer , Stephen . The Five Dollar Day : Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company , 1908 - 1921 ( 1981 ) Mink , Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party , and State , 1875 - 1920 ( 1986 ) Orth , Samuel P . The Armies of Labor : A Chronicle of the Organized Wage - Earners ( 1919 ) short overview Quint , Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism : Origins of the Modern Movement ( 1964 ) Warne , Colston E. ed . The Steel Strike of 1919 ( 1963 ) , primary and secondary documents Zieger , Robert . Republicans and Labor , 1919 - 1929 . ( 1969 ) Primary sources Gompers , Samuel . Seventy Years of Life and Labor : An Autobiography ( 1925 ) 1935 - 1955 Bernstein , Irving . Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 - 1941 ( 1970 ) Boyle , Kevin . The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism , 1945 - 1968 ( 1995 ) Campbell , D'Ann . `` Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods : Women in Unions '' Women at War With America : Private Lives in a Patriotic Era ( 1984 ) . Dubofsky , Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L. Lewis ( 1986 ) . Faue , Elizabeth . Community of Suffering & Struggle : Women , Men , and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis , 1915 - 1945 ( 1991 ) , social history Fraser , Steve . Labor Will Rule : Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor ( 1993 ) . Galenson , Walter . The CIO Challenge to the AFL : A History of the American Labor Movement , 1935 - 1941 ( 1960 ) Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 - 1935 ( 1994 ) Jensen , Richard J. `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 ( 1989 ) p. 553 - 83 Kennedy , David M. Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 - 1945 . ( 1999 ) recent narrative . Lichtenstein , Nelson . Labor 's War at Home : The CIO in World War II ( 2003 ) Lichtenstein , Nelson . The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit : Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor ( 1995 ) Miller , Sally M. , and Daniel A. Cornford eds . American Labor in the Era of World War II ( 1995 ) , essays by historians , mostly on California Seidman ; Joel . Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen : The Internal Political Life of a National Union ( 1962 ) Vittoz , Stanley . New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy ( 1987 ) Zieger , Robert H. The CIO , 1935 - 1955 ( 1995 ) Fair Employment FEPC Collins , William J. `` Race , Roosevelt , and Wartime Production : Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets , '' American Economic Review 91 : 1 ( March 2001 ) , pp. 272 -- 286 Kersten , Andrew Edmund . Race , Jobs , and the War : The FEPC in the Midwest , 1941 - 46 ( 2000 ) online review Reed , Merl E. Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement : The President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practice , 1941 - 1946 ( 1991 ) Taft - Hartley and the NLRA Abraham , Steven E. `` The Impact of the Taft - Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations '' American Business Law Journal Vol. 33 , 1996 Ballam , Deborah A . `` The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U.S. Labor Movement '' American Business Law Journal , Vol. 32 , 1995 Brooks , George W. , Milton Derber , David A. McCabe , Philip Taft . Interpreting the Labor Movement ( 1952 ) Gall , Gilbert J. The Politics of Right to Work : The Labor Federations as Special Interests , 1943 - 1979 ( 1988 ) Hartley Jr . Fred A. , and Robert A. Taft . Our New National Labor Policy : The Taft - Hartley Act and the Next Steps ( 1948 ) Lee , R. Alton . Truman and Taft - Hartley : A Question of Mandate ( 1966 ) Millis , Harry A. , and Emily Clark Brown . From the Wagner Act to Taft - Hartley : A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations ( 1950 ) Primary sources Christman , Henry M. ed . Walter P. Reuther : Selected Papers ( 1961 ) 1955 -- present Bennett , James T. , and Bruce E. Kaufman . What do unions do ? : a twenty - year perspective ( 2007 ) Dark ; Taylor E. The Unions and the Democrats : An Enduring Alliance ( 1999 ) Dine , Philip . State of the Unions : How Labor Can Strengthen the Middle Class , Improve Our Economy , and Regain Political Influence ( 2007 ) Fantasia , Rick , and Kim Voss . Hard Work : Remaking the American Labor Movement ( 2004 ) Galenson , Walter ; The American Labor Movement , 1955 - 1995 ( 1996 ) Goldberg , Arthur J. AFL - CIO , Labor United ( 1956 ) Leiter , Robert D . The Teamsters Union : A Study of Its Economic Impact ( 1957 ) Lichtenstein , Nelson . `` Two Roads Forward for Labor : The AFL -- CIO 's New Agenda . '' Dissent 61.1 ( 2014 ) : 54 - 58 . Online Lipset , Seymour Martin , ed . Unions in Transition : Entering the Second Century ( 1986 ) Mort , Jo - Ann , ed . Not Your Father 's Union Movement : Inside the AFL - CIO '' ( 2002 ) Rosenfeld , Jake . What Unions No Longer Do . ( Harvard University Press , 2014 ) ISBN 0674725115 Yates , Michael D. Why Unions Matter ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) AFL - CIO official Web site Change to Win Federation official Web site The Challenges of Today 's Labor Unions The Cost of a Decline in Unions ( February 2015 ) , Nicholas Kristof , The New York Times The incredible decline of American unions , in one animated map ( February 2015 ) , Ana Swanson , The Washington Post What Happened to Unions in the Midwest ? ( Feb. 2015 ) , Melanie Trottman and Eric Morath , The Wall Street Journal Unions still matter ( April 2015 ) , Sean McElwee , Al Jazeera America . Americans Do n't Miss Manufacturing -- They Miss Unions . FiveThirtyEight , May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_unions_in_the_United_States&oldid=807202747 '' Categories : Trade unions in the United States Labor relations in the United States History of labor relations in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Accuracy disputes from August 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the united states which type of workers are the most likely to be unionized	[ "In the 21st century the most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as city employees, government workers, teachers and police. Members of unions are disproportionately older, male, and residents of the Northeast, the Midwest, and California.[4] Union workers average 10-30% higher pay than non-union in the United States after controlling for individual, job, and labor market characteristics.[5]" ]	[ "public sector employees" ]
-4847610607068522241	Rio Grande	Rio Grande - wikipedia Rio Grande Jump to : navigation , search `` Río Bravo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Río Bravo ( disambiguation ) and Rio Grande ( disambiguation ) . `` Rio Grande del Norte '' redirects here . For the Brazilian states , see Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul . Rio Grande Río Bravo del Norte , Tooh Baʼáadii ( in Navajo ) , Kótsoi ( in Jicarilla Apache ) The Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park , on the Mexico -- U.S. border Countries United States , Mexico States Colorado , New Mexico , Texas , Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas Tributaries - left Red River , Rio Hondo , Rio Pueblo de Taos , Embudo River , Santa Fe River , Galisteo Creek , Alamito Creek , Terlingua Creek , Pecos River , Devils River - right Conejos River , Rio Chama , Jemez River , Rio Puerco , Rio Conchos , Rio Salado , Rio Alamo , San Juan River Source Canby Mountain , Continental Divide - location San Juan Mountains , Rio Grande National Forest , Colorado , United States - elevation 12,000 ft ( 3,658 m ) - coordinates 37 ° 47 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 32 ′ 18 '' W / 37.79778 ° N 107.53833 ° W / 37.79778 ; - 107.53833 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Cameron County , Texas ; Matamoros , Tamaulipas - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 25 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 97 ° 8 ′ 43 '' W / 25.95611 ° N 97.14528 ° W / 25.95611 ; - 97.14528 Coordinates : 25 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 97 ° 8 ′ 43 '' W / 25.95611 ° N 97.14528 ° W / 25.95611 ; - 97.14528 Length 1,896 mi ( 3,051 km ) Depth 18 m ( 59 ft ) Basin 182,200 sq mi ( 471,900 km ) Discharge for Eagle Pass , Texas / Piedras Negras , Coahuila - average 2,403 cu ft / s ( 68 m / s ) - max 964,000 cu ft / s ( 27,297 m / s ) - min 24 cu ft / s ( 1 m / s ) Map of the Rio Grande drainage basin The Rio Grande ( / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd / or / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ / ; Spanish : Río Bravo del Norte , pronounced ( ˈri. o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte ) or simply Río Bravo ) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Colorado River ) . The Rio Grande begins in south - central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico . Along the way , it forms part of the Mexico -- United States border . According to the International Boundary and Water Commission , its total length was 1,896 miles ( 3,051 km ) in the late 1980s , though course shifts occasionally result in length changes . Depending on how it is measured , the Rio Grande is either the fourth - or fifth - longest river system in North America . The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico . Since the mid -- 20th century , heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20 % of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf . Near the river 's mouth , the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region . The Rio Grande 's watershed covers 182,200 square miles ( 472,000 km ) . Many endorheic basins are situated within , or adjacent to , the Rio Grande 's basin , and these are sometimes included in the river basin 's total area , increasing its size to about 336,000 square miles ( 870,000 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Navigation 3 History 4 River modifications 5 Crossings 6 Names and pronunciation 7 Tributaries 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Geography ( edit ) Island within the Rio Grande from the North Valley in Albuquerque , New Mexico The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado . The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains , just east of the Continental Divide . From there , it flows through the San Luis Valley , then south into the Middle Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico , passing through the Rio Grande Gorge near Taos , then toward Española , and picking up additional water from the San Juan - Chama Diversion Project from the Rio Chama . It then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque , and Las Cruces to El Paso , Texas and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua . In the Albuquerque area , the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages , including Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo . Below El Paso , it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico . The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles ( 1,431 km ) to 1,248 miles ( 2,008 km ) , depending on how the river is measured . A major tributary , the Rio Conchos , enters at Ojinaga , Chihuahua , below El Paso , and supplies most of the water in the border segment . Other tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils , which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam . Despite its name and length , the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean - going ships , nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route . It is barely navigable at all , except by small boats in a few places ; at its deepest point , the river 's depth is 60 feet ( 18 m ) , The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation ; Albuquerque is 5,312 feet ( 1,619 m ) , and El Paso 3,762 feet ( 1,147 m ) above sea level . In New Mexico , the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment - filled basin to another , cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain . From El Paso eastward , the river flows through desert . Although irrigated agriculture exists throughout most of its stretch , it is particularly extensive in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley . The river ends in a small , sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico . During portions of 2001 and 2002 , the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar . In the fall of 2003 , the sandbar was cleared by high river flows around 7,063 cubic feet per second ( 200 m / s ) . Navigation ( edit ) Navigation was active during much of the 19th century , with over 200 different steamboats operating between the river 's mouth close to Brownsville , and Rio Grande City , Texas . Many steamboats from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were requisitioned by the US government and moved to the Rio Grande during the Mexican War in 1846 . They provided transport for the U.S. Army , under General Zachary Taylor , to invade Monterrey , Mexico , via Camargo Municipality , Tamaulipas . Army engineers recommended that with small improvements , the river could easily be made navigable as far north as El Paso . Those recommendations were never acted upon . The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge , a large swing bridge , dates back to 1910 and is still in use today by automobiles connecting Brownsville with Matamoros , Tamaulipas . It has not been opened since the early 1900s , though , when the last of the big steamboats disappeared . At one point , the bridge also had rail traffic . Railroad trains no longer use this bridge . A new rail bridge ( West Rail International Crossing ) connecting the U.S. and Mexico was built about 15 miles west of the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge . It was inaugurated in August 2015 . It moved all rail operations out of downtown Brownsville and Matamoros . The West Rail International Crossing is the first new international rail crossing between the U.S. and Mexico in 105 years . The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge is now operated by the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge Company , a joint venture between the Mexican government and the Union Pacific Railroad . At the mouth of the Rio Grande , on the Mexican side , was the large commercial port of Bagdad . During the American Civil War , this was the only legitimate port of the Confederacy . European warships anchored offshore to maintain the port 's neutrality , and managed to do so successfully throughout that conflict , despite occasional stare - downs with blockading ships from the US Navy . It was a shallow - draft river port , with several smaller vessels that hauled cargo to and from the deeper - draft cargo ships anchored off shore . These deeper - draft ships could not cross the shallow sandbar at the mouth of the river . The port 's commerce was European military supplies , in exchange for bales of cotton . History ( edit ) The Upper Rio Grande near Creede , Colorado Railway Bridges and the Great Customs Smelter ( postcard , circa 1916 ) During the late - 1830s and early - 1840s , the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas ; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River . The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846 , after Texas had been admitted as a new state . Since 1848 , the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , to the Gulf of Mexico . As such , crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom . Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828 . In 1899 , after a gradual change to the river position , a channel was dug for flood control which moved the river , creating what was called Cordova Island , which became the center of the Chamizal dispute . Resolving the dispute took many years and almost resulted in the assassination of the American and Mexican presidents . In 1944 , the US and Mexico signed a treaty regarding the river , and in 1997 , the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers . Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System , one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas , at Big Bend National Park . In the summer of 2001 , a 328 - foot ( 100 m ) - wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river , marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico . The sandbar was subsequently dredged , but it reformed almost immediately . Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea , but it returned in the summer of 2002 . As of the fall of 2003 , the river once again reaches the Gulf . River modifications ( edit ) View of the Rio Grande from Overlook Park , White Rock , New Mexico Further information : Rio Grande Project The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a series of agreements administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission ( IBWC ) , US - Mexico . The most notable of these treaties were signed in 1906 and 1944 . The IBWC traces its institutional roots to 1889 , when the International Boundary Committee was established to maintain the border . The IBWC today also allocates river waters between the two nations , and provides for flood control and water sanitation . Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact , an interstate pact between Colorado , New Mexico , and Texas . The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated : that is , more users for the water exist than water in the river . Because of both drought and overuse , the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged `` The Forgotten River '' by those wishing to bring attention to the river 's deteriorated condition . Rio Grande in west El Paso near the New Mexico state line A number of dams are on the Rio Grande , including Rio Grande Dam , Cochiti Dam , Elephant Butte Dam , Caballo Dam , Amistad Dam , Falcon Dam , Anzalduas Dam , and Retamal Dam . In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment , the river 's discharge dwindles . Diversions , mainly for agricultural irrigation , have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio , little or no water is left . Below Presidio , the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water . Near Presidio , the river 's discharge is frequently zero . Its average discharge is 178 cubic feet per second ( 5 m / s ) , down from 945 cubic feet per second ( 27 m / s ) at Elephant Butte Dam . Supplemented by other tributaries , the Rio Grande 's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3,504 cubic feet per second ( 99 m / s ) near Rio Grande City . Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river 's average flow to 889 cubic feet per second ( 25 m / s ) at Brownsville and Matamoros . Crossings ( edit ) Main article : List of crossings of the Rio Grande The major international border crossings along the river are at Ciudad Juárez and El Paso ; Presidio , and Ojinaga ; Laredo , and Nuevo Laredo ; McAllen and Reynosa ; and Brownsville and Matamoros . Other notable border towns are the Texas / Coahuila pairings of Del Rio -- Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass -- Piedras Negras . Names and pronunciation ( edit ) The Rio Grande ( Rio del Norte ) as mapped in 1718 by Guillaume de L'Isle Río Grande is Spanish for `` Big River '' and Río Grande del Norte means `` Great River of the North '' . In English , Rio Grande is pronounced either / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd / or / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ / . Because río means `` river '' in Spanish , the phrase Rio Grande River is redundant . In Mexico , it is known as Río Bravo or Río Bravo del Norte , bravo meaning ( among other things ) `` furious '' or `` agitated '' . Historically , the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande / Rio Bravo : mets'ichi chena , Keresan , `` Big River '' posoge , Tewa , `` Big River '' paslápaane , Tiwa , `` Big River '' hañapakwa , Towa , `` Great Waters '' The four Pueblo names likely antedated the Spanish entrada by several centuries . Tó Baʼáadi , Navajo , `` Female River '' ( the direction south is female in Navajo cosmology ) Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande ( roughly , within the present - day borders of New Mexico ) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century . This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582 . Early American settlers in South Texas began to use the modern ' English ' name Rio Grande . By the late 19th century , in the United States , the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river , from Colorado to the sea . By 1602 , Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river , below its confluence with the Rio Conchos . Tributaries ( edit ) Main article : List of tributaries of the Rio Grande The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos , which contributes almost twice as much water as any other . In terms of drainage basin size , the Pecos River is the largest . ( hide ) Tributary Average discharge Drainage basin cu ft / s m / s sq mi km San Juan River 368 10 12,950 33,500 Rio Alamo 130 3.68 1,675 4,340 Rio Salado 354 10.0 23,323 60,400 Rio San Rodrigo 130 3.68 1,050 2,720 Devils River 362 10.3 137 355 Pecos River 265 7.50 44,402 115,000 Rio Conchos 848 24.0 26,400 68,400 Rio Puerco 39.5 7,350 19,000 Jemez River 59.5 1.68 1,038 2,688 Santa Fe River 10.9 0.31 231 598.3 Rio Chama 571 16.2 3,144 8,143 Conejos River 176 4.98 887 2,297 See also ( edit ) Colorado portal New Mexico portal Texas portal Mexico portal Chihuahuan Desert List of international border rivers List of longest rivers of Mexico List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of rivers of Colorado List of rivers of New Mexico List of rivers of Texas Rio Bravo , Texas Rio Grande border disputes Rio Grande dams and diversions Rio Grande Gorge Rio Grande Trail Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Trans - Pecos West Texas Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Metz , Leon C. `` Rio Grande '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Rio Grande ^ Jump up to : `` Rio Grande NASQAN Program '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water Bulletin Number 75 : Flow of the Rio Grande and Related Data ; From Elephant Butte Dam , New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . 2005 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Oxford Pronunciation June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Santa Fe June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Washington State University June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Mighty Rio Grande Now a Trickle Under Siege April 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Benke , Arthur C. ; Colbert E. Cushing ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 186 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . In some places the depth of the river has varied from nearly 60 feet ( 18 metres ) to a bare trickle or nothing . Jump up ^ Tom Lea ( 1957 ) The King Ranch writes that Richard King made his fortune as a riverman on the Rio Grande before he proposed marriage to Henrietta and started his cattle ranch . Jump up ^ https://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/iro/international-bridges.pdf page 7 Jump up ^ http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_08233c84-4b9b-11e5-b445-bfe2de4ccd95.html Jump up ^ `` The UGRR on the Rio Grande '' Jump up ^ `` Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law : Rio Grande '' . Peace Palace Library . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IBWC : Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico Jump up ^ Thompson , Olivia N. , `` Binational Water Management : Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S. - Mexico Border Region '' ( 2009 ) . Applied Research Projects . Texas State University . Paper 313 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Sucked Dry for Irrigation , Industry '' , CNN Saturday Morning News , ( Aired June 9 , 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Source for historical names : Carroll L. Riley , 1995 , Rio del Norte , University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 496 - 5 Jump up ^ For the spelling of Navajo terms : Young , Robert W & William Morgan , Sr . The Navajo Language . A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary . University of New Mexico Press . Albuquerque , NM : 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Devils River Protection Campaign , Devils River Conservation Easements '' . The Nature Conservancy . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Largest Rivers of the United States , USGS Jump up ^ `` The Rio Conchos : An Essential Ribbon of Life '' . Environmental Defense Fund . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08353000 Rio Puerco near Barnardo , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08329000 , Jemez River below Jemez Canyon Dam , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08317200 Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08290000 , Rio Chama near Chamita , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08249000 , Conejos River near Lasauses , CO '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) D ¡ az , George T. Border Contraband : A History of Smuggling across the Rio Grande ( University of Texas Press , 2015 ) xiv , 241 pp . Horgan , Paul ( 1991 ) . Great River : The Rio Grande in North American History ( 4th ed . ) . Hanover , NH : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6251 - 3 . ; Pulitzer Prize Kearney , Milo ; Anthony K. Knopp ( 1995 ) . Boom and Bust : The Historical Cycles of Matamoros and Brownsville . Austin , Tex : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89015 - 815 - 9 . Kelley , Pat ( 1986 ) . River of Lost Dreams : Navigation on the Rio Grande . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2712 - 5 . Lea , Tom ( 1957 ) . The King Ranch . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51745 - 4 . Primary sources ( edit ) Coker , Caleb ( 1992 ) . The News from Brownsville : Helen Chapman 's Letters from the Texas Military Frontier , 1848 - 1852 . Austin , Tex : Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 87611 - 115 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Grande ( river ) . Border Stories : the only hand pulled ferry on the Rio Grande ( video ) 1854 map of Rio Grande entrance ( hosted by the Portal to Texas History ) . Rio Grande Cam -- in Mission Texas . Mexico is on the left and the US is on the right . American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette VIAF : 245026554 GND : 4117032 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Grande&oldid=821039539 '' Categories : Rio Grande International rivers of North America Rivers of the United States Rivers of Colorado Rivers of New Mexico Rivers of Texas American Heritage Rivers Border rivers Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico Rivers of Chihuahua ( state ) Rivers of Coahuila Rivers of Tamaulipas Geography of Laredo , Texas Mexican Plateau Mexico -- United States border Borders of New Mexico Borders of Texas Southwestern United States Rivers of Mexico Rivers of Bernalillo County , New Mexico Rivers of Conejos County , Colorado Rivers of Doña Ana County , New Mexico Bodies of water of El Paso County , Texas Bodies of water of Hidalgo County , Texas Bodies of water of Presidio County , Texas Bodies of water of Hudspeth County , Texas Bodies of water of Jeff Davis County , Texas Bodies of water of Brewster County , Texas Bodies of water of Terrell County , Texas Rivers of Val Verde County , Texas Rivers of Kinney County , Texas Bodies of water of Maverick County , Texas Bodies of water of Webb County , Texas Bodies of water of Zapata County , Texas Bodies of water of Starr County , Texas Bodies of water of Cameron County , Texas Rivers of Rio Arriba County , New Mexico Rivers of Sandoval County , New Mexico Rivers of Santa Fe County , New Mexico Rivers of Sierra County , New Mexico Rivers of Socorro County , New Mexico Rivers of Valencia County , New Mexico Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles with Navajo - language external links Articles with Jicarilla Apache - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles containing Jemez - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is rio grande river located on a map	[ "The Rio Grande (/ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/;[5][6][7] Spanish: Río Bravo del Norte, pronounced [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico.[8] Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was 1,896 miles (3,051 km) in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is either the fourth- or fifth-longest river system in North America.[1]" ]	[ "The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico.[8] Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border" ]
7021903743486586104	Walk a Mile in My Shoes	Walk a Mile in My Shoes - Wikipedia Walk a Mile in My Shoes Jump to : navigation , search For the Elvis Presley box set , see Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters . `` Walk A Mile In My Shoes '' Single by Joe South from the album Do n't It Make You Want To Go Home B - side `` Shelter '' Released January 1970 Recorded 1969 , Atlanta , GA Genre Rock Length 3 : 42 Label Capitol 2704 Songwriter ( s ) Joe South Producer ( s ) Joe South Joe South singles chronology `` Do n't It Make You Want to Go Home '' ( 1969 ) `` Walk A Mile In My Shoes '' ( 1970 ) `` Children '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't It Make You Want to Go Home '' ( 1969 ) `` Walk A Mile In My Shoes '' ( 1970 ) `` Children '' ( 1970 ) `` Walk a Mile in My Shoes '' is a song written by Joe South , who had a hit with it in 1970 . South was also producer and arranger of the track , and of its B - side , `` Shelter '' . The single was credited to `` Joe South and the Believers '' ; the Believers included his brother Tommy South and his sister - in - law Barbara South . The song 's highest position on the Billboard Hot 100 was # 12 , which was also its highest position in the Cashbox chart . It also reached highs of # 56 country and # 3 Adult Contemporary in Billboard , and made # 10 in the RPM chart in Canada . It was South 's second and final record to reach the top 20 of the Billboard chart . It also reached the Top 20 in Australia . The song concerns racial tolerance and the need for perspective and compassion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Notable covers and references 3 Notes Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 20 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Canada RPM Country 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Country 56 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 154 U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 105 U.S. Cash Box 95 Notable covers and references ( edit ) Elvis Presley on his 1970 live album On Stage Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne when they presented an entertaining hour - long television special . Cliff Waldron on his 1970 bluegrass album Right On Billy Eckstine on his 1971 album Feel the Warm ( ( Marian Montgomery ) ) on her 1972 album `` Marian in the Morning '' Jerry Lee Lewis on his 1972 album The Killer Rocks On Bryan Ferry on his 1974 album Another Time , Another Place . Otis Clay on his 2007 album `` Walk a Mile in my Shoes '' Coldcut on their 2006 album Sound Mirrors , featuring vocals from Robert Owens . De Dijk on their 2002 album Muzikanten dansen niet ( Dutch version of the song ) Greg Page in his 2004 Nashville concert Kentucky Headhunters on their 2011 album Midnight Special Bob Andy - All Shook Up - Songs elvis did in reggae versions . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1970 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 This 1960s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_a_Mile_in_My_Shoes&oldid=841316619 '' Categories : 1960s song stubs 1969 songs Elvis Presley songs Songs written by Joe South Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song walk a mile in my shoes	[ "\"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" is a song written by Joe South, who had a hit with it in 1970. South was also producer and arranger of the track, and of its B-side, \"Shelter\". The single was credited to \"Joe South and the Believers\"; the Believers included his brother Tommy South and his sister-in-law Barbara South." ]	[ "Joe South" ]
-632177873199848364	Afghan afghani	Afghan afghani - wikipedia Afghan afghani Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Afghani ( disambiguation ) . Afghan afghani افغانۍ ( Pashto ) ; افغانۍ ( Persian ) 1 Af , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , and 100 Afs banknotes ISO 4217 Code AFN Denominations Subunit ⁄ pul Symbol ؋ ( U + 060B ) or Af ( sing . ) or Afs Banknotes 1 Af , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 , 1000 Afs Coins 1 Af , 2 , 5 Afs Demographics User ( s ) Afghanistan ( alongside the US dollar ) Issuance Central bank Da Afghanistan Bank Website www.centralbank.gov.af Valuation Inflation 13.8 % Source The World Factbook , 2011 est . The afghani ( sign : Afs ; code : AFN ; Pashto : افغانۍ ; Dari افغانی ) is the currency of Afghanistan , issued by the central bank Da Afghanistan Bank . It is nominally subdivided into 100 pul ( پول ) , although there are no pul coins currently in circulation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1925 -- 2002 1.2 Since 2002 2 Coinage 3 Banknotes 4 Exchange rate 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) 1925 -- 2002 ( edit ) The original afghani ( ISO 4217 code : AFA ) was introduced in 1925 , replacing the Afghan rupee that had been in use from 1891 . In addition to being subdivided into 100 pul , 20 afghani were equal to one amani . The rate of conversion from the rupee is sometimes quoted as 1 afghani = 1 rupee 6 paisa , based on the silver contents of the last rupee coins and the first Afghani coins . The Afghani initially contained 9 grams of silver . The rupee was still in circulation until 1978 . The first afghani banknotes were introduced in 1935 . Except during World War I Afghanistan 's foreign exchange rate has been freely determined by market forces . However , for some periods , a dual exchange rate regime existed in Afghanistan : an official exchange rate which was fixed by the Afghan Central Bank , and a free market exchange rate which was determined by the supply and demand forces in Kabul 's money bazaar called Saraye Shahzada . For example , in order to avoid the seasonal fluctuations in the exchange rate , a fixed exchange rate was adopted in 1935 by the Bank - e Milli , which was then responsible for the country 's exchange rate system and official reserves . Bank - e Milli agreed to exchange afghanis at 4 Afs against 1 Indian rupee in 1935 . After the establishment of Da Afghanistan Bank as the Central Bank of Afghanistan , such a preferential official fixed exchange rate continued to be practiced . Although Da Afghanistan Bank tried to keep its official rate close to the Saraye Shahzada 's exchange rate , the gap between the official and free - market exchange rates widened in the 1980s and during the civil war thereafter . The afghani traded at 67 AFA to the U.S. dollar in 1973 , whereas by 1992 a dollar bought 16,000 afghanis . Banknotes from the period of King Zahir Shah 's monarchy ceased to be legal tender by 1991 . After the creation of a dysfunctional government and the start of civil war , different warlords and factions , foreign powers and forgers each made their own afghani banknotes to support themselves financially , with no regard to standardization or honouring serial numbers . In December 1996 , shortly after the Taliban took control of Afghanistan 's institutions , Ehsanullah Ehsan , the chairman of the Taliban 's Central Bank , declared most afghani notes in circulation to be worthless ( approximately 100 trillion Afghani ) and cancelled the contract with the Russian firm that had been printing the currency since 1992 . Ehsan accused the firm of sending new shipments of afghani notes to ousted president Burhanuddin Rabbani in northern Takhar province . The exchange rate at the time of Ehsan 's announcement was 21,000 afghani to the US dollar . It was then devalued to 43 afghani to the dollar . The Northern Alliance then had banknotes produced in Russia which were sold on the markets of Kabul at half their value . Abdul Rashid Dostum , who controlled a self - declared autonomous region in northern Afghanistan until 1998 , also printed his own issues for the region . Following the United States invasion of Afghanistan , the currency became highly destabalized . The afghani traded at 73,000 AFA per USD in September 2001 , steeply soaring to 23,000 AFA after the fall of Kabul in November 2001 , before plunging again to 36,000 AFA in January 2002 . Around seven different versions of the currency were in circulation by that time . A former governor said at the time that maybe `` trillions '' of banknotes are in circulation as a result . In April 2000 , the afghani traded at 6,400 AFA per USD . By mid-2002 , the afghani was valued at 43,000 AFA per USD , and 52,000 AFA by September 2002 . Since 2002 ( edit ) In 2002 , the afghani was denominated , and it received new ISO 4217 code AFN . No subdivisions were issued . It replaced the previous afghani at two distinct rates - issues of the government of former President Burhanuddin Rabbani ( de jure 1992 - 2001 ) were replaced at a rate of 1,000 to the new afghani , whilst the issues of warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum ( 1992 -- 1997 in northern Afghanistan ) were replaced at a rate of 2,000 to the new afghani . It was created in an effort to stabilize the economy and stop the rapid inflation . The notes were printed in Germany . The new currency was announced by President Hamid Karzai on September 4 , 2002 , and was introduced to the market on October 8 , 2002 . This monetary reform was well received by the public as it was a sign of security and stability , especially the country 's rebuilding effort . People also no longer had to carry many bags of money for ordinary things . It was the first time in many years that a sole currency was under the control of the central bank instead of warlords . Most old banknotes were destroyed by the end of 2002 . Prior to the reissue , there were more than 15 trillion afghani in circulation after unrestrained printing under Taliban rule and during wars and occupation . Da Afghanistan Bank has adopted a floating exchange rate regime and has let the exchange rate to be determined freely by market forces . The new afghani was valued at 43 afghani to the U.S. dollar . After depreciating during the last quarter of 2003 / 04 , the afghani has been appreciating steadily , gaining 8 percent against the U.S. dollar between end - March 2004 and end - July 2004 . This appreciation , at a time of increasing inflation , appears to reflect a greater willingness by the population to use the afghani as a medium of exchange and as a store of value . This trend appears to be attributable to the relative stability of the exchange rate since the introduction of the new currency , administrative measures aimed at promoting its use , such as the requirement that shopkeepers must price goods in afghani . Donors are increasingly making payments in afghani instead of U.S. dollars and this appears to be widely accepted . By 2009 , the afghani was valued at 45 AFN per USD . Coinage ( edit ) In 1925 , bronze and brass 2 , 5 and 10 pul , billon 20 pul , silver ⁄ and 1 afghani , and gold ⁄ and 1 amani coins were introduced , followed by silver 2 ⁄ afghani and gold 2 ⁄ amani in 1926 . In 1930 , bronze and brass 1 and 25 pul were added , along with bronze 3 pul and cupro - nickel 10 and 20 pul in 1937 . In 1952 , aluminium 25 pul and nickel - clad steel 50 pul were introduced , followed by aluminium 2 and 5 afghani in 1958 . In 1961 nickel - clad steel 1 , 2 and 5 afghani were minted ; the 1 and 2 afghani coins show years of SH 1340 and the 5 Afghani coin shows the year AH 1381 . In 1973 , the new Republic of Afghanistan issued brass - clad - steel 25 pul , copper - clad steel 50 pul and cupro - nickel - clad steel 5 afghani coins . These were followed , between 1978 and 1980 , by issues of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan consisting of aluminium - bronze 25 and 50 pul and cupro - nickel 1 , 2 and 5 afghani . A number of commemorative coins were also issued by the Islamic State of Afghanistan between 1995 and 2001 . On 11 April 2005 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 2 and 5 afghanis . Current afghani coins ( 2005 ) 1 afghani coin front ( 1961 ) 1 afghani coin back ( 1961 ) 2 afghanis coin back ( 1961 ) 500 afghanis coin front ( 1981 ) 500 afghanis coin back ( 1981 ) Banknotes ( edit ) Closeup of a 500 afghanis note issued in 1990 , featuring a picture of men playing Buzkashi Between 1925 and 1928 , Treasury notes were introduced in denominations of 5 , 10 and 50 afghanis . In 1936 , 2 , 20 and 100 afghani notes were added . The Bank of Afghanistan ( Da Afghanistan Bank ) took over paper money production in 1939 , issuing notes for 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 and 1000 afghanis . The 2 and 5 afghani notes were replaced by coins in 1958 . In 1993 , 5000 and 10,000 afghani notes were introduced . 20 afghanis banknote during the monarchy , front ( 1963 ) 20 afghanis banknote during the monarchy , back ( 1963 ) 100 afghanis banknote during the monarchy , front ( 1963 ) 100 afghanis banknote during the monarchy , back ( 1963 ) `` A ' pothole cave ' or ' mouth of a shaft ' ( or Pit cave ) is said to be visible on the 10,000 afghanis banknote from 1993 as a limited dark area in the hillside above the ancient ' pol ' or gateway at the ruins near Lashkar Gah . This is possibly the entrance to one of the man - made undergrounds at Qal'a - i - Bost . '' 1978 Series Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of printing Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse 10 afghani 115 × 52 mm Green Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank Salang Pass 1979 20 afghanis 125 × 56 mm Orange DRA coat of arms Band - e Amir park 1979 50 afghanis 134 × 58 mm Turquoise DRA coat of arms Darul Aman Palace 1978 100 afghanis 142 × 62 mm Pink Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank , peasant Dam , hydroelectric power station 1979 - 1991 500 afghanis 151 × 66 mm Purple Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank , Buzkashi players Bala Hissar fortress 1979 - 1991 1000 afghanis 160 × 70 mm Brown Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank , Shrine of Ali mosque Paghman Gardens and triumphal arch 1979 - 1991 5000 afghanis 165 × 74 mm Purple Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank , Pul - e Khishti Mosque Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani 1993 10,000 afghanis 170 × 77 mm Turquoise Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank , Great Mosque of Herat Qal'a - i - Bost fortress of Lashkar Gah 1993 These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre . For table standards , see the banknote specification table . On 7 October 2002 , banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 , and 1000 afghanis . The 1 , 2 and 5 afghani notes were replaced by coins in 2005 . In 2004 and 2008 , the security features on several denominations were improved . In 2014 a new 1000 afghanis note was introduced to prevent counterfeit notes . 2002 Series ( 1 ) Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse printing issue 1 afghani 131 × 55 mm Pink Seal of Da Afghanistan Bank with Eucratides I - era coin . Mosque in Mazari Sharif 2002 ( AH 1381 ) October 7 , 2002 2 afghanis Blue Paghman Gardens 5 afghanis Brown Bala Hissar 10 afghanis 136 × 56 mm Yellow green Ahmed Shah Durrani mausoleum , Kandahar Paghman Gardens 20 afghanis 140 × 58 mm Brown Mahmud of Ghazni 's Tomb Arg King 's Palace 50 afghanis 144 × 60 mm Dark green Shah Do Shamira Mosque Salang Pass 100 afghanis 148 × 62 mm Violet Pul e Khishti Mosque Arch of Bost 500 afghanis 152 × 64 mm Blue Great Mosque of Herat Kandahar Airport tower 1000 afghanis 156 × 66 mm Orange Mazar Sharif Shrine of Ali Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani Baba These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre . For table standards , see the banknote specification table . Exchange rate ( edit ) The Afghani exchange rate vis - à - vis the U.S. dollar since 1950 has been shown in the following table : Afghani exchange rate ( LCU in USD ) Date Free - market exchange rate Official exchange rate 1950 39.0 1960 40.8 17.7 1970 84.8 39.9 1980 39.2 2003 49.0 49.0 45.2 45.2 Current AFN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD See also ( edit ) Economy of Afghanistan Rupee Afghan rupee References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Da Afghanistan Bank . `` Capital Notes Issuance and Auction Archived 2013 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Accessed 26 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Schuler , Kurt . `` Tables of Modern Monetary History : Asia '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Jump up ^ Fry , Maxwell J. ( 1976 ) `` A Monetary Approach to Afghanistan 's Flexible Exchange Rate '' , Journal of Money , Credit and Banking , Vol. 8 ( 2 ) : 219 - 225 ^ Jump up to : Fry , Maxwell J. ( 1974 ) `` The Afghan Economy : Money , Finance , and the Critical Constraints to Economic Development '' , Brill Publications , Leiden , Holland Jump up ^ https://www.mediamonitors.net/perspectives/all-change-for-afghan-currency/ Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1793740.stm Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1790313.stm Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2236075.stm Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/10/06/afghan.currency/ Jump up ^ https://www.mediamonitors.net/perspectives/all-change-for-afghan-currency/ Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan coins '' . Numista . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coining Hope In Afghanistan '' . CBS News . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gebauer , Herbert Daniel . 2004 . Resources on the Speleology of Afghanistan . Berliner Hoehlenkundliche Berichte . Band 14 . ISSN 1617 - 8572 . Page 81 . Jump up ^ Sources : Fry , Maxwell ( 1976 ) ; and `` World Development Indicators '' database of the World Bank Further reading ( edit ) Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Afghanistan 's paper money Ancient banknotes of Afghanistan Ministry of Finance , Afghanistan Afghan Afghani Exchange Rates ( hide ) Currencies of Asia Central Kazakhstani tenge Kyrgyzstani som Tajikistani somoni Turkmenistan manat Uzbekistani soʻm East Chinese yuan Hong Kong dollar Japanese yen North Korean won South Korean won Macanese pataca Mongolian tögrög New Taiwan dollar unrecognized North Russian ruble South Afghan afghani Bangladeshi taka Bhutanese ngultrum Indian rupee Maldivian rufiyaa Nepalese rupee Pakistani rupee Sri Lankan rupee Pound sterling British Indian Ocean Territory U.S. dollar British Indian Ocean Territory Southeast Brunei dollar Burmese kyat Cambodian riel East Timorese centavo Indonesian rupiah Lao kip Malaysian ringgit Philippine peso ( piso ) Singapore dollar Thai baht U.S. dollar East Timor Vietnamese đồng West Abkhazian apsar unrecognized Armenian dram Artsakh dram unrecognized Azerbaijani manat Bahraini dinar Egyptian pound Gaza Strip Euro Cyprus Georgian lari Iranian rial Iraqi dinar Israeli new shekel Jordanian dinar Kuwaiti dinar Lebanese pound Omani rial Russian ruble ( Abkhazia ( unrecognized ) and South Ossetia ( unrecognized ) ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Syrian pound Turkish lira UAE dirham Yemeni rial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan_afghani&oldid=822095145 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currencies of Asia Circulating currencies Currencies of Afghanistan Currency introduced in 1925 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Persian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 10 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of currency is used in afghanistan	[ "The afghani (sign: Afs;[1] code: AFN; Pashto: افغانۍ; Dari افغانی) is the currency of Afghanistan, issued by the central bank Da Afghanistan Bank. It is nominally subdivided into 100 pul (پول), although there are no pul coins currently in circulation." ]	[ "The afghani" ]
-5816018512007554787	Chief of Staff of the United States Army	Chief of Staff of the United States Army - wikipedia Chief of Staff of the United States Army Not to be confused with United States Secretary of the Army . Chief of Staff of the United States Army CSA Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army Incumbent General Mark A. Milley since August 14 , 2015 Department of the Army The Army Staff Member of Joint Chiefs of Staff Reports to Secretary of Defense Secretary of the Army Seat The Pentagon , Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length 4 years Renewable Constituting instrument 10 U.S.C. § 3033 Precursor Commanding General of the Army Formation August 15 , 1903 First holder LTG Samuel B.M. Young Deputy Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Website Official Website The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C. § 3033 ) held by a four - star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C. § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest - ranking officer on active - duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman and / or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The current Chief of Staff of the Army is General Mark A. Milley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsibilities 2 History 3 List of Chiefs of Staff of the Army ( 1903 -- present ) 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) The senior leadership of the Department of the Army consists of two civilians , the Secretary of the Army ( Head of the department and subordinate to the Secretary of Defense ) and the Under Secretary of the Army , and two military officers , the Chief of Staff of the Army and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army . The Chief of Staff reports directly to the Secretary of the Army for army matters and assists in the Secretary 's external affairs functions , including presenting and enforcing army policies , plans , and projections . The CSA also directs the Inspector General of the Army to perform inspections and investigations as required . In addition , the CSA presides over the Army Staff and represents army capabilities , requirements , policy , plans , and programs in Joint fora . Under delegation of authority made by the Secretary of the Army , the CSA designates army personnel and army resources to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . The CSA performs all other functions enumerated in 10 U.S.C. § 3033 under the authority , direction , and control of the Secretary of the Army , or delegates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in his administration in his name . Like the other service counterparts , the CSA has no operational command authority over army forces , dating back to the passage of the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 . The CSA is served by a number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Army , such as G - 1 , Personnel . The CSA base pay is $21,147.30 per month plus Personal Money Allowance ( Monthly Amount ) of $333.33 , basic allowance for subsistence of $253.38 , basic allowance for housing from $50.70 -- 1923.30 . The Chief of Staff of the Army is nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate . By statute , the CSA is appointed as a four - star general . The Chief of Staff of the Army has an official residence , Quarters 1 at Joint Base Myer -- Henderson Hall , Virginia . The Chief of Staff holds an annual future study program called Unified Quest . History ( edit ) Prior to 1903 , the senior military officer in the army was the Commanding General , who reported to the Secretary of War . From 1864 to 1865 , Major General Henry Halleck ( who had previously been Commanding General ) served as `` Chief of Staff of the Army '' under the Commanding General , Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant , thus serving in a different office and not as the senior officer in the army . The first chief of staff moved his headquarters to Fort Myer in 1908 . List of Chiefs of Staff of the Army ( 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) The rank listed is the rank when serving in the office . # Name Photo Term began Term ended Notes 1 . LTG Samuel B.M. Young August 15 , 1903 January 8 , 1904 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 . 2 . LTG Adna Chaffee August 19 , 1904 January 14 , 1906 Resigned position ; retired in February at own request , shortly before reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 . 3 . LTG John C. Bates January 15 , 1906 April 13 , 1906 Last Civil War veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired in April 1906 at own request , shortly before reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 . 4 . MG J. Franklin Bell April 14 , 1906 April 21 , 1910 Commanded several divisions and departments after serving as Chief of Staff . Died while commanding Department of the East shortly after the end of World War I . 5 . MG Leonard Wood April 22 , 1910 April 21 , 1914 Commanded divisions and departments , including organizing and training two divisions for combat in World War I. Retired in 1921 . 6 . MG William W. Wotherspoon April 22 , 1914 November 16 , 1914 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 . 7 . MG Hugh L. Scott November 17 , 1914 September 22 , 1917 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 . Recalled to active duty for World War I ; commanded a division during its organization and training before retiring again in 1919 . 8 . GEN Tasker H. Bliss September 23 , 1917 May 19 , 1918 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1917 . Continued on active duty to remain Chief of Staff during World War I ; served as U.S. representative on Supreme War Council and as U.S. representative during post-war Paris Peace Conference . Retired again in 1920 . 9 . GEN Peyton C. March May 20 , 1918 June 30 , 1921 Retired at own request in 1921 . 10 . GAS John J. Pershing July 1 , 1921 September 13 , 1924 Last Indian Wars veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired from active military service upon reaching age 64 in 1924 . 11 . MG John L. Hines September 14 , 1924 November 20 , 1926 Commanded IX Corps Area and Department of the Philippines ; retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1932 . 12 . GEN Charles P. Summerall November 21 , 1926 November 20 , 1930 Last Spanish -- American War veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Placed on extended leave until reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1931 . 13 . GEN Douglas MacArthur November 21 , 1930 October 1 , 1935 Supervised creation of Philippines Army . Retired in 1937 , and continued to serve in the Philippines as military advisor to the president . Recalled to active duty in 1941 ; led defense of the Philippines during World War II , and then commanded Southwest Pacific Area . Served in post-war Japan , and led initial U.S. effort during Korean War . Relieved of command and retired from active military service in 1951 . 14 . GEN Malin Craig October 2 , 1935 August 31 , 1939 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1939 ; recalled to active duty for World War II as head of the War Department Personnel Board . 15 . GA George C. Marshall September 1 , 1939 November 18 , 1945 Attained mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1944 , but continued to serve as Chief of Staff . Relieved from active military duties in November 1945 . 16 . GA Dwight D. Eisenhower November 19 , 1945 February 6 , 1948 Relieved from active military duties in 1948 . Recalled to active duty in 1951 to serve as first Supreme Allied Commander Europe . Retired in May 1952 upon becoming a candidate for President of the United States . Returned to the active rolls as a General of the Army in 1961 , with no assigned duties . 17 . GEN Omar Bradley February 7 , 1948 August 15 , 1949 Resigned to become first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on August 19 , 1949 . Promoted to General of the Army on September 22 , 1950 . Relieved as CJCS on August 15 , 1953 . 18 . GEN J. Lawton Collins August 16 , 1949 August 14 , 1953 US Representative to NATO from 1953 to 1954 . Special representative of the United States in Vietnam from 1954 to 1955 . US representative to NATO from 1955 until reaching mandatory retirement age of 60 in 1956 . 19 . GEN Matthew B. Ridgway August 15 , 1953 June 29 , 1955 Last World War I veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired in June 1955 , declining age waiver that would have allowed him to complete full term . 20 . GEN Maxwell D. Taylor June 30 , 1955 June 30 , 1959 Retired in 1959 . Recalled to active duty in 1961 to serve as Military Representative to the President . Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1962 to 1964 . Retired in 1964 to become United States Ambassador to South Vietnam . 21 . GEN Lyman L. Lemnitzer July 1 , 1959 September 30 , 1960 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1960 to 1962 . Supreme Allied Commander of NATO , 1963 to 1969 . Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 60 in 1969 . 22 . GEN George H. Decker October 1 , 1960 September 30 , 1962 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 60 in 1962 . 23 . GEN Earle G. Wheeler October 1 , 1962 July 2 , 1964 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1964 to 1970 , including waiver to serve beyond mandatory retirement age of 60 . Retired in 1970 . 24 . GEN Harold K. Johnson July 3 , 1964 July 2 , 1968 Retired at end of term . 25 . GEN William C. Westmoreland July 3 , 1968 June 30 , 1972 Retired at end of term . GEN Bruce Palmer Jr . July 1 , 1972 October 11 , 1972 Acting Chief of Staff . Resumed duties as Vice Chief of Staff upon appointment of Creighton W. Abrams as Chief of Staff . Commander , United States Readiness Command , 1973 to 1974 . Retired in 1974 . 26 . GEN Creighton W. Abrams October 12 , 1972 September 4 , 1974 Died in office . 27 . GEN Frederick C. Weyand October 3 , 1974 September 30 , 1976 Retired upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 60 . 28 . GEN Bernard W. Rogers October 1 , 1976 June 21 , 1979 Last World War II veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Supreme Allied Commander Europe , 1979 to 1987 , including waiver to continue service past age 60 . Retired in 1987 . 29 . GEN Edward C. Meyer June 22 , 1979 June 21 , 1983 Last Korean War veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired at end of term . 30 . GEN John A. Wickham Jr . July 23 , 1983 June 23 , 1987 Retired at end of term . 31 . GEN Carl E. Vuono June 23 , 1987 June 21 , 1991 Retired at end of term . 32 . GEN Gordon R. Sullivan June 21 , 1991 June 20 , 1995 Retired at end of term . 33 . GEN Dennis J. Reimer June 20 , 1995 June 21 , 1999 Retired at end of term . 34 . GEN Eric K. Shinseki June 21 , 1999 June 11 , 2003 Last Vietnam War veteran to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired at end of term . 35 . GEN Peter J. Schoomaker August 1 , 2003 April 10 , 2007 Retired in 2000 . Recalled to active duty to serve as Chief of Staff . Retired again at end of term . 36 . GEN George W. Casey Jr . April 10 , 2007 April 10 , 2011 Retired at end of term . 37 . GEN Martin E. Dempsey April 11 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 Term shortened due to appointment as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 38 . GEN Raymond T. Odierno September 7 , 2011 August 14 , 2015 Retired at end of term . 39 . GEN Mark A. Milley August 14 , 2015 Incumbent See also ( edit ) United States Army portal Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General George Casey - Chief of Staff Army '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Law.cornell.edu , 10 USC 165 . Combatant commands : administration and support ^ Jump up to : Law.cornell.edu , 10 USC 3033 . Chief of Staff Jump up ^ `` Unified Quest ( UQ ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Unified Quest 2012 . '' Jump up ^ `` Unified Quest 2011 Combined Arms Maneuver and Wide Area Security Tabletop Wargame . '' Jump up ^ Historical Resources Branch , United States Army Center of Military History Bell , William Gardner ( 2005 ) ( 1983 ) . `` Appendix B : Chronological List of Senior Officers of the United States Army '' . Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775 - 2005 : Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army 's Senior Officer . United States Army Center of Military History . ISBN 0 - 16 - 072376 - 0 . CMH Pub 70 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Bell , William Gardner ( 2005 ) . Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775 - 2005 : Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army 's Senior Officer . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . ISBN 0 - 16 - 072376 - 0 . CMH Pub 70 -- 14 . Watson , Mark Skinner . Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Preparations . United States Army in World War II . Washington D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . - full text External links ( edit ) The short film Big Picture : Top Soldier is available for free download at the Internet Archive Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Washington Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn J. Brown Macomb W. Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon H. Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland B. Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Milley Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte W. Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines B. Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman A. Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn McConville United States Army Leadership Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff 4 - star generals Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army House Armed Services Committee ( House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Senate Committee on Armed Services ( Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Components and commands Regular Army Army Reserve Army National Guard Active Units Reorganization plan of United States Army Army commands Forces Training and Doctrine Materiel Futures Service components Africa Central Europe Pacific North South Special Operations Surface Deployment and Distribution Space and Missile Defense Cyber Command Direct reporting units Second Army Medical Intelligence and Security Criminal Investigation Corps of Engineers Military District of Washington Test and Evaluation Military Academy Reserve Acquisition Support Center Installation Management War College Field armies First Second Third Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Branches Acquisition Corps Adjutant General 's Corps Air Defense Artillery Branch Armor Branch Aviation Branch Army Band Chaplain Corps Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps Corps of Engineers Dental Corps Field Artillery Branch Finance Corps Infantry Branch Inspector General 's Corps Judge Advocate General 's Corps Logistics Branch Medical Corps Medical Service Corps Medical Specialist Corps Military Intelligence Corps Military Police Corps Nurse Corps Ordnance Corps Psychological Operations Quartermaster Corps Signal Corps Special Forces Transportation Corps Veterinary Corps Installations United States and Overseas Germany Kosovo Kuwait South Korea Training Basic Training BOLC ROTC ( ECP ) OCS WOBC WOCS Military Academy ( West Point ) MOS Uniforms and insignia Awards and decorations Badges Branch Officer Warrant Enlisted World War I World War II Uniforms Equipment Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles Premier ensembles Army Field Band Army Band Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps West Point Band History and traditions History Continental Army Union Army National Army Army of the United States Center of Military History Institute of Heraldry America 's Army Army Art Program Flag National Museum West Point Museum Rangers U.S. Army Regimental System Soldier 's Creed `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' Division nicknames Draft Service numbers Category Portal Senior officials in the United States Department of Defense Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Deputy Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan Chief Management Officer John H. Gibson Secretaries of the Military Departments Secretary of the Army : Mark Esper Secretary of the Navy : Richard V. Spencer Secretary of the Air Force : Heather Wilson Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Joe Dunford , USMC Under Secretaries of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment : Ellen Lord Research and Engineering : Michael D. Griffin Policy : John Rood Comptroller / Chief Financial Officer : David Norquist Personnel and Readiness : Robert Wilkie Intelligence : Joseph D. Kernan Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Paul Selva , USAF Chiefs of the Military Services Chief of Staff of the Army : GEN Mark Milley Commandant of the Marine Corps : Gen Robert Neller Chief of Naval Operations : ADM John Richardson Chief of Staff of the Air Force : Gen David Goldfein Chief of the National Guard Bureau Gen Joseph Lengyel , USAF Unified Combatant Command Commanders Africa : Gen Tom Waldhauser , USMC Central : GEN Joe Votel , USA European : GEN Mike Scaparrotti , USA Northern : Gen Lori Robinson , USAF Pacific : ADM Harry Harris , USN Southern : ADM Kurt Tidd , USN Special Operations : GEN Tony Thomas , USA Strategic : Gen John Hyten , USAF Transportation : Gen Darren McDew , USAF - Acting United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Indo - Pacific Southern Africa Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard United States Joint Chiefs of Staff Dunford ( Chairman ) Selva ( Vice Chairman ) Milley ( Army ) Neller ( Marine Corps ) Richardson ( Navy ) Goldfein ( Air Force ) Lengyel ( National Guard ) Highest military ranks General officer Flag officer Air officer Ancient Autokrator Beylerbey Constable of France Domestic of the Schools Dux bellorum Grand Domestic Imperator Ispahsalar Magister militum Megas doux Polemarch Rigsmarsk Sardar Shōgun Spahbed Voivode Modern Admiral of the Navy Da yuan shuai Dai - gensui Field marshal ( Serbia and Yugoslavia ) First marshal of the empire General of the Air Force General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Grand marshal Chom Thap Thai Hetman Jenderal besar Marshal Mareşal Marshal of Italy Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of Yugoslavia Mushir Reichsmarschall Serasker Supreme Allied Commander Taewonsu Wonsu Yuan shuai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army&oldid=836199295 '' Categories : United States Army Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff United States Army organization Army chiefs of staff 1903 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 08 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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-8761156997637414762	House of Cards (season 6)	House of Cards ( season 6 ) - wikipedia House of Cards ( season 6 ) House of Cards ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of House of Cards episodes The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each , the sixth season will consist of only eight . The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey , who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Unannounced start and sudden shutdown 1.2 Restarting production 2 Cast and characters 3 Marketing 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Unannounced Start and sudden shutdown ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 18 , 2017 , production of the sixth season of House of Cards appeared to be already in progress , without an official renewal announcement by Netflix , when a gunman opened fire near a House of Cards set outside Baltimore . Production company Media Rights Capital and Netflix stated that production on the show was not impacted by the shooting . Kevin Spacey was fired after sexual assault allegations were made against him . Production on the series was shut down on October 30 , 2017 , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey by actor Anthony Rapp , who publicly stated that Spacey had made a sexual advance on him in 1986 , when he was 14 years old . Netflix announced its decision to cancel the series after the upcoming season , though multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation . The following day , Netflix and MRC announced that production on the season would be suspended indefinitely , in order to review the current situation and to address any concerns of the cast and crew . In those days , Robin Wright strongly opposed Netflix executives who wanted to cancel the series , as she was concerned about the 2,500 people that had been involved in the production at that time , and were at risk of losing their jobs . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . Restarting production ( edit ) On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production would restart in 2018 with Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show would consist of eight episodes . House of Cards resumed production on January 31 , and wrapped filming four months later , on May 25 , 2018 . The firing of Kevin Spacey significantly affected the production process , as showrunners Frank Pugliese and Melissa Gibson had to rethink the show and come up with a conclusion for the series in a finite amount of time , taking into consideration other contractual obligations of the cast and crew . In an interview with IndieWire , Pugliese and Gibson revealed that these changes did not represent a huge shift for many of the characters ; it was the overall story that was mostly affected , which was initially intended to center around a struggle between Frank and Claire to own the White House . The showrunners also revealed that -- even in his absense -- Frank continues to have a big impact on the story , and noted that erasing him completely would have seemed disingenuous . In the wake of Spacey 's firing , Robin Wright leads the sixth season of House of Cards , with her character , Claire Underwood , having assumed the presidency at the end of the previous season . A number of returning cast members have been confirmed to reprise their roles from previous seasons , while Alik Sakharov , who had helmed three episodes in season five , directed for the final season as well . New additions to the cast include Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear , who play siblings Annette and Bill Shepherd , the inheritors of an industrial conglomerate . The characters were inspired by the Koch brothers , as members of a family with the power to influence American politics . Joining them , Australian actor Cody Fern plays Annette 's ambitious son Duncan Shepherd . Lane had been casted to play Claire 's longtime friend prior to Spacey 's firing , with whom she had shot a number of scenes . However , as she told IndieWire , the writers `` managed to find the same trajectory for ( her ) character in terms of what she means to Claire . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards characters Robin Wright ( left ) will play the protagonist of the final season , accompanied by the longest - serving stars of the series , Michael Kelly ( middle ) and Jayne Atkinson ( right ) . According to reports on production , and a teaser trailer released by Netflix , the following actors will appear in the sixth season of House of Cards : Robin Wright as Claire Underwood Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson Campbell Scott as Mark Usher Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov Jeremy Holm as Nathan Green Diane Lane as Annette Shepherd Greg Kinnear as Bill Shepherd Cody Fern as Duncan Shepherd Marketing ( edit ) Promotional video intertitle -- Wright 's final words from season five were used to promote the final season , as the actress takes over lead duties following Spacey 's firing . External video `` House of Cards : Season 6 '' The official trailer for the sixth season . From March to October 2018 , Netflix released various promotional material for the sixth and final season of House of Cards . On March 4 , the first teaser premiered during the 90th Academy Awards ceremony . The teaser shows Robin Wright in the Oval Office as President Claire Underwood , declaring `` We 're just getting started , '' followed by an intertitle reading `` Hail to the Chief '' . On June 10 , Netflix released two first - look images from the final season . The first photo shows Wright listening to director Alik Sakharov , and the second shows her looking straight at the camera . On July 4 , the 242nd anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence , a video message was posted on House of Cards ' official Twitter account , with President Claire Underwood saying , `` Happy Independence Day ... to me . '' The message is followed by the hashtag # MyTurn . On August 7 , Netflix announced that the season would be released on November 2 , 2018 , and unveiled key art . The poster pays homage to the promotional image for the first season of the series , as Wright strikes the Lincoln Memorial pose , like Kevin Spacey had done before her . On August 27 , four images were published via a press release , which depict new cast members Diane Lane , Greg Kinnear and Cody Fern in their roles as members of the Shepherd family . A teaser trailer released on September 5 , revealed the fate of Frank Underwood , portrayed by Spacey who was fired from the show , months after the conclusion of the fifth season . It is shown that Frank died in 2017 , and has been buried next to his father in South Carolina . Claire visits her husband 's grave and says , `` I 'll tell you this though , Francis . When they bury me , it wo n't be in my backyard . And when they pay their respects , they 'll have to wait in line . '' This speech mirrors the one Frank gives in the third season of the series , when he visits his father 's grave . On September 27 , Netflix released a new teaser trailer that presents several new and returning characters . Claire is shown dealing with the aftermath of her husband 's death , and declaring that `` the reign of the middle - aged white man is over . '' On October 8 , Netflix released the official trailer for the season , which revolves around Claire 's power struggle , as she clashes with the American oligarchs and tries to forge her own path as President of the United States . On October 23 , critics began publishing reviews on the season , based on advance copies of the first five episodes that they had received from Netflix , after they had signed a letter of agreement . Reception ( edit ) Prior to the official release date of the season , Netflix sent the first five episodes to a number of critics , to serve as advance screeners . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 85 % based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 6.85 / 10 . The consensus reads , `` House of Cards folds slightly under the weight of its labyrinthian ending -- thankfully Robin Wright 's commanding performance is strong enough to keep it standing strong . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Kevin Lever of FilmEra wrote that `` with Wright at the forefront of the show now , House of Cards shines as it did in its early years . '' Lever described the production as `` stellar '' and the writing as `` reinvigorated '' . He noted that the show still has the feel of previous years , but it works best when it focuses on Claire , instead of dealing with holdover pieces . David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun wrote , `` I love TV drama that speaks to the cultural moment the way this series does . And , as I have said over and over , # MeToo is a landmark moment . '' Zurawik revealed that the season primarily focuses on gender issues ; the evil of patriarchy and the stench of misogyny . He stated that the episodes exceeded his expectations , and praised the performances of Wright , Lane and Kinnear . Christopher Hooton of The Independent described the episodes as `` slightly banal '' . He expressed his disappointment at the new characters that were introduced this season , and commented that `` Frank Underwood has left behind not only a power vacuum but an entertainment one . '' Hooton noted that ever since Frank became president at the end of season two , the series has drifted directionless , and after watching the first five episodes of the final season , it still remains unclear what the show is actually about . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Strause , Jackie ; Sandberg , Bryn ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Production Not Impacted by Active Shooter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Robin Wright : ' House Of Cards ' Was `` Very , Very Close '' To Cancellation Amid Spacey Scandal `` . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2018 . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melas , Chloe ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' season 6 resumes production without Kevin Spacey '' . CNN . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Robin Wright Celebrates Wrapping ' House of Cards ' After Kevin Spacey Scandal '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2018 . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Writers Rushing to Rewrite Season 6 After Kevin Spacey 's Exit ( Report ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2018 . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Robin Wright Led Charge To Save ' House Of Cards ' After Kevin Spacey Scandal , Patricia Clarkson Says '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2018 . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Shannon Miller ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : What the Final Season Would 've Looked Like If Kevin Spacey Had n't Been Fired '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 6 : First Look at Robin Wright 's President '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2018 . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Adds ' American Crime Story ' Alum Cody Fern for Season 6 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Claire Underwood in House of Cards ' final season : See new photos '' . CNET . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Unveils First Look at Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear Characters Inspired by Koch Brothers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Desta , Yohana ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` House of Cards Trailer : `` The Reign of the Middle - Aged White Man Is Over '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` The poster for the final season of ' House of Cards ' has lots of blood '' . Mashable . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mudano , Mike ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Hail to the Chief in the First Teaser for the Final Season of House of Cards '' . Paste . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : First - Look Images From Series ' Robin Wright - Led Final Season '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' Offers July 4th Message From The New President Underwood '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Poster Finds Robin Wright Taking Center Stage in Final Season '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of Cards '' Character Debut - No President Is Truly Loved by All `` . The Futon Critic . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Day , Harvey ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' has officially revealed the fate of Frank Underwood '' . ShortList . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Robin Wright 's Claire Underwood Takes on D.C. in New Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zurawik , David ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' final season : It 's all about gender , oligarchs , autocrats and lies . Sound familiar ? '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 6 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lever , Kevin ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` House of Cards : Season Six '' . FilmEra . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` House of Cards , season 6 , episodes 1 - 5 , spoiler - free review : Frank Underwood leaves behind a power vacuum , along with an entertainment one '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb House of Cards Book trilogy House of Cards ( 1989 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) BBC serials House of Cards ( 1990 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) Characters Francis Urquhart Netflix adaptation House of Cards ( 2013 ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood Other politicians Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Cards_(season_6)&oldid=866228820 '' Categories : House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will the next season of house of cards be released	[ "The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and is scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season will consist of only eight. The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations.\n" ]	[ "on November 2, 2018" ]
7037544018841087310	2018 College Football Playoff National Championship	2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . 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Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=833119359 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays in the national championship football game	[ "The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game." ]	[ "NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision" ]
-8249764890486643842	You Don't Know Me (Eddy Arnold song)	You Do n't Know Me ( Eddy Arnold song ) - wikipedia You Do n't Know Me ( Eddy Arnold song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Eddy Arnold song . For other uses , see You Do n't Know Me ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' Single by Eddy Arnold B - side `` The Rockin ' Mockin ' Bird '' Released 1956 Format 45 vinyl single Recorded 1955 Genre Country Length 2 : 34 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Eddy Arnold Cindy Walker `` You Do n't Know Me '' is a song written by Cindy Walker based on a title and storyline given to her by Eddy Arnold in 1955 . `` You Do n't Know Me '' was first recorded by Arnold that year and released as a single on April 21 , 1956 on RCA Victor . The first version of the song to make the Billboard charts was by Jerry Vale in 1956 , peaking at # 14 on the pop chart . Arnold 's version charted two months later , released as an RCA Victor single , 47 - 6502 , backed with `` The Rockin ' Mockin ' Bird '' , which reached # 10 on the Billboard country chart . Cash Box magazine , which combined all best - selling versions at one position , included a version by Carmen McRae that never appeared in the Billboard Top 100 Sides listing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Notable recorded versions 3 Charts 3.1 Eddy Arnold 3.2 Jerry Vale 3.3 Ray Charles 3.4 Elvis Presley 3.5 Ray Pennington 3.6 Mickey Gilley 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) In his book Eddy Arnold : Pioneer of the Nashville Sound , author Michael Streissguth describes how the song came to be : Cindy Walker , who had supplied Eddy with `` Take Me in Your Arms and Hold Me '' ( a number one country record in 1949 and Eddy 's first Cindy Walker release ) , recalled discussing the idea for `` You Do n't Know Me '' with Eddy as she was leaving one of Nashville 's annual disc - jockey conventions . `` I went up to the Victor suite to tell Steve Sholes good - bye , '' she explained , `` and just as I was leaving , Eddy came in the door . '' Walker remembered him saying , `` I got a song title for you ... ' You Do n't Know Me . ' '' `` But I know you , '' teased Walker . `` This is serious , replied Eddy , who proceeded to outline his idea . The songwriter promised to let the idea stew in her head for a while . And soon , she remembered , the lyrics tumbled onto the page . `` The song just started singing . It sort of wrote itself ... '' Notable recorded versions ( edit ) The best - selling version of the song is by Ray Charles , who took it to # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1962 , after releasing the song on his # 1 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music . This version also topped the `` Easy listening '' chart for three weeks in 1962 , and was used in the 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day . The song was the 12th number one country hit for Mickey Gilley in 1981 . The song has been performed or recorded by hundreds of artists , including Elvis Presley , Bob Dylan , and Willie Nelson . Charles re-recorded the song with Diana Krall on his # 1 album of duets , Genius Loves Company , the only song common to both of Charles ' two # 1 albums . It was sung by Meryl Streep in the 1990 film Postcards from the Edge , by John Legend in the 2007 Curb Your Enthusiasm episode `` The Bat Mitzvah '' , by Robert Downey Jr. in the 1998 film Two Girls and a Guy , and by Lizzy Caplan in the 2013 Masters of Sex episode `` Phallic Victories '' . This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( February 2011 ) Eddy Arnold ( 1955 ) Jerry Vale ( 1956 ) Jeanne Black ( 1960 ) Lenny Welch ( 1960 ) Patti Page ( 1961 ) on album Somethin ' Country The Anita Kerr Singers ( 1962 ) on album From Nashville The Hit Sound Ray Charles ( 1962 ) on album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Floyd Cramer ( 1964 ) on album Country Piano - City Strings Manfred Mann ( 1965 ) on album Mann Made Rick Nelson ( 1965 ) on album Best Always Jackie Wilson ( 1965 ) on album Spotlight on Jackie Wilson ! Jan Howard ( 1967 ) on album This Is Jan Howard Country Elvis Presley ( 1967 ) on album Clambake Ray Pennington ( 1970 ) on album Sings for the Other Woman Roy Orbison ( 1973 ) on album Milestones ( Roy Orbison album ) Steve Marriott ( 1976 ) on album Marriott Bette Midler ( 1977 ) on album Broken Blossom Kenny Loggins ( 1977 ) on album Celebrate Me Home Mickey Gilley ( 1981 ) on album You Do n't Know Me Juice Newton ( 1984 ) on album Ca n't Wait All Night Richard Manuel ( 1985 ) on album Whispering Pines : Live at the Getaway Bob James & David Sanborn ( 1986 ) on album Double Vision The Heptones ( 1986 ) on album Changing Times Don McLean ( 1989 ) on album For the Memories Vols I & II Marc Hunter ( 1989 ) on album Night and Day Israel Kamakawiwo'ole ( 1990 ) on album Ka ' Ano'i Charlie Rich ( 1992 ) on album Pictures and Paintings Emmylou Harris ( 1993 ) on album Cowgirl 's Prayer Allen Toussaint ( 1994 ) on album Bluesiana Hot Sauce Diane Schuur and B.B. King ( 1994 ) on album Heart to Heart World Saxophone Quartet with Fontella Bass ( 1994 ) on album Breath of Life Van Morrison ( 1995 ) on album Days Like This ( duet with his daughter Shana Morrison ) David Sanborn ( 1995 ) on album Love Songs Jann Arden ( 1997 ) for the soundtrack of My Best Friend 's Wedding Steven Houghton ( 1997 ) on album Steven Houghton Roseanna Vitro ( 1997 ) on album Catchin ' Some Rays : The Music of Ray Charles Kenny Rogers ( 1999 ) on album After Dark Patricia Barber ( 2000 ) on album Nightclub Jennifer Warnes ( 2001 ) with Doyle Bramhall on album The Well Anne Murray ( 2002 ) on album Country Croonin ' Michael Bolton ( 2003 ) on album Vintage Janis Siegel ( 2003 ) on album Friday Night Special Ray Charles and Diana Krall ( 2004 ) on album Genius Loves Company Harry Connick Jr ( 2004 ) on album Only You Peter Cincotti ( 2004 ) on album On the Moon Michael Bublé ( 2005 ) on album It 's Time ( listen ( help info ) ) John Scofield ( 2005 ) with Aaron Neville on album That 's What I Say : John Scofield Plays the Music of Ray Charles Willie Nelson ( 2006 ) on album You Do n't Know Me : The Songs of Cindy Walker Russell Watson ( 2007 ) on album That 's Life Leon Jackson ( 2008 ) on album Right Now Michael McDonald ( 2008 ) on album Soul Speak Gina Jeffreys ( 2010 ) on album , Old Paint Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) on album Michael Grimm Anna Wilson and Matt Giraud ( 2011 ) on album Countrypolitan Duets Lulu Roman ( 2013 ) on album At Last Michael Geier ( 2013 ) Ronnie Dunn ( 2014 ) on album Peace , Love , and Country Music Alison Krauss ( 2017 ) on album Windy City Charts ( edit ) Eddy Arnold ( edit ) Chart ( 1956 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Jerry Vale ( edit ) Chart ( 1956 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 14 Ray Charles ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Elvis Presley ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 44 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 34 Ray Pennington ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 61 Mickey Gilley ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs : You Do n't Know Me . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Arnold : Pioneer of the Nashville Sound '' . Upress.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Jeanne Black , A Little But Lonely '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puddles Pity Party - You Do n't Know Me '' . 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Arnold -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Eddy Arnold . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Vale -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Jerry Vale . Jump up ^ `` Ray Charles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ray Charles . Jump up ^ `` Ray Charles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Ray Charles . Jump up ^ `` Ray Charles -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Ray Charles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Elvis Presley . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Elvis Presley . Jump up ^ Illegal name entered Ray Pennington / Ray + Pennington / chart ? f = 357 `` Ray Pennington -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ray Pennington . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 0385 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 0402 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . External links ( edit ) Eddy Arnold : Pioneer of the Nashville Sound Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Roses Are Red ( My Love ) '' by Bobby Vinton `` Billboard '' Easy Listening number - one single by Ray Charles August 25 , 1962 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ramblin ' Rose '' by Nat `` King '' Cole Preceded by `` Older Women '' by Ronnie McDowell Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single by Mickey Gilley September 19 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Tight Fittin ' Jeans '' by Conway Twitty Preceded by `` Some Days Are Diamonds ( Some Days Are Stone ) '' by John Denver RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 26 - October 3 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Midnight Hauler '' by Razzy Bailey Eddy Arnold Studio albums I Want to Go with You The Everlovin ' World of Eddy Arnold So Many Ways / If the Whole World Stopped Lovin ' Songs `` Anytime '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` The Cattle Call '' `` Do n't Rob Another Man 's Castle '' `` Easy on the Eyes '' `` Eddy 's Song '' `` A Heart Full of Love ( For a Handful of Kisses ) '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` I Wanna Play House With You '' `` I Want to Go with You '' `` I 'll Hold You in My Heart '' `` I 'll Hold You in My Heart ( Till I Can Hold You in My Arms ) '' `` I 'm Throwing Rice ( At the Girl That I Love ) '' `` If I Had You '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` Just a Little Lovin ' ( Will Go a Long Way ) '' `` Just Call Me Lonesome '' `` Kentucky Waltz '' `` Lonely Again '' `` Make the World Go Away '' `` May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You '' `` Misty Blue '' `` San Francisco is a Lonely Town '' `` Somebody Like Me '' `` Texarkana Baby '' `` Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye '' `` There 's Been a Change in Me '' `` The Tip of My Fingers '' `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Turn the World Around '' `` What Is Life Without Love '' `` What 's He Doing in My World '' `` The Wheel of Hurt '' `` When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' Related articles Discography The Eddy Arnold Show Eddy Arnold Time Roy Wiggins Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Ray Charles Greatest Hits Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz True to Life Friendship Just Between Us Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Category Commons Wikiquote Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro ! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' 1989 `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s 1990 `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Know_Me_(Eddy_Arnold_song)&oldid=789383431 '' Categories : 1955 songs 1962 singles 1981 singles Songs written by Cindy Walker Songs written by Eddy Arnold Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Eddy Arnold songs Jeanne Black songs Ray Charles songs Mickey Gilley songs Van Morrison songs Willie Nelson songs Jerry Vale songs Elvis Presley songs Eva Cassidy songs RCA Records singles Epic Records singles Torch songs Harry Connick Jr. songs Hidden categories : Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote song you don't know me	[ "\"You Don't Know Me\" is a song written by Cindy Walker based on a title and storyline given to her by Eddy Arnold in 1955. \"You Don't Know Me\" was first recorded by Arnold that year and released as a single on April 21, 1956 on RCA Victor.[1] The first version of the song to make the Billboard charts was by Jerry Vale in 1956, peaking at #14 on the pop chart. Arnold's version charted two months later, released as an RCA Victor single, 47-6502, backed with \"The Rockin' Mockin' Bird\", which reached #10 on the Billboard country chart. Cash Box magazine, which combined all best-selling versions at one position, included a version by Carmen McRae that never appeared in the Billboard Top 100 Sides listing." ]	[ "Cindy Walker" ]
1574115165146762179	Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return to avoid remaining a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury . Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast received positive reviews from critics ; it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle . An IMAX version was released in 2002 that included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . In 2002 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A live - action remake of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early versions 3.2 Script rewrite and musicalization 3.3 Casting and recording 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Re-issues 4.2 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Adaptations 6.1 Broadway musical 6.2 Live - action film 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever . Ten years later , a beautiful girl named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing ( where the rose is kept ) , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library . Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but Gaston convinces the townsfolk to send Maurice to an insane asylum if Belle refuses to marry Gaston . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Back at her village , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into her basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , the servants fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He spares Gaston 's life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing and falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson 's voice had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' and that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Le Fou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Le Fou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool . Production ( edit ) Early versions ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version . Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film . Script re-write and musicalization ( edit ) Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston . These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why . Casting and recording ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast . Animation ( edit ) A frame from the `` Beauty and the Beast '' ballroom dance sequence . The background is animated using computer generated imagery which , when the traditionally animated characters are composited against it using Pixar 's CAPS system , gives the illusion of a dollying film camera . Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number . Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the late 1950s . CAPS also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer . In addition , CAPS allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation . Music ( edit ) See also : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired . During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . '' Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance . Release ( edit ) In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a 10 - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 . Reissues ( edit ) The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high resolution IMAX film negative . A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created . A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Blu - ray Diamond edition cover The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and Laserdisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the laserdisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release . Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 . A 25th anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 93 % and an average of 8.4 out of 10 based on reviews from 103 critics . The website 's general consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . '' Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year ` s most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen . '' Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant . In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant . Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third most - successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in North America . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend , however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million . Accolades ( edit ) Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories . While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the 7th best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institutes 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film Adaptations ( edit ) Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) According to an article in The Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Debbie Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth longest - running show in history . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , LeFou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 . Merchandise ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years . Video games ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) '' redirects here . For the 1996 sequel to The Last Ninja , see Beauty and the Beast ( Commodore 64 ) . There are several video games that are loosely based on the film : The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast and is an action platformer developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft for the NES . It was released in Europe in 1994 . Gaston is the final boss of the game because he wants to kill the Beast and marry Belle . The second video game based on the film was titled Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels . The third video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston . The fourth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and is an action platformer for the SNES . It was developed by Probe Entertainment and published by Hudson Soft in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 , 1995 . The game was published by Virgin Interactive in Japan on July 8 , 1994 . The entire game is played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects . The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 . The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again and follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . Gaston and Maurice do not appear until Kingdom Hearts χ , which takes place before the main series . After Gaston is defeated , the world 's primary antagonist becomes Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 1990s portal List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Gary Trousdale , Kirk Wise , Don Hahn and Alan Menken confirmed on the audio commentary that Gaston died after he fell off the rooftops . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Everett ( November 28 , 1993 ) . `` Disney Debut ; First stage musical , Beauty , will test waters in Houston '' . The Houston Chronicle . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK.com . NewsOK.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Simonson , Robert ( April 18 , 2000 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Celebrates Sixth Anniversary , April 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Patrick ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Awards : Tony Awards ' musical numbers are key to box - office success '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Disney taps Bill Condon to direct a live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . Hitfix . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson will be Disney 's new Belle in live - action musical ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Thompson will play Mrs. Potts in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . comingsoon.net. April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . broadwayworld.com . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . collider.com . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Thompson and Kevin Kline Join Beauty and the Beast , Release Date Set '' . comingsoon.net . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues Inspiring New Merchandise Coming to Disney Parks `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Princess Collection : Belle 's Sing Me a Story ( VHS ) : Princess Belle : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast - The Enchanted Christmas ( Special Edition ) : Paige O'Hara , Robby Benson , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , Bernadette Peters , Tim Curry , Haley Joel Osment , Frank Welker , Jeff Bennett , Jim Cummings , Kath Soucie , Paul Reubens , Andrew Knight , Daniel Lee , Susan Kapigian , Bill Motz , Bob Roth , Cindy Marcus , Flip Kobler : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast - Belle 's Magical World ( Special Edition ) : Jeff Bennett , Robby Benson , Paige O'Hara , Jim Cummings , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , Gregory Grudt , Rob Paulsen , Kimmy Robertson , Anne Rogers , Frank Welker , April Winchell , Barbara Dourmashkin , Bob Kline , Burt Medall , Cullen Blaine , Dale Case , Daniel de la Vega , Mitch Rochon , Alice Brown : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Cannot Resist The Joy Of ' Disney On Ice ' -- So Do n't Even Think About It ARTery '' . Artery.wbur.org . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release information '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) screenshots '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast for Genesis ( 1993 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . GamePro ( 61 ) . IDG . August 1994 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Board Game Adventure : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Metacritic Beauty and the Beast at TV.com Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at the TCM Movie Database Beauty and the Beast at The Big Cartoon DataBase Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Films directed by Gary Trousdale Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)&oldid=800443143 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic musical films 1991 animated films 3D re-releases American animated fantasy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American films American musical fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated films about death Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Film scores by Alan Menken Films about bibliophilia Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Gary Trousdale Films directed by Kirk Wise Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in the 18th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did disney make beauty and the beast	[ "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period, it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version),[6] and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau.[7] Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast (voice of Robby Benson),[8] a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance, and Belle (voice of Paige O'Hara),[8] a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle. To become a prince again, Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return to avoid remaining a monster forever. The film also features the voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, and Angela Lansbury.[8]" ]	[ "1991" ]
-2118815313875797275	State of Origin results and statistics	State of Origin results and statistics - wikipedia State of Origin results and statistics Jump to : navigation , search For the Australian rules football version , see State of Origin ( Australian rules football ) . State of Origin results and statistics have been accumulating since the 1980 State of Origin game . Every game played under State of Origin selection rules , including the additional 1987 exhibition match and the matches played between New South Wales and Queensland for the Super League Tri-series are detailed below unless stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 1.1 Series matches 1.2 One off matches 1.3 Super League 2 Statistics 2.1 Series 2.2 Matches 2.3 Grounds 2.4 Players 2.4. 1 Individual records 2.4. 2 Most Appearances 2.4. 3 Man of the Match awards 2.4. 4 Wally Lewis Medal 2.4. 5 Ron McAuliffe Medal 2.4. 6 Brad Fittler Medal 2.4. 7 New South Wales captains 2.4. 8 Queensland captains 2.5 Coaches 2.5. 1 New South Wales 2.5. 2 Queensland 2.6 Referees 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Results ( edit ) Series matches ( edit ) See also : State of Origin series Date Details Referee ( s ) Ground Crowd Man of the Match Tuesday , June 1 , 1982 New South Wales 20 ( Ziggy Niszczot 2 , Steve Mortimer , Brad Izzard tries ; Michael Cronin 4 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Mitch Brennan , John Ribot tries ; Mal Meninga 5 goals ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 27,326 Mal Meninga Tuesday , June 8 , 1982 Queensland 11 ( Gene Miles , John Ribot , Paul Vautin tries ; Colin Scott goal ) New South Wales 7 ( Brad Izzard try ; Tony Melrose 2 goals ) Barry Gomersall Lang Park 19,435 Rod Morris Tuesday , June 22 , 1982 Queensland 10 ( Wally Lewis , Rohan Hancock tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) New South Wales 5 ( Phil Duke try ; Michael Cronin goal ) Don Wilson Sydney Cricket Ground 20,242 Wally Lewis Tuesday , June 7 , 1983 Queensland 24 ( Wally Lewis 2 , Mark Murray tries ; Mal Meninga 6 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Steve Ella , Eric Grothe , Sr. tries ; Phil Sigsworth 2 goals ) Barry Gomersall Lang Park 29,412 Wally Lewis Tuesday , June 21 , 1983 New South Wales 10 ( Steve Ella , Neil Hunt tries ; Michael Cronin goal ) Queensland 6 ( Mal Meninga try ; Mal Meninga goal ) John Gocher Sydney Cricket Ground 21,620 Peter Sterling Tuesday , June 28 , 1983 Queensland 43 ( Mitch Brennan 2 , Greg Conescu , Bryan Niebling , Gene Miles , Steve Stacey , Dave Brown tries ; Mal Meninga 6 , Colin Scott goals ; Wally Lewis field goal ) New South Wales 22 ( Chris Anderson 3 , Steve Mortimer tries ; Michael Cronin 3 goals ) Robin Whitfield Lang Park 26,084 Wally Lewis Tuesday , May 29 , 1984 Queensland 29 ( Kerry Boustead 3 , Gene Miles , Wally Lewis , Paul Vautin tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ; Wally Lewis field goal ) New South Wales 12 ( Noel Cleal try ; Ross Conlon 4 goals ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 33,662 Wally Lewis Tuesday , June 19 , 1984 Queensland 14 ( Greg Dowling , Gene Miles tries ; Mal Meninga 3 goals ) New South Wales 2 ( Ross Conlon goal ) Barry Gomersall Sydney Cricket Ground 29,088 Wally Lewis Tuesday , July 17 , 1984 New South Wales 22 ( Brian Johnston 2 , Noel Cleal tries ; Ross Conlon 5 goals ) Queensland 12 ( Kerry Boustead , Bob Lindner tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 16,559 Steve Mortimer Tuesday , May 28 , 1985 New South Wales 18 ( Michael O ' Connor 2 tries ; Michael O'Connor 5 goals ) ) Queensland 2 ( Mal Meninga goal ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 33,011 Peter Wynn Tuesday , June 11 , 1985 New South Wales 21 ( Ben Elias , Brett Kenny , Steve Mortimer tries ; Michael O'Connor 4 goals ; Michael O'Connor field goal ) Queensland 14 ( Ian French , Bob Lindner tries ; Mal Meninga 3 goals ) Barry Gomersall Sydney Cricket Ground 39,068 Wally Lewis Tuesday , July 23 , 1985 Queensland 20 ( Dale Shearer 2 , Ian French , John Ribot tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Steve Ella try ; Michael O'Connor goal ) Barry Gomersall Lang Park 18,825 Wally Fullerton - Smith Tuesday , May 27 , 1986 New South Wales 22 ( Andrew Farrar , Garry Jack , Chris Mortimer , Royce Simmons tries ; Michael O'Connor 3 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Greg Dowling , Gene Miles tries ; Mal Meninga 4 goals ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 33,066 Royce Simmons Tuesday , June 10 , 1986 New South Wales 24 ( Noel Cleal , Wayne Pearce , Andrew Farrar Brett Kenny , Michel O'Connor tries ; Michel O'Connor 2 goals ) Queensland 20 ( Dale Shearer , Ian French , Les Kiss , Bob Lindner tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) Barry Gomersall Sydney Cricket Ground 40,707 Peter Sterling Tuesday , July 1 , 1986 New South Wales 18 ( Wayne Pearce , Peter Tunks , Michael O'Connor tries ; Michael O'Connor 3 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Gary Belcher , Greg Conescu , Les Kiss , Dale Shearer tries ) Kevin Roberts Lang Park 21,097 Brett Kenny Tuesday , June 2 , 1987 New South Wales 20 ( Michael O'Connor 2 , Les Davidson , Mark McGaw tries ; Michael O'Connor 2 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Dale Shearer , Tony Currie , Greg Dowling tries ; Gary Belcher , Peter Jackson goals ) Mick Stone Lang Park 33,411 Les Davidson Tuesday , June 16 , 1987 Queensland 12 ( Dale Shearer , Greg Dowling , Colin Scott tries ) New South Wales 6 ( Andrew Farrar try ; Michael O'Connor goal ) Barry Gomersall Sydney Cricket Ground 42,048 Peter Sterling Wednesday , July 15 , 1987 Queensland 10 ( Dale Shearer , Bob Lindner tries ; Dale Shearer goal ) New South Wales 8 ( David Boyle try ; Michael O'Connor 2 goals ) Barry Gomersall Lang Park 32,602 Allan Langer Tuesday , May 17 , 1988 Queensland 26 ( Allan Langer 2 , Gary Belcher , Peter Jackson , Alan McIndoe tries ; Gary Belcher 3 goals ) New South Wales 18 ( Mark McGaw , Andrew Ettingshausen , Michael O'Connor tries ; Michael O'Connor 3 goals ) Barry Gomersall Sydney Football Stadium 26,441 Allan Langer Tuesday , May 31 , 1988 Queensland 16 ( Sam Backo , Allan Langer tries ; Gary Belcher 4 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Michael O'Connor try ; Michael O'Connor goal ) Mick Stone Lang Park 31,817 Sam Backo Tuesday , June 21 , 1988 Queensland 38 ( Sam Backo 2 , Gary Belcher , Brett French , Joe Kilroy , Allan Langer , Wally Lewis tries ; Gary Belcher 5 goals ) New South Wales 22 ( Wayne Pearce , John Ferguson , Steve Hanson , Michael O'Connor tries ; Michael O'Connor 3 goals ) Greg McCallum Sydney Football Stadium 16,910 Sam Backo Tuesday , May 23 , 1989 Queensland 36 ( Mal Meninga 2 , Michael Hancock 2 , Allan Langer , Alan McIndoe , Bob Lindner tries ; Mal Meninga 4 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Andrew Ettingshausen try ; Laurie Daley goal ) Mick Stone Lang Park 33,088 Martin Bella Wednesday , June 14 , 1989 Queensland 16 ( Kerrod Walters , Wally Lewis , Michael Hancock tries ; Mal Meninga , Gary Belcher goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Laurie Daley , Chris Johns tries ; Greg Alexander 2 goals ) David Manson Sydney Football Stadium 40,000 Wally Lewis Wednesday , June 28 , 1989 Queensland 36 ( Dale Shearer 2 , Gary Belcher , Tony Currie , Kerrod Walters , Michael Hancock , Alan McIndoe tries ; Dale Shearer 4 goals ) New South Wales 16 ( David Trewhella , Bruce McGuire , Des Hasler tries ; Michael O'Connor 2 goals ) Greg McCallum Lang Park 33,260 Kerrod Walters Wednesday , May 9 , 1990 New South Wales 8 ( Mark McGaw try ; Michael O'Connor 2 goals ) Queensland 0 David Manson Sydney Football Stadium 41,235 Ben Elias Wednesday , May 30 , 1990 New South Wales 12 ( Ricky Stuart , Brad Mackay tries ; Rod Wishart 2 goals ) Queensland 6 ( Les Kiss try ; Mal Meninga goal ) Greg McCallum Olympic Park , Melbourne 25,800 Ricky Stuart Wednesday , June 13 , 1990 Queensland 14 ( Peter Jackson , Gary Belcher tries ; Gary Belcher 2 , Wally Lewis goals ) New South Wales 10 ( Mark McGaw , Glenn Lazarus tries ; Rod Wishart goal ) David Manson Lang Park 31,416 Bob Linder Wednesday , May 8 , 1991 Queensland 6 ( Mal Meninga try ; Mal Meninga goal ) New South Wales 4 ( Laurie Daley try ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 32,400 Wally Lewis Wednesday , May 29 , 1991 New South Wales 14 ( Mark McGaw , Chris Johns tries ; Michael O'Connor 3 goals ) Queensland 12 ( Dale Shearer , Willie Carne tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) David Manson Sydney Football Stadium 41,520 Steve Walters Wednesday , June 12 , 1991 Queensland 14 ( Dale Shearer , Paul Hauff , Michael Hancock tries ; Mal Meninga goal ) New South Wales 12 ( Chris Johns , Michael O'Connor , Des Hasler tries ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 33,226 Martin Bella Wednesday , May 6 , 1992 New South Wales 14 ( Bradley Clyde , Craig Salvatori tries ; Rod Wishart 3 goals ) Queensland 6 ( Allan Langer try ; Mal Meninga goal ) David Manson Sydney Football Stadium 40,039 Ben Elias Wednesday , May 20 , 1992 Queensland 5 ( Billy Moore try ; Allan Langer field goal ) New South Wales 4 ( Rod Wishart 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 31,500 Bob Linder Wednesday , June 3 , 1992 New South Wales 16 ( Andrew Ettingshausen , Ricky Stuart , John Cartwright tries ; Tim Brasher 2 goals ) Queensland 4 ( Mal Meninga 2 goals ) Eddie Ward Sydney Football Stadium 41,878 Ricky Stuart Monday , May 3 , 1993 New South Wales 14 ( Ricky Stuart , Rod Wishart tries ; Rod Wishart 3 goals ) Queensland 10 ( Willie Carne , Bob Linder tries ; Mal Meninga goal ) Greg McCallum Lang Park 33,000 Ricky Stuart Monday , May 17 , 1993 New South Wales 16 ( Laurie Daley , Brad Mackay , Rod Wishart tries ; Rod Wishart 2 goals ) Queensland 12 ( Mal Meninga , Kevin Walters tries ; Dale Shearer , Adrian Brunker goals ) Eddie Ward Sydney Football Stadium 41,895 Tim Brasher Monday , May 31 , 1993 Queensland 24 ( Willie Carne 2 , Bob Linder , Steve Walters tries ; Mal Meninga 2 , Julian O'Neill 2 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Andrew Ettingshausen , Paul Harragon tries ; Rod Wishart 2 goals ) Greg McCallum Lang Park 31,500 Dale Shearer Monday , May 23 , 1994 Queensland 16 ( Julian O'Neill , Willie Carne , Mark Coyne tries ; Mal Meninga 2 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Paul Harragon , Brad Mackay tries ; Rod Wishart , Graham Mackay goals ) Bill Harrigan Sydney Football Stadium 41,859 Willie Carne Wednesday , June 8 , 1994 New South Wales 14 ( Glenn Lazarus , Paul McGregor tries ; Tim Brasher 3 goals ) Queensland 0 Graham Annesley Melbourne Cricket Ground 87,161 Paul Harragon Monday , June 20 , 1994 New South Wales 27 ( Brett Mullins , Bradley Clyde , Laurie Daley , Brad Fittler tries ; Tim Brasher 4 goals ; Ben Elias 2 , Brad Fittler field goals ) Queensland 12 ( Steve Renouf , Andrew Gee tries Julian O'Neill 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 40,665 Ben Elias Monday , May 15 , 1995 Queensland 2 ( Wayne Bartrim goal ) New South Wales 0 Eddie Ward Sydney Football Stadium 39,841 Gary Larson Wednesday , May 31 , 1995 Queensland 20 ( Brett Dallas , Mark Coyne , Adrian Lam tries ; Wayne Bartrim 4 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Brett Rodwell , Jim Serdaris tries ; Rod Wishart 2 goals ) Eddie Ward Melbourne Cricket Ground 52,994 Jason Smith Monday , June 12 , 1995 Queensland 24 ( Brett Dallas , Jason Smith , Ben Ikin , Billy Moore tries ; Wayne Bartrim 4 goals ) New South Wales 16 ( Tim Brasher , Adam Muir , Rod Wishart tries ; Rod Wishart 2 goals ) David Manson Lang Park 40,189 Adrian Lam Monday , May 20 , 1996 New South Wales 14 ( Andrew Ettingshausen , Steve Menzies tries ; Andrew Johns 3 Goals ) Queensland 6 ( Allan Langer try ; Wayne Bartrim goal ) David Manson Lang Park 39,348 Geoff Toovey Monday , June 3 , 1996 New South Wales 18 ( Brett Mullins 2 , Rod Wishart tries ; Andrew Johns 3 goals ) Queensland 6 ( Steve Renouf try ; Julian O'Neill goal ) David Manson Sydney Football Stadium 41,955 Andrew Johns Monday , June 17 , 1996 New South Wales 15 ( Andrew Ettingshausen , Brett Mullins tries ; Andrew Johns 2 , Rod Wishart goals ; Brad Fittler field goal ) Queensland 14 ( Brett Dallas , Mark Coyne tries ; Willie Carne 3 goals ) David Manson Lang Park 38,217 Steve Menzies Wednesday , May 28 , 1997 New South Wales 8 ( Paul McGregor try ; Andrew Johns , Rod Wishart goals ) Queensland 6 ( Adrian Lam try ; Wayne Bartrim goal ) Kelvin Jeffes Lang Park 28,222 Geoff Toovey Wednesday , June 11 , 1997 New South Wales 15 ( Jim Dymock , Ken McGuinness , Nik Kosef tries ; John Simon goal ; John Simon field goal ) Queensland 14 ( Brett Dallas , Robbie O'Davis , Matt Sing tries ; Julian O'Neill goal ) David Manson Melbourne Cricket Ground 25,105 Paul McGregor Wednesday , June 25 , 1997 Queensland 18 ( Ben Ikin , Julian O'Neill , Mark Coyne tries ; Julian O'Neill 3 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Andrew Johns , Jamie Ainscough tries ; John Simon , Andrew Johns goals ) Eddie Ward Sydney Football Stadium 33,241 Gary Larson Friday , May 22 , 1998 Queensland 24 ( Steve Price , Tonie Carroll , Allan Langer , Kevin Walters tries ; Darren Lockyer 4 goals ) New South Wales 23 ( Laurie Daley , Tim Brasher , Steve Menzies , Rod Wishart , Brad Fittler tries ; Andrew Johns goal ; Andrew Johns field goal ) Bill Harrigan Sydney Football Stadium 36,070 Allan Langer Friday , June 5 , 1998 New South Wales 26 ( Paul McGregor 2 , Tim Brasher , Adam MacDougall , Brad Fittler tries ; Andrew Johns 3 goals ) Queensland 10 ( Wendell Sailor , Matt Sing tries ; Darren Lockyer goal ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 40,447 Rodney Howe Friday , June 19 , 1998 Queensland 19 ( Ben Ikin , Kevin Walters , Allan Langer tries ; Darren Lockyer 2 , Robbie O'Davis goals ; Jason Smith field goal ) New South Wales 4 ( Ken McGuinness try ) Bill Harrigan Sydney Football Stadium 38,952 Shane Webcke Wednesday , May 26 , 1999 Queensland 9 ( Mat Rogers 4 goals ; Mat Rogers field goal ) New South Wales 8 ( Anthony Mundine try ; Ryan Girdler 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 38,093 Jason Hetherington Wednesday , June 9 , 1999 New South Wales 12 ( Laurie Daley , Robbie Ross tries ; Ryan Girdler 2 goals ) Queensland 8 ( Mat Rogers try ; Mat Rogers 2 goals ) Steve Clark Stadium Australia 88,336 Laurie Daley Wednesday , June 23 , 1999 Queensland 10 ( Paul Green , Darren Lockyer tries ; Darren Lockyer goal ) drew New South Wales 10 ( Matt Geyer 2 tries ; Ryan Girdler goal ) Steve Clark Lang Park 39,371 Wendell Sailor Wednesday , May 10 , 2000 New South Wales 20 ( Adam MacDougall 2 , David Peachey , Ryan Girdler tries ; Ryan Girdler 2 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Adrian Lam 2 , Mat Rogers tries ; Mat Rogers , Darren Lockyer goals ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 61,511 Adam MacDougall Wednesday , May 24 , 2000 New South Wales 28 ( Scott Hill , David Furner , Shaun Timmins , Ryan Girdler , Brad Fittler tries ; Ryan Girdler 4 goals ) Queensland 10 ( Gorden Tallis try ; Mat Rogers 3 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 38,796 Tim Brasher Wednesday , June 7 , 2000 New South Wales 56 ( Ryan Girdler 3 , Matt Gidley 2 , Adam MacDougall , Andrew Johns , Adam Muir , Bryan Fletcher tries ; Ryan Girdler 10 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Mat Rogers , Gorden Tallis , David Smith tries ; Mat Rogers 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 58,767 Ryan Girdler Sunday , May 6 , 2001 Queensland 34 ( Carl Webb , John Buttigieg , John Doyle , Darren Lockyer , Darren Smith , Chris Walker tries ; Darren Lockyer 5 goals ) New South Wales 16 ( Matt Gidley , Trent Barrett , Brad Fittler tries ; Michael De Vere 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 38,909 Gorden Tallis Sunday , June 10 , 2001 New South Wales 26 ( Brad Fittler 2 , Jamie Ainscough , Trent Barrett , Luke Ricketson tries ; Ryan Girdler 3 goals ) Queensland 8 ( Chris Walker try ; Darren Lockyer 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 70,249 Trent Barrett Sunday , July 1 , 2001 Queensland 40 ( Chris Walker 2 , Darren Lockyer 2 , Paul Bowman 2 , Dane Carlaw , Allan Langer tries ; Darren Lockyer 4 goals ) New South Wales 14 ( Ryan Girdler 2 tries ; Ryan Girdler 3 goals ) Bill Harrigan Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre 49,441 Darren Lockyer Wednesday , May 22 , 2002 New South Wales 32 ( Brett Hodgson , Jamie Lyon , Timana Tahu , Matt Gidley , Andrew Johns tries ; Andrew Johns 4 , Brett Hodgson goals ; Andrew Johns , Trent Barrett field goals ) Queensland 4 ( Lote Tuqiri try ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 55,421 Andrew Johns Wednesday , June 5 , 2002 Queensland 26 ( Lote Tuqiri 3 , Dane Carlaw , Gorden Tallis tries ; Lote Tuqiri 3 goals ) New South Wales 18 ( Braith Anasta , Shaun Timmins , Luke Ricketson tries Andrew Johns 3 goals ) Bill Harrigan Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre 47,989 Chris McKenna Wednesday , June 26 , 2002 Queensland 18 ( Dane Carlaw , Shaun Berrigan , Lote Tuqiri , Shane Webcke tries ; Lote Tuqiri goal ) drew New South Wales 18 ( Jason Moodie 2 , Steve Menzies tries ; Andrew Johns 3 goals ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 74,842 Allan Langer Wednesday , June 11 , 2003 New South Wales 25 ( Anthony Minichiello 2 , Andrew Johns , Craig Wing tries ; Andrew Johns 4 goals ; Andrew Johns field goal ) Queensland 12 ( Gorden Tallis , Darren Lockyer tries ; Darren Lockyer 2 goals ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 52,429 Luke Bailey Wednesday , June 25 , 2003 New South Wales 27 ( Timana Tahu 2 , Ben Kennedy , Matt Gidley , Anthony Minichiello tries ; Andrew Johns 3 goals ; Andrew Johns field goal ) Queensland 4 ( Michael Crocker try ) Bill Harrigan Stadium Australia 79,132 Andrew Johns Wednesday , July 16 , 2003 Queensland 36 ( Matt Sing 3 , Brent Tate 2 , Cameron Smith , Michael Crocker tries ; Josh Hannay 4 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Timana Tahu try ; Andrew Johns goal ) Bill Harrigan Lang Park 52,130 Matt Sing Wednesday , May 26 , 2004 New South Wales 9 ( Shaun Timmins try ; Craig Fitzgibbon 2 goals ; Shaun Timmins field goal ) Queensland 8 ( Brent Tate , Scott Prince tries ) Sean Hampstead Stadium Australia 68,344 Shaun Timmons Wednesday , June 16 , 2004 Queensland 22 ( Billy Slater 2 , Dane Carlaw , Willie Tonga tries ; Cameron Smith 2 , Scott Prince goals ) New South Wales 18 ( Timana Tahu 2 , Luke Rooney tries ; Craig Fitzgibbon 3 goals ) Sean Hampstead Lang Park 52,478 Billy Slater Wednesday , July 7 , 2004 New South Wales 36 ( Mark Gasnier 2 , Luke Rooney , Trent Barrett , Anthony Minichiello , Brad Fittler tries ; Craig Fitzgibbon 5 , Mark Gasnier goals ) Queensland 14 ( Billy Slater , Matt Bowen tries ; Cameron Smith 3 goals ) Paul Simpkins Stadium Australia 82,487 Craig Fitzgibbon Wednesday , May 25 , 2005 Queensland 24 ( Ty Williams , Michael Crocker , Matt Bowen tries ; Cameron Smith 5 goals ; Darren Lockyer , Johnathan Thurston field goals ) New South Wales 20 ( Ben Kennedy , Luke Rooney , Mark Gasnier , Danny Buderus tries ; Craig Fitzgibbon 2 goals ) Paul Simpkins Lang Park 52,484 Steve Price Wednesday , June 15 , 2005 New South Wales 32 ( Anthony Minichiello 2 , Matt Cooper , Danny Buderus , Steve Menzies tries ; Andrew Johns 3 , Craig Fitzgibbon 3 goals ) Queensland 22 ( Petero Civoniceva , Brad Thorn , Billy Slater , Matt Bowen tries ; Cameron Smith 3 goals ) Steve Clark Stadium Australia 82,389 Andrew Johns Wednesday , July 6 , 2005 New South Wales 32 ( Matt King 3 , Braith Anasta , Mark Gasnier , Timana Tahu tries ; Andrew Johns 3 , Craig Fitzgibbon goals ) Queensland 10 ( Johnathan Thurston , Matt Bowen tries ; Cameron Smith goal ) Paul Simpkins Lang Park 52,436 Anthony Minichiello Wednesday , May 24 , 2006 New South Wales 17 ( Brett Finch , Matt King , Willie Mason tries ; Brett Hodgson 2 goals ; Brett Finch field goal ) Queensland 16 ( Greg Inglis 2 , Steve Bell tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) Sean Hampstead Stadium Australia 72,773 Willie Mason Wednesday , June 14 , 2006 Queensland 30 ( Adam Mogg 2 , Carl Webb , Justin Hodges , Shaun Berrigan tries ; Johnathan Thurston 5 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Timana Tahu try ; Brett Hodgson goal ) Steve Clark Lang Park 52,468 Darren Lockyer Wednesday , July 5 , 2006 Queensland 16 ( Adam Mogg , Brent Tate , Darren Lockyer tries ; Clinton Schifcofske 2 goals ) New South Wales 14 ( Eric Grothe , Jr. 2 , Matt King tries ; Brett Hodgson goal ) Steve Clark Docklands Stadium 54,833 Brent Tate Wednesday , 23 May 2007 Queensland 25 ( Greg Inglis 2 , Darren Lockyer , Steve Price tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 goals ; Johnathan Thurston field goal ) New South Wales 18 ( Matt Cooper , Jarryd Hayne , Nathan Hindmarsh tries ; Jamie Lyon 3 goals ) Paul Simpkins Lang Park 52,498 Johnathan Thurston Wednesday , June 13 , 2007 Queensland 10 ( Greg Inglis , Steve Bell tries ; Johnathan Thurston goal ) New South Wales 6 ( Brett Stewart try ; Jamie Lyon goal ) Shayne Hayne Stadium Australia 76,924 Cameron Smith Wednesday , July 4 , 2007 New South Wales 18 ( Jarryd Hayne , Matt King , Hazem El Masri tries ; Hazem El Masri 3 goals ) Queensland 4 ( Justin Hodges try ) Paul Simpkins Lang Park 52,469 Greg Bird Wednesday , May 21 , 2008 New South Wales 18 ( Anthony Quinn 2 , Brett Stewart , Anthony Laffranchi tries ; Craig Fitzggibbon goal ) Queesnland 10 ( Brent Tate , Israel Folau tries ; Johnathan Thurston goal ) Tony Archer Stadium Australia 67,620 Greg Bird Wednesday , June 11 , 2008 Queensland 30 ( Darius Boyd 2 , Ben Hannant , Israel Folau tries ; Johnathan Thurston 7 goals ) New South Wales 0 Tony Archer Lang Park 52,476 Greg Inglis Wednesday , July 2 , 2008 Queensland 16 ( Israel Folau 2 , Billy Slater tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) New South Wales 10 ( Matt Cooper try ; Craig Fitzgibbon 3 goals ) Tony Archer Stadium Australia 78,751 Israel Folau Wednesday , June 3 , 2009 Queensland 28 ( Greg Inglis 2 , Billy Slater , Johnathan Thurston , Darius Boyd tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 goals ) New South Wales 18 ( Ben Creagh , Craig Wing , Jarryd Hayne tries ; Kurt Gidley 3 goals ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Docklands Stadium 50,967 Johnathan Thurston Wednesday , June 24 , 2009 Queensland 24 ( Greg Inglis , Israel Folau , Darren Lockyer , Cameron Smith tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 goals ) New South Wales 14 ( Jarryd Hayne 2 , David Williams tries ; Kurt Gidley goal ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Stadium Australia 80,459 Sam Thaiday Wednesday , July 15 , 2009 New South Wales 28 ( Ben Creagh 2 , David Williams , Josh Morris tries ; Michael Ennis 3 , Kurt Gidley 3 goals ) Queensland 16 ( Dallas Johnson , Justin Hodges , Billy Slater tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Lang Park 52,439 Anthony Watmough Wednesday , May 26 , 2010 Queensland 28 ( Billy Slater , Darius Boyd , Greg Inglis , Darren Lockyer , Sam Thaiday tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 goals ) New South Wales 24 ( Jarryd Hayne , Anthony Watmough , Ben Creagh , Jamal Idris tries ; Jamie Lyon 4 goals ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Stadium Australia 68,753 Johnathan Thurston Wednesday , June 16 , 2010 Queensland 34 ( Israel Folau 2 , Darius Boyd , Greg Inglis , Willie Tonga , Cooper Cronk tries ; Johnathan Thurston 5 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Brett White try ; Michael Ennis goal ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Lang Park 52,452 Darren Lockyer Wednesday , July 7 , 2010 Queensland 23 ( Darius Boyd , Billy Slater , Willie Tonga , Nate Myles tries ; Johnathan Thurston 3 goals ; Darren Lockyer field goal ) New South Wales 18 ( Kurt Gidley , Paul Gallen , Greg Bird tries ; Michael Gordon 3 goals ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Stadium Australia 61,259 Billy Slater Wednesday , May 25 , 2011 Queensland 16 ( Johnathan Thurston , Jharal Yow Yeh , Billy Slater tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) New South Wales 12 ( Mitchell Pearce , Michael Jennings tries ; Jamie Soward 2 goals ) Tony Archer and Jared Maxwell Lang Park 52,144 Cameron Smith Wednesday , June 15 , 2011 New South Wales 18 ( Luke Lewis , Will Hopoate , Anthony Minichiello tries ; Jamie Soward 3 goals ) Queensland 8 ( Cameron Smith try ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) Ben Cummins and Shayne Hayne Stadium Australia 81,965 Paul Gallen Wednesday , July 6 , 2011 Queensland 34 ( Greg Inglis 2 , Cameron Smith , Billy Slater , Sam Thaiday , Jharal Yow Yeh tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 , Cameron Smith goals ) New South Wales 24 ( Greg Bird , Jarryd Hayne , Anthony Minichiello , Akulia Uate tries ; Jamie Soward 4 goals ) Tony Archer and Shayne Hayne Lang Park 52,498 Cameron Smith Wednesday , May 23 , 2012 Queensland 18 ( Darius Boyd 2 , Greg Inglis tries ; Johnathan Thurston 3 goals ) New South Wales 10 ( Akulia Uate , Michael Jennings tries ; Todd Carney goal ) Ben Cummins and Matt Cecchin Docklands Stadium 56,021 Nate Myles Wednesday , June 13 , 2012 New South Wales 16 ( Brett Stewart 2 , Josh Morris tries ; Todd Carney 2 goals ) Queensland 12 ( Ben Hannant , Greg Inglis tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) Tony Archer and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 83,110 Greg Bird Wednesday , July 4 , 2012 Queensland 21 ( Darius Boyd , Justin Hodges , Johnathan Thurston tries ; Johnathan Thurston 4 goals ; Cooper Cronk field goal ) New South Wales 20 ( Brett Morris , Josh Morris , Brett Stewart tries ; Todd Carney 4 goals ) Ben Cummins and Tony Archer Lang Park 52,437 Johnathan Thurston Wednesday , June 5 , 2013 New South Wales 14 ( Jarryd Hayne , Michael Jennings tries ; James Maloney 3 goals ) Queensland 6 ( Darius Boyd try ; Cameron Smith goal ) Shayne Hayne and Ashley Klein Stadium Australia 80,380 Luke Lewis Wednesday , June 26 , 2013 Queensland 26 ( Darius Boyd 2 , Greg Inglis , Sam Thaiday tries ; Johnathan Thurston 5 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Brett Morris try ; James Maloney goal ) Shayne Hayne and Ashley Klein Lang Park 51,690 Cameron Smith Wednesday , July 17 , 2013 Queensland 12 ( Johnathan Thurston , Justin Hodges tries ; Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) New South Wales 10 ( James McManus , Trent Merrin tries ; James Maloney goal ) Shanye Hayne and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 83,813 Brent Tate Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 New South Wales 12 ( Brett Morris , Jarryd Hayne tries ; Trent Hodkinson 2 goals ) Queensland 8 ( Darius Boyd 2 tries ) Shayne Hayne and Ben Cummins Lang Park 52,111 Jarryd Hayne Wednesday , June 18 , 2014 New South Wales 6 ( Trent Hodkinson try ; Trent Hodkinson goal ) Queensland 4 ( Johnathan Thurston 2 goals ) Shayne Hayne and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 83,421 Paul Gallen Wednesday , July 9 , 2014 Queensland 32 ( Cameron Smith , Billy Slater , Darius Boyd , Aidan Guerra , Cooper Cronk tries ; Johnathan Thurston 6 goals ) New South Wales 8 ( Josh Dugan try ; Trent Hodkinson 2 goals ) Ben Cummins and Gerard Sutton Lang Park 50,155 Corey Parker Wednesday , May 27 , 2015 Queensland 11 ( Cooper Cronk , Will Chambers tries ; Johnathan Thurston goal ; Cooper Cronk field goal ) New South Wales 10 ( Josh Morris , Beau Scott tries ; Trent Hodkinson goal ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 80,122 Cameron Smith Wednesday , June 17 , 2015 New South Wales 26 ( Michael Jennings , Josh Morris , Aaron Woods , Josh Dugan tries ; Trent Hodkinson 5 goals ) Queensland 18 ( Matt Scott , Greg Inglis , Matt Gillett tries ; Johnathan Thurston 3 goals ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Melbourne Cricket Ground 91,513 Michael Jennings Wednesday , July 8 , 2015 Queensland 52 ( Dane Gagai , Josh Papalii , Greg Inglis , Matt Gillett , Michael Morgan , Darius Boyd , Will Chambers , Aidan Guerra tries ; Johnathan Thurston 9 , Justin Hodges goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Michael Jennings try ; Trent Hodkinson goal ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Lang Park 52,500 Jonathan Thurston Wednesday , June 1 , 2016 Queensland 6 ( Dane Gagai try ; Johnathon Thurston goal ) New South Wales 4 ( Boyd Cordner try ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 80,251 Matt Gillett Wednesday , June 22 , 2016 Queensland 26 ( Dane Gagai 3 , Corey Oates tries ; Johnathon Thurston 5 goals ) New South Wales 16 ( Tyson Frizell , James Maloney tries ; Adam Reynolds 3 , James Maloney goals ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Lang Park 52,293 Cameron Smith Wednesday , July 13 , 2016 New South Wales 18 ( Tyson Frizell , David Fifita , Michael Jennings tries ; James Maloney 2 , Paul Gallen goals ) Queensland 14 ( Greg Inglis , Gavin Cooper , Darius Boyd tries ; Johnathan Thurston goal ) Gerard Sutton and Ben Cummins Stadium Australia 61,267 James Maloney Wednesday , May 31 , 2017 New South Wales 28 ( James Maloney , Mitchell Pearce , James Tedesco , Andrew Fifita , Jarryd Hayne tries ; James Maloney 4 goals ) Queensland 4 ( Corey Oates try ) Matt Cecchin and Gerard Sutton Lang Park 50,390 Andrew Fifita Wednesday , June 21 , 2017 Queensland 18 ( Dane Gagai 2 , Valentine Holmes tries ; Johnathan Thurston 3 goals ) New South Wales 16 ( Jarryd Hayne , Brett Morris , Mitchell Pearce tries ; James Maloney 2 goals ) Matt Cecchin and Gerard Sutton Stadium Australia 82,259 Josh Jackson Wednesday , July 12 , 2017 Queensland 22 ( Jarrod Wallace , Valentine Holmes 3 tries ; Cameron Smith 3 goals ) New South Wales 6 ( Josh Dugan tries ; James Maloney 1 goal ) Matt Cecchin and Gerard Sutton Lang Park 52,540 Cameron Smith One off matches ( edit ) The matches in 1980 and 1981 were one off experimental matches after New South Wales had already won the interstate series in both years . Both games count toward official statistics , but are not considered series . After Queensland had won the 1987 State of Origin series 2 - 1 , a further game was played in Long Beach , California to showcase rugby league to the American public . On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League announced that this game was to be classified as an `` official match '' and that the match would count towards the players ' individual statistics and overall match win - loss - draw records . However , the match has not counted towards series win - loss - draw records and the 1987 series still remains a 2 - 1 win to Queensland . Date Details Referee Ground Crowd 8 July 1980 Queensland 20 ( Kerry Boustead , Chris Close tries ; Mal Meninga 7 goals ) New South Wales 10 ( G. Brentnall , Tommy Raudonikis tries ; Mick Cronin 2 goals ) Billy Thompson Lang Park 33,210 28 July 1981 Queensland 22 ( Mal Meninga , Wally Lewis , Brad Backer , Chris Close tries ; Mal Meninga 5 goals ) New South Wales 15 ( Eric Grothe , Sr. 2 , Mick Cronin tries ; Mick Cronin 3 goals ) Kevin Steele Lang Park 25,613 6 August 1987 New South Wales 30 ( Mark McGaw , Jonathan Docking , Andrew Ettingshausen , Michael O'Connor , Cliff Lyons tries ; Michael O'Connor 5 goals ) Queensland 18 ( Dale Shearer , Tony Currie , Gene Miles tries ; Dale Shearer 3 goals ) Mick Stone Veterans Memorial Stadium 12,432 Super League ( edit ) Main article : Super League Tri-series New South Wales and Queensland played two matches against each other under State of Origin selection rules using players from the Super League ( Australia ) competition . These matches were not sanctioned by the Australian Rugby League and are not counted as official State of Origin series matches . The Tri-series also included both sides playing a game against New Zealand . Date Details Referee Ground Crowd 11 April 1997 New South Wales 38 ( Andrew Ettingshausen 3 , Ken Nagas 2 , David Peachey , Greg Alexander tries ; Ryan Girdler 5 goals ) Queensland 10 ( Wendell Sailor , Peter Ryan tries ; Mat Rogers goal ) Bill Harrigan Sydney Football Stadium 26,731 19 May 1997 New South Wales 23 ( Brett Mullins 3 , Matthew Ryan tries ; David Furner 3 goals ; Noel Goldthorpe field goal ) Queensland 22 ( Steve Renouf 2 , Tonie Carroll , Michael Hancock tries ; Mat Rogers 2 , Darren Lockyer goals ) Bill Harrigan Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre 35,570 Statistics ( edit ) Series ( edit ) Earliest start : 3 May ( 1993 ) Latest finish : 23 July ( 1985 ) Largest aggregate crowd : 224,135 ( 2015 ) With 2 games in Queensland : 187,374 ( 2005 ) Smallest Crowd : 67,003 ( 1982 ) Series Wins QLD : 21 Series Wins NSW : 13 Series Drawn : 2 Matches ( edit ) Largest crowd : 91,513 at Melbourne Cricket Ground ( Match 2 , 2015 ) Smallest crowd : 16,559 at Lang Park ( match 3 , 1984 ) , 12,439 at Veteran 's Stadium , Los Angeles , USA ( 1987 ) Most points scored : 72 , New South Wales d . Queensland 56 - 16 ( match 3 , 2000 ) Least points scored : 2 , Queensland d . New South Wales 2 - 0 ( match 1 , 1995 ) Total points scored : 1457 Queensland , 1459 New South Wales ( including game 1 , 2012 ) Most consecutive wins : 8 , Queensland ( match 2 , 1987 - match 3 , 1989 ) New South Wales wins : 47 Queensland wins : 60 * extra matches for Union Drawn matches : 2 Largest winning margin . 46 , Queensland d . New South Wales 52 - 6 ( Match 3 , 2015 ) Grounds ( edit ) Since 1988 either New South Wales or Queensland usually hosts two of the three matches on a rotational basis . Prior to this Queensland hosted two matches every year . In 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 one of the matches was played in Melbourne . The following venues have hosted State of Origin matches since 1980 . Venue City Number of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Lang Park Brisbane 44 52,540 16,559 Stadium Australia Sydney 20 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney 6 42,048 20,242 Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne 91,513 25,105 Docklands Stadium Melbourne 56,021 50,967 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre Brisbane 49,441 47,989 Olympic Park Stadium Melbourne 25,800 -- Veterans Memorial Stadium Long Beach , California 12,439 -- Players ( edit ) Individual records ( edit ) Most tries in a match : 3 -- Chris Anderson ( Game 3 , 1983 ) , Kerry Boustead ( Game 1 , 1984 ) , Ryan Girdler ( Game 3 , 2000 ) , Lote Tuqiri ( Game 2 , 2002 ) , Matt Sing ( Game 3 , 2003 ) , Matt King ( Game 3 , 2005 ) , Dane Gagai ( Game 2 , 2016 ) , Valentine Holmes ( Game 3 , 2017 ) . Most goals in a match : 10 -- Ryan Girdler ( Game 3 , 2000 ) Most field goals in a match : 2 -- Ben Elias ( Game 3 , 1994 ) Most points in a match : 32 -- Ryan Girdler ( Game 3 , 2000 ) Most appearances : 42 -- Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- Present ) Most consecutive matches : 36 -- Johnathan Thurston ( Game 1 , 2005 -- Game 3 , 2016 ) Most tries in State of Origin career : 17 -- Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- Present ) Most points in State of Origin career : 212 ( 5 tries , 102 goals , 2 field goals ) -- Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) Oldest player : Petero Civoniceva ( 36 years and 73 days -- Game 3 , 2012 ) Youngest player : Ben Ikin ( 18 years and 83 days -- Game 1 , 1995 ) Cameron Smith became the first player in State of Origin history to win 20 games , when Queensland won 32 -- 8 over New South Wales in Game III of the 2014 State of Origin series at the Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane . This has since been extended to 27 games as of Game III 2017 . Most Appearances ( edit ) Queensland 42 - Cameron Smith ( 2003 - 2017 ) 37 - Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 - 2017 ) 36 - Darren Lockyer ( 1998 - 2007 , 2009 - 2011 ) 34 - Allan Langer ( 1987 - 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2001 - 2002 ) 33 - Petero Civoniceva ( 2001 - 2012 ) 32 - Mal Meninga ( 1980 - 1986 , 1989 - 1994 ) 32 - Nate Myles ( 2006 - 2016 ) 31 - Wally Lewis ( 1980 - 1991 ) 30 - Greg Inglis ( 2006 - 2016 ) 29 - Steve Price ( 1998 - 2000 , 2002 - 2009 ) 29 - Sam Thaiday ( 2006 - 2017 ) 29 - Billy Slater ( 2004 - 2005 , 2008 - 2015 , 2017 ) 28 - Darius Boyd ( 2008 - 2017 ) 26 - Dale Shearer ( 1985 - 1987 , 1989 - 1993 , 1995 - 1996 ) 25 - Bob Lindner ( 1984 - 1993 ) 24 - Justin Hodges ( 2002 -- 04 , 2006 -- 09 , 2011 -- 15 ) New South Wales 31 - Brad Fittler ( 1990 - 1996 , 1998 - 2001 , 2004 ) 27 - Andrew Ettingshausen ( 1987 - 1994 , 1996 , 1998 ) 24 - Paul Gallen ( 2006 - 2016 ) 23 - Laurie Daley ( 1989 - 1994 , 1996 , 1998 - 1999 ) 23 - Andrew Johns ( 1995 - 2000 , 2002 - 2003 , 2005 ) 22 - Jarryd Hayne ( 2007 - 2014 , 2017 ) 22 - Rod Wishart ( 1990 - 1998 ) 21 - Danny Buderus ( 2002 - 2008 ) 21 - Steven Menzies ( 1995 - 1998 , 2001 - 2002 , 2005 -- 2006 ) 21 - Tim Brasher ( 1992 - 1998 , 2000 ) 20 - Paul Harragon ( 1992 - 1998 ) 19 - Glen Lazarus ( 1989 - 1994 , 1996 , 1998 - 1999 ) 19 - Ben Elias ( 1985 , 1988 , 1990 - 1994 ) 19 - Michael O'Connor ( 1985 - 1991 ) 18 - Mitchell Pearce ( 2008 , 2010 - 13 , 2015 , 2017 ) Man of the Match awards ( edit ) Player State Number of awards Wally Lewis Queensland 8 Cameron Smith Queensland 7 Johnathan Thurston Queensland 5 Peter Sterling New South Wales Allan Langer Queensland Andrew Johns New South Wales Ricky Stuart New South Wales Ben Elias New South Wales Darren Lockyer Queensland Greg Bird New South Wales Chris Close Queensland Sam Backo Queensland Martin Bella Queensland Bob Lindner Queensland Geoff Toovey New South Wales Gary Larson Queensland Tim Brasher New South Wales Billy Slater Queensland Brent Tate Queensland Paul Gallen New South Wales Mal Meninga Queensland Rod Morris Queensland Steve Mortimer New South Wales Peter Wynn New South Wales Wally Fullerton - Smith Queensland Royce Simmons New South Wales Brett Kenny New South Wales Les Davidson New South Wales Kerrod Walters Queensland Steve Walters Queensland Dale Shearer Queensland Willie Carne Queensland Paul Harragon New South Wales Jason Smith Queensland Adrian Lam Queensland Steve Menzies New South Wales Paul McGregor New South Wales Rodney Howe New South Wales Shane Webcke Queensland Jason Hetherington Queensland Laurie Daley New South Wales Wendell Sailor Queensland Adam MacDougall New South Wales Ryan Girdler New South Wales Gorden Tallis Queensland Trent Barrett New South Wales Chris McKenna Queensland Luke Bailey New South Wales Matt Sing Queensland Shaun Timmins New South Wales Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Steve Price Queensland Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Willie Mason New South Wales Greg Inglis Queensland Israel Folau Queensland Sam Thaiday Queensland Anthony Watmough New South Wales Nate Myles Queensland Luke Lewis New South Wales Jarryd Hayne New South Wales Corey Parker Queensland Michael Jennings New South Wales Matt Gillett Queensland Andrew Fifita New South Wales Josh Jackson New South Wales Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series . Since 2004 it has been awarded to the player of the series , irrespective of state . The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series . Year Player State Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Billy Slater Queensland 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland 2012 Nate Myles Queensland 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales 2015 Corey Parker Queensland 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Ron McAuliffe Medal ( edit ) The following players have been awarded the Ron McAuliffe Medal for Queensland player of the series . From 1992 to 2003 , the award was the `` Wally Lewis Medal '' , however after 2003 , this medal was dedicated to the player of the series from both teams , and thus the award for Queensland Player of the Series was awarded with the `` Ron McAuliffe '' Medal . Year Player 1992 Allan Langer 1993 Bob Lindner 1994 Billy Moore 1995 Gary Larson Allan Langer 1997 Robbie O'Davis 1998 Allan Langer 1999 Jason Hetherington 2000 Darren Smith 2001 Darren Lockyer 2002 Shane Webcke 2003 Darren Lockyer Steve Price 2005 Cameron Smith 2006 Darren Lockyer 2007 Cameron Smith 2008 Petero Civoniceva 2009 Greg Inglis Sam Thaiday 2011 Petero Civoniceva 2012 Nate Myles 2013 Cameron Smith 2014 Nate Myles 2015 Cameron Smith 2016 Darius Boyd Brad Fittler Medal ( edit ) The following players have been awarded the Brad Fittler Medal for New South Wales player of the series . Year Player 2005 Matt King 2006 Steve Menzies 2007 Jarryd Hayne 2008 Danny Buderus 2009 Jarryd Hayne Kurt Gidley 2011 Paul Gallen 2012 Robbie Farah 2013 Greg Bird 2014 Jarryd Hayne & Ryan Hoffman 2015 Josh Dugan 2016 Josh Jackson New South Wales captains ( edit ) Years Name Matches 2011 -- 2016 Paul Gallen 15 2004 -- 2008 Danny Buderus 15 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 2001 Brad Fittler 14 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 -- 1999 Laurie Daley 13 1985 -- 1988 Wayne Pearce 10 2002 -- 2003 Andrew Johns 6 1982 -- 1983 Max Krilich 6 1990 -- 1991 Ben Elias 6 2009 -- 2010 Kurt Gidley 5 1984 -- 1985 Steve Mortimer 1989 Gavin Miller 1997 Geoff Toovey 1984 Ray Price 2013 , 2015 Robbie Farah 2017 -- Boyd Cordner 1980 Tommy Raudonikis 1981 Steve Rogers Trent Barrett Queensland captains ( edit ) Years Name Matches 1981 -- 1991 Wally Lewis 29 2001 , 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2011 Darren Lockyer 22 2008 , 2012 -- Present Cameron Smith 17 1992 -- 1994 Mal Meninga 9 1997 , 1999 -- 2000 Adrian Lam 8 2001 -- 2003 Gorden Tallis 7 1996 , 1998 Allan Langer 5 1995 -- 1996 Trevor Gillmeister 1988 , 1990 Paul Vautin 1980 Arthur Beetson 1999 Kevin Walters Shane Webcke Coaches ( edit ) New South Wales ( edit ) Name Won Lost Draw Ted Glossop ( 1980 - 1981 , 1983 ) 0 Frank Stanton ( 1982 , 1984 ) 0 Terry Fearnley ( 1985 ) 0 Ron Willey ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 5 0 John Peard ( 1988 ) 0 0 Jack Gibson ( 1989 - 1990 ) 0 Tim Sheens ( 1991 ) 0 Phil Gould ( 1992 - 1996 , 2002 - 2004 ) 14 9 Tom Raudonikis ( 1997 - 1998 ) 0 Wayne Pearce ( 1999 - 2001 ) 5 Ricky Stuart ( 2005 , 2011 - 2012 ) 5 0 Graham Murray ( 2006 - 2007 ) 0 Craig Bellamy ( 2008 - 2010 ) 7 0 Laurie Daley ( 2013 -- Present ) 6 7 0 Queensland ( edit ) Name Won Lost Draw John MacDonald ( 1980 ) 0 0 Arthur Beetson ( 1981 - 1984 , 1989 - 1990 ) 11 5 0 Des Morris ( 1985 ) 0 Wayne Bennett ( 1986 - 1988 , 1998 , 2001 - 2003 ) 11 10 Graham Lowe ( 1991 - 1992 ) 0 Wally Lewis ( 1993 - 1994 ) 0 Paul Vautin ( 1995 - 1997 ) 5 0 Mark Murray ( 1999 - 2000 ) Michael Hagan ( 2004 - 2005 ) 0 Mal Meninga ( 2006 - 2015 ) 22 11 0 Kevin Walters ( 2016 -- Present ) 0 Referees ( edit ) The following referees have controlled State of Origin series matches . Name State / Country Games NSW wins Qld wins Drawn Bill Harrigan New South Wales 21 9 11 Ben Cummins New South Wales 14 6 8 0 David Manson Queensland and New South Wales and Victoria 10 7 0 Tony Archer New South Wales 10 8 0 Shayne Hayne New South Wales 10 8 0 Barry Gomersall Queensland 9 7 0 Gerard Sutton New South Wales 7 0 Kevin Roberts New South Wales 6 5 0 Greg McCallum New South Wales 5 0 Eddie Ward Queensland 5 0 Steven Clark New South Wales 5 Paul Simpkins New South Wales 0 Michael Stone New South Wales 0 Sean Hampstead New South Wales 0 Matt Cecchin New South Wales 0 Graham Annesley New South Wales 0 0 John Gocher New South Wales 0 0 Kelvin Jeffes New South Wales 0 0 Kevin Steel New Zealand 0 0 Billy Thompson Great Britain 0 0 Robin Whitfield Great Britain 0 0 Don Wilson New Zealand 0 0 Jared Maxwell New South Wales 0 0 Bill Harrigan also refereed both matches between New South Wales and Queensland in the Super League Tri-series . Most games in a row : 12 ( Bill Harrigan ) See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal List of NRL records List of records in the National Youth Competition ( rugby league ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since the completion of Stadium Australia , now Telstra Stadium , in 1999 , New South Wales has a significantly larger stadium than any in Queensland . This means that a series with two games in New South Wales , or with one at the even larger Melbourne Cricket Ground , has the potential for a larger attendance than any series with two matches in Queensland . Sources ( edit ) Former Origin Greats ( FOGS ) website World of Rugby League website State of Origin Past Series Winners at australianrugbyleague.com.au External links ( edit ) State of Origin records at nswrl.com RL1908 's State of Origin All - time Statistics stateoforigin.com.au Official state of origin website State of Origin at stats.rleague.com State of Origin at rugbyleagueproject.com State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_results_and_statistics&oldid=803717167 '' Categories : Rugby League State of Origin Australian rugby league lists Rugby league records Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has scored the most tries in state of origin history	[ "Most tries in a match: 3 – Chris Anderson (Game 3, 1983), Kerry Boustead (Game 1, 1984), Ryan Girdler (Game 3, 2000), Lote Tuqiri (Game 2, 2002), Matt Sing (Game 3, 2003), Matt King (Game 3, 2005), Dane Gagai (Game 2, 2016), Valentine Holmes (Game 3, 2017).\nMost goals in a match: 10 – Ryan Girdler (Game 3, 2000)\nMost field goals in a match: 2 – Ben Elias (Game 3, 1994)\nMost points in a match: 32 – Ryan Girdler (Game 3, 2000)\nMost appearances: 42 – Cameron Smith (2003–Present)\nMost consecutive matches: 36 – Johnathan Thurston (Game 1, 2005 – Game 3, 2016)\nMost tries in State of Origin career: 17 – Greg Inglis (2006–Present)\nMost points in State of Origin career: 212 (5 tries, 102 goals, 2 field goals) – Johnathan Thurston (2005–2017)\nOldest player: Petero Civoniceva (36 years and 73 days – Game 3, 2012)\nYoungest player: Ben Ikin (18 years and 83 days – Game 1, 1995)" ]	[ "Greg Inglis" ]
-3352072752674680266	Solo: A Star Wars Story	Solo : a Star Wars Story - Wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story 2018 American epic space opera film in the Star Wars franchise Solo : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell John Williams ( Han Solo theme and original Star Wars music ) Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $275 million Box office $342 million Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo . Directed by Ron Howard , it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016 's Rogue One . The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope , and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca , as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . George Lucas began development on the film in 2012 . He commissioned Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay , which was completed by his son Jonathan after Kasdan was hired to write Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . With an estimated budget of at least $250 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made and will need to gross at least $500 million to break even . The film had its world premiere in Los Angeles on May 10 , 2018 , and also screened on May 15 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , before its United States release on May 25 , 2018 in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . It has grossed $342 million worldwide and received generally favorable reviews from critics , with praise for the cast ( particularly Ehrenreich and Glover ) , visuals and action sequences , although many noted that the film added `` nothing new '' to the Star Wars franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other territories 5.2 Critical response 6 Possible sequels 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On Corellia , orphaned children are made to steal in order to survive . Lovers Han and Qi'ra make an escape from the clutches of a local gang . They bribe an Imperial officer with a stolen sample of coaxium , a powerful hyperspace fuel , in exchange for passage on an outgoing transport , but Qi'ra is apprehended by their pursuers before she can board . Han vows to return for her and joins the Imperial Navy as a flight cadet . When the recruiting officer asks for his surname , Han says he is alone with no family , and the recruiter gives him the last name `` Solo '' . Three years later , Han is expelled from the Imperial Flight Academy for insubordination and is serving as an infantryman on Mimban . He encounters a group of criminals posing as Imperial soldiers led by Tobias Beckett . Han attempts to blackmail them into taking him with them , but Beckett has him arrested for desertion and thrown into a pit to be fed to a beast -- a Wookiee named Chewbacca . Able to understand Chewbacca 's language , Han persuades him to cooperate to escape . Beckett rescues and enlists them in the gang to steal a shipment of coaxium on Vandor - 1 . The plan goes awry when the Cloud Riders show up , led by Enfys Nest , resulting in the deaths of two crew members , Rio Durant and Beckett 's wife Val , and the destruction of the coaxium . Beckett reveals he was ordered to steal the shipment for Dryden Vos , a high - ranking crime boss in the Crimson Dawn syndicate . Han and Chewbacca volunteer to help him steal another shipment to repay the debt . They travel to Vos 's yacht where Han finds Qi'ra , who has joined Crimson Dawn and is Vos 's top lieutenant . Han suggests a risky plan to steal unrefined coaxium from the mines on Kessel ; Vos approves but insists that Qi'ra accompany the team . She leads them to Lando Calrissian , an accomplished smuggler and pilot who she hopes will lend them his ship . Han challenges Lando to a game of sabacc , with the wager being Lando 's ship . Lando cheats to win but agrees to join the mission in exchange for a share of the profits . After reaching Kessel in Millennium Falcon and infiltrating the mine , Lando 's droid co-pilot L3 - 37 instigates a slave revolt . In the confusion , they steal the coaxium , but L3 is severely damaged and Lando is injured during the escape . With the help of L3 's navigational computer , hotwired into the ship 's systems , Han pilots the ship through a dangerous uncharted route to elude an Imperial blockade . The Falcon , badly damaged , lands on the planet Savareen to process the coaxium . During a confrontation with Enfys , who tracked the team from Vandor , Lando flees in the Falcon . Enfys explains to Han that she and her crew are not pirates , but rebels trying to prevent the syndicates and Empire from gaining power . Han becomes sympathetic to their cause and tries to trick Vos , but Beckett has already alerted him to the double - cross . Vos sends his guards to kill Enfys , but the Cloud Riders overpower them instead , leaving Vos defenseless . Having anticipated Vos 's strategy , Han tries to take the coaxium , only for Beckett to betray Vos , escaping with it and taking Chewbacca hostage . Qi'ra kills Vos and sends Han after Beckett ; once alone , she contacts Vos 's superior , Maul , to inform him of the mission 's failure and claim Vos 's position . She avoids speaking of Han 's involvement , instead blaming everything on Beckett . Han catches up to Beckett and confronts him . Han shoots Beckett first before he can shoot him , and with his dying words Beckett tells Han he made the smart choice . Qi'ra leaves in Vos ' yacht , while Han and Chewbacca turn the coaxium over to Enfys . She offers Han a chance to join the rebellion against the Empire ; when he declines , she gives him a vial of coaxium , enough to buy a ship of his own . Han and Chewbacca locate Lando and challenge him to a rematch in sabacc , once again wagering the Falcon . Han wins , having stolen the card Lando was keeping up his sleeve in order to cheat , and he and Chewbacca leave for Tatooine , where a `` big - shot gangster '' is putting together a job . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo : A cynical smuggler who is a part of Beckett 's crew . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated , `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' Harrison Ford , who previously portrayed the character in the original and sequel trilogy saga films , met with Ehrenreich , giving him some insight and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett : A criminal and Han 's mentor . The character of Beckett was based on Long John Silver from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra : Han 's former lover . Describing her character , Clarke said : `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian : A smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . The original Lando actor , Billy Dee Williams , met with Glover , giving him some insight and words of advice about the character . Thandie Newton as Val : Beckett 's wife , a fellow criminal and member of her husband 's crew . Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 : Lando 's droid companion and navigator . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca : Han 's Wookiee sidekick and best friend , who also serves as his first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos : A ruthless crime lord who has a history with Beckett . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a scarred near - human alien lifeform . Erin Kellyman appears as Enfys Nest , the leader of a gang of pirates called Cloud Riders . Jon Favreau voices Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character '' and member of Beckett 's crew , and Linda Hunt voices Lady Proxima , the serpent - like leader of the gang to which teenage Han and Qi'ra belong . Ian Kenny portrays Rebolt while Clint Howard portrays Ralakili . Additionally , Anthony Daniels cameos as Tak , enslaved alongside Chewbacca , Kiran Shah plays Karjj and Warwick Davis briefly reprises his role from the film The Phantom Menace as Weazel , a Cloud Rider . Ray Park reprises his role as Maul , with Sam Witwer providing the character 's voice , reprising the role from the Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels animated TV series . Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portrayed Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively -- two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars Legends comics published by Dark Horse Comics . The scene was not included in the finished film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012 , George Lucas had already started development on a film about a young Han Solo , and hired veteran Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay . When Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan , who had been helping him , in charge of writing Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , written by Kasdan and Simon Kinberg , respectively . Shortly thereafter , it was reported that Disney was working on two films , featuring Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the sequel trilogy : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project was to be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's Wookiee friend Chewbacca was also set to appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) In January 2016 , a list of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist for the role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time , '' adding that they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi , where he shared it with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Ron Howard took over directing duties midway through production , reshooting 70 % of the film . Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . By February 10 , the film had spent $54.5 million on production . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Monte Piana in the Dolomites in Veneto , Italy , and to the Canary Islands . Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia and hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich because they were unhappy with his performance . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller announced the directors had left the project , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo only to add `` a comedic touch '' . Lucasfilm also felt the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word '' , Lord and Miller shot several takes exactly as written , then shot additional takes . Lord and Miller refused to compromise on certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than Lucasfilm expected , thereby reducing the options available in editing . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage so far . It was reported that Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who had previously turned down an offer from Lucas to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done and help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 ; the production did not want to wait for his availability to make a release in May 2018 . Lucas , Howard 's friend , mentor and collaborator , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage Howard on his first day shooting . Intended as a short meeting , Lucas spent the whole day with the crew . While Lucas had not meant to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' ; Howard included his suggestion . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed , and revealed the title of the film . During production , Howard utilized rear - projection visual effects for the Millennium Falcon cockpit scenes , an updated version of what was used in the Original Trilogy . In March 2018 , after it was reported Howard had reshot around 70 % of the film , it was announced that Lord and Miller would not challenge for director credit and instead agreed to executive producer credits . Post-production wrapped on April 22 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) John Williams ' involvement was actually a huge factor in my wanting to take this gig . I have such respect -- perhaps awe is a better term -- for the musical history of this series that being able to have the film - scoring equivalent of Yoda be part of it was a massive incentive , and an obvious advantage that I could not let pass . The actual experience of being allowed to see into John 's process ? I could n't imagine a greater gift . -- John Powell on agreeing to score Solo . In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams composed and conducted the Han Solo theme , `` The Adventures of Han '' , for the film . Powell began writing the music in late 2017 after finishing his work on Ferdinand . In December 2017 , Williams wrote two musical pieces and combined them to create Han 's theme . The following month , Williams recorded the demos with the Recording Arts Orchestra of Los Angeles at the Newman Scoring Stage . Powell interpolated Williams ' new theme into his score , as well as incorporating music by Williams from previous films , including the Star Wars main title , and several motifs and cues from A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and The Phantom Menace . Powell revealed the track listing on his Instagram page . Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25 . Solo : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Powell Released May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 17 : 11 Label Walt Disney Producer John Powell John Powell chronology Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Ferdinand 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2018 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World 2018 Star Wars soundtrack chronology The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) Solo2018 All music composed by John Powell , except where noted . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` The Adventures of Han '' John Williams 3 : 52 2 . `` Meet Han '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 2 : 22 3 . `` Corellia Chase '' John Powell 3 : 36 4 . `` Spaceport '' John Powell 4 : 09 5 . `` Flying with Chewie '' John Powell 3 : 34 6 . `` Train Heist '' John Powell 4 : 51 7 . `` Marauders Arrive '' John Powell 5 : 16 8 . `` Chicken in the Pot '' John Powell 2 : 12 9 . `` Is This Seat Taken ? '' John Powell 2 : 39 10 . `` L3 & Millennium Falcon '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 3 : 19 11 . `` Lando 's Closet '' John Powell 2 : 14 12 . `` Mine Mission '' John Powell 4 : 14 13 . `` Break Out '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 18 14 . `` The Good Guy '' John Powell 5 : 28 15 . `` Reminiscence Therapy '' ( Includes `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Fanfare '' , `` TIE Fighter Attack '' , `` The Asteroid Field '' , and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 14 16 . `` Into the Maw '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 4 : 52 17 . `` Savareen Stand - Off '' John Powell 4 : 28 18 . `` Good Thing You Were Listening '' John Powell 2 : 11 19 . `` Testing Allegiance '' John Powell 4 : 23 20 . `` Dice & Roll '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 1 : 59 Total length : 77 : 11 Release ( edit ) Cast , director and producer promoting the film at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . Solo : A Star Wars Story had its world premiere on May 10 , 2018 in Los Angeles , and also screened on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film debuted in selected countries on May 23rd and had its US release on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of the release of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope , in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film . Both characters became unlockable on May 17 , 2018 , via a two - day limited - time event titled `` Preparation Perfection '' . Home Media ( edit ) Solo : A Star Wars Story will be released on digital streaming platforms , as well as on Blu - ray and DVD , in September 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 18 , 2018 , Solo : A Star Wars Story has grossed $194.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $147.1 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $342 million . With an estimated production budget of around $250 million ( and some sources listing it at more than $300 million ) , the film will need to gross at least $500 million worldwide in order to break even . A week after its worldwide debut of just $147.5 million , Variety wrote that the film would lose Disney `` tens of millions of dollars '' off a projected final total gross of $400 -- 450 million while The Hollywood Reporter estimated the losses would range from $50 -- 80 million . In June 2018 , in response to the film 's poor commercial performance , director Ron Howard tweeted he was proud of the film , and sorry that fans were not turning out to see it , but was happy for those who had enjoyed it . United States and Canada ( edit ) Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing around $170 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . Deadline Hollywood noted that it was tracking higher than the previous Star Wars spin - off film , Rogue One ( which debuted to $155 million ) , and had more interest from audiences than the likes of fellow blockbusters Spider - Man : Homecoming and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . After its first day of pre-sales , Fandango announced the film was the second - best seller of advance tickets in 2018 , after Avengers : Infinity War . At the week of its release , projections had the film making $135 -- 170 million over the four - day frame , with Disney predicting a $130 -- 150 million debut . The film opened in 4,381 theaters , the ninth - highest total ever , including 3,300 3D locations and 400 IMAX screens . It grossed $14.1 million from Thursday night previews , the lowest of the Disney Star Wars films but the best - ever for Memorial Day weekend , besting the $13.2 million made by Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 . Including Thursday previews , the film made $35.6 million on its first day , lowering weekend projections to $115 million . It grossed just $84.4 million in its opening weekend ( and $103 million over the four -- day weekend ) , far below projections and marking the lowest Star Wars debut since Attack of the Clones in 2002 , although it did set a new career - high opening for Howard . Deadline Hollywood compared the below - expectations opening to Justice League the previous November , and attributed it to fan negativity toward the concept and the behind - the - scenes problems , as well as competition from Deadpool 2 and Avengers : Infinity War . Many analysts and publications , including Deadline , The Atlantic and CNN , interpreted the low box office returns as a case of `` Star Wars fatigue '' , since Solo was the fourth film of the series released in 29 months , and came just five months after The Last Jedi . Other analysts attributed the film 's underperformance to lackluster marketing . It dropped 65 % in its second weekend to $29.3 million , the worst sophomore frame for any Star Wars film since the original trilogy . It dropped another 46 % in its third weekend to $15.7 million , finishing second , behind newcomer Ocean 's 8 . Other territories ( edit ) Worldwide the film was expected to make $285 -- 340 million in its opening weekend , including $150 -- 170 million internationally . It opened in 43 markets on the Wednesday and Thursday prior to its US release and made a total of $11.4 million , including $3.3 million in China . It went on to open to just $65 million overseas and $147.5 million worldwide . It grossed $10.3 million in the United Kingdom , and also finished first in Australia ( $5 million ) , Germany ( $4.3 million ) , France ( $3.9 million ) , Russia ( $3.6 million ) , Spain ( $2.6 million ) , Mexico ( $2.5 million ) , Italy ( $2.2 million ) and Brazil ( $1.3 million ) . However , despite being the second - largest foreign opening , it made just $10.1 million in China , far below the other three Disney Star Wars films . The film held a better - than - expected 47 % in its second weekend , making $30.3 million from 54 countries and remaining the top film in several , including Australia , Spain and the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) Donald Glover 's performance as Lando Calrissian was praised by critics . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Solo has an approval rating of 71 % based on 350 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A flawed yet fun and fast - paced space adventure , Solo : A Star Wars Story should satisfy newcomers to the saga as well as longtime fans who check their expectations at the theater door . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89 % overall positive score and a 73 % `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , complimenting the cast but criticizing the lack of creativity , saying , `` somehow Han Solo -- the roguish Star Wars hellion famous for breaking all the rules -- finds himself in a feel - good movie that does n't break any . '' Bernard Boo of PopMatters wrote , `` If what you want from a Star Wars movie is an action - adventure romp , and the last two movies in the franchise ( The Last Jedi and Rogue One ) felt a little too dreary and heavy on pathos , Solo is sure to lift your spirits and give you more thrills than you can handle . Some of the action sequences are seriously breathtaking and will keep you teetering on the edge of your seat . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said , `` It does n't take itself too seriously , but it also holds whatever irreverent , anarchic impulses it might possess in careful check . '' He noted that it is `` a curiously low - stakes blockbuster , in effect a filmed Wikipedia page '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter praised the cast and production values but felt the film as a whole felt too safe , writing , `` while Ehrenreich 's Solo proves adept at maneuvering the Millennium Falcon out of some tight spots , the picture itself follows a safely predictable course . Missing here are the sort of plot - related or visual curveballs thrown by Rian Johnson 's The Last Jedi or Gareth Edwards with Rogue One . '' For the New York Post , Johnny Oleksinski gave the film one star out of a possible four , writing that while Glover was `` amusing '' in his role , Ehrenreich was `` given an impossible task : to make us forget about Harrison Ford , easily the most iconic action hero in modern cinema . '' Kevin Scott from Exclaim ! echoed the sentiment that Ehrenreich did not have the same `` ineffable everyman '' quality that Ford had , giving the film 4 / 10 and saying , `` The villain is a generically icy figure with vague plans and hollow threats , the twists and turns are fairly predictable and the entire story is one that -- unlike superior fellow Star Wars stand - alone Rogue One -- has few meaningful connections to other Star Wars stories beyond the hollow reverence for what has come before . '' Possible sequels ( edit ) Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contract deal to appear as Han Solo extended for two additional films , giving the studio the option to pursue a sequel to Solo : A Star Wars Story , or feature him in other anthology films in a supporting capacity . Ehrenreich said he would like any sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies by being standalone , in the vein of the Indiana Jones films , rather than direct follow - ups . Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development , it was up to the fans to decide . Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels . Solo writer Jon Kasdan said that he would include bounty hunter Bossk ( who briefly appears in Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back and is mentioned in Solo ) if he were to write a sequel for the film . Kennedy also said that a film focusing on Lando Calrissian could happen , but was not a priority . Donald Glover also expressed interest in a spin - off film , saying he would imagine it as Catch Me If You Can in space . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film '' . StarWars.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff : Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Solo -- Smuggler . Scoundrel . Hero . A New Star Wars Story Begins '' . Star Wars.com . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Recoups A Quarter Of $4 Billion Star Wars Purchase Price '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story lifts off as a space Western while playing it safe '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pabico , Jonathan ( 2018 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story is an entertaining space Western adventure '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Josh ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's where Solo fits into the chronology of the Star Wars universe '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agar , Chris ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Cost More Than The Force Awakens '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Bullard ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story is a ' Kicky , Kinetic Heist Movie ' for Some ; Just ' So - So ' for Other Critics '' . SyFy . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Stone ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Turns Up Mixed Early Reviews '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Lands The Lead In Star Wars Han Solo Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Introduced As Han Solo Stand - Alone Pic & Episode VIII Teased At Star Wars Celebration '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : New Images Reveal Droids , Cleavage , and the Millennium Falcon '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford was a covert adviser to Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson Signs on For Young Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Khosla , Proma ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson reveals his Star Wars character name '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . 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February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover on charming the hell out of Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film '' . StarWars.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Kenneth Williams ' Role Cut From ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Amid Reshoots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael K. Williams ' `` Half - Mountain Lion '' SOLO Character You Wo n't Get to See `` . nerdist.com . March 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Han Solo Spin - Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams '' . / Film . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Casey ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Rebel Girl In ' Solo ' Could Be One Of The Most Debated Characters In All Of Star Wars '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jon Favreau Twitter status 983034660509777920 '' . Twitter.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . 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Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Han Solo Film : Tessa Thompson and Zoe Kravitz Among Those Testing for Female Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . November 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo 's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson 's Star Wars Role '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Is A Billion - Dollar Blockbuster For Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Inside SOLO 's Millennium Falcon : Old School Meets New Sschool '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zach Johnson ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story : Why Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Were Really Fired '' . E ! News . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Composer John Powell Reveals His Process for Tackling a ' Star Wars ' Movie '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available May 25th '' . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . PR Newswire . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Tracklist for Solo : A Star Wars Story 's Soundtrack Album ! Available on May 25 ! # JohnWilliams ( link in bio ) '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Record $160 M - Plus Memorial Day Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie . `` The Road Ahead : April 5 , 2018 '' . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burwick , Kevin ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Solo Blu - ray , DVD , SteelBook Details Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang and Rebecca Rubin ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : How Big a Box Office Dud Is the ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ? '' . Variety . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Will Lose $50 M - Plus in First Defeat for Disney 's ' Star Wars ' Empire '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bruce Haring ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Director Ron Howard Responds To Fan 's ' Star Wars ' Lament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars On Tracking To Potential $170 M+ Four - Day Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Advance Ticket Sales Already Breaking Records , Besting ' Black Panther ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Could Break $139 M Stateside Memorial Day Opening Record ; Global Conquest Eyes $305 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May 25 - 27 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard : Director '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disis , Jill ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` '' Solo '' had a rough start . This weekend is make or break `` . CNN Money . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` With Solo , Has Star Wars Fatigue Set In ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , David ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' A No - Go Due To `` Poor Marketing , '' Not Franchise Fatigue , Analyst Says `` . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Nick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Solo Underperformed At The Box Office '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues At The B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Ocean 's 8 ' dethrones ' Solo ' '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Starts Offshore With $11.4 M ; China Grounds Han '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $65 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Review : Origin Story of ' Star Wars ' No. 1 Rogue Plays It Way Too Safe '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boo , Bernard ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Against All Odds , ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars '' . PopMatters . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review : ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Answers Questions You May Not Have Asked '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : AStar Wars Story ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnny Oleksinski ( May 15 , 2018 ) ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' is a long , boring space slog , NYPost.com , accessed May 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Directed by Ron Howard '' . exclaim.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alden Ehrenreich Will Return as Han Solo After ' Solo ' '' . April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Alden Ehrenreich Wants Solo Franchise to Follow Indiana Jones Path '' . May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why ' Solo ' Sequels Will Depend on ' Star Wars ' Fan Response '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Sequels Seem Really Likely , According to Critics '' . Jump up ^ `` Bossk is a MUST For Han Solo Sequel if Jonathan Kasdan is Involved '' . May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lando Calrissian Star Wars spinoff could happen , says Lucasfilm president ( update ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover Thinks His Lando Movie Should Be Catch Me If You Can in Space '' . MovieWeb . May 15 , 2018 . 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Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Nerve ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Star Wars portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story&oldid=846603497 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films American films American heist films Films about aviators Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films scored by John Powell Films shot in the Canary Islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios IMAX films Lucasfilm films Prequel films Space Western films Star Wars spin - off films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Use mdy dates from May 2018 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did it cost to make solo a star wars story	[ "George Lucas began development on the film in 2012. He commissioned Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay, which was completed by his son Jonathan after Kasdan was hired to write Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios, under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over \"creative differences\" with Lucasfilm, and Howard took over directing duties. With an estimated budget of at least $250 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made and will need to gross at least $500 million to break even.[14]" ]	[ "at least $250 million" ]
4484138463681900206	List of Utah Jazz seasons	List of Utah Jazz seasons - wikipedia List of Utah Jazz seasons Jump to : navigation , search This article is a list of seasons completed by the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Jazz joined the NBA as the New Orleans Jazz , an expansion team that began play in the 1974 -- 75 season . The Jazz relocated from New Orleans to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 1979 -- 80 season . As of April 15 , 2015 , the Utah Jazz are the last franchise to not record a 60 - loss season . League Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff Berth Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards New Orleans Jazz 1974 -- 75 NBA Eastern 9th Central 5th 23 59 . 280 37 1975 -- 76 NBA Eastern 8th Central 4th 38 44 . 463 11 1976 -- 77 NBA Eastern 8th Central 5th 35 47 . 427 14 1977 -- 78 NBA Eastern 7th Central 5th 39 43 . 476 13 1978 -- 79 NBA Eastern 11th Central 6th 26 56 . 317 22 Utah Jazz 1979 -- 80 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 24 58 . 293 25 1980 -- 81 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 28 54 . 341 24 Darrell Griffith ( ROY ) 1981 -- 82 NBA Western 11th Midwest 6th 25 57 . 305 23 1982 -- 83 NBA Western 9th Midwest 5th 30 52 . 366 23 1983 -- 84 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 45 37 . 549 -- Won First Round ( Nuggets ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Suns ) 2 -- 4 Frank Layden ( COY ) 1984 -- 85 NBA Western 6th Midwest 4th 41 41 . 500 11 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 1 -- 4 Mark Eaton ( DPOY ) 1985 -- 86 NBA Western 5th Midwest 4th 42 40 . 512 9 Lost First Round ( Mavericks ) 1 -- 3 1986 -- 87 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 44 38 . 537 11 Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 2 -- 3 1987 -- 88 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 7 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 51 31 . 622 -- Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 0 -- 3 Karl Malone ( ASG MVP ) Mark Eaton ( DPOY ) 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 55 27 . 671 Lost First Round ( Suns ) 2 -- 3 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 5th Midwest 2nd 54 28 . 659 Won First Round ( Suns ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Trail Blazers ) 1 -- 4 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Won First Round ( Clippers ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( SuperSonics ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Trail Blazers ) 2 -- 4 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 8 Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 2 -- 3 Karl Malone & John Stockton ( ASG MVP ) 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 53 29 . 646 5 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Rockets ) 1 -- 4 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 2 -- 3 1995 -- 96 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 55 27 . 671 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 4 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 1st Midwest 1st 64 18 . 780 -- Won First Round ( Clippers ) 3 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Bulls ) 2 -- 4 Karl Malone ( MVP ) 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 1st Midwest 1st 62 20 . 756 -- Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 Lost NBA Finals ( Bulls ) 2 -- 4 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 37 13 . 740 -- Won First Round ( Kings ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Trail Blazers ) 2 -- 4 Karl Malone ( MVP ) 1999 -- 2000 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Won First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Trail Blazers ) 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 5 Lost First Round ( Mavericks ) 2 -- 3 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 44 38 . 537 14 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 1 -- 3 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 7th Midwest 4th 47 35 . 573 13 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 1 -- 4 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 9th Midwest 7th 42 40 . 512 16 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 14th Northwest 5th 26 56 . 317 26 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 9th Northwest 2nd 41 41 . 500 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 4th Northwest 1st 51 31 . 622 -- Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 1 -- 4 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 4th Northwest 1st 54 28 . 659 -- Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 2 -- 4 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 8th Northwest 3rd 48 34 . 585 6 Lost First Round ( Lakers ) 1 -- 4 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 5th Northwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 -- Won First Round ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 0 -- 4 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 11th Northwest 4th 39 43 . 476 16 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 8th Northwest 3rd 36 30 . 545 11 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 0 -- 4 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 9th Northwest 3rd 43 39 . 524 17 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 15th Northwest 5th 25 57 . 305 34 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 11th Northwest 3rd 38 44 . 463 13 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 9th Northwest 3rd 40 42 . 488 15 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 5th Northwest 1st 51 31 . 622 -- Won First Round ( Clippers ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Warriors ) 0 -- 4 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 5th Northwest 3rd 48 34 . 585 Won First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Rockets ) 1 -- 4 Regular season totals 1914 1646 . 538 1974 -- present Playoff totals 118 134 . 468 1974 -- present Notes : A : In this season , division winner can automatically award the top - 4 place . Jazz was the Northwest division winner ( 51 - 31 ) , below 3rd place team Spurs ( 58 - 24 ) , so Jazz was the worst division winner so as in Western Conference 4th place . While the 5th place team Rockets was 52 - 30 , so though Jazz awarded 4th place , in first round faced with Rockets with no home court advantage . B : In this season , division winner can automatically award the top - 4 place . Jazz was the Northwest division winner ( 54 - 28 ) , below 3rd place team Spurs ( 56 - 26 ) , so Jazz was the worst division winner so as in Western Conference 4th place . While Rockets was 55 - 27 , tie with Suns 55 - 27 ( neither of two teams are division winner ) , so though Jazz awarded 4th place , in first round faced with Rockets ( Rockets higher than Suns due to higher records in versus with rest of Western Conference teams ) with no home court advantage . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A lockout shortened the season to 50 games . Jump up ^ A lockout shortened the season to 66 games . NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Founded in 1974 Played in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Based in Salt Lake City , Utah Franchise Franchise Summer League 1974 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Loyola Field House New Orleans Municipal Auditorium Louisiana Superdome Salt Palace Vivint Smart Home Arena Personnel Checketts Gardner Rigby G League affiliate Salt Lake City Stars Administration Owner : Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc. ( represented by Gail Miller , widow of Larry H. Miller ) President : Steve Starks Executive VP , Basketball Operations : Kevin O'Connor General Manager : Dennis Lindsey Head coach : Quin Snyder Retired numbers 7 9 12 14 32 35 53 1223 Hot Rod Hundley ( Microphone ) Hall of Famers Pete Maravich Adrian Dantley John Stockton Jerry Sloan Hot Rod Hundley Karl Malone Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1984 1997 1998 2000 2007 2008 2017 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Jazz Bear Dan Roberts Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals Celtic Pride Tiffany Coyne `` Kill Gil , Volumes I & II '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Media TV AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( current ) KJZZ - TV ( former ) Radio Radio Network KZNS - AM KZNS - FM Announcers Craig Bolerjack Matt Harpring David Locke Ron Boone New Orleans / Utah Jazz seasons 1970s 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Utah_Jazz_seasons&oldid=840331820 '' Categories : Utah Jazz seasons Utah Jazz lists Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 05 : 53 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the utah jazz was in the playoffs	[ "\n\nSeason\nLeague\nConference\nFinish\nDivision\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nWin%\nGB\nPlayoffs\nAwards\n\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\n\n1974–75\nNBA\nEastern\n9th\nCentral\n5th\n23\n59\n.280\n37\n\n\n\n\n1975–76\nNBA\nEastern\n8th\nCentral\n4th\n38\n44\n.463\n11\n\n\n\n\n1976–77\nNBA\nEastern\n8th\nCentral\n5th\n35\n47\n.427\n14\n\n\n\n\n1977–78\nNBA\nEastern\n7th\nCentral\n5th\n39\n43\n.476\n13\n\n\n\n\n1978–79\nNBA\nEastern\n11th\nCentral\n6th\n26\n56\n.317\n22\n\n\n\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n\n1979–80\nNBA\nWestern\n10th\nMidwest\n5th\n24\n58\n.293\n25\n\n\n\n\n1980–81\nNBA\nWestern\n11th\nMidwest\n5th\n28\n54\n.341\n24\n\nDarrell Griffith (ROY)\n\n\n1981–82\nNBA\nWestern\n11th\nMidwest\n6th\n25\n57\n.305\n23\n\n\n\n\n1982–83\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nMidwest\n5th\n30\n52\n.366\n23\n\n\n\n\n1983–84\nNBA\nWestern\n2nd\nMidwest\n1st\n45\n37\n.549\n—\nWon First Round (Nuggets) 3–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 2–4\nFrank Layden (COY)\n\n\n1984–85\nNBA\nWestern\n6th\nMidwest\n4th\n41\n41\n.500\n11\nWon First Round (Rockets) 3–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 1–4\nMark Eaton (DPOY)\n\n\n1985–86\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nMidwest\n4th\n42\n40\n.512\n9\nLost First Round (Mavericks) 1–3\n\n\n\n1986–87\nNBA\nWestern\n4th\nMidwest\n2nd\n44\n38\n.537\n11\nLost First Round (Warriors) 2–3\n\n\n\n1987–88\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nMidwest\n3rd\n47\n35\n.573\n7\nWon First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1\nLost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 3–4\n\n\n\n1988–89\nNBA\nWestern\n2nd\nMidwest\n1st\n51\n31\n.622\n—\nLost First Round (Warriors) 0–3\nKarl Malone (ASG MVP)\nMark Eaton (DPOY)\n\n\n1989–90\nNBA\nWestern\n4th\nMidwest\n2nd\n55\n27\n.671\n1\nLost First Round (Suns) 2–3\n\n\n\n1990–91\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nMidwest\n2nd\n54\n28\n.659\n1\nWon First Round (Suns) 3–1\nLost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 1–4\n\n\n\n1991–92\nNBA\nWestern\n2nd\nMidwest\n1st\n55\n27\n.671\n—\nWon First Round (Clippers) 3–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (Trail Blazers) 2–4\n\n\n\n1992–93\nNBA\nWestern\n6th\nMidwest\n3rd\n47\n35\n.573\n8\nLost First Round (SuperSonics) 2–3\nKarl Malone & John Stockton (ASG MVP)\n\n\n1993–94\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nMidwest\n3rd\n53\n29\n.646\n5\nWon First Round (Spurs) 3–1\nWon Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–3\nLost Conference Finals (Rockets) 1–4\n\n\n\n1994–95\nNBA\nWestern\n3rd\nMidwest\n2nd\n60\n22\n.732\n2\nLost First Round (Rockets) 2–3\n\n\n\n1995–96\nNBA\nWestern\n3rd\nMidwest\n2nd\n55\n27\n.671\n4\nWon First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2\nLost Conference Finals (SuperSonics) 3–4\n\n\n\n1996–97\nNBA\nWestern\n1st\nMidwest\n1st\n64\n18\n.780\n—\nWon First Round (Clippers) 3–0\nWon Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–1\nWon Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2\nLost NBA Finals (Bulls) 2–4\nKarl Malone (MVP)\n\n\n1997–98\nNBA\nWestern\n1st\nMidwest\n1st\n62\n20\n.756\n—\nWon First Round (Rockets) 3–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1\nWon Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–0\nLost NBA Finals (Bulls) 2–4\n\n\n\n1998–99\nNBA[1]\nWestern\n3rd\nMidwest\n2nd\n37\n13\n.740\n—\nWon First Round (Kings) 3–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 2–4\nKarl Malone (MVP)\n\n\n1999–2000\nNBA\nWestern\n2nd\nMidwest\n1st\n55\n27\n.671\n—\nWon First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 1–4\n\n\n\n2000–01\nNBA\nWestern\n4th\nMidwest\n2nd\n53\n29\n.646\n5\nLost First Round (Mavericks) 2–3\n\n\n\n2001–02\nNBA\nWestern\n8th\nMidwest\n4th\n44\n38\n.537\n14\nLost First Round (Kings) 1–3\n\n\n\n2002–03\nNBA\nWestern\n7th\nMidwest\n4th\n47\n35\n.573\n13\nLost First Round (Kings) 1–4\n\n\n\n2003–04\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nMidwest\n7th\n42\n40\n.512\n16\n\n\n\n\n2004–05\nNBA\nWestern\n14th\nNorthwest\n5th\n26\n56\n.317\n26\n\n\n\n\n2005–06\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nNorthwest\n2nd\n41\n41\n.500\n3\n\n\n\n\n2006–07\nNBA\nWestern\n4th[A]\nNorthwest\n1st\n51\n31\n.622\n—\nWon First Round (Rockets) 4–3\nWon Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (Spurs) 1–4\n\n\n\n2007–08\nNBA\nWestern\n4th[B]\nNorthwest\n1st\n54\n28\n.659\n—\nWon First Round (Rockets) 4–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 2–4\n\n\n\n2008–09\nNBA\nWestern\n8th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n48\n34\n.585\n6\nLost First Round (Lakers) 1–4\n\n\n\n2009–10\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nNorthwest\n2nd\n53\n29\n.646\n—\nWon First Round (Nuggets) 4–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 0–4\n\n\n\n2010–11\nNBA\nWestern\n11th\nNorthwest\n4th\n39\n43\n.476\n16\n\n\n\n\n2011–12\nNBA[2]\nWestern\n8th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n36\n30\n.545\n11\nLost First Round (Spurs) 0–4\n\n\n\n2012–13\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n43\n39\n.524\n17\n\n\n\n\n2013–14\nNBA\nWestern\n15th\nNorthwest\n5th\n25\n57\n.305\n34\n\n\n\n\n2014–15\nNBA\nWestern\n11th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n38\n44\n.463\n13\n\n\n\n\n2015–16\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n40\n42\n.488\n15\n\n\n\n\n2016–17\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nNorthwest\n1st\n51\n31\n.622\n—\nWon First Round (Clippers) 4–3\nLost Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 0–4\n\n\n\n2017–18\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n48\n34\n.585\n1\nWon First Round (Thunder) 4–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 1–4\n\n\n\nRegular season totals\n1914\n1646\n.538\n1974–present\n\n\nPlayoff totals\n118\n134\n.468\n1974–present\n\n" ]	[ "2017–18" ]
1112748214153066453	Who's the Boss?	Who 's the Boss ? - Wikipedia Who 's the Boss ? For the 2013 Dominican film , see Who 's the Boss ? ( film ) . Who 's the Boss ? Created by Martin Cohan Blake Hunter Starring Tony Danza Judith Light Alyssa Milano Danny Pintauro Katherine Helmond Theme music composer Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter ( lyrics ) Larry Carlton and Robert Kraft ( music ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 196 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Martin Cohan Blake Hunter ( both ; entire run ) Danny Kallis ( season 8 ) Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Embassy Television ( 1984 -- 1986 ) ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Hunter - Cohan Productions ( 1987 -- 1992 ) ( seasons 4 - 8 ) ELP Communications ( 1988 -- 1992 ) ( seasons 4 - 8 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1992 ) ( seasons 4 - 8 ) Distributor Columbia Pictures Television ( 1989 - 1993 ) Sony Pictures Television The Program Exchange Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) First shown in 1984 Original release September 20 , 1984 -- April 25 , 1992 Chronology Related shows The Upper Hand Living Dolls Who 's the Boss ? is an American sitcom created by Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter , which aired on ABC from September 20 , 1984 , to April 25 , 1992 . Produced by Embassy Television ( later Embassy Communications and ELP Communications ) , in association with Hunter - Cohan Productions and Columbia Pictures Television , the series starred Tony Danza as an Italian - American retired major league baseball player who relocates to Fairfield , Connecticut to work as a live - in housekeeper for a divorced advertising executive , played by Judith Light . Also featured were Alyssa Milano , Danny Pintauro and Katherine Helmond . The show received positive reviews throughout most of its run , becoming one of the most popular sitcoms of the mid-to - late 1980s . The series was nominated for more than forty awards , including ten Primetime Emmy Award and five Golden Globe Award nominations , winning one of each . Also very successful in the ratings , Who 's the Boss ? consistently ranked in the top ten in the final primetime ratings between the years of 1985 and 1989 , and has since continued in syndication worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest appearances 3 Background 4 Impact 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and nominations 5 Theme song 6 Distribution 6.1 Syndication 6.2 DVD release 7 Spin - offs 8 International versions 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Who 's the Boss ? episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 22 September 20 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 20 ) April 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 16 ) N / A N / A N / A 26 September 24 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 13 ) 10 21.1 N / A 24 September 23 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) 10 22.0 N / A 24 September 22 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 17 ) 6 21.2 N / A 5 25 October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 7 20.8 N / A 6 26 September 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 19 ) May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 12 17.9 N / A 7 25 September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) May 7 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 07 ) 19 15.0 The CBS Sunday Movie 8 24 September 28 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 28 ) April 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A Widower Anthony Morton `` Tony '' Micelli is a former baseball player who was forced to retire due to a shoulder injury . He wants to move out of Brooklyn to find a better environment for his daughter , Samantha . He ends up taking a job in upscale Fairfield , Connecticut , as a live - in housekeeper for divorced advertising executive Angela Bower and her son Jonathan . The Micellis moved into the Bower residence . Also frequenting is Angela 's feisty , sexually progressive mother Mona Robinson . Mona dates all kinds of men , from college age to silver - haired CEOs . This portrayal of an `` older woman '' with an active social and sexual life was unusual for television at the time . The title of the show refers to the clear role reversal of the two lead actors , where a woman was the breadwinner and a man ( although he was not her husband ) stayed at home and took care of the house . It challenged contemporary stereotypes of Italian - American young males as macho and boorish and wholly ignorant of life outside of urban working - class neighborhoods , as Tony was depicted as sensitive , intelligent and domestic with an interest in intellectual pursuits . The easy - going , spontaneous Tony and the driven , self - controlled Angela are attracted to each other , though both are uncomfortable with the notion for much of the run of the show . While there is playful banter and many hints of attraction , Tony and Angela do their best to avoid facing this aspect of their developing relationship , and date other people . Angela has a steady romantic interest in Geoffrey Wells ( Robin Thomas ) , while Tony has a variety of girlfriends who come and go , including Kathleen Sawyer ( Kate Vernon ) in seasons six and seven . In the meantime , however , they become best friends , relying on each other frequently for emotional support . In addition , Tony provides a male role model for Jonathan , while Angela and Mona give Samantha the womanly guidance she had been missing . Keeping ties with Tony 's and Samantha 's Brooklyn roots , motherly former neighbor Mrs. Rossini ( Rhoda Gemignani ) , who ends up becoming a thorn in Mona 's side , and several other friends turn up a few times each season , sometimes in New York , sometimes in Connecticut . Angela eventually strikes out on her own and opens her own ad firm in season three , while Tony decides to go back to school , enrolling in the same college that daughter Samantha would later attend in 1990 . Samantha 's best friend Bonnie ( Shana Lane - Block ) is a recurring character during these seasons , while romance comes into her life in the form of boyfriend Jesse Nash ( Scott Bloom ) during her senior year of high school and into college . At the start of season eight , Tony and Angela finally acknowledge their love for each other . However , the series does not end with the widely expected marriage but on a more ambiguous note . This was due primarily to concerns by the network that a marriage , representing a definitive ending , could hurt syndication . Tony Danza also vehemently opposed the marriage , saying it would contradict the original purpose of the show . During the final season , Samantha finds a new love in Hank Thomopoulous ( Curnal Achilles Aulisio ) , who became a full - time character in January 1992 . A fellow college student , Hank was originally poised to enter a medical program , but soon decides to become a puppeteer . Sam and Hank were engaged in a matter of weeks , and in February , they were married . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Cast of Who 's the Boss ? Tony Danza as Tony Micelli Judith Light as Angela Robinson Bower Alyssa Milano as Samantha Micelli Danny Pintauro as Jonathan Bower Katherine Helmond as Mona Robinson Guest appearances ( edit ) Delta Burke appeared in the first season as next door neighbor , Diane Wilmington . Comic James Coco was a frequent guest , beginning in season one as Tony 's father - in - law , visiting from New York , Nick Milano . People have credited his appearances on Who 's the Boss ? as a prime example of his comedic abilities on TV , despite the fact that he was not a regular and had never starred in a successful TV series of his own . When Coco died in February 1987 , prior to the conclusion of season three , his character was written out as having died as well ( with a funeral episode and tribute ) . By the fall of 1990 , with Samantha beginning college and Jonathan in high school , Who 's the Boss ? , like other series getting on in years , added a new younger cast member . Producers brought in five - year - old Billy ( Jonathan Halyalkar ) , a kid from the Micellis ' old Brooklyn neighborhood , whose grandmother left Billy in Tony 's care . He moved in with the Bower family in season 7 . Billy was a comic foil to Tony , but also attempted to get into the mix in other characters ' storylines . He only lasted that season , however . In the E ! True Hollywood Story about the series , Katherine Helmond remarked that Halyalkar was a gifted performer , but had difficulty catching up to the pace of the acting and timing the senior cast members had long established with each other . He was written out of the show at the end of the season . In the beginning of season 8 , it was briefly explained that Billy had gone to live with another foster family . Frank Sinatra made a guest appearance in a 1989 episode , as well as Ray Charles , Mike Tyson and Thomas Hearns . Betty White also made a guest appearance in the first season as a local TV director . Leslie Nielsen played Max , who was engaged to Mona in a 1988 episode . Matthew Perry played Benjamin Dawson , a roommate of Samantha 's in a 1990 episode . Background ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? was created by television producers and business partners Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter in 1983 . In early development , the series was titled You 're the Boss , in reference to Angela employing Tony and the gender role reversal . Before the fall 1984 premiere , the producers changed it to Who 's the Boss ? , an open ended title which hinted that any one of the leads could get their own way and be the `` boss '' . Unlike Danza , who had served as the Tony prototype from the beginning , Judith Light was one of many who auditioned for the role of Angela . She was eventually cast based on her performance , which Hunter commented as `` class ( ... ) Jean Harlow type , or more of a Meryl Streep . '' The character of Mona was initially created as an older sister to Angela , but as Cohan and Hunter struggled to handle the casting of the role , they decided on re-writing the role into `` a free spirit with a quick tongue , '' who they envisioned Katherine Helmond to play . Danny Pintauro and Alyssa Milano were also cast based on their auditions . The series ' pilot was shot in November 1983 , a full 10 months before the show actually went on the air . ABC originally was planning to put it on mid-season in January 1984 , but due to creative differences between the producers and the network , the show was delayed until the next season . The show debuted on September 20 , 1984 . While the show was shelved for an extended amount of time in early 1984 , Danza was arrested for fighting in a New York bar after a fellow patron made a rude remark about his female companion . A few months later , Who 's the Boss ? resumed taping . During his court date that July , Danza faced a choice of jail time or community service as a result of battery and other charges . Danza opted for community service , which was still ongoing when the series premiered . < reference needed > Later in the show 's run , it was reported that Danza was exhibiting erratic behavior on the set . These stories ranged from Danza getting after the directors , to arguments with the writers over minor script revisions . While it was uncovered that only the writing became an issue for Danza , his frustrations to have the show be a `` well - oiled machine '' boiled over at the start of the 1989 -- 90 season , when he staged a walkout for two weeks until he calmed down . In the meantime , the remainder of the cast filmed scenes without him . Upon his return , Danza offered an apology to everyone on the set and resumed work . However , the crew then monitored Danza 's mood and a few weeks later made light of the whole incident by issuing shirts on set that said `` I survived week six , '' according to E ! True Hollywood Story . In the fall of 1991 , after seven years on its established Tuesday night slot , Who 's the Boss ? was moved to Saturday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. ( against NBC 's The Golden Girls ) , along with fellow long - running sitcom Growing Pains . In February 1992 , ABC added the long - running Perfect Strangers and the new cartoon Capitol Critters to the night . It was promoted as the new I Love Saturday Night lineup , an equivalent to the hit Friday TGIF block . Who 's the Boss ? moved to 8 : 30 p.m. , with Capital Critters as its lead - in . The I Love Saturday Night banner proved to be short - lived , folding on February 29 , 1992 ; Who 's the Boss ? moved back into the Saturday 8 / 7c slot in early March . The series ' ratings dropped significantly in its new time slot , and the decision was made to end the series that spring . The hour - long series finale aired on Saturday , April 25 , 1992 , along with the finales for Growing Pains and MacGyver . Who 's the Boss ? reruns continued to air through the summer . < reference needed > Impact ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Early reviews of the series were lukewarm . Jerry Buck , writing for Ocala Star - Banner , noted that while the series `` does n't have the same impact ( as The Cosby Show ) , it 's not bad , either . '' He compared Danza and Light 's on - screen chemistry to Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy . The Pittsburgh Press criticized that `` the show may have a universal theme ( but ) it 's hard to find , '' while Duane Dudek of Milwaukee Journal Sentinel summed the series as a `` pleasant little sitcom '' which was not a `` struggle for mastery ( but ) in some ways , a rather old - fashioned love story . '' John J. O'Connor of The New York Times was complimentary of the female leads , Light and Helmond , but was concerned if Danza , who `` spends a good deal of time with his shirt off and his thick weight - lifted physique '' would `` keep this sitcom in ratings shape . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? was nominated for more than forty awards , including ten Primetime Emmy Award and five Golden Globe Award nominations , winning one each ; Katherine Helmond received the 1989 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , while Mark J. Levin was awarded the 1989 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Comedy Series for his work on the episode `` Two on a Billboard . '' Frequently nominated at the annual Young Artist Awards , Milano earned three awards for her portrayal of Samantha . Danny Pintauro and recurring guest Scott Bloom received one award each . Theme song ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Brand New Life '' , was written by series creators and executive producers Cohan and Hunter , with music composed by Larry Carlton and Robert Kraft . Three versions were used throughout the series ' run , which were performed by Larry Weiss ( 1984 -- 86 ) , Steve Wariner ( 1986 -- 89 ) , and Jonathan Wolff ( 1989 -- 92 ) . The third version was first used for the last eight episodes of season six , and a very minor revision of that particular version of the theme was used during seasons seven and eight . Distribution ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) ABC aired reruns of Who 's the Boss ? at 11 : 00 A.M. ( EST ) during its daytime schedule from June 1 , 1987 until July 1 , 1988 , after which the show entered into its first local syndication run ( September 1989 ) . It was replaced by Growing Pains on the daytime schedule . Who 's the Boss ? aired on TBS Superstation in the 1990s after it was canceled , and was also added to the ABC Family lineup in the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) . Nick at Nite broadcast the show between 2004 and 2006 . In 2005 , TV Land broadcast the show as part of Nick at Nite 's 20th Anniversary Celebration . The series also aired on Ion Television from July 2007 to February 2008 , airing Monday - Thursdays at 9 : 00 and 9 : 30 p.m. ET . It began airing on the Hallmark Channel in an early afternoon weekday block beginning on May 17 , 2010 and ran until April 2 , 2011 . The series began airing on TVGN in July 2012 , and on Hub Network from April 2 until August 30 , 2013 . On June 1 , 2014 , the show joined the regular TV Land schedule . Several episodes from seasons one , two , and eight can be viewed for free in Minisode format on Crackle , which is owned by Sony Pictures Television . DVD Release ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Who 's the Boss ? on DVD in Region 1 on June 8 , 2004 . Spin - offs ( edit ) The first attempted Who 's the Boss ? spin - off had its origins in the final episode of season two , `` Charmed Lives '' , a backdoor pilot for a program about two women up for the same job as well as overall being a series about the lives of single career women in the ' 80s . Starring Fran Drescher and Donna Dixon , it was not picked up as a series . In 1987 , producers had planned a spin - off entitled Mona , which focused on Mona 's character leaving Angela to help her brother Cornelius run a seedy hotel in Manhattan . The third season featured this plot in a two - part episode , but when ABC changed their mind about the spinoff , fearing what Mona 's departure could mean to the show , the ending was rewritten to feature Mona returning to Angela 's home . The third attempted spin - off , which did make it to series , was titled Living Dolls . Premiering and ending in 1989 , the show starred Leah Remini , Michael Learned , and Halle Berry . The show featured Remini , who had appeared in two Who 's the Boss ? episodes as a friend of Samantha 's , as a homeless model taken under the wing of an agent played by Learned . In those same Who 's the Boss ? episodes , Jonathan Ward played Learned 's son Rick ; in the Living Dolls series , David Moscow took over the role . International versions ( edit ) Several versions of Who 's the Boss ? have been produced for foreign television markets . Some are dubbed and others are remakes . In many cases the names of the lead characters were changed : Aired in France starting 1987 , first on Antenne 2 ( now France 2 ) , then on M6 . The show was renamed Madame est servie ( `` Dinner is served '' , but literally `` Madam is served '' , referring to Tony being Angela 's housekeeper ) . When the entire series aired in Canada on Radio - Canada , only the pilot intro was used ( with shots of the van going around the block after leaving Tony 's apartment , and a shot of Samantha and Tony in the van ) . In Italy , the first two seasons were aired in 1989 on minor network Odeon TV as Casalingo Superpiù ( Super Housekeeper ) ; Katherine Helmond 's character name was changed from Mona to Moira because in Italian , `` mona '' has a sexual reference . In the United Kingdom , The Upper Hand aired on ITV from 1990 to 1996 while the original version was screened on the individual ITV regional stations . The show starred Joe McGann , Diana Weston , and Honor Blackman in the roles originally played by Tony Danza , Judith Light and Katherine Helmond respectively . In 1993 , Helmond herself appeared in an episode of this version as Madame Alexandra . Though the show had been broadcast in Germany in a dubbed version as Wer ist hier der Boss ? since 1992 on RTL Television , a year later , the channel produced 15 early episodes with a German cast . The show was called Ein Job fürs Leben ( A Life 's Job ) . Tony was renamed Vito , an Italian guest worker from Berlin - Neukölln and former striker of soccer club Hertha BSC . Angela Bower was renamed Barbara Hoffmann . Their home was located in Hamburg 's upscale suburb Othmarschen . Despite these little changes , the original scripts were used for shooting , and even the stage set was an almost identical replica of the original American set , with only minor details changed , such as paintings and bric - a-brac in German style . RTL Television gave the same treatment to Married ... with Children . The two shows shared the first hour on Thursdays in the prime time slot from 8 : 15 pm to 10 : 15 pm . A Spanish - language version , produced in Mexico by TV Azteca and Columbia TriStar International Television , debuted in 1998 under the title Una familia con Ángel starring Laura Luz and Daniel Martínez . It was broadcast in the U.S. on the Telemundo network . In 2005 , the Argentinian network Telefé also made its own local version called ¿ Quién es el Jefe ? , a direct translation of the original American title . It starred Nicolás Vázquez , Gianella Neyra and Carmen Barbieri in the adult roles . In 2006 , a Russian remake premiered that was titled Kto v dome khozyain ? ( which translates as `` Who is the head in this house ? '' ) . It ran for 2 years on CTC . It starred Anna Nevskaya ( as Daria , the boss ) and Andrey Noskov ( as Nikita , the housekeeper ) . In 2006 , Colombian network Caracol TV produced ¿ Quién manda a quién ? ( which was the title of the original show when dubbed in Spanish ) . A Polish version , I kto tu rządzi ? , debuted in 2007 on Polsat , starring Małgorzata Foremniak and Bogusław Linda . In Turkey , it is aired as Patron Kim ? ( Who 's the Boss ? ) on ATV Turkey . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dore , Shalini ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sitcom scribe Martin Cohan dies : Creator of ' Silver Spoons , ' ' Who 's the Boss ? '' was 77 `` . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Passings : Martin Cohan , co-creator of ' Who 's the Boss ? ' and a prolific TV writer and producer , dies at 77 '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Milano , Alyssa ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball fan Alyssa Milano is ' Safe at Home ' '' . Today . MSN.com . p. 1 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burton Terry , Carol ( June 30 , 1985 ) . `` ' Who 's the Boss ? ' ABC Comedy Leader '' . The Victoria Advocate . Google Books . p. 37 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buck , Jerry ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` For Comic Relief In ' Cosby Show ' '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Google Books . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dudek , Duane ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` ' The Cosby Show ' Is A Classy New Sitcom '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Google Books . p. 32 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` TV Review : Cosby In ABC Series On A New York Family '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards für Who ` s the Boss ? '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 'S The Boss ? A Television Heaven Review '' . Televisionheaven.co.uk . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Weiss , Award Winning Tunesmith of Rhinestone Cowboy fame '' . Rhinestonecowboy.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Blog : ION Television July : Designing Women and Who 's the Boss ? Join Line - Up ; Still Standing Joins Atlanta TBS ; Network Notes '' . Sitcomsonline.com . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's The Boss ? coming to TV Land in June ; FX and FXX set comedy premieres this summer '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? -- Extras , Full Specs , and More in Official Press Release '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Pilots , 1937 -- 2012 By Vincent Terrace , p. 196 Jump up ^ Kelada , Asaad ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) , A Moving Episode , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 Jump up ^ `` '' The Upper Hand '' Tunnel of Love ( 1993 ) `` . Imdb.com . February 22 , 1993 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Кто в доме хозяин ? '' . kinopoisk ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? on IMDb Who 's the Boss ? at TV.com `` Who 's The Boss ? '' Resource page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_the_Boss%3F&oldid=845900497 '' Categories : 1984 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Connecticut Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played angela's mother on who's the boss	[ "\nTony Danza as Tony Micelli\nJudith Light as Angela Robinson Bower\nAlyssa Milano as Samantha Micelli\nDanny Pintauro as Jonathan Bower\nKatherine Helmond as Mona Robinson\n" ]	[ "Katherine Helmond" ]
5643357282484936882	The Last One (Friends)	The last one ( Friends ) - wikipedia The last one ( Friends ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Last One '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 10 Episode 17 and 18 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by David Crane Marta Kauffman Featured music `` Embryonic Journey '' by Jefferson Airplane `` Yellow Ledbetter '' by Pearl Jam Production code 176266 176267 Original air date May 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) Running time Part 1 : 22 min Part 2 : 22 min Guest appearance ( s ) Anna Faris as Erica James Michael Tyler as Gunther Paul Rudd as Mike Anthony Cistaro as Gate Attendant Jason Kravits as Man in Cab Brian Palermo as Airline Representative Jim Rash as Nervous Passenger John Rubinstein as The Doctor Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One with Rachel 's Going Away Party '' Next → -- Friends ( season 10 ) List of Friends episodes `` The Last One '' is the series finale of the television sitcom Friends . The episode serves as the seventeenth and eighteenth episode of season ten ; the episode 's two parts were classified as two separate episodes . It was written by series creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman , and directed by executive producer Kevin S. Bright . The series finale first aired on NBC in the United States on May 6 , 2004 , when it was watched by 52.5 million viewers , making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years and the fourth most watched overall television series finale in U.S. history , as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the decade 2000s on U.S. television . In Canada , the finale aired simultaneously on May 6 , 2004 on Global , and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers , becoming the highest viewed episode of the series , and also becoming highest - viewed and highest - rated episode ever in Canada for a sitcom . The series finale closes several long - running storylines . Ross Geller ( David Schwimmer ) confesses his love for Rachel Green ( Jennifer Aniston ) , and they decide to resume their relationship ; and Monica Geller ( Courteney Cox ) and Chandler Bing ( Matthew Perry ) adopt twins and move to the suburbs . The episode 's final scene shows the group leaving their apartments for the final time and going to Central Perk for one last cup of coffee . Prior to writing the episode , Crane , Kauffman and Bright watched finales from other sitcoms for inspiration . Kauffman found that she liked the ones that stayed true to the series . Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California ; part one was taped on January 16 , and part two on January 23 . The finale was well received by critics and the cast members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part 1 1.2 Part 2 2 Production 2.1 Writing and music 2.2 Filming 3 Reception 3.1 Promotion , ratings and awards 3.2 Critical reviews 3.3 Response from the staff 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) Phoebe Buffay ( Lisa Kudrow ) and Joey Tribbiani ( Matt LeBlanc ) pack the belongings of Monica and Chandler , who have accompanied Erica ( Anna Faris ) to the hospital . Rachel leaves Ross ' bedroom after their apparent reunion in the previous episode . Erica gives birth to twins , much to the surprise of Monica and Chandler , who were expecting only one child . At his apartment , Joey shows Phoebe his house - warming gift for Monica and Chandler : a chick and duckling to replace the ones that died . Ross arrives and confesses to the pair that he slept with Rachel . Rachel emerges from her bedroom and , to his disappointment , tells Ross that their night together was `` the perfect way to say goodbye '' . Later at the Central Perk café , Phoebe convinces Ross to tell Rachel how he feels about her before she leaves for her new job in Paris . As he is about to tell her , Central Perk manager Gunther ( James Michael Tyler ) confesses his love for Rachel . Back at Monica and Chandler 's apartment , Ross decides not to tell Rachel , for fear of rejection . She prepares to leave to catch her flight , but waits long enough for Monica and Chandler to return with the twins , named Erica ( after their biological mother ) and Jack ( after Monica 's father ) . After Rachel leaves , Ross has a change of heart , and Phoebe takes him in her taxi to follow Rachel to the airport . Part 2 ( edit ) Joey returns to his apartment to fetch the chick and the duck he was hiding , but finds they have become trapped in the foosball table . Chandler and Joey decide to break it open when they can not find any other way of getting the birds out . Phoebe 's reckless driving gets her and Ross to JFK Airport and , after buying a ticket to get past security , they search the information boards for Rachel 's flight number . When they can not locate her flight on any of the information boards , Ross calls and checks the number with Monica but discovers they are at the wrong airport ; Ross and Phoebe drove to JFK , while Rachel was flying out of nearby Newark Airport . Phoebe phones Rachel , who has already boarded her flight , to stall her for time . When a passenger ( Jim Rash ) overhears Phoebe saying there is a problem with the fictitious `` left phalange '' of the plane , he gets off the plane , prompting everyone else to leave . Chandler and Joey , who are emotionally attached to the foosball table , find they are unable to bear breaking it open , so Monica nonchalantly offers to do it for them . After they retrieve the birds , Chandler suggests Joey keeps them . Phoebe and Ross arrive at the airport as Rachel boards the plane again . Ross tells her he loves her , but she is unable to deal with his confession and gets on the plane anyway . Ross returns home , dejected , and finds a message from Rachel on the phone . She explains her actions and decides to get off the plane , but the message cuts off . Ross panickingly tries fixing the answering machine , wondering to himself out loud if she got off the plane . From behind him , Rachel says she did . They kiss and get back together for good , both agreeing that this is where they want to be . The following morning , the friends gather in Monica and Chandler 's empty apartment . With some time remaining before Monica and Chandler leave for their new house , the six all leave their keys to the apartment on the kitchen counter and decide to go for one last cup of coffee together , to which Chandler sarcastically quips , `` Where ? '' . The final scene is a shot of the apartment , panning round slowly from the living space to the front door . Production ( edit ) Writing and music ( edit ) The series ' creators completed the first draft of the hour - long finale in January 2004 , four months prior to its airing on May 6 . Before writing the episode , David Crane , Marta Kauffman and Kevin S. Bright decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms , paying attention to what worked and what did not . Kauffman found that they liked the ones which stayed true to the series , and they found the finale of The Mary Tyler Moore Show to be the gold standard . The writers had difficulty writing the finale , and spent several days thinking about the final scene without being able to write a word . Crane said that they did not want to do `` something high concept , or take the show out of the show '' . The music playing as the camera pans across the empty apartment at the end of the episode is `` Embryonic Journey '' by Jefferson Airplane . The song `` Yellow Ledbetter '' by the band Pearl Jam is also featured in the episode -- after Rachel boards the plane for the first time -- making it the first Pearl Jam song to be licensed for a television show . A spokesperson for the group said it was , `` simply a matter of the show 's producers asking permission '' . Filming ( edit ) After filming on the finale concluded , Stage 24 at Warner Bros Studios , where Friends had been filmed since Season 2 , was renamed `` The Friends Stage '' . The episode was filmed in Los Angeles , California on Stage 24 at Warner Bros. Studios , where Friends had been filmed since its second season . The first part was taped on January 16 , and the second on January 23 , 2004 . After the series finale , Stage 24 was renamed `` The Friends Stage '' . A month before the filming of the final episode , Aniston said that with each episode it got `` harder just to read the lines . '' She explained that the cast was `` all just nerves and raw emotions ( ... ) No one knows how to feel . We may need to be sedated on the last night . '' The producers promised a tearful ending , and the cast admitted their crying was not faked when they filmed their scenes . LeBlanc revealed it had been too much for him and the rest of the cast ; he said Kudrow started crying first , and when he looked at Aniston and Cox they also appeared emotional . Schwimmer , who LeBlanc thought was the `` consummate professional '' , was also upset , so LeBlanc `` just lost it . '' Maggie Wheeler , who was Chandler 's `` on and off '' girlfriend Janice , told People , `` the entire cast had to go back and have their makeup redone before starting , '' and that Perry broke the tension by saying , `` Somebody is gon na get fired . '' Perry told the New York Daily News that he did not cry , `` but I felt like I was about to for like seven hours . '' Although it was planned that some key scenes of the episode would be filmed without an audience in order to avoid leaks of plot spoilers , the producers decided not to worry about the issue and filmed it all in front of the live studio audience . The producers also instigated the rumor that multiple endings would be filmed ; in fact , only one was planned and shot . At the start of each Friends episode filming , the cast would ordinarily be introduced to the studio audience one at a time , but this time the cast headed out for their pre-curtain bow together . `` That made me cry , '' said Diane Newman , who was the script supervisor of the show . Among the specially invited audience of the taping were Hank Azaria , who played Phoebe 's scientist boyfriend in several episodes over the years ; David Arquette , who filmed his then - wife Cox and the others backstage with a video camera ; and Wheeler . Missing was Brad Pitt , Aniston 's then - husband ; Pitt told the producers he wanted to be surprised when the finale aired on television . Although some guests were invited , around 75 % of the studio audience were ' ordinary ' members of the public so that their reactions would be congruous with the rest of the series . However , friends , family and colleagues of the cast and crew served as extras throughout the episode . Reception ( edit ) Promotion , ratings and Awards ( edit ) `` It may have been impossible for any one episode to live up to the hype and expectations built up around the Friends finale , but this hour probably came as close as fans could have reasonably hoped . Ultimately , the two - hour package did exactly what it was supposed to do . It wrapped up the story while reminding us why we liked the show and will miss it . '' -- Robert Bianco of USA Today on the series finale . NBC heavily promoted the series finale , which was preceded by weeks of hype . The top price for a 30 - second commercial during the U.S. broadcast was approximately $1 million USD . Viewing parties were organized by local NBC affiliates around the United States , including an event at Universal CityWalk featuring a special broadcast of the finale on an outdoor Astrovision screen . It was shown in New York City , where over 3,000 people watched it on big screens in parks . The finale was the subject of two episodes of Dateline NBC , one of which ran for two hours . Prior to the airing of the episode , a one - hour retrospective of clips from previous episodes was shown . Following the finale , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was filmed on the set of the Friends ' Central Perk cafe , which featured the series ' cast as guests . The advertising rates for the finale averaged $2 million for 30 seconds of commercial time . This currently remains as the largest advertising rate ever for a sitcom , breaking the previous record held by the Seinfeld finale at $1.7 million . The finale was watched by 52.5 million American viewers making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years , and the most watched episode of the decade 2000s on U.S. television. The Friends finale was the fourth most watched overall series finale in U.S. television history , behind the finales of M * A * S * H , Cheers and Seinfeld , which were watched by 105.9 , 84.4 and 76.3 million viewers , respectively . The retrospective episode was watched by under 36 million viewers , and the finale was the second most - watched television show of the year , behind the Super Bowl . The episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards at the 56th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series or Special and Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series , but lost to the final season of Frasier in both categories . Critical reviews ( edit ) Robert Bianco of USA Today described the finale as entertaining and satisfying , and praised it for deftly mixing emotion and humor while showcasing each of the stars . Sarah Rodman of the Boston Herald praised Aniston and Schwimmer for their acting , but felt that their characters ' reunion `` felt a bit too neat , even if it was what most of the show 's legions of fans wanted . '' Newsday 's Noel Holston called the episode `` sweet and dumb and satisfying , '' while Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant felt that newcomers to the series would be `` surprised at how laughless the affair could be , and how nearly every strained gag depends on the sheer stupidity of its characters . '' The finale was `` exactly '' what David Schwimmer had hoped for . An editorial in USA Today highlighted the view of many critics who found problem with the aging cast , commenting , `` Friends was getting creaky even as it remained popular . '' Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com said that despite the `` nauseating hype and the disappointing season and the lackluster finale , it 's important to remember what a great show this was for such a very long time . '' Ken Parish Perkins of the Fort Worth Star - Telegram gave the finale a B grade , calling it `` more touching than comical , more satisfying in terms of closure than knee - slappingly funny . '' Response from the staff ( edit ) The cast members reportedly got together in Los Angeles to watch the finale . It was well received by the main cast , who were confident that the fans would have the same reaction . David Schwimmer said , `` It 's exactly what I had hoped . We all end up with a sense of a new beginning and the audience has a sense that it 's a new chapter in the lives of all these characters . '' At the taping of the episode , the cast and crew passed around yearbooks , custom - made by the production staff , and signed them for each other . The cast gave the producers inscribed Cartier SA watches , while the producers gave the cast Neil Lane jewelry . As the sets were broken down , the cast and crew each got a chunk of the street outside Central Perk in a glass box as a keepsake . There were 3 separate wrap parties - a dinner at the Aniston - Pitt residence on January 19 , 2004 , a sit down at cast hangout Il Sole in West Hollywood on January 22 , and a big party for 1,000 guests on January 24 at Los Angeles ' Park Plaza Hotel . At the party at the Park Plaza Hotel , The Rembrandts performed the theme song of Friends , `` I 'll Be There for You '' , and the cast gave a re-enactment of the pilot episode 's first scene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/08/arts/friends-finale-s-audience-is-the-fourth-biggest-ever.html Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Friends Seasons '' . Listverse. 2008 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/news/friends-finale-draws-over-5-million-in-canada/1000017927/?&er=NA ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` Friends challenge -- finding right words to say goodbye '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( May 11 , 2004 ) . `` Pearl Jam helps bid adieu to Friends '' , MSNBC . Retrieved on November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Michelle ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` Friends to the End '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( 2004 ) . Friends ... ' Til the End . London : Headline . p. 270 . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1321 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Oldenburg , Ann ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` And now , the one where Friends says goodbye '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Susman , Gary ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` The Last Laugh '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 52 millon friends see off Friends '' . China Daily . 2004 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty million watch final episode of Friends in US '' . The Times . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 2004 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Bings Sing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Dave ( May 6 , 2004 ) . `` New Orleans script supervisor had front - row seat for the final Friends taping '' . The Times - Picayune . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Friends Til the End '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2004 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last One '' , DVD audio commentary , Friends Season 10 ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Rachel stays , so Friends are able to leave together '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` A Big Hug Goodbye to Friends and Maybe to the Sitcom '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` 2010 : The Year in Numbers '' , `` TV Insider '' , TV Guide , December 20 , 2010 , Page 9 ^ Jump up to : `` Friends heads for much - hyped farewell '' . The Indian Express . May 5 , 2004 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millions tune in to Friends ' end '' . Newsround . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimated 51.1 M Tune in for Friends Finale '' . Fox News Channel . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` And now , the one where Friends says goodbye '' . USA Today . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/08/arts/friends-finale-s-audience-is-the-fourth-biggest-ever.html Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing For A Series Or Special '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing For A Series '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of primetime Emmy nominations '' . USA Today . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Six pals depart on a classy note '' . Boston Herald . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Friends climax watched by 51m '' . BBC News . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` The Long Farewell is Over ; Lots of Fans , Little Fanfare for Mich - Anticipated Finale of Friends '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends farewelled '' . The Age . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Never forget your Friends '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Ken Parish ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Farewell to Friends : The finale to the 10 - year series wraps up all the loose ends '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) `` The Last One : Part 1 '' on IMDb `` The Last One : Part 1 '' at TV.com `` The Last One : Part 2 '' on IMDb `` The Last One : Part 2 '' at TV.com Friends portal ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_One_(Friends)&oldid=823774012 '' Categories : Friends ( season 10 ) episodes American television series finales 2004 American television episodes American television episodes in multiple parts Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית 日本語 Português Русский සිංහල Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did rachel end up with in friends	[ "The series finale closes several long-running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) and Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) adopt twins and move to the suburbs. The episode's final scene shows the group leaving their apartments for the final time and going to Central Perk for one last cup of coffee." ]	[ "Ross Geller (David Schwimmer)" ]
-149940086153615763	New York Stock Exchange	New York Stock Exchange - Wikipedia New York Stock Exchange Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stock exchange . For its parent company , see Intercontinental Exchange . New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange in 2012 . Type Stock exchange Location New York City , New York , U.S. Founded May 17 , 1792 ; 225 years ago ( 1792 - 05 - 17 ) Owner Intercontinental Exchange Key people Jeffrey Sprecher ( Chairman ) Currency United States dollar No. of listings 2,400 Market cap US $19.3 trillion Volume US $20.161 trillion ( 2011 ) Indices Dow Jones Industrial Average S&P 500 NYSE Composite Website nyse.com New York Stock Exchange U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Front Elevation of the New York Stock Exchange . Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W / 40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W / 40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Built 1903 Architect Trowbridge & Livingston ; George B. Post Architectural style Classical Revival NRHP reference # 78001877 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2 , 1978 Designated NHL June 2 , 1978 Designated NYCL July 9 , 1985 The New York Stock Exchange ( abbreviated as NYSE and nicknamed `` The Big Board '' ) , is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street , Lower Manhattan , New York City , New York . It is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US $21.3 trillion as of June 2017 . The average daily trading value was approximately US $ 169 billion in 2013 . The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading . A fifth trading room , located at 30 Broad Street , was closed in February 2007 . The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978 . The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange , an American holding company that it also lists ( NYSE : ICE ) . Previously , it was part of NYSE Euronext ( NYX ) , which was formed by the NYSE 's 2007 merger with Euronext . The NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable events 3 Official holidays 4 Trading 4.1 NYSE Composite Index 4.2 Timeline 4.3 Merger , acquisition , and control 5 Opening and closing bells 5.1 History 5.2 Notable bell - ringers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange at 10 -- 12 Broad Street , in 1882 The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement . Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco . On May 17 , 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales . The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock , although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days . The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized . After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers , restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance . After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading , which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House . Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865 , when the present location was adopted . The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets , and New York 's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives . The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE . With 354 members , the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership ( which had 533 ) `` because it used a more modern , continuous trading system superior to the NYSE 's twice - daily call sessions . '' The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869 . Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE 's members as well as trading volume , as `` several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers . Buyers , sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading , or the greatest liquidity in today 's parlance . Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing , and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity . '' The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York . By 1869 membership had to be capped , and has been sporadically increased since . The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading . Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes . Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary , with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression . The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006 . The main building , located at 18 Broad Street , between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 , as was the 11 Wall Street building . The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908 The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21 , 2005 , in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company . NYSE 's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6 , 2005 , and became a for - profit , public company . It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8 , 2006 . A little over one year later , on April 4 , 2007 , the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext , the European combined stock market , thus forming NYSE Euronext , the first transatlantic stock exchange . Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services . `` It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors , financial markets , financial institutions , and financial industry firms '' ( Robert , 2002 ) . The principal sectors are securities industry , commercial banking , asset management , and insurance . Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013 , Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer . Presently , the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher . In 2016 , NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $419 million in listings - related revenues . Notable events ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Wall Street Crash of 1929 ; Black Monday ( 1987 ) ; Friday the 13th mini-crash ; October 27 , 1997 mini-crash ; and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I ( July 31 , 1914 ) , but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds , and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December . On September 16 , 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building , killing 33 people and injuring more than 400 . The perpetrators were never found . The NYSE building and some buildings nearby , such as the JP Morgan building , still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing . The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24 , 1929 , and the sell - off panic which started on Black Tuesday , October 29 , are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression . In an effort to try to restore investor confidence , the Exchange unveiled a fifteen - point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31 , 1938 . On October 1 , 1934 , the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , with a president and a thirty - three - member board . On February 18 , 1971 , the non-profit corporation was formed , and the number of board members was reduced to twenty - five . One of Abbie Hoffman 's well - known publicity stunts took place in 1967 , when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange 's gallery . The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below . Some traders booed , and some laughed and waved . Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass . Hoffman wrote a decade later , `` We did n't call the press ; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event . '' NYSE 's stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens . On October 19 , 1987 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA ) dropped 508 points , a 22.6 % loss in a single day , the second - biggest one - day drop the exchange had experienced . Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday , a day in which the Exchange 's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades . Subsequently , there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13 , 1989 -- the Mini-Crash of 1989 . The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation , the parent company of United Airlines , which broke down . When the UAL deal fell through , it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points , or 6.91 percent . Similarly , there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997 ; the Asian Financial Crisis . Like the fall of many foreign markets , the Dow suffered a 7.18 % drop in value ( 554.26 points ) on October 27 , 1997 , in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly . This was the first time that the `` circuit breaker '' rule had operated . On January 26 , 2000 , an altercation during filming of the music video for `` Sleep Now in the Fire , '' which was directed by Michael Moore , caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange . In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions , resuming on Monday , September 17 , one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933 . On the first day , the NYSE suffered a 7.1 % drop in value ( 684 points ) , after a week , it dropped by 14 % ( 1370 points ) . An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading . The NY Stock Exchange is only 5 blocks from Ground Zero . On May 6 , 2010 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19 , 1987 , crash , with a 998 - point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash ( as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding ) . The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event , although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause . The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ( `` fat finger '' ) orders . On October 29 , 2012 , the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy . The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888 . On May 1 , 2014 , the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules . On August 14 , 2014 , Berkshire Hathaway 's A Class shares , the highest priced shares on the NYSE , hit $200,000 a share for the first time . On July 8 , 2015 , technical issues affected the stock exchange , halting trading at 11 : 32 am ET . The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was `` not a result of a cyber breach , '' and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was `` no sign of malicious activity . '' Trading eventually resumed at 3 : 10 pm ET the same day . Official holidays ( edit ) The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , Washington 's Birthday , Good Friday , Memorial Day , Fourth of July , Labor Day , Thanksgiving and Christmas . When those holidays occur on a weekend , the holiday is observed on the closest weekday . In addition , the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day , the day after Thanksgiving , and the day before Christmas . Trading ( edit ) The NYSE trading floor in August 2008 . The New York Stock Exchange ( sometimes referred to as `` the Big Board '' ) provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading . The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9 : 30 am -- 4 : 00 pm ET , with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance . The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format , where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors . They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker , who is employed by a NYSE member firm ( that is , he / she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange ) , acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction . They do on occasion ( approximately 10 % of the time ) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together . The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers ( HHC ) . The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission . On September 25 , 1995 , NYSE member Michael Einersen , who designed and developed this system , executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203 - year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading . As of January 24 , 2007 , all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market ( except for a small group of very high - priced stocks ) . Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution , or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market . In the first three months of 2007 , in excess of 82 % of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically . NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points . Until 2005 , the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 `` seats . '' The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade . In 1868 , the number of seats was fixed at 533 , and this number was increased several times over the years . In 1953 , the number of seats was set at 1,366 . These seats were a sought - after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE , and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE . The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members : Winthrop H. Barnes ( admitted 1894 ) , Richard W.P. Barnes ( admitted 1926 ) , Richard S. Barnes ( admitted 1951 ) , Robert H. Barnes ( admitted 1972 ) , Derek J. Barnes ( admitted 2003 ) . Seat prices varied widely over the years , generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions . The most expensive inflation - adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000 , which , today , would be over six million dollars . In recent times , seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001 . In 2005 , seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for - profit , publicly traded company . Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation . The NYSE now sells one - year licenses to trade directly on the exchange . Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010 . Neither are resell - able , but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license . Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987 , NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell - offs . Following the 2011 rule change , at the start of each trading day , the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7 % ( Level 1 ) , 13 % ( Level 2 ) , and 20 % ( Level 3 ) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day . Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15 - minute trading halt unless they occur after 3 : 25 pm , when no trading halts apply . A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day . ( The biggest one - day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0 % drop on October 15 , 2008 . ) NYSE Composite index ( edit ) In the mid-1960s , the NYSE Composite Index ( NYSE : NYA ) was created , with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close . This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . To raise the profile of the composite index , in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close . Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32 . Timeline ( edit ) The NYSE at Christmas time ( December 2008 ) In 1792 , NYSE acquires its first traded securities . In 1817 , the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted , it had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization . In 1865 , New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE . In 1867 , Stock tickers were first introduced . In 1885 , the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas . In 1896 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA ) is first published in The Wall Street Journal . In 1903 , NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street . In 1906 , the DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12 . In 1907 , Panic of 1907 . In 1909 , Trading in bonds . In 1914 , World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown : four months , two weeks ; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one - day percentage drop in the DJIA ( 24.4 % ) . In 1915 , Basis of quoting and trading in stocks changed from % of par value to dollars . In 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building . Thirty killed and over 100 injured . In 1923 , Poor 's Publishing introduced their `` Composite Index , '' today referred to as the S&P 500 , which tracked a small amount of companies on the NYSE . In 1929 , central quote system established ; Black Thursday , October 24 and Black Tuesday , October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market . In 1943 , trading floor is opened to women . In 1949 , the third longest ( eight - year ) bull market begins . In 1954 , the DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation - adjusted dollars . In 1956 , the DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12 . In 1957 , after Poor 's Publishing merged with the Standard Statistics Bureau , the Standard & Poors composite index grew to track 500 companies on the NYSE , becoming known as the S&P 500 . In 1966 , NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks . This is referred to as the `` Common Stock Index '' and is transmitted daily . The starting point of the index is 50 . It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index . In 1967 , Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange . In 1967 , protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery , leading to the installation of bullet - proof glass . In 1970 , Securities Investor Protection Corporation established . In 1971 , NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not - for - Profit organization . In 1971 , the Nasdaq was founded and competes with the NYSE as the world 's first electronic stock market . To date , the Nasdaq is the second - largest exchange in the world by market capitalization , behind only the NYSE . In 1972 , the DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14 . In 1977 , foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE . In 1980 , New York Futures Exchange established . In 1987 , Black Monday , October 19 , sees the second - largest one - day DJIA percentage drop ( 22.6 % , or 508 points ) in history . In 1990 , the longest ( ten - year ) bull market begins . In 1991 , the DJIA exceeds 3,000 . In 1995 , the DJIA exceeds 5,000 . In 1996 , real - time ticker introduced . In 1997 , on October 27 , a sell - off in Asia 's stock markets hurts the U.S. markets as well ; DJIA sees the largest one - day point drop of 554 ( or 7.18 % ) in history . In 1999 , the DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29 . In 2000 , the DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14 ; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID . Security after the September 11 attacks In 2001 , trading in fractions ( ⁄ ) ends , replaced by decimals ( increments of $0.01 , see Decimalization ) ; September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions . In 2003 , NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points . In 2006 , NYSE and ArcaEx merge , creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned , for - profit NYSE Group , Inc. ; in turn , NYSE Group merges with Euronext , creating the first trans - Atlantic stock exchange group ; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19 . In 2007 , US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest - rate decision on January 31 ; NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange ; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1 ; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9 . In 2008 , the DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures , resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three - week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks ; in spite of this , record volatility continues for the next two months , culminating at 51⁄2 - year market lows . In 2009 , the second longest and current bull market begins on March 9 after the DJIA closes at 6,547.05 reaching a 12 - year low ; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14 . In 2013 , the DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5 ; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year . In 2014 , the DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23 . In 2015 , the DJIA achieved an all - time high of 18,351.36 on 19 May . In 2015 , the DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24 , 2015 , before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72 , a drop of over 669 points . In 2016 , the DJIA hits an all - time high of 18,873.6 . In 2017 , the DJIA reaches 20,000 for the first time ( on January 25 ) . In 2018 , the DJIA reaches 25,000 for the first time ( on January 4th ) . On February 5 , the DJIA dropped 1,175 points , making it the largest point drop in history . Merger , acquisition , and control ( edit ) In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ) for $260 million in stock . On February 15 , 2011 , NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company , as yet unnamed , wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60 % ownership of the new entity , and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40 % . On February 1 , 2012 , the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse , after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger `` would have led to a near - monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide . '' Instead , Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly . On February 2 , 2012 , NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger . In April 2011 , Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE ) , an American futures exchange , and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US $ 11,000,000,000 , a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges . NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice , but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns . In December 2012 , ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion . NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash , or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE . The chairman and CEO of ICE , Jeffrey Sprecher , will retain those positions , but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board . Opening and closing bells ( edit ) U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the ' opening bell ' at the NYSE on April 23 , 2003 . Former chairman Jack Womack is also in this picture . NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the ' closing bell ' . The NYSE 's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day . The ' opening bell ' is rung at 9 : 30 am ET to mark the start of the day 's trading session . At 4 pm ET the ' closing bell ' is rung and trading for the day stops . There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed . There are three buttons that control the bells , located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor . The main bell , which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day , is controlled by a green button . The second button , colored orange , activates a single - stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence . A third , red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring . History ( edit ) The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell . The original signal was a gavel ( which is still in use today along with the bell ) , but during the late 1800s , the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day 's beginning and end . After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903 , the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used . A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring . Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement . Furthermore , due to the amount of coverage that the opening / closing bells receive , many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing - related events to start on the same day as when the company 's representatives ring the bell . This daily tradition was n't always this highly publicized either . In fact , it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis . Prior to that , ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange 's floor managers . Notable bell - ringers ( edit ) Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange . However , there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell . Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps , entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg , singer and actress Liza Minnelli and members of the band Kiss , and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell . Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell . On April 27 , 2006 , Secretary - General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment . On July 24 , 2013 , Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative . In addition there have been many bell - ringers who are famous for heroic deeds , such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9 / 11 , members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas , and participants in various charitable organizations . There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell , including Mickey Mouse , the Pink Panther , Mr. Potato Head , the Aflac Duck , and Darth Vader . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New York Stock Exchange listed stocks : 0 -- 9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Aftermath of the September 11 attacks Economy of New York City Economy of the United States List of American Exchanges List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange List of stock exchange opening times Rule 48 Series 14 exam Trading day U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission List of stock exchanges in the Americas References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Stock Exchange '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE Group Shares Outstanding and Market Capitalization of Companies Listed , 2016 '' . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Stock Exchange '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Dictionary 's definition of `` Big Board '' `` . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World ? '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rothwell , Steve ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` For the New York Stock Exchange , a sell order '' , San Jose Mercury News , Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Calpers Sues NYSE , Firms , Alleging Fraudulent Trades ( Update6 ) '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey pension fund sues NYSE Euronext on ICE deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben White ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` Grasso Sues NYSE for $50 Million '' . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form , 11 Wall Street '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . OCRed document unreable Jump up ^ FCC . `` Financial consulting company - New York Stock Exchange '' . financial-consulting.pro . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pound , Richard W. ( 2005 ) . ' Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates ' . Fitzhenry and Whiteside . p. 188 . Jump up ^ E. Wright , Robert ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The NYSE 's Long History of Mergers and Rivalries '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYSEData.com Factbook : Chronology of New York Stock Exchange ( 1792 - 1929 ) '' . www.nyxdata.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edmonston , Peter ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Where Wall Street Meets to Eat , the Last Lunch '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George R. Adams ( March 1977 ) . `` New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Exchange -- Board of Directors '' . Jump up ^ Osipovich , Alexander ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE , Nasdaq for Stock Listings '' . Wall Street Journal . New York City , United States . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The exchange opens '' . The Independent . December 7 , 1914 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Ledbetter ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` The day the NYSE went Yippie '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Abbie Hoffman , Soon to be a Major Motion Picture , p. 100 , Putnam , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Rage against Wall Street '' . Green Left Weekly # 397 . March 15 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davis , Marc ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` How September 11 Affected The U.S. Stock Market '' . Investopedia . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SEC.gov Jump up ^ `` Stock markets to open today ; NYSE backup plan criticized -- Business Courier '' . Bizjournals.com . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Nina . `` U.S. Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Sarah N. `` New York Stock Exchange to pay $4.5 million to settle SEC charges '' . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay $4.5 million to settle charges brought by U.S. securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules , marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway shares top $200,000 apiece '' . Forbes.com . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Patrick ; Egan , Matt ; Long , Heather . `` New York Stock Exchange suspends trading '' . CNN Money . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars Jump up ^ Shell , Adam ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Technology squeezes out real , live traders '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Mecane , Joe ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` What 's an Exchange to Do ? The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms '' . FIXGlobal . Jump up ^ `` NYSE License Application Forms '' ( PDF ) . NYSE Trading License Publication . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Market Model : Circuit Breakers '' . New York Stock Exchange . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waring , David . `` The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) . '' Informed Trades , 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Firsts & Records '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers ( DMMs ) '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George Winslow , `` New York Gold Market '' in The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2d ed. : eds . Kenneth T. Jackson , Lisa Keller & Nancy Flood ) . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York : Its History , Organization , Machinery and Methods. 1907 . ^ Jump up to : `` S&P 500 stock market '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ NYSE : Timeline '' ^ Jump up to : Lynch , John ; Detrick , Ryan ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` The bull is 9 , can it make 10 ? '' ( PDF ) . LPL Research Weekly Market Commentary . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . December 20 , 1967 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80 '' . NPR.org . August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchanges ( Business Reference Services , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is NASDAQ ? '' . Business News Daily . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline 1995 Video : Trading Posts Upgrade '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNNMoney.com - U.S. stocks whipped by losses - October 27 , 1997 Jump up ^ Katy Byron ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE '' . CNN Money . Cable News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Noel Randewich ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Stocks end mixed ; Dow creeps up to new record high '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Imbert , Fred ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Dow closes above 25,000 for the first time after strong jobs data '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dow Plunges 1,175 , The Biggest Point Drop In History '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange '' . New York Stock Exchange . October 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Blocks NYSE and Deutsche Boerse Merger '' . CNBC . February 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse Terminate Business Combination Agreement ( press release ) , NYSE Euronext , February 2 , 2012 , archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Anupreeta Das ; Jenny Strasburg ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE '' , The Wall Street Journal ( paper ) format = requires url = ( help ) , p . A1 ^ Jump up to : `` What is the history behind the opening and closing bells on the NYSE ? '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange 's Closing Bell '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images - Getty Images '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Launches Principles for Responsible Investment at the NYSE '' . Principles for Responsible Investment . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon Visits the NYSE and Rings The Closing Bell ® to Commemorate NYSE Euronext 's Participation in the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges ( SSE ) Initiative '' . NYSE . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tradition of the NYSE Bell '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Bibliography Buck , James E. ( 1992 ) . The New York Stock Exchange : The First 200 Years . Greenwich Pub . Group . ISBN 0 - 944641 - 02 - 4 . Geisst , Charles R. ( 2004 ) . Wall Street : A History -- From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517060 - 1 . Kent , Zachary ( 1990 ) . The Story of the New York Stock Exchange . Scholastic Library Pub . ISBN 0 - 516 - 04748 - 5 . Sloane , Leonard ( 1980 ) . The Anatomy of the Floor . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 12249 - 7 . Sobel , Robert ( 1975 ) . N.Y.S.E. : A History of the New York Stock Exchange , 1935 -- 1975 . Weybright and Talley . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40124 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Stock Exchange . Official website Template : International currency calculator Website on trading and listing on the NYSE List of planned and unplanned historical closings NYSE holidays `` New York Stock Exchange collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . NYSE Euronext A member of the World Federation of Exchanges Securities United States New York Stock Exchange NYSE Arca NYSE MKT Europe Euronext Futures Euronext. liffe Other Alternext BlueNext Qatar Exchange ( 20 % holding ) Locations United States New York City NYSE Chicago Arca Belgium Brussels France Paris Netherlands Amsterdam Portugal Lisbon United Kingdom London Indexes New York NYSE Composite Dow Jones Industrial Average S&P 500 Euronext Euronext 100 AEX index CAC 40 Euro Stoxx 50 BEL20 Miscellaneous NYSE Technologies Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Trading hours Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark pool Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Long Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new york stock exchange begin	[ "The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement. Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco.[13] On May 17, 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock,[13] although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days.[14] The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.[15]" ]	[ "May 17, 1792" ]
-7788746565471700050	Ponderosa Ranch	Ponderosa ranch - wikipedia Ponderosa ranch Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Ponderosa Ranch was a theme park based on the popular 1960s television western Bonanza , which housed the affluent land , timber and livestock - rich Cartwright family . The amusement park operated in Incline Village , Nevada , near Lake Tahoe , from 1967 until 2004 . Portions of the last five seasons of the TV series and three TV movies were also filmed at that location . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 TV origins of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch 1.2 Origins of the theme park 2 The Ponderosa Experience 3 Closure 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) TV origins of the fictional Ponderosa ranch ( edit ) Approximate location of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch from the TV series Bonanza . The map is oriented with North at the top , instead of East as in the version associated with the TV show . The Ponderosa was the fictional setting for Bonanza . According to the 9th episode ( `` Mr. Henry Comstock '' ) in the first season , it was a thousand square mile ( 640,000 acre or 2,600 km ) ranch on the shores of Lake Tahoe , nestled high in the Sierra Nevada , with a large ranch house in the center of it . Ben Cartwright was said to have built the original , smaller homestead after moving from New Orleans with his pregnant third wife Marie and his two sons , Adam and Hoss . The grown Adam , an architect / engineer , designed the later sprawling ranch house as depicted on TV ( `` Bonanza , The Philip Diedesheimer Story '' , Oct. 31 , 1959 , NBC - TV ; `` Bonanza : The Return '' , April 1993 , NBC - TV ) . The fictional ranch was roughly a two - hour horse ride from Virginia City , Nevada . ( Note : There are slight variations as to the origin of the Ponderosa Ranch , from the original `` Bonanza '' series , Lorne Greene 's 1964 song `` Saga of the Ponderosa '' , the 1988 - 95 TV movies , and the 2001 PAX prequel series `` Ponderosa '' ) . The ranch house was a single level structure that had a facade second storey . Inside a staircase seemingly led to the first - floor corridor , but it was a dead end . The bedroom scenes were filmed at Burbank Studios . The inspiration for the name may have been the large number of Ponderosa pines in the area or the original Latin meaning of large ( root of the English word ponderous ) . The exteriors for the television show were occasionally shot in Nevada , usually out of sequence . Crews were sometimes able to complete an entire season 's work in just a few days . The first Virginia City set used on the show from 1959 -- 1970 was located on a back lot at Paramount . It was also used in episodes of Have Gun , Will Travel , Mannix and The Brady Bunch . In the 1970 `` Bonanza '' episode `` The Night Virginia City Died '' , Deputy Clem Foster 's pyromaniac fiancee leveled the town in a series of fires . This allowed for a switch to the less - expensive Warner Studios from September 1970 through January 1973 . Very few of the original Bonanza episodes were shot at the theme park 's Virginia City site , although the town was prominently featured in three Bonanza television movies . Because the movies showcased the next generation of Cartwrights , they began circa 1905 . The Ponderosa park expanded beyond the buggy era to include an exhibit featuring antique cars . It was a fledgling endeavor as tourists wanted to see horses flanked by Cartwright saddles . Origins of the theme park ( edit ) The idea for the theme park came about in 1965 . Bill and Joyce Anderson owned a small horse ranch , which is located in about the same area as the fictional Ponderosa on the burning map . According to the Andersons , tourists would regularly show up at their gates asking where the Ponderosa was . Smelling opportunity , the Andersons contacted NBC and Bonanza creator - producer David Dortort . They proposed turning their small ranch into a theme park . NBC , Dortort , and the cast saw the tie - in as a `` bonanza '' for everyone . All parties being of one accord , the cast agreed to promos being shot at the ranch site and the Virginia City set - including the nearby Silver Dollar Saloon - for financial consideration . The ads greatly stimulated revenue for the park . The park opened to the public in 1967 , complete with a scale replica of the Cartwright ranch house and barn similar to the ones seen on television . A replica of Virginia City was later added . The original plan was to open the set to tourists once filming had wrapped . However , shuttling cast and crew up to Incline Village on a weekly basis became cost - prohibitive . Thus , only 15 episodes of Bonanza were shot there . A majority of ranch - specific scenes were shot on a sound stage at Paramount Studios in Hollywood . Outdoor scenes were filmed on location at nearby Big Bear Lake , Red Rock Canyon , Mojave , or eastern Kern County , California . However , Michael Landon , Lorne Greene , Dan Blocker , and David Canary often made appearances at the ranch in costume to mingle with fans and sign autographs . Blocker died in 1972 , and NBC canceled the series the following year . Canary , dressed in character as Candy , made his last visit there in 2002 for a PAX - TV special . Mitch Vogel ( Jamie Cartwright ) appeared at the ranch for the Travel Channel 's `` TV Road Trip '' in 2002 , in which he pitched a behind - the - scenes look at the Ponderosa Ranch and Incline Village . Copies of the `` Ponderosa Map '' , autographed by three of the Cartwrights , became souvenirs at the ranch for decades afterward , along with tin cups bearing their likenesses . Episodes that were filmed entirely or in part at the ranch bear a title plate at the end of the credits . These episodes are from the tenth season through the end of the series ( 1968 -- 73 ) . The Ponderosa experience ( edit ) Parking for visitors was at the highway level ; only official vehicles , such as the park 's Conestoga wagons , were allowed at the top of the ridge , where the park was located . Depending on the time of day , a park visit could include breakfast . Lunch , including a `` Hoss Burger '' , could also be purchased . Estimates are that more than three million of these were sold during the park 's existence . A visit to the park consisted of visitors riding up on the wagon , being `` robbed '' by `` outlaws '' , and then disembarking at the main house . Adjacent to the house were the `` graves '' of Ben Cartwright 's three wives , each of whom had given birth to one of the three ( half ) brothers . Graves of the Cartwrights and cook Hop Sing were later added , following the deaths of Dan Blocker ( 1972 ) , Victor Sen Yung ( 1980 ) , Lorne Greene ( 1987 ) , and Michael Landon ( 1991 ) . The house contained a less - than - realistic carved figure of Ben Cartwright sitting at his desk , and of Hop Sing working in the kitchen . The only parts of the house that actually existed were the living room , dining room , kitchen , and office . The stairs led nowhere , as the `` bedrooms '' were actually located on a sound stage in Hollywood . Thus , the tour of the house took very little time . The main attraction was the ranch 's version of Virginia City , which was miles from the real Virginia City but immediately adjacent to the rear of the house set ( on the show , the ranch was about a two - hour ride on horseback from Virginia City ) . There were activities such as a haunted house , panning for gold , amusements based on old - time Wild West shows , as well as concessions and souvenirs . Only the front of the ranch house was ever shown on television because a highway ran directly to the right of the house . In episodes shot in - studio , the home exterior has a backdrop of sky and trees . The ranch house was a single - storey structure , although from the outside it appeared to have a second story . Little Joe 's green corduroy jacket and Hoss ' brown suede vest were displayed hanging on a rack . When the ranch opened in 1967 , Pernell Roberts ( Adam Cartwright ) had long since departed the series . Consequently , he was not featured in Ponderosa 's promotional campaign until after the show 's initial run . At that time most of the shows broadcast in syndication featured the Adam Cartwright character . His picture was in the group painting on the sign promoting the park at the entrance . When the park folded in Autumn 2004 Pernell Roberts was still alive , so no Adam grave marker was added . Pernell Roberts died on January 24 , 2010 . Near the main house were sculptures of the horses ridden by Lorne Greene , Dan Blocker and Michael Landon that visitors could have their pictures taken either on or alongside . The park also had a church that could be reserved for weddings near the church where the grave markers are located . In 1999 , a VHS tour was made available to patrons . In 2002 , David Canary appeared at the ranch in Candy 's wardrobe for a special produced by PAX TV . Closure ( edit ) The ranch and park remained a popular seasonal attraction for decades after the network run of Bonanza ended , having outlived most of the series ' original cast . Business remained strong into the late 1990s . The land was purchased by billionaire software entrepreneur David Duffield in 2004 . In September 2004 he closed the Ponderosa `` indefinitely '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smyth , Mitchell ( December 14 , 1996 ) . `` Back to Bonanza : Ponderosa ranch keeps alive the memory of Ben , Hoss , Adam and Little Joe '' . Toronto Star . p. J. 15 . Jump up ^ Pierleoni , Allen O. ( August 18 , 1996 ) . `` ' Bonanza , ' Born as a Selling Tool , Holds Fast to the Nation 's Imagination '' . The Sacramento Bee . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kathryn ( September 28 , 2004 ) . `` ' Bonanza ' Ranch Rides into Pop Culture Sunset '' . Backstage.com . External links ( edit ) Photos of Ponderosa Ranch Theme Park ( hide ) Bonanza Characters Ben Cartwright Adam Cartwright Hoss Cartwright Little Joe Cartwright Candy Canaday Hop Sing Jamie Hunter Main cast Lorne Greene Pernell Roberts Dan Blocker Michael Landon David Canary Victor Sen Yung Mitch Vogel TV movies Bonanza : The Next Generation Bonanza : The Return Bonanza : Under Attack Related articles Ponderosa Ponderosa Ranch Ponderosa Steakhouse and Bonanza Steakhouse Coordinates : 39 ° 14 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 55 ′ 47 '' W / 39.233531 ° N 119.929743 ° W / 39.233531 ; - 119.929743 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponderosa_Ranch&oldid=796982487 '' Categories : Defunct amusement parks in the United States 1968 establishments in Nevada 2004 disestablishments Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2008 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did they film the tv show bonanza	[ "The Ponderosa Ranch was a theme park based on the popular 1960s television western Bonanza, which housed the affluent land, timber and livestock-rich Cartwright family. The amusement park operated in Incline Village, Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, from 1967 until 2004. Portions of the last five seasons of the TV series and three TV movies were also filmed at that location." ]	[ "Ponderosa Ranch" ]
463978996563794730	California State University, East Bay	California State University , East Bay - Wikipedia California State University , East Bay Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 37 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 122 ° 03 ′ 28 '' W / 37.65694 ° N 122.05778 ° W / 37.65694 ; - 122.05778 California State University , East Bay Former names State College for Alameda County ( 1956 -- 61 ) Alameda County State College ( 1961 -- 63 ) California State College at Hayward ( 1963 -- 72 ) California State University , Hayward ( 1972 -- 2005 ) Motto Per Aspera Ad Astra ( Latin ) Motto in English Through Adversity to the Stars Type Public University Established 1957 Endowment $17.0 million ( 2016 ) President Leroy Morishita Provost Edward Inch Academic staff 737 Students 15,855 ( Fall 2016 ) Undergraduates 13,340 ( Fall 2016 ) Postgraduates 2,515 ( Fall 2016 ) Location Hayward , California , U.S. Campus Suburban , 200 acres ( 81 ha ) Colors Red and Black Athletics NCAA Division II -- CCAA Nickname Pioneers Affiliations California State University Website www.csueastbay.edu California State University , East Bay ( commonly referred to as Cal State East Bay , CSU East Bay , or CSUEB ) is a public university located in Hayward , California , United States . The university , as part of the 23 - campus California State University system , offers 136 undergraduate and 60 post-baccalaureate areas of study . California State University , East Bay has been designated a top -- tier institution among master 's -- granting universities in the west by U.S. News & World Report and has been recognized as a `` Best in the West '' college by the Princeton Review . Founded in 1957 , California State University , East Bay has a student body of almost 16,000 . In Fall of 2013 , it had 752 faculty , of which 275 ( or 37 % ) were on the tenure track . The university 's largest and oldest campus is located in Hayward , with additional campus - sites in the nearby cities of Oakland and Concord . The university operates on the quarter system and is scheduled to convert to the semester system Fall 2018 . In 2005 , with multiple campuses across the region , the university broadened its mission to serve the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . To reflect a more widespread objective , the school changed its name from California State University , Hayward to California State University , East Bay that same year . California State University , East Bay is the most ethnically diverse college in California and the fifth most in the United States by The Chronicles of Higher Education 's Almanac in the year 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus 3 Organization 3.1 Presidents 4 Academics 4.1 Academic achievements 4.2 Rankings 5 Student life 5.1 Associated Students Incorporated 5.2 Athletics 5.3 Mascot 5.4 Greek letter organizations 6 Notable people 6.1 Alumni 6.2 Faculty 7 Notes 8 External links History ( edit ) The university was established as State College for Alameda County , with its primary mission to serve the higher education needs of both Alameda County and Contra Costa County . Its construction was part of the California Master Plan for Higher Education as proposed by Clark Kerr and the original site for the school was Pleasanton , California . The campus was moved to Hayward before plans were finalized due to the efforts of State Assembly member Carlos Bee and other boosters from the Hayward community , including S.E. Bond Jr , and E. Guy Warren , namesake of Warren Hall . At the time of its opening in 1959 , classes were first held on the campus of Sunset Elementary School and then Hayward High School . With the addition of the school , higher education in the San Francisco Bay Area became more accessible . To the south was San Jose State College ( now San Jose State University ) serving the South Bay counties . To the west was San Francisco State College ( now San Francisco State University ) serving San Francisco and San Mateo Counties . To the north is Sonoma State University , serving Marin , Napa and Sonoma counties . Chabot College , a part of the California Community College system , opened nearby in Hayward in 1961 . The university has undergone numerous transitions in its history , making name changes accordingly . In 1961 , the school was moved to its present location in the Hayward Hills and renamed Alameda County State College . In 1963 , the name was changed to California State College at Hayward . The school was granted university status in 1972 , changing its name to California State University , Hayward . In 2005 , the university implemented a new , broader mission to serve the eastern San Francisco Bay Area and adopted the name California State University , East Bay . The proposal to rename the campus to California State University , East Bay was approved by the California State University Board of Trustees on January 26 , 2005 . Campus ( edit ) CSUEB student housing district , facing east , showing both old and new facilities California State University , East Bay 's main campus is located in Hayward , California . It is situated on a plateau east of the Hayward fault overlooking the southeast part of the city . CSUEB also has a campus in Concord , California in Contra Costa County , and a professional development center in Oakland . Continuing education programs are available at all three locations . For 40 years , Warren Hall was CSUEB 's signature building ; the building was visible from cities throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and served as a landmark for Hayward and the surrounding Eastern San Francisco Bay Area . Warren Hall was rated the least earthquake - safe building in the California State University system by the CSU Seismic Review Board . In January 2013 the CSU Board of Trustees authorized $50 million to demolish the former administrative building and replace it with a new structure . Warren Hall was demolished by implosion on August 17 , 2013 . Construction for the new 67,000 square foot - building is expected to begin in November 2013 . Doors are expected to open in May 2015 on the completed structure . California State University , East Bay is also known for its Solar Energy Project . Solar panels were installed on four campus rooftops and are used to generate supplemental power during peak periods and is one of the largest photovoltaic systems in Northern California . Since its completion in 2004 the university has received recognition on a regional and national level for the project ; those include : A $3.4 million rebate from PG & E , the largest rebate issued to date for solar power installation . The 2004 Business Environmental Achievement Award from the Hayward City Council . The 2004 Green Power Leadership Award at the National Green Power Marketing Conference . A 2005 Exceptional Project Award from the Western Council of Construction Consumers . On April 8 , 2010 , the California Public Utilities Commission approved a fuel cell project of Pacific Gas and Electric Company ( PG&E ) allowing Cal State East Bay 's Hayward campus to become one of the first college campuses in Northern California to have a fuel cell . Once installed , the waste heat generated by the fuel cell will be converted into hot water to be used in campus buildings . Since 2004 , the Pioneer Amphitheatre on campus has been home of the KBLX Stone Soul Picnic , a day - long festival of R&B , soul and Urban Adult Contemporary music , featured performers have included Ronald Isley , The Whispers , Teena Marie , Rick James , and The O'Jays . California State University , East Bay 's Associated Student Incorporated also hosts concerts with artists like Lupe Fiasco and Goapele . In 2005 , Cal State East Bay launched an aggressive construction project with the building of three new facilities : the Wayne and Gladys Valley Business and Technology Center ( VBT ) , the Pioneer Heights student housing expansion and the University Union annex . The 67,000 - square - foot ( 6,200 m ) VBT center was dedicated on February 28 , 2007 , making it the first new academic building on the Hayward Campus in more than 30 years . The building offers a state - of - the - art home for programs in business , technology management , engineering , multimedia , science , and online degree programs . An expansion to Pioneer Heights was dedicated in fall 2008 . Student housing was able to accommodate more than 450 new residents and offer a 16,000 - square - foot ( 1,500 m ) dining commons . An annex to the existing University Union opened in January 2007 . Construction continued with the anticipated dedication of the new Student Services and Administration building in summer 2010 and the Recreation and Wellness Center in Fall 2010 . Construction workers removed the stadium 's grass and replaced it with artificial turf , while widening the field to regulation size , said Jim Zavagno , director of planning design and construction for Cal State East Bay . As part of the facility 's overall renovation , which began in January , the width of the existing running track circling the playing field was narrowed to five lanes to accommodate the larger field . `` In addition to the competition areas , improved sidewalks and fencing were added to the facility , '' said Zavagno , who reported that the construction costs came in under budget at $1.9 million , about $600,000 less than had originally been projected . `` Renovations to Pioneer Stadium included new markings and a recently installed artificial turf field that 's been widened to meet professional soccer regulations . '' Beginning in September 2010 , a parking structure is to be built that will add 1,100 additional parking spaces . The project with a cost of $24.5 million , will be paid by the parking fees . A bridge from the parking structure will allow students and faculty access to the central campus and other buildings such as the Recreation and Wellness center and Meiklejohn Hall . The campus is home to the C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology , created in 1975 . The museum , open to the public , has rotating exhibits , and archives including records of 18 Bay Area archaeological sites . Organization ( edit ) Presidents ( edit ) Leroy M. Morishita was named as interim president on April 18 , 2011 . Morishita 's appointment became effective July 1 , 2011 when former president Mohammad Qayoumi assumed the role of president of San José State University . Qayoumi succeeded Norma S. Rees as president of the university in 2006 . He is the first Afghan - American to lead a major American university . Fred F. Harcleroad ( 1959 -- 1967 ) Ellis E. McCune ( 1967 -- 1990 ) Norma S. Rees ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Mohammad Qayoumi ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Leroy M. Morishita , ( 2011 -- present ) Academics ( edit ) Fall Freshman Statistics 2014 preliminary 2013 2012 2011 Freshman Applicants 13,056 14,126 12,752 10,778 9,980 Admits 9,636 8,760 3,840 2,184 % Admitted 68.2 68.7 35.6 21.8 Enrolled 1,511 1,572 1,225 1,211 GPA 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.11 ACT Average 19 19 19 SAT Composite 921 912 922 * SAT out of 1600 Hayward , East Bay hills , and the San Francisco Bay , overlooking California State University , East Bay and the iconic ( now demolished ) Warren Hall The university is best known for its College of Business and Economics ; a strong Education Department , where a large percentage of California teachers receive their certification ; and the thriving Music Department where the California State University , East Bay Jazz Ensemble , directed by Dave Eshelman ( retired June 2007 ) , holds annual performances in Yoshi 's at Jack London Square in Oakland and frequently tours Europe and parts of South America . The Biotechnology Program developed at California State University , East Bay affords the university a status as the center of research and development in the Life sciences , Bioinformatics and technologies for the Eastern San Francisco Bay Area . California State University , East Bay also participates in the Internet2 project , a collaboration led by over 200 U.S. universities , private industries , and governments to develop advanced network technologies for research and higher education in the 21st century . California State University , East Bay offers 52 undergraduate degree programs and 39 Master 's degree programs in addition to its teacher education program . The university also has a doctoral program in Educational Leadership ( Ed . D . ) held in cooperation with the University of California , Berkeley , San Francisco State University and San José State University . The most popular undergraduate majors are : Business , Psychology , Liberal Studies , Biological Sciences , Pre-Nursing , Human Development , Health Sciences , Criminal Justice , Communication , and Computer Science . The academic departments of the University are organized into four colleges : College of Business and Economics College of Education and Allied Studies ( CEAS ) College of Letters , Arts , and Social Sciences ( CLASS ) College of Science First year students are put into Freshman Learning Communities which help students to : earn higher GPAs develop superior writing and communication skills graduate reliably in four years . Academic achievements ( edit ) Pioneer Amphitheatre The September 1995 issue of SUCCESS magazine reported the university as one of the 25 best business schools for entrepreneurs . The ranking was based on four key criteria : qualifications of faculty , entrepreneurship curriculum , academic standards and student scores , and quality and depth of resources . The California State University , East Bay College of Business and Economics is ranked as the up and comers of the 25 schools to watch by Columbia University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , and Stanford University . CSUEB has been noted for its fine collection of faculty members . In 2002 , Professor Roger Baldwin received the prestigious Peet award for his superior lectures on American History . The university was also ranked 8th among Top Regional Public Schools in the West in U.S. News and World Report 's 1999 America 's Best Colleges guidebook . The publication recognized Cal State East Bay again in 2008 as a `` top -- tier '' institution among master 's -- granting universities in the West . The University 's exceptionally diverse student body was noted in the 2009 guide from U.S. News and World Report who ranked it as the second-most diverse master 's - granting university in the Western region . In 2003 , the College of Business and Economics was ranked by BusinessWeek as one of the Top Business Schools in the West . The Princeton Review has selected California State University , East Bay , as a `` Best in the West '' college every year since 2003 ; making note of its affordable tuition , small class sizes , diligent , career minded students , multicultural community , and strong business , nursing , and education programs . The Freshman Learning Communities are seen as a National Model . Students are clustered together in courses with peers who have similar interests and career aspirations . The courses within the cluster have a theme that carries on the entire length of the freshman year . It helps students get through their General Education , while helping them making decisions about their major . In addition , the program has been noted to produce students who earn higher GPA due to the support and close interaction with their peers and professors ; development of strong written and oral communication skills and awareness of graduation requirements , are also outcomes that help lead students to graduate on time . A 2010 report on the California State University system 's statewide economic impact reveals that California State University , East Bay contributes $415 million annually to the regional economy : a return of more than $5 for every state dollar invested . The report , `` Working for California : The Impact of the California State University System , '' also underscores the long - lasting value of a Cal State East Bay education , concluding that approximately $1.6 billion of earnings by alumni in the East Bay area is directly attributable to their college degrees and creates an additional $2.5 billion of industry activity throughout the state . The University is an awardee of a 2010 Promise Neighborhoods grant from the United States Department of Education , to aid in improving educational opportunities in Hayward . Rankings ( edit ) Cal State East Bay has been designated a `` top - tier '' institution among master 's - granting universities in the west by U.S. News & World Report and has been recognized as a `` Best in the West '' college by the Princeton Review . In addition , Cal State East Bay 's online program is ranked 14th among online universities in the U.S. on Guide to Online Schools ' 2013 Online College Rankings . Student Life ( edit ) The university 's Department of Communications publishes a weekly newspaper called The Pioneer , its name referring to the school mascot , Pioneer Pete . The paper is staffed by faculty and students . East Bay is a diverse state university as indicated by the annual headcount report . Fall 2011 Demographics of student body African American 9.5 % Asian American 21.8 % White American 24.1 % Hispanic American 17.5 % Native American 0.3 % Multiple ethnicity 2.6 % International 9.5 % Ethnicity unreported / unknown 14.7 % Associated students Incorporated ( edit ) Associated Students Incorporated ( ASI ) is a student - run and student - owned organization that represents the student body at California State University , East Bay . Elected by the California State University , East Bay student body , the 15 - member ASI Board of Directors is the governing body of Associated Students , Inc . The Board makes policy and oversees the fiscal responsibility of ASI . Additionally , the Board assists the University in planning , implementing , and evaluating campus programs , events , and curriculum . ASI currently has four departments : ASI Presents , ASI Business Office , Student Government , and the Early Childhood Education Center . In 2007 the University administration did not allow ASI to hold a student referendum on increasing student fees to fund a recreation and wellness center . It substituted ' alternative consultation ' . In 2008 , the administration again did not allow ASI to hold a referendum on increasing student fees to fund athletic scholarship for a move to Division II sports . Again , it substituted ' alternative consultation ' . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Cal State East Bay Pioneers A CSUEB soccer player attempting to take the ball from a University of California , San Diego attacker California State University , East Bay is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division II level . The Pioneers compete within the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) in 15 sports and the Western Water Polo Association for water polo . The university offers six men 's sports : baseball , basketball , cross country , golf , soccer and Track ; as well as nine women 's sports , including : basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , softball , swimming , track , volleyball and water polo . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot of the university is the Pioneer . At the inception of the athletic program in 1961 the student body chose a spacesuit clad Space Pioneer as the mascot . In the years since the mascot was shortened to the Pioneers and took a more terrestrial image ; first as a frontiersman with a coonskin cap and then as a forty - niner who is reminiscent of Yosemite Sam . In the 1980s the student body voted to change the mascot to the Vampires , but the decision was overturned by then - president Ellis McCune . In 2005 there was talk of changing the mascot along with the university 's name change . The original plan was to unveil the new mascot by the end of the 2004 - 2005 academic year . However , there was little student support for a mascot change ; a majority of the students and faculty were in favor of keeping the Pioneer as the school mascot while supporting a redesign of the Pioneer image . A final decision on whether or not to keep the Pioneer as the mascot of the university was to be reached before the 2006 - 2007 academic year but is still an open question in 2010 . A new athletics logo was unveiled on November 20 , 2009 at a home opener basketball game . Greek letter organizations ( edit ) Fraternities ZΩ ( Zeta Omega , Alpha Chapter ) ΑΚΩ ( Alpha Kappa Omega , Alpha Chapter ) TKE ( Tau Kappa Epsilon , Upsilon Psi Chapter ) ΔΧ ( Delta Chi , Hayward chapter ) ΛΘΦ ( Lambda Theta Phi , Gamma Omicron chapter ) ΓΖΑ ( Gamma Zeta Alpha , Tau chapter ) ΣΔΥ ( Sigma Delta Upsilon , Hayward chapter ) Sororities ΑΚΟ ( Alpha Kappa Omicron , Beta chapter ) ΑΦ ( Alpha Phi , Eta Delta chapter ) ΛΣΓ ( Lambda Sigma Gamma , Alpha Beta chapter ) ΛΘΑ ( Lambda Theta Alpha , Zeta Zeta chapter ) ΛΘΝ ( Lambda Theta Nu , Alpha Tau chapter ) ΚΞ ( Kappa Xi ) ( Alpha Chapter ) ΣΣΣ ( Sigma Sigma Sigma , Epsilon Alpha chapter ) ΘΛΨ ( Theta Lambda Psi , Alpha chapter ) Co-ed fraternities ΑΦΩ ( Alpha Phi Omega , Omicron Zeta chapter ) ΔΣΠ ( Delta Sigma Pi , Zeta Tau chapter ) NPHC ΑΦΑ ( Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity , Xi Pi chapter ) ΑΚΑ ( Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority , Xi Pi chapter ) ΚΑΨ ( Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity , Nu Sigma chapter ) ΩΨΦ ( Omega Psi Phi fraternity , Alpha Rho chapter ) ΔΣΘ ( Delta Sigma Theta sorority , Epsilon Nu City - wide chapter ) ΦΒΣ ( Phi Beta Sigma fraternity , Delta Beta chapter ) ΖΦΒ ( Zeta Phi Beta sorority , Tau Mu chapter ) ΣΓΡ ( Sigma Gamma Rho sorority , Sigma Omicron chapter ) ΙΦΘ ( Iota Phi Theta Fraternity , Beta Upsilon chapter ) Notable people ( edit ) Alumni ( edit ) Timothy P. White Bill Lockyer Mark Curry Ellen Corbett Among the more than 100,000 CSUEB alumni are : Brian A. Arnold , U.S. Air Force general . George Barlow , poet Ted Barrett , an umpire in Major League Baseball Frank Beede , former Seattle Seahawks offensive lineman and 2010 NFL Teacher of the Year Mike Bellotti , college football analyst for ESPN television broadcasts Greg Blankenship , former American football linebacker who played one season in the NFL with the Oakland Raiders and the Pittsburgh Steelers Sue Burns an American businesswoman who was the senior general partner ( principal owner and largest shareholder ) of the San Francisco Giants Ellen Corbett , a democratic politician now living in Hayward Joe Coto , educator , city councilmember , and a Democratic politician Tom Coughlin , former vice chairman of Walmart Mark Curry , actor and comedian Natalie Del Conte , co-hosts the technology news podcast Buzz Out Loud George Fernandez , retired American soccer defender who played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League Ted Griggs , President of Comcast SportsNet Bay Area Elihu Harris , Chancellor of the Peralta Community College District , former Oakland City Mayor Sara M. Harvey , an American costume designer , and an author of fiction and nonfiction J.R. Havlan , comedy writer on `` The Daily Show with Jon Stewart '' and recipient of six Emmy Awards for `` Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . '' Glenn Henry , computer industry executive and cofounder of Centaur Technology Eric Hughes , assistant coach , Toronto Raptors and former assistant coach of Washington Huskies James Monroe Iglehart , Tony - award winning actor Larry Johannessen , NIU English professor Jay Kleven , Major League Baseball catcher Suzy Kline , author of children 's books , `` Horrible Harry '' and `` Herbie Jones '' Scott Kriens , chairman and CEO of Juniper Networks Roger Lim , American - Asian actor , director , producer , and screenwriter Bill Lockyer , former State Attorney General , current California State Treasurer Ludmyrna Lopez , Democratic member of the City Council of the California city of Richmond Mark Mastrov ( class of c. 1980 ) , founder of 24 Hour Fitness , partial owner of the Sacramento Kings Howard McCalebb , African - American abstract sculptor Farzaneh Milani , Iranian - American scholar and author Joe Morgan , Two - time Sports Emmy Award winner , former Cincinnati Reds great and Hall of Fame second baseman , analyst for ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball Kristen Morgin , sculptor Natali Morris , technology news journalist and online media personality Steven T. Murray , American translator from Swedish , German , Danish , and Norwegian . He has worked under the pseudonyms Reg Keeland and McKinley Burnett when edited into UK English Louis Navellier , Wall Street icon and trustee of the Cal State East Bay Education Foundation Susan B. Neuman , prominent educator , researcher , and education policy - maker in early childhood and literacy development Landon Curt Noll , American computer scientist Greg Petersen , an American soccer coach Mario R. Ramil , former Associate Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court Bruce Sagan , mathematics professor at Michigan State University and folk musician Christopher Seufert Phil Snow , assistant coach at Eastern Michigan University Phil Sykes , former college and professional ice hockey player Chester Lovelle Talton , Provisional Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of San Joaquin in The Episcopal Church Nicholas Vasallo , composer , founder of the post-metal group Antagony , film score career , and concert works lecturer for the CSUEB Music Department Timothy P. White , chancellor of the University of California , Riverside Dawn Monique Williams , American theatre director Jennifer Wolch , dean of the College of Environmental Design at University of California , Berkeley Gene Yang , comic book artist Chuks UC Ukaoma , Retired Senior Market Manager , Drees Homes Inc , Real estate investor , blogger , Austin , Texas . California State 1989 - 1991 Faculty ( edit ) Clayton Bailey , artist , professor emeritus of art Larry Bensky , radio show host , lecturer in the communications department Stephen D. Gutierrez , professor of English and director of creative writing , was awarded the 2010 Maxim Mazumdar New Play Competition in the One - Act category for his play , `` Game Day '' . Dave Eshelman , director of jazz studies Mel Ramos - professor emeritus of art , noted Pop Art painter Dakin Matthews , actor , emeritus professor of English John V. Robinson , lecturer in English is a 2006 Guggenheim Fellow in the field of folklore and a 2007 California Council for the Humanities recipient . Robinson is an award winning photographer and the author of many books and articles . Theodore Roszak - professor emeritus of history and author of the seminal 1968 book , The Making of a Counter Culture Agha Saeed , lecturer in the program in Asian studies Raymond Saunders - professor emeritus of art Allan Temko , architecture critic , teacher of city planning Farid Younos , lecturer in human development and women 's studies , presented his plan for achieving Afghan peace and diplomatic conflict resolution to members of the U.S. House of Representatives on July 28 , 2010 in Washington , D.C. He is an expert in ethic studies and politics of Afghanistan and expert on Dari language . He obtained the degree of Doctor of Education from University of San Francisco . He is an authior of the following books ( self - published ) : Principles of Islamic Sociology ( 2011 ) , Democratic Imperialism : Democratization Versus Islamization ( 2008 ) , Gender Equality in Islam ( 2002 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2016 . `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016 '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morishita appointed President of Cal State East Bay '' . CSUEB News . January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Enrollment by Sex and Student Level , Fall 2016 '' . The California State University . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.calstate.edu/cpdc/Facilities_Planning/2013-14-Five-Yr-CapImprovementPgmBk.pdf Jump up ^ `` Color '' . 0.csueastbay.edu . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards & Recognition '' . 0.csueastbay.edu . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.calstate.edu/hr/employee-profile/documents/Fall2013CSUProfiles.pdf Jump up ^ `` Semester Conversion : Transforming for Student Success '' . California State University , East Bay . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jo Ann ( 2015 ) . `` Cal State East Bay Ranked Most Diverse University in California '' . California State University , East Bay . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ View a KRON - TV documentary film from 1964 about how the college was established : https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/210741 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : CSU Trustees Vote Unanimously To Change University Name to ' Cal State East Bay ' '' . January 28 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Graymer , Russell ; et al. `` Preliminary Geologic Map Emphasizing Bedrock Formations in Alameda County , California : A Digital Database : U.S. Geological Survey Open - File Report 96 -- 252 '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Parr , Rebecca . `` USGS to use Cal State East Bay building demolition to study Hayward Fault '' . ContraCostaTimes.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California PUC approves PG&E fuel cell for CSUEB '' . April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Technology Center Is Dedicated '' . February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rec , Wellness Center to Benefit Campus Life '' . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Construction resumes on admin building '' . March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite news url = http://www20.csueastbay.edu/news/2009/02/wellness.html title = Rec , wellness center to benefit campus life date = 2009 - 0de ) ) Jump up ^ Zepel , Barry . `` Parking structure planned for Hayward Campus '' . 0.csueastbay.edu . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CSUEB unlocks the past with a swab of the cheek '' . Inside Bay Area . February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Archive '' . Class.csueastbay.edu . August 15 , 1998 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology website '' . Class.csueastbay.edu . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Qayoumi Selected as Next President '' . CSUEB News . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CSUEB Institutional ePortfolio '' . Csueastbay.edu . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CSU APPLICATIONS AND ADMISSIONS REPORTS , FALL 2012 '' . Calstate.edu . May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First - time Students Table 4.1 1 California State University , East Bay '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` California State University , East Bay Fall 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.calstate.edu/pa/documents/Fall2014Applications.pdf Jump up ^ `` California State University , East Bay College Portrait '' . Collegeportraits.org . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSUEB University Fact Sheet 2009 '' ( PDF ) . August 1 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` California State University , East Bay '' . NCAA . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' NFL Teacher of the Year ' Frank Beede earned teaching credential at CSUEB '' . August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New ESPN football analyst is CSUEB alumnus and former offensive coordinator '' . March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants owner Burns dies of cancer '' . Jump up ^ `` Home Senate Majority Leader Ellen M. Corbett '' . Sd10.senate.ca.gov . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Website not available '' . Joecoto.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Curry Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Get your daily dose of tech news from a CSUEB alumna '' . March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CSU East Bay Athletic Hall of Fame '' . Edschool.csueastbay.edu . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CSUEB Department of Political Science Alumni '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sara 's Shiny Webspace '' . Sara M. Harvey . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tour `` The Daily Show '' with writer J.R. Havlan ' 87 as he contemplates college , comedy , and where to keep all his Emmys `` . October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Hughes Biography '' . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Campus mourns death of Larry Johannessen '' . Niu.edu. April 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Kleven Obituary '' . July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Classroom experience inspires CSUEB alumna to write `` Horrible Harry '' and `` Herbie Jones '' `` . April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Kriens , Juniper Networks '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Actor / Director / Producer / Writer '' . Roger Lim . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Lockyer Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Ludmyrna Lopez '' . Richmond Confidential . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Howard McCalebb '' . Alytusbiennial.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty and Staff wgs.virginia.edu '' . Virginia.edu . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Morgan Biography '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Biography and art clippings for Kristen Morgin at contemporarycollectors.com , retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Natali '' . Natali Morris . November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Steven T. ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Why I Write : Steven T. Murray '' . Publishersweekly.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Navellier Biography '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Gould , MondoDyne.com ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Susan B. Neuman Professor University of Michigan School of Education '' . Personal.umich.edu . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` English professor 's one - act play takes New York award '' . October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Adamick. `` Bridge means more than tolls for professor . '' Contra Costa Times . June 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Farid Younos to present Afghan plan for peace to U.S. House of Representatives '' . July 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farid Younus ' ' curriculum vitae ' ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal University portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to California State University , East Bay . 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-6467342500626046417	REO Speedwagon	REO Speedwagon - Wikipedia REO Speedwagon Jump to : navigation , search For the vehicle , see REO Speed Wagon . `` Speedwagon '' redirects here . For Robert E.O. Speedwagon , the character from JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure , see Phantom Blood § Jonathan 's allies . REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon in June 2011 Background information Origin Champaign , Illinois , U.S. Genres Hard rock pop rock soft rock Years active 1967 ( 1967 ) -- present Labels Epic Speedwagon Sony / Legacy Associated acts Styx Website reospeedwagon.com Members Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Past members See members section REO Speedwagon ( originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon ) is an American rock band from Champaign , Illinois . Formed in 1967 , the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s . Hi Infidelity ( 1980 ) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group 's best - selling album , with over ten million copies sold . Over the course of its career , the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits , including the number ones `` Keep On Loving You '' and `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . REO Speedwagon 's mainstream popularity waned in the late 1980s , but the band remains a popular live act . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Debut album 1.3 Mainstream success 1.4 Changes in the 90s 1.5 Revival of the hits 1.6 2000 -- present 2 Personnel 2.1 Members 2.2 Timeline 3 Discography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Advertisement for an REO Speed Wagon In the fall of 1966 , Neal Doughty entered the electrical engineering program at the University of Illinois in Champaign , Illinois , coming in as a junior . On his first night , he met another student , Alan Gratzer . They held an impromptu jam session in the basement of their Illinois Street Residence Hall dormitory , and soon started a rock band . Gratzer had been a drummer since high school , and was playing in a local group on the weekends , while Doughty had learned some Beatles songs on his parents ' piano . Doughty started to follow around Gratzer 's band , eventually sitting in on a song or two . The keyboard player was the leader , but several other band members were unhappy with the situation . On the last day of the university 's spring semester , guitarist Joe Matt called the band 's leader and told him that he , drummer Gratzer , and bassist Mike Blair had decided to leave the band and start a new one with Doughty . They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break , and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard . On his Farfisa organ , he learned `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors . The members returned to school in the fall of 1967 , and had their first rehearsal before classes even started . They named the band REO Speedwagon , from the REO Speed Wagon , a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history , and the initials are those of its founder Ransom E. Olds . Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did , they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced ( `` R-E-O '' ) . An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job , a fraternity party that turned into a food fight . They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars , fraternity parties , and university events . The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards , Gratzer on drums and vocals , Joe Matt on guitar and vocals , Mike Blair on bass and vocals . In early 1968 , Terry Luttrell became lead singer , and Bob Crownover joined as the guitar player , replacing Matt . When Mike Blair left the band in the summer of 1968 , Gregg Philbin replaced Blair , Marty Shepard played trumpet and Joe McCabe played sax until McCabe moved to Southern Illinois University . Crownover played guitar for the group until the summer of 1969 when Bill Fiorio replaced him . Fiorio then departed in late 1969 , eventually assuming the name Duke Tumatoe , and went on to form the All Star Frogs . Steve Scorfina ( who would go on to found progressive rock / album - oriented rock band Pavlov 's Dog ) came aboard for over a year , composing with the band and performing live , before being replaced by Gary Richrath in late 1970 . Richrath was a Peoria , Illinois - based guitarist and prolific songwriter who brought fresh original material to the band . With Richrath on board , the regional popularity of the band grew tremendously . The Midwestern United States was the original REO Speedwagon fan stronghold and is pivotal in this period of the band 's history . The band signed to Epic Records in 1971 . Paul Leka , an East Coast record producer , brought the band to his recording studio in Bridgeport , Connecticut where it recorded original material for its first album . The lineup on the first album consisted of Richrath , Gratzer , Doughty , Philbin , and Luttrell . Debut album ( edit ) With their equipment being hauled to dates in a friend 's station wagon , REO played bars and clubs all over the Midwest . The band 's debut album , R.E.O. Speedwagon , was released on Epic Records in 1971 . The most popular track on this record was `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' . The title refers to the Westport , Connecticut address , where the band stayed while recording in Leka 's studio in Bridgeport and remains an in - concert favorite . Although the rest of the band 's lineup remained stable , REO Speedwagon switched lead vocalists three times for their first three albums . Luttrell left the band in early 1972 , eventually becoming the vocalist for Starcastle . He was replaced by Kevin Cronin . Cronin recorded one album with the band , 1972 's R.E.O. / T.W.O. but left the band during the recording sessions for 1973 's Ridin ' the Storm Out because of internal conflicts . Ridin ' the Storm Out was completed with Michael Bryan Murphy on lead vocal , and featured Neal Doughty 's memorable `` wailing storm siren '' entrance on the title track . Murphy stayed on for two more albums , Lost in a Dream and This Time We Mean It , before Cronin returned to the fold in January 1976 and recorded R.E.O. , which was released that same year . Cronin 's return came after Greg X . Volz turned down the position for lead vocalist after becoming a born - again Christian . In 1977 REO convinced Epic Records that their strength was in their live performances . Epic agreed to let them produce their first live album , Live : You Get What You Play For , which was eventually certified platinum . That same year , the band moved to Los Angeles , California . In 1977 bassist Gregg Philbin left the band . Depending upon which band member is expressing an opinion , it was either because Philbin was disenchanted with the new corporate - structure REO where Cronin and Richrath got bigger slices of the pie instead of the equal credit they once shared as a `` garage band '' , or he was asked to leave over his lifestyle issues affecting the music quality . Philbin was replaced with another Champaign , Illinois musician , Centennial High School alumnus , Bruce Hall , to record You Can Tune a Piano but You Ca n't Tuna Fish . The album was released in 1978 and received FM radio airplay . The album was REO 's first to make the Top 40 , peaking at # 29 . The album went on to sell over 2 million copies in the US , ultimately achieving double platinum status . In 1979 the band took a turn back to hard rock with the release of Nine Lives . Mainstream success ( edit ) The stage was now set for the height of the band 's popularity . On November 21 , 1980 , REO Speedwagon released Hi Infidelity , which represented a change in sound , going from hard rock to more pop - oriented material . Hi Infidelity spawned four hit singles written by Richrath and Cronin , including the chart - topping `` Keep On Loving You '' ( Cronin ) , plus `` Take It on the Run '' ( # 5 ) ( Richrath ) , `` In Your Letter '' ( # 20 ) ( Richrath ) , and `` Do n't Let Him Go '' ( # 24 ) ( Cronin ) , and remained on the charts for 65 weeks , 32 of which were spent in the top ten , including 15 weeks atop the Billboard 200 . Hi Infidelity sold over 10 million copies and set the bar for rock bands across the country . The band 's follow - up album , Good Trouble , was released in 1982 . Although it was not as successful as its predecessor , the album performed moderately well commercially , featuring the hit singles `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' ( U.S. # 7 ) , `` Sweet Time '' ( U.S. # 26 ) and the Album Rock chart hit `` The Key . '' The band came storming back two years later with Wheels Are Turnin ' , an album that included the # 1 hit single `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' plus three more hits : `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( U.S. # 29 ) , `` One Lonely Night '' ( U.S. # 19 ) , and `` Live Every Moment '' ( U.S. # 34 ) . REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985 , including a sold - out concert in Madison , Wisconsin in May . On July 13 , on the way to a show in Milwaukee , the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live Aid , which broke a record for a number of viewers . They performed `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' and `` Roll With the Changes , '' which featured members of the Beach Boys , the band members ' families , and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals . 1987 's Life as We Know It saw a decline in sales , but still managed to provide the band with the top - 20 hits `` That Ai n't Love '' ( U.S. # 16 ) and `` In My Dreams '' ( U.S. # 19 ) . The Hits ( 1988 ) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon . It contains new tracks `` Here With Me '' and `` I Do n't Want to Lose You . '' `` Here with Me '' cracked the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart . They were the last songs recorded with Gary Richrath and Alan Gratzer Changes in the 90s ( edit ) By the late 1980s , the band 's popularity was starting to decline . Alan Gratzer left in September 1988 after he decided to retire from music to open a restaurant . In early 1989 , Gary Richrath quit after tensions between him and Kevin Cronin boiled over . Cronin had been playing in The Strolling Dudes , a jazz ensemble that included jazz trumpet player Rick Braun ( who had co-written the abovementioned `` Here With Me '' with Cronin ) , Miles Joseph on lead guitar and Graham Lear on drums . Lear had already been invited to join REO in September 1988 as Gratzer 's successor and Joseph was brought in as a temporary stand - in for Richrath . Back up singers Carla Day and Melanie Jackson were also added . This lineup did only one show , on January 7 , 1989 in Viña del Mar , Chile , where it won the award for best group at the city 's annual International Song Festival . After that , Miles Joseph and the back up singers were dropped in favor of former Ted Nugent guitarist Dave Amato ( who was brought aboard in May 1989 ) and keyboardist / songwriter / producer Jesse Harms . The 1990 release The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken , with Bryan Hitt ( formerly of Wang Chung ) on drums , was a commercial disappointment . The album produced only one , and - to date - the band 's last Billboard Hot 100 single , `` Love Is a Rock , '' which peaked at # 65 . Harms , disenchanted by the album 's failure , left the group in early 1991 . Shortly after his departure , Richrath assembled former members of the Midwestern band Vancouver to form a namesake band , Richrath . After touring for several years , the Richrath band released Only the Strong Survive in 1992 on the GNP Crescendo label . Richrath ( the band ) continued to perform for several years before disbanding in the late 1990s . In September 1998 , Gary Richrath briefly joined REO onstage at the County Fair in Los Angeles to play on band 's encore song , `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' . He then joined REO once again in Los Angeles in May 2000 for the same encore but no serious plans for a reunion ever materialized . Without Richrath 's involvement , REO Speedwagon lost their recording contract with Epic , and ended up releasing Building the Bridge ( 1996 ) on the Priority / Rhythm Safari label . When that label went bankrupt , the album was released on Castle Records , which also experienced financial troubles . REO Speedwagon ultimately self - financed this effort , which failed to chart . The title track did make R&R 's AC Top 30 chart . Revival of the hits ( edit ) The commercial failure of the band 's newer material with its revised lineup demanded a change in marketing strategy . As a consequence , Epic began re-releasing recordings from older albums with updated artwork and design . From 1995 to the present , the label released over a dozen compilation albums featuring greatest hits , including 1999 's The Ballads . In 2000 , REO teamed up with Styx for an appearance at Riverport Amphitheater in St. Louis , which was released as a live concert video Arch Allies : Live at Riverport . The REO portion of the show was released again under three separate titles : Live - Plus ( 2001 ) , Live Plus 3 ( 2001 ) and Extended Versions ( 2001 ) ( which was certified gold by the RIAA on April 26 , 2006 ) . REO once again teamed with Styx in 2003 for the Classic Rock 's Main Event tour which also included another band from their common rock era , Journey . 2000 -- present ( edit ) The band released a self - financed album entitled Find Your Own Way Home in April 2007 . Though it did not chart as an album , it produced two singles which appeared on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary radio chart . REO Speedwagon continues to tour regularly , performing mostly their classic hits . They teamed up with Styx to record a new single entitled `` Ca n't Stop Rockin ' '' , released in March 2009 , as well as for a full tour that included special guest . 38 Special . In November 2009 , REO Speedwagon released a Christmas album , Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon . In Summer 2010 , the band -- then touring with Pat Benatar -- announced that it would release a 30th anniversary deluxe edition reissue of Hi Infidelity . On December 2 , 2009 , REO Speedwagon released an online video game , Find Your Own Way Home , produced by digital design agency Curious Sense . The game was the first `` downloadable casual game '' produced with a rock band and was cited by numerous publications including the New York Times as an innovative marketing product for a music act . Main Street in Champaign , named REO Speedwagon Way in honor of the band REO Speedwagon headlined on the M&I Classic Rock Stage at the Milwaukee Summerfest on June 30 , 2011 . On March 11 , 2012 , Kevin Cronin appeared on the Canadian reality TV series Star Académie . He sang a sampling of REO 's hits with the show 's singing finalists . On November 22 , 2013 , they announced a benefit concert with Styx titled `` Rock to the Rescue '' to raise money for the affected families of the tornadoes in central Illinois . The concert was held on December 4 , 2013 in Bloomington , Illinois . Richard Marx joined REO on stage for a joint performance of two of his hit songs . Gary Richrath reunited with REO one final time for a performance of `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' to end REO 's set at the sold - out concert . Richrath stayed on stage to help with the encore of `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' along with REO , Styx , Richard Marx , and others . Richrath was originally from the town of East Peoria which was damaged during the storm . Families impacted by the storm and first responders sat near the stage for this special REO concert . In early 2014 , it was announced that REO Speedwagon and Chicago would be teaming up for 15 dates throughout 2014 . Gary Richrath died on September 13 , 2015 , due to complications from surgery . In 2016 , the band went on tour with Def Leppard and Tesla . The band performed with Pitbull the song Messin ' Around live on the ABC TV show Greatest Hits in 2016 , that version of the song was also released as a single on iTunes . The band toured the UK arena circuit with Status Quo in December 2016 . The band toured the US with Styx and Don Felder on the `` United We Rock '' tour , debuting June 20 at the Sunlight Supply Amphitheater . In 2017 the Hi Infidelity album received the Diamond Award for official U.S. sales of over ten million copies . Personnel ( edit ) Members ( edit ) Current members Neal Doughty -- keyboards ( 1967 -- present ) Kevin Cronin -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards ( 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 -- present ) Bruce Hall -- bass , backing and lead vocals ( 1977 -- present ) Dave Amato -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1989 -- present ) Bryan Hitt -- drums , percussion ( 1989 -- present ) Former members Alan Gratzer -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1967 -- 1988 ) Joe Matt -- lead guitar , lead vocals ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Mike Blair -- bass , backing vocals ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Terry Luttrell -- lead vocals ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Bob Crownover -- lead guitar ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Gregg Philbin -- bass , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1977 ) Joe McCabe -- saxophone ( 1968 ) Marty Shepard -- trumpet ( 1968 ) Bill Fiorio -- lead guitar ( 1969 ) Steve Scorfina -- lead guitar ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Gary Richrath -- lead guitar , occasional vocals ( 1970 -- 1989 ; died 2015 ) Mike Murphy -- lead vocals , occasional rhythm guitar ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Graham Lear -- drums ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Miles Joseph -- lead guitar ( 1989 ; died 2012 ) Carla Day -- backing vocals ( 1989 ) Melanie Jackson -- backing vocals ( 1989 ) Jesse Harms -- keyboards ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : REO Speedwagon discography Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon ( 1971 ) R.E.O. / T.W.O. ( 1972 ) Ridin ' the Storm Out ( 1973 ) Lost in a Dream ( 1974 ) This Time We Mean It ( 1975 ) R.E.O. ( 1976 ) You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish ( 1978 ) Nine Lives ( 1979 ) Hi Infidelity ( 1980 ) Good Trouble ( 1982 ) Wheels Are Turnin ' ( 1984 ) Life as We Know It ( 1987 ) The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken ( 1990 ) Building the Bridge ( 1996 ) Find Your Own Way Home ( 2007 ) Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon ( 2009 ) See also ( edit ) Book : REO Speedwagon List of artists who reached number one in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon New Music And Songs '' . MTV . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous residents , former residents '' . Champaign News - Gazette . January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( March 23 , 1981 ) . `` Now It 's Cheat to the Beat , as Reo Speedwagon Finally Arrives with ' Hi Infidelity ' '' . People . 15 ( 11 ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon '' . AllExperts . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 810 -- 811 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ Box Score Top Grossing Concerts . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1 June 1985 . pp. 48 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History - REO Speedwagon '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6700404/reo-speedwagon-gary-richrath-kevin-cronin-interview Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon 's Kevin Cronin on Louisville , power ballads and if my wife 's a slut '' . Louisville.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Styx , REO Speedwagon Team Up For `` Rockin ' '' Tour , Single `` . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Myspace '' . Blogs.myspace.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon Plans ' Hi Infidelty ' 30th Anniversary Reissue , Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` REO Speedwagon Rocks On as a Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Live Nation Announces REO Speedwagon And Chicago Summer Tour '' . AllAccess.com . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Richrath of REO Speedwagon dies '' . Music-News.com . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Def Leppard Announce Summer Tour With REO Speedwagon and Tesla '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messin Around - Single ( United States ) '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK TOUR WITH STATUS QUO & THE LOUNGE KITTENS ANNOUNCED '' . reospeedwagon.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Styx , REO Speedwagon , Don Felder Ready For ' United We Rock ' U.S. Tour , Starting June 20th '' . AllAccess.com . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to REO Speedwagon . Official website REO Speedwagon at AllMusic How REO Speedwagon Got Their Name REO Speedwagon Live Photo Gallery REO Speedwagon Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Alan Gratzer Mike Blair Joe Matt Gregg Philbin Terry Luttrell Bob Crownover Joe McCabe Marty Shepard Bill Fiorio Steve Scorfina Gary Richrath Mike Murphy Graham Lear Miles Joseph Carla Day Melanie Jackson Jesse Harms Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon R.E.O. / T.W.O. Ridin ' the Storm Out Lost in a Dream This Time We Mean It R.E.O. You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Nine Lives Hi Infidelity Good Trouble Wheels Are Turnin ' Life as We Know It The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken Building the Bridge Find Your Own Way Home Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Live albums Live : You Get What You Play For Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Extended Versions Hi Infidelity Then Again ... Live Setlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon Live Live in Germany 1982 Live Chicago 1979 Live At Moondance Jam Metro Center Rockford Illinois , 15th July 1983 Compilation albums A Decade of Rock and Roll 1970 to 1980 Best Foot Forward The Hits The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 Keep On Loving You -- Best Starbox Believe in Rock and Roll Only The Strong Survive Premium Best The Ballads Take It On The Run Simply The Best Keep On Rollin ' The Essential REO Speedwagon Rock Breakout Years : 1981 Collections Greatest Hits , Steel Box Collection Playlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon The Box Set Series Singles `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' `` Reelin ' '' `` Keep Pushin ' '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' ( live ) `` Roll with the Changes '' `` Time for Me to Fly '' `` Only the Strong Survive '' `` Keep On Loving You '' `` Take It on the Run '' `` Do n't Let Him Go '' `` In Your Letter '' `` Tough Guys '' `` Out of Season '' `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' `` Sweet Time '' `` The Key '' `` Stillness of the Night '' `` Good Trouble '' `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' `` One Lonely Night '' `` Live Every Moment '' `` Wherever You 're Goin ' ( It 's Alright ) '' `` That Ai n't Love '' `` Variety Tonight '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Here with Me '' `` Live It Up '' `` Love Is a Rock '' `` I Needed to Fall '' `` Find Your Own Way Home '' `` Ca n't Stop Rockin '' ( W Styx ) Video albums FM Live Infidelity Wheels are Turnin ' A Video Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Real Artist Working Live Aid ( 1985 ) XM Artists Confidential PBS `` SoundStage '' Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon , The Yule Log DVD Out of Nowhere : Champaign Music Scene Documentary Live in Germany 1982 Live at Moondance Jam Related articles Discography Book : REO Speedwagon Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele 2017 : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar VIAF : 132667469 LCCN : n84088344 ISNI : 0000 0001 1956 0719 GND : 6062155 - 2 BNF : cb139061287 ( data ) MusicBrainz : bdc70372 - 7e8a - 4cb9 - 8d33 - f036b3b7cdc1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=REO_Speedwagon&oldid=813897592 '' Categories : 1967 establishments in Illinois American soft rock music groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Illinois Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups from Illinois Musical groups from Champaign , Illinois Musical quintets Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the band reo speedwagon get their name	[ "They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break, and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard. On his Farfisa organ, he learned \"Light My Fire\" by The Doors. The members returned to school in the fall of 1967, and had their first rehearsal before classes even started. They named the band REO Speedwagon, from the REO Speed Wagon, a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history, and the initials are those of its founder Ransom E. Olds. Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did, they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced (\"R-E-O\"). An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job, a fraternity party that turned into a food fight. They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars, fraternity parties, and university events. The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards, Gratzer on drums and vocals, Joe Matt on guitar and vocals, Mike Blair on bass and vocals." ]	[ "the REO Speed Wagon, a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history" ]
-5605985535062200138	List of Back to the Future characters	List of Back to the Future characters - wikipedia List of Back to the Future characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franchise logo The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale . The lead character of the series is Marty McFly . During the course of the trilogy , he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown and encounters the villain , Biff Tannen , in several different time periods and visits his family ancestors and descendants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Marty McFly 1.2 Emmett `` Doc '' Brown 1.3 Biff Tannen 2 McFly family 2.1 George McFly 2.2 Lorraine Baines - McFly 2.3 Dave McFly 2.4 Linda McFly 2.5 Seamus and Maggie McFly 2.6 Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly 3 Brown family 3.1 Clara Clayton 3.2 Jules and Verne Brown 3.3 Copernicus 3.4 Einstein 4 Tannen family 4.1 Irving `` Kid '' Tannen 4.2 Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen 4.3 Griff 4.4 Biff Tannen , Jr . 5 Strickland family 5.1 Gerald Strickland 5.2 James Strickland 5.3 Edna Strickland 6 Other characters 6.1 Jennifer Parker 6.2 Douglas J. Needles 6.3 Goldie Wilson 6.4 Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D 7 See also 8 References Main characters ( edit ) Marty McFly ( edit ) Main article : Marty McFly Martin Seamus `` Marty '' McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly . Marty travels between the past and the future , encountering his ancestors and descendants . Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space - time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen ( or members of the Tannen clan ) at various points in time . Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Brown Doctor Emmett Lathrop `` Doc '' Brown ( portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future : The Game , and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series ) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine . At various points in time , Doc helps Marty restore the space - time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel . In 2008 , the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , ranking at # 76 . Biff Tannen ( edit ) Main article : Biff Tannen Biff Howard Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film . He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley , most of whom harassed members of the McFly family . Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen ( also portrayed by Wilson ) , who is one of Hill Valley 's outlaws during the 1880s . McFly family ( edit ) George McFly ( edit ) George Douglas McFly ( portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X . Sommers in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the father of Marty , Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly . Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie , George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . In the first film , George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen 's bullying . The novelization of the film expounds on George 's history of weakness , describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself . In 1955 , in contrast with Marty , George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school . He has a penchant for science fiction , and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection . In 1955 , with Marty 's help , he gets the courage to stand up to Biff , knocking him unconscious . As a result , he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight . In the new future , they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around . In the alternate timeline in Part II , George was murdered by Biff in 1973 . George 's character was greatly reduced in the sequels , and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman . Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover 's rendering of McFly , and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future . The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it . Glover did not appreciate this , and sued . The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again . Lorraine Baines - McFly ( edit ) Lorraine Baines - McFly ( portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty , Linda and Dave . She is the eldest daughter of Sam ( George DiCenzo ) and Stella ( Frances Lee McCain ) Baines , and sister of Milton ( Jason Hervey ) , Sally ( Maia Brewton ) , Toby , and Joey . In Back to the Future , Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle - aged and unhappy . After Marty changes the timeline , she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985 . In Part II , she is still happily married to George in 2015 , but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff . Dave McFly ( edit ) David `` Dave '' McFly ( portrayed by Marc McClure ) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Dave works at Burger King , but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white - collar worker for an accounting firm . In a deleted scene from Part II , the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George 's death and Lorraine 's second marriage to Biff . Linda McFly ( edit ) Linda McFly ( portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber ) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job . In 1985 after Marty went to 1955 , Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys . Seamus and Maggie McFly ( edit ) Seamus and Maggie McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson ) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great - great - grandparents of Marty McFly . In Part III , Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie . While Maggie does not trust the `` strange young man '' , Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do . They have a son named William ( Marty 's great - grandfather ) . Much like his descendants , Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family , Buford Tannen . Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson , who also plays Marty 's mother Lorraine , even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine ; in a DVD commentary track for Part III , Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film , and he imagines that McFly men are simply `` genetically predisposed '' to be attracted to women who look like her . Marty ( Jr. . ) and Marlene McFly ( edit ) Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly ( both portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker 's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II . Originally Marty ( Jr . ) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang . Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman 's prison . Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening . Brown family ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series ) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown . Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine , which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory . The animated series reveals that Clara , along with the rest of the family , moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley . She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School . Jules and Verne Brown ( edit ) Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown ( portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series ) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife , Clara , who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne . The characters had minor , non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series . Jules , an introvert , mostly imitates his father 's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted . Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage . Copernicus ( edit ) Copernicus is Doc 's dog from 1955 . Like his other dogs , Copernicus was used in many of Doc 's experiments . When Copernicus died , he was replaced by Einstein . Einstein ( edit ) Einstein ( portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series ) is Doc Brown 's pet Catalan sheepdog . He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family 's dog . In the first film , Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future . In the animated series , Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter , helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future . Tannen family ( edit ) Irving `` Kid '' Tannen ( edit ) Kid Tannen is Biff 's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game . Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley . He , like the rest of the Tannen family , bullies the McFly family forcing Marty 's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting . Kid is brought down with the help of Marty , a young version of Doc , and Arthur McFly . He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help . Buford `` Mad dog '' Tannen ( edit ) Buford Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III ) is the main antagonist of the third film . He is the great - grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley . He was nicknamed `` Mad Dog '' by a newspaper reporter , due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling , a nickname Tannen greatly despises . Buford is cruel , homicidal , rude , and emotionally unstable . He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes , whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does . He is often accompanied by his gang ( played by Christopher Wynne , Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson ) , and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies . Griff ( edit ) Griff ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series ) is a grandson of Biff . He is part of a gang that also consists of `` Data '' , `` Spike '' , and `` Whitey '' ( portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan , Darlene Vogel , and Jason Scott Lee ) . In the animated series , Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode `` Solar Sailors '' where his grandson , Ziff ( also voiced by Wilson ) , is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly 's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family . Griff 's last name is never mentioned in the movies , which means he could either be the son of Biff 's son Biff Jr , or the son of Biff 's daughter , Tiffaney . However , in the animated series , Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens . Biff Tannen , Jr. ( edit ) In the animated series , Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen . Like his father and paternal relatives , he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud . In addition , Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people 's properties . Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship . He is voiced by Benji Gregory . Strickland family ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan ) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School . He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885 . There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal . James Strickland ( edit ) James Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III ) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland . He also has an unnamed son ( portrayed by Kaleb Henley ) , who will become Gerald Strickland 's father . Edna Strickland ( edit ) Edna Strickland , in Back to the Future : The Game , is the sister of Gerald Strickland . She is somewhat nicer than her brother , but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness . After Marty alters her original timeline , Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen . Other characters ( edit ) Jennifer Parker ( edit ) Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend ( and , in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II , the wife ) of Marty McFly . The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future . However , Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons , and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future : The Game as a punk rock version of her character . Consequently , the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells ' place , rather than using the ending of Back to the Future . In the spin - off Back to the Future : the Animated Series , Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini . In 1985 , Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School , along with her boyfriend Marty . In the animated series , Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part - time as a tutor . She lives with her family on a ranch , the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen , after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer 's great - great - grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer 's great - great - grandmother hostage . In the episode `` A Friend in Deed '' , Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne . In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II , Jennifer and Marty had two children , Marlene and Marty Jr. ( both played by Michael J. Fox ) Douglas J. Needles ( edit ) Douglas J. Needles ( portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III ) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School . Like his school 's alumnus , Biff Tannen , Needles also has his own gang ( portrayed by Christopher Wynne , J.J. Cohen , and Ricky Dean Logan ) and develops a rivalry with Marty . Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015 . Goldie Wilson ( edit ) Goldie Wilson ( played by Donald Fullilove in part 1 ) is a young man working at Lou 's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s . A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks , suggesting Goldie is a nickname , presumably in reference to his gold tooth . He would also have a grandson , Goldie Wilson III ( also played by Fullilove ) in Part II , who works as a car salesman . Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D ( edit ) Match ( portrayed by Billy Zane ) , Skinhead ( portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen ) , and 3 - D ( portrayed by Casey Siemaszko ) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen 's gang in 1955 . Their nicknames are only given in the films ' novels , screenplays , and credits . Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies -- Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II , while outside of the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance . In the alternate 1985 , the three work in Biff 's casino as his bodyguards . Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait . Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth ; Skinhead has very short , close - cropped hair ; 3 - D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3 - D glasses ( a reference to the 3 - D movies that were popular in the 1950s ) . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weissman on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Glover Clarifies `` Back to the Future '' Squabble at BTTF.com . Jump up ^ Telltale , Incorporated ( December 22 , 2010 ) . Back to the Future : The Game - Episode 1 : It 's About Time . Level / area : May 14 , 1986 , 6 : 42 pm - Edna 's apartment - `` Pictures '' . Marty McFly : Is that ... Vice Principal Strickland ? Edna Strickland : Mother never could keep little Gerald out of her clothes ... Jump up ^ A Friend in Deed episode recap at TV.com . ( hide ) Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters&oldid=807980239 '' Categories : Back to the Future Lists of animated science fiction television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played marty mcfly's father in back to the future	[ "George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III." ]	[ "Crispin Glover" ]
6879458625034295891	State of Origin series	State of Origin series - wikipedia State of Origin series Jump to : navigation , search State of Origin Current season or competition : : 2017 State of Origin series Sport Rugby league Instituted 1982 Inaugural season 1980 Number of teams Country Australia ( ARLC ) Shield Holders Queensland Maroons ( 2017 ) Website Official State of Origin website Broadcast partner Nine Network Related competitions City vs Country Origin Super League Tri-series The State of Origin series is the annual best - of - three Australian rugby league football match series between two state representative sides , the New South Wales Blues and the Queensland Maroons . Referred to as Australian sport 's greatest rivalry , the State of Origin series is one of Australia 's premier sporting events , attracting huge television audiences and usually selling out the stadiums in which the games are played . It is regularly described as being the pinnacle of rugby league , even in comparison with international competitions . Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game , hence the name ' state of origin ' . Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time . In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental `` State of Origin '' match . From 1982 onwards a best - of - three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield . During the early years , the results were extraordinarily even . However , since 2006 , Queensland has won every series except in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 History 2.1 Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 2.2 Conception of State of Origin football 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Adoption 2.5 Refereeing 2.6 1987 : American controversy 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 3 Popularity 4 Broadcasting 5 Selection rules 5.1 Controversy 5.2 Anomalies 6 Results 6.1 Year by year 7 Wally Lewis Medal 8 Records 8.1 Team 8.2 Individual 8.2. 1 Playing 8.3 Coaching 9 Under 20s 10 Women 's State of Origin 10.1 All - Team Records 11 See also 12 References 12.1 History 12.2 General records and statistics 12.3 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match 12.4 Player lists 13 Further reading 14 External links Teams ( edit ) Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia , the sport 's two major states , New South Wales and Queensland , have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s . The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons , reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys . These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold . The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League . The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '' , due to a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such . Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams , they have not competed in State of Origin . History ( edit ) Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 ( edit ) The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia . In 1900 a journalist known as ' The Cynic ' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland , Stephen Spragg , should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales . Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908 , an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time . Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state . No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves . The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908 , before Queensland had even commenced its club competition . New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory . The local media were unimpressed . There can be no doubt the NSW men are improving a good deal ... They can not be blamed for the farce , for it was nothing else . If the Australian team depends on Queenslanders to strengthen it , one is afraid it will be found wanting . They are quite the weakest lot of footballers I have even seen come down from Queensland . The play needs no detailed description as it was simply a practice match for NSW , and certainly did not advantageously advertise the new game . - The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 July 1908 The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales , apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s . From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches . At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain . Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders , the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition , and that there would be no Australian tour . The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain , the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars . The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales . This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs . From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition , becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection . Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that `` every time Queensland produces a good footballer , he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine . '' Prior to 1956 , NSW had won 75 % and Qld only 25 % of series played . From 1956 -- 1981 , NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8 % with only 1 series win , in 1959 . Conception of State of Origin football ( edit ) By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded . Matches were played mid-week , so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition , and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds . Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League ( NSWRFL ) declined to host the Queensland team , and both interstate games were played in Queensland . Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon , who had later become a journalist , was the first to suggest that Sydney - based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state . Brisbane Courier - Mail reporter Hugh Lunn , Barry Maranta ( the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos ) and Maranta 's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league . Lunn told McAullife that `` you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland , Ron , but you ca n't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander . '' McAuliffe was initially sceptical . `` What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play , and we are beaten . Where would we go from there ? '' Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one - off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial . New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions : If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial , and also , that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted . ( From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott , a Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks official . ) Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan : St. George Dragons , South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters . As these clubs were refusing to release players , Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial , which would make release mandatory . The clubs backed down . Experimentation ( edit ) See also : 1980 State of Origin game and 1981 State of Origin game After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7 , the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane . The New South Wales media gave both the event , and Queensland 's chance of winning it , little credence , calling the game a `` three day wonder '' . Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century '' . Ron MacAullife however , was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match . Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned . Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ) , few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans , delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever . Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10 . I was strongly against such a match , but last night 's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program . -- Alan Clarkson , journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald , 6 October 1980 In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules . As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series , state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match . Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15 -- 0 lead in the game , Queensland rallied to win 22 -- 15 . Adoption ( edit ) The first State of Origin shield , depicting Queensland 's Wally Lewis and New South Wales ' Brett Kenny . The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year . The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive . -- Frank Hyde ( 2 June 1982 ) Despite the Maroons ' success so far in the State of Origin experiments , the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues ' long - held dominance in series wins . Queensland however , under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis , was inspired by this , and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1 . However , in 1985 , under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer , New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground , claiming the series for the first time . The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash , taking the series 3 -- 0 . Refereeing ( edit ) Barry Gomersall , from Sarina , Queensland ( 1945 -- 2007 ) was notorious for his refereeing of nine State of Origin matches between 1982 and 1988 . Queensland rugby league team won seven of those matches , leading to accusations of bias and match - fixing . Gomersall himself did little to disassociate himself from those claims , famously referring to the only two matches under his control won by New South Wales rugby league team ; `` Surely anyone 's entitled to two bad games '' . Queenslanders , on the other hand , were generally of the view that Sydney referees were no more to be relied on to give unbiased rulings in the games they controlled . 1987 : American controversy ( edit ) After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2 -- 1 , a fourth game was played at Long Beach , California to showcase rugby league to the American public . In Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 ( 2003 ) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story : There was one additional Origin contest played in 1987 . The Queenslanders had climbed the mountain and at no point did they take the project seriously in any competitive sense . The State of Origin trophy was safely stowed in the Queensland Rugby League board room at Lang Park , and for the Maroons the visit to the United States was their end - of - season outing , the game an exhibition ... Such was the Blues ' disappointment at the loss of the State of Origin series that they would go to any length to restore some vestige of their lost pride . The New South Wales Rugby League hierarchy told their men to prepare for the contest as though it was a deciding test match . The match was played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Long Beach , California in front of 12,349 fans . The Blues won the game 30 -- 18 . In 1987 the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) , New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players ' individual statistics . On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League ( whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League ) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match , and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead . ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said : `` There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture ... in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game 's governing body at the time . In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987 , Ken Arthurson , the ARL 's chief executive in 1987 , was quoted as saying ' It 's an exciting experiment but the match is n't and wo n't be billed as an exhibition match ' . '' 1990s ( edit ) After the controversy of the match played in the United States , the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3 -- 0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989 . The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series . It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew , the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series . As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game , the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience . The 1992 , 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins , Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line . It was n't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series . A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos , its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons . Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3 -- 0 in a shocking white - wash . The 1996 series saw the off - field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed , regardless of contract , state of origin selection . Having the majority of the Queenslanders back did n't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white - wash with a 3 -- 0 series win of their own . The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions , one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited - owned Super League , and an interstate series was played in each . Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition . The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format . The teams were selected using origin rules , and New South Wales and Queensland met twice . These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record . As with the premiership , players were spread between two representative tournaments as well . The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League , and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home , setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2 -- 1 . The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw . Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours . 2000s ( edit ) The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance , causing some commentators ( who ? ) to question State of Origin ' future . However , this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series , which is seen as the starting point of Queensland 's unprecedented dynasty . The 2008 series was won by Queensland making it three series in a row . New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008 , however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008 , and also Game 3 on 2 July 2008 . Queensland followed this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row . 2010s ( edit ) Queensland won its historic , record breaking , fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23 -- 18 win in the third and final match of the State of Origin , 2010 . This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years . Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010 . The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB - T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB - T and PAL . In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16 -- 12 . In the second game of the 2011 series New South Wales defeated Queensland 18 -- 8 . Queensland won the series 34 -- 24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer 's 36th and final game . Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series . In 2012 , then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under - 20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning . Queensland went on to win an historic 7th series win in 2012 , winning the final game by 1 point . In 2013 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2 , while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time . The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system . In 2014 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 12 - 8 in the first game of the series , and 6 - 4 in the second . In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32 - 8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute , with Queensland leading 6 - 2 in the first half . This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years . In 2015 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 - 10 in game 1 played in Sydney , New South Wales defeated Queensland 26 - 18 in game 2 played in Melbourne , Queensland defeated New South Wales 52 - 6 in game 3 played in Brisbane , winning the series 2 - 1 . In 2016 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 6 - 4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26 - 16 win in the second match . New South Wales closed off the series with a 18 - 14 win over Queensland . In 2017 , New South Wales won Game 1 , 28 - 4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty . Queensland won Game 2 , 18 - 16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston , who kicked the winning goal for Queensland . Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match , essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match . Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction , ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year . In Game 3 , New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games , the first to do so since 1996 . Queensland dominated the Blues , winning 22 - 6 , with Queensland Winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series . It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith , before being chaired off the ground by his teammates , ending Thurston 's representative career on a high note . Popularity ( edit ) In 2013 , each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event . In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland , with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds and local television ratings comparable to those of many Victorian AFL matches . Internationally , the series is televised in 91 countries , and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea , occasionally sparking riots , violence and deaths . It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand . Broadcasting ( edit ) Within Australia , Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series , with replays airing on Fox Sports . The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand . Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia . In the United States , Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011 , with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013 . Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK . Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG 's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J . This broadcast was presented by the characters `` Rampaging '' Roy Slaven and HG Nelson ( played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver ) , who commentated the game with a unique comedic style . Roy and HG 's broadcasts began in the late 1980s , and continued until 2008 . Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009 , at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary . Selection rules ( edit ) Sydney Brisbane Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior ( or registered ) rugby league . In 2012 , the NSWRL , CRL , QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility , to encompass other factors , such as place of birth . Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level . Controversy ( edit ) From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy . Since 1980 , Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth , while for New South Wales the total is only 6 . However , place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012 . An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling , Ken Nagas , James McManus , Israel Folau and Greg Inglis . Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland . Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales , Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba , Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga , Newcastle & Sydney , all in New South Wales , while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory , but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series . The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed . The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis ' first senior football , making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time . However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle , New South Wales , in the Arrive Alive Cup ; considered to be a senior competition . Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said `` there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team . He played for us at 16 , he 's a Blue '' . The controversy led to the creation of the `` That 's In Queensland '' viral video . Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States . Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland . Previously father and son combinations , such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states . This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales . Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby League for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast Foreign born players have also represented each state . New Zealand has had several players , such as Brad Thorn , Ben Te'o , Craig Smith , Willie Mason , Tonie Carroll , James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin . Tamou 's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis , lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations . Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin . Other players , such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible , creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League . Apart from representing Queensland , Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international , having played international rugby league for Australia , and international rugby union for the All Blacks . Papua New Guinea - born Adrian Lam and Fijian - born Lote Tuqiri , Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin . Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW . Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW . The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international , Ben Te'o , by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season . A report into eligibility based on a player 's birth state showed ; `` Of the 18 series that QLD has won , it had the greater percentage of non-State ( born ) players in its side on 14 of those occasions -- revealing a 77.8 % dependency . Of the 13 series that NSW has won , on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State ( born ) players across the series -- revealing a 38.5 % dependency . '' Anomalies ( edit ) In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection . This included most of Queensland 's usual team , who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos . The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years , allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea . The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon 's swept aside NSW , who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players , 3 - 0 . During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule . The players affected were David Barnhill ( NSW ) , Kevin Campion ( Qld ) , Tonie Carroll ( Qld ) , Graham Mackay ( NSW ) , Willie Mason ( NSW ) , Luke Ricketson ( NSW ) , Lote Tuqiri ( Qld ) and Adrian Vowles ( Qld ) , Results ( edit ) For full results and statistics , see State of Origin results and statistics Year by year ( edit ) Of the 36 full series played , Queensland have won 21 , New South Wales 13 , with 2 series drawn ( Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year 's winner ) . With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980 , 1981 and 1987 , the total number of games played is 108 . Queensland have won 58 , New South Wales have won 48 , with 2 matches being drawn . The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series , as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series , with the final game concluding in a draw . At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock , and by the same set of rules , Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders , but did not win the series . Due to controversy around the second drawn series , and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland , the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series . Equal points at the close of full - time are now resolved with the golden point method . State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series . Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series , irrespective of state . The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series . Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times . Recipients Year Player State Position Club Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Lock Sydney Roosters 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Fullback Sydney Roosters 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland Five - eighth Brisbane Broncos 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland Halfback , Five - eighth North Queensland Cowboys 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Centre Melbourne Storm Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2012 Nate Myles Queensland Second - row Gold Coast Titans 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales Lock , Prop Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 2015 Corey Parker Queensland Lock Brisbane Broncos 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Wing Newcastle Knights The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis ' retirement in 1992 until 2003 , where the best player of the series could win the award , regardless of their state . The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most points scored in a game : 72 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Most points scored by a team : 56 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Largest winning margin : 46 , Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales ( Game III , 2015 ) Most consecutive games won : 8 , Queensland ( Game II , 1987 - Game III , 1989 ) Most consecutive series won : 8 , Queensland ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Most series clean sweeps : 4 , Queensland ( 1988 -- 1989 , 1995 , 2010 ) Individual ( edit ) Oldest player : 36 years 74 days , Petero Civoniceva ( 2012 ) ( Queensland ) Youngest player : 18 years and 83 days , Ben Ikin ( 1995 ) ( Queensland ) Playing ( edit ) Most games : 42 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most consecutive games : 36 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most games as captain : 30 Wally Lewis ( 1981 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 24 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 11 Cameron Smith ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- present ) ( Queensland ) & Johnathan Thurston ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most points : 224 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most tries : 18 Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most goals : 101 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most field goals : 4 Andrew Johns ( 1995 -- 2005 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one game : 32 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one series : 52 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most tries in one game : 3 ( Anderson , Boustead , Girdler , Tuqiri , Sing , King , Gagai , Holmes ) Most tries in one series : 5 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) , Lote Tuqiri ( 2002 ) ( Queensland ) Most goals in one game : 10 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most goals in one series : 16 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one game : 2 Ben Elias ( Game III , 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one series : 2 Ben Elias ( 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) , Andrew Johns ( 2003 ) ( New South Wales ) 1. ^ Smith and Thurston competed in at least one game associated with each series wins . Coaching ( edit ) Most games : 30 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 19 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 9 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) These records that are about to be shown are mainly about the stadium 's and players of the game . All this info can be found at http://afltables.com/rl/soo/records.html . Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 ) Leading Try Scorers Try Scorer State Games Tries ( Ave . ) Greg Inglis QLD 30 18 ( 0.60 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 ( 0.65 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 ( 0.46 ) Billy Slater QLD 28 12 ( 0.44 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 ( 0.58 ) Allan Langer QLD 34 10 ( 0.29 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 ( 0.25 ) Jarryd Hayne NSW 23 11 ( 0.45 ) Timana Tahu NSW 12 8 ( 0.67 ) Anthony Minichiello NSW 11 8 ( 0.73 ) Brad Fittler NSW 31 8 ( 0.26 ) Leading Point Scores Point Scorers State Games Tries Goals Field Goals Points ( Ave . ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 5 101 234 ( 5.94 ) Mal Meninga QLD 32 6 69 0 161 ( 5.03 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 42 129 ( 6.79 ) Andrew Johns NSW 23 38 96 ( 4.17 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 22 82 ( 2.28 ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 7 27 0 82 ( 10.25 ) Greg Inglis QLD 30 18 0 0 72 ( 2.40 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 0 0 68 ( 2.62 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 9 0 66 ( 2.54 ) Rod Wishart NSW 22 5 22 0 64 ( 2.91 ) Cameron Smith QLD 42 5 19 0 52 ( 1.33 ) Venue Stats Venue State Games Total Attendance Average Lang Park QLD 52 2,049,574 39,414 S.C.G NSW 6 192,773 32,128 Long Beach Neutral 12,439 12,439 S.F.S NSW 14 521,836 37,274 Olympic Neutral 25,800 25,800 M.C.G Neutral 256,773 64,193 Stadium_Australia NSW 25 1,862,616 74,504 QEII QLD 97,430 48,715 Docklands Neutral 161,821 53,940 Appearance Stats Players State Games Years Cameron Smith QLD 42 2003 - 2017 Darren Lockyer QLD 36 1998 - 2011 Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 2005 - 2017 Allan Langer QLD 34 1987 - 2002 Petero Civoniceva QLD 33 2001 - 2012 Mal Meninga QLD 32 1980 - 1994 Wally Lewis QLD 31 1980 - 1991 Nate Myles QLD 32 2006 - 2017 Brad Fittler NSW 31 1990 - 2004 Greg Inglis QLD 30 2006 - 2016 Steven Price QLD 28 1998 - 2009 Leading Goal Kickers Players State Games Goals / Attempts ( % ) Jamie Soward NSW 9 / 11 ( 81.82 % ) Mat Rogers QLD 5 12 / 15 ( 80.00 % ) James Maloney NSW 9 15 / 18 ( 80.00 % ) Jamie Lyon NSW 10 8 / 10 ( 80.00 % ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 36 96 / 121 ( 79.34 % ) Trent Hodkinson NSW 6 12 / 16 ( 75.00 % ) Tim Brasher NSW 21 9 / 12 ( 75.00 % ) Craig Fitzgibbon NSW 11 20 / 27 ( 74.07 % ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 22 / 30 ( 73.33 % ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 27 / 37 ( 72.97 % ) Cameron Smith QLD 39 16 / 22 ( 72.73 % ) Most Points Scored In A Games Players State Tries Goals Field Goals Points Game Ryan Girdler NSW 10 0 32 Game 3 , 2000 Lote Tuqiri QLD 0 18 Game 2 , 2002 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 9 0 18 Game 3 , 2015 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 18 Game 1 , 1985 Mal Meninga QLD 0 16 Game 1 , 1989 Darren Lockyer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 2001 Dale Shearer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 1989 Mal Meninga QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 1 , 1980 Darren Lockyer QLD 5 0 14 Game 1 , 2001 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 2 , 2008 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 14 Game 4 , 1987 Series List Year Winners Games Crowd Average 1982 Queensland 22,334 Queensland 25,705 1984 Queensland 26,426 1985 New South Wales 30,301 1986 New South Wales 31,623 Queensland 36,020 1988 Queensland 25,056 1989 Queensland 35,452 1990 New South Wales 32,817 1991 Queensland 35,715 1992 New South Wales 37,806 1993 New South Wales 35,465 1994 New South Wales 56,340 1995 Queensland 44,122 Under 20s ( edit ) The Under 20s State of Origin has only had six seasons so far ( 2012 to 2017 ) with only one game a year , instead of three . New South Wales has won all of them . They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 2012 New South Wales 0 0 2013 New South Wales 0 0 2014 New South Wales 0 0 2015 New South Wales 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 Women 's State of Origin ( edit ) The Women 's State of Origin is the Women 's rugby league version of the game , and has been running since 1999 . The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup . Furthermore , the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland , who won every series from 1999 - 2014 , a better straight record than their male counterparts . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1999 Queensland 0 0 2000 Queensland 0 0 2001 Queensland 0 0 2002 Queensland 0 0 2003 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2005 Queensland 0 0 2006 Queensland 0 0 2007 Queensland 0 0 2008 Queensland 0 0 2009 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2011 Queensland 0 0 2012 Queensland 0 0 2013 Queensland 0 0 2014 Queensland 0 0 2015 Draw 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 All - Team Records ( edit ) Points Queensland : 1808 Points New South Wales : 1656 Points See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal National Rugby League State of Origin Rugby league in Australia Affiliated States Championship Australian regional rivals -- NSW vs. QLD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melissa Jane Johnson Morgan & Jane Summers ( 2005 ) . Sports Marketing . Thomson Learning Nelson . p. 8 . ISBN 9780170128599 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown is on to sport 's greatest rivalry ! '' . melbournestorm.com. 9 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Norman ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : twenty - five years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Caringbah , New South Wales : Playright Publishing . ISBN 0949853933 . Jump up ^ `` Rep season officially launched '' . sportsaustralia.com. 5 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the storm '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State of O - It 's not our Game ! '' . Craccum Magazine ( 14 ) . 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Susie Ashworth , Paul Smitz , Carolyn Bain and Neal Bedford ( 2004 ) . Australia . Lonely Planet . p. 132 . ISBN 9781740594479 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harms , John ( 2005 ) . The Pearl : Steve Renouf 's Story . Australia : University of Queensland Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9780702235368 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 2004 ) . `` A few drinks with Ray Warren '' . Inside Sport . Australia : insidesport.com.au . Archived from the original on 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Battersby ; Paul Smitz ; Barry Blake ( 2007 ) . Australian language & culture . Lonely Planet . p. 83 . ISBN 9781740590990 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Jamie ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` State of Origin in league of its own '' . The Southland Times . Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Middleton , David ( 2008 ) . League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . p. 27 . ISBN 9781876944643 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Template : Webarchive url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042307/http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/attachments/league of legends / rugby league a work in progress / files / 22453 / F RL work in progress. pdf Jump up ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's greatest contest 1980 -- 2002 . Australia : University of Queensland Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9780702233838 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Alan ( 10 July 1980 ) . `` Football lessons by Maroons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 48 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Frank ( 2 June 1982 ) . `` Time to combine the old and new '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 30 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Colman , Mike ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Final whistle for Gomersall '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` State of Origin breaks audience records '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roar , The . `` 2014 State of Origin 1 full time result '' . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` The X Factor a winner in the ratings , as Ten slumps '' . The Age . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers say ' game on ' with State of Origin series set to kick off in Melbourne '' . Premier of Victoria . Victorian Government . 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ritson , Mark ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Channel Nine the State of Origin 's real winner '' . BRW . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ARLC Media ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Origin set to reach its biggest market yet '' . New South Wales Rugby League . New South Wales Rugby League . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercest origin passions erupt in PNG '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Security boosted in PNG for State of Origin 2 after first round violence '' . Australia Network News . 10 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big NZ Television Audience for State of Origin Opener '' . throng.co.nz. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Origin broadcast by America 's FOX Sports '' . NRL . May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX SOCCER PLUS ACQUIRES AUSTRALIA 'S NRL TELSTRA PREMIERSHIP AND RUGBY LEAGUE STATE OF ORIGIN SERIES '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports Media Group . February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stead , Chris ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate State of Origin Lineup Comparison '' . Finder . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis sticks to colours Brisbane Times , 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ Fed - up Meninga says NSW should stop bleating over Inglis Canberra Times , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ Why ' State of Birth ' does n't work BigPond Sport , 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Greg Inglis ' Dad defends son 's decision to be a Maroon '' . The Sunday Mail . Brisbane , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blues lose Korbin Sims to Queensland Newcastle Herald , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Kiwis cranky about stopping NZ stars playing Origin Courier Mail , 29 June 2012 Jump up ^ Dark day when Kiwis choose maroon or blue stuff.co.nz , 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Song mocks Ben Te'o defection Jump up ^ Rugby League Tables Jump up ^ New South Wales smash Queensland in under - 20 's State of Origin clash History ( edit ) ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rugby Rebellion . RL1908 . ISBN 0 - 9757563 - 0 - 3 . `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 `` NSW v Queensland : 1908 -- 1980 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The First State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin History 1981 -- 2004 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The Origin of State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Brisbane Broncos : The Team To Beat . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0702233420 . ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3383 - 8 . ^ McGregor , Adrian ( 2004 ) . Wally Lewis : Forever the King . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3434 - 6 . ^ `` Overseas Players and State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 12 April 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` The Origins of State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 23 May 2005 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` We Still Want Hunt '' National Rugby League , 21 March 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` How it all began '' stateoforigin.com.au , no date , retrieved 8 May 2007 General records and statistics ( edit ) `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) `` State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2005 '' RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History : State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2003 '' by the Australian Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History '' by The Roar , Retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ `` State of Origin Records '' by the Queensland Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin Statistics '' by World of Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Official State of Origin website http://www.stateoforigin.com.au , Retrieved 15 November 2006 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match ( edit ) ^ Colman , Mike ( 26 November 2005 ) `` Assigning History by asterisks '' The Courier - Mail ( page 61 ) ^ Dick , Barry ( 16 July 2003 ) `` Origin Battle Rages On and Off the Field '' The Courier - Mail ( page 1 ) Player lists ( edit ) ^ State of Origin website Further reading ( edit ) Maxwell Leo Howell ; Peter Hastie ; Reet Howell ( 1992 ) . State of Origin , the first twelve years . Herron . ISBN 9780947163969 . Norman Tasker ; Australian Rugby Football League ; John Macdonald ; Mike Colman ; Andrew Webster ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : 25 years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Playright Publishing . ISBN 9780949853936 . Helen Elward , Graeme Langlands ( 2003 ) . State of origin : gods of the grounds . Best Legenz . ISBN 9780958043311 . Harris , Bret ( 1992 ) . Winfield State of Origin 1980 -- 1991 . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780725106973 . External links ( edit ) State of Origin news section State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Rugby league in Australia National Federation Australian Rugby League Commission National teams Kangaroos Jillaroos Prime Minister 's XIII Indigenous Junior Kangaroos Schoolboys State Federations New South Wales NSW Country Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Other Federations University Masters Police Women Events All Stars Auckland Nines City vs Country State of Origin World Club Challenge Competitions National Rugby League National Youth Competition State Championship Affiliated States Championship Schoolboy Cup Honours Clive Churchill Medal Dally M Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Big League Rugby League Week The Footy Show Fox League Friday Night Football NRL video games Lists Clubs Stadiums Premiers Wooden spooners Rugby league in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Rugby league in Oceania Main articles Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Major federations Asia - Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&oldid=799932641 '' Categories : 1982 establishments in Australia State of Origin series Rugby league competitions in Australia Rugby league rivalries Rugby league in Queensland Rugby league in New South Wales Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1908 Nine 's Wide World of Sport Sports rivalries in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most state of origin	[ "Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game, hence the name 'state of origin'. Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time. In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental \"State of Origin\" match. From 1982 onwards a best-of-three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield. During the early years, the results were extraordinarily even. However, since 2006, Queensland has won every series except in 2014." ]	[ "Queensland" ]
6304626018357720642	Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up ( season 4 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After ( season 5 ) Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) External links Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom in season 3 , Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4 , and Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After in season 5 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett and Necar Zadegan co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Paul Adelstein co-starred as a main cast member for the first two seasons , before being reduced to a recurring character for the third and fifth seasons . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that the fifth season would be the show 's last . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring seasons 3 & 5 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . season 1 , episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( season 1 , episode 8 -- season 5 ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 5 6 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` GIRLFRIENDS ' GUIDE TO DIVORCE ( BRAVO ) '' . The Futun Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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-5821967170980710638	Methuselah	Methuselah - wikipedia Methuselah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical Methuselah . For other uses , see Methuselah ( disambiguation ) . Methuselah Spouse ( s ) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent ( s ) Enoch ( father ) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ , Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '' , or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '' ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years , and begat Methuselah : 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years , and begat sons and daughters : 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years : 24 And Enoch walked with God : and he ( was ) not ; for God took him . 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years , and begat Lamech : 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years , and begat sons and daughters : 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years : and he died . -- Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions , the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other . The differences can be summarized as follows : Text Age at son 's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM , the year of the Flood at the age of 969 . Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , six years before the Flood ( 2262 AM ) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , fourteen years after the Flood ( 2242 AM ) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood ( 1307 AM ) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences -- the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators . Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors . Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC , aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs ' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis ; in 1 Chronicles 1 : 3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3 : 23 -- 38 . Extra-biblical mentions ( edit ) Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . In the Book of Enoch , Enoch ( as the narrator ) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom . He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts . The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah 's mother and his wife -- both are named Edna -- and his daughter - in - law , Betenos , Lamech 's wife . The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ( `` Book of Jasher '' ) describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness . All other very long - lived people died , and Methuselah was the only one of this class left . God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died ( besides Noah and his family ) . Methuselah lived until the ark was built , but died before the flood , since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous . The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah 's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood . The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara - Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah . He was the son of En - men - dur - ana the Sumerian Enoch , and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land . Although their ages are different , their father and their year of death remain the same . Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah . Furthermore , early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was `` righteous '' . The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind ; this was so that God 's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations ( edit ) Further information : Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480 . In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ , along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah 's age has engendered considerable speculation , but no widely accepted conclusions . These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations : literal , mistranslation , symbolic , and fictional interpretations . Literal ( edit ) Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah 's 969 years to be 969 solar years . Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be : early humans had a better diet , or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood . Others introduce theological causes : humans were originally to have everlasting life , but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation , and God progressively shortened human life , particularly after the Flood . The Catholic Encyclopedia says `` Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year . '' Mistranslation ( edit ) Some believe that Methuselah 's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted `` months '' to `` years '' , producing a more credible 969 lunar months , or 781⁄2 years , but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text . Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers `` might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10 '' . If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10 , Methuselah 's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years , and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years . Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years , which `` will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years , and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years , and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years '' ... `` Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem , Ham , and Japheth . '' and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points : 93.0 for Adam , 91.0 for Cainan , 96.9 for Methuselah , 95.0 for Noah , etc . Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position . There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty . Under this interpretation , it is n't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had `` dominion '' for that period . Symbolic ( edit ) Methuselah 's father Enoch , who does not die but is taken by God , is the seventh patriarch , and Methuselah , the eighth , dies in the year of the Flood , which ends the ten - generational sequence from Adam to Noah , in whose time the world is destroyed . Myth ( edit ) Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5 , including Methuselah 's age , have no meaning at all , Kenneth Kitchen calls them `` pure myth '' , Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah , and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past . Cultural influence ( edit ) According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah 's name `` has become a synonym for longevity '' . It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein 's novella Methuselah 's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity . Saying that someone is `` as old as Methuselah '' is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly . The word `` Methuselarity , '' a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated , and death would occur only by accident or homicide . Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film , Noah 's adopted daughter Ila ( played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her . In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths , in reference to Methuselah , as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies . In 2016 , it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornwall and Stelman Smith , The Exhaustive Dictionary of Bible Names Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 27 Jump up ^ Hasel , Gerhard F. ( 1980 ) . `` Genesis 5 and 11 : Chronolgenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings '' . Origins. 7 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in the website of the Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies ^ Jump up to : `` Methuselah '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Enoch '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sefer Ha - Yashar : Or , the Book of Jasher ( 1887 ) , Salt Lake City : J. Parry & Co . Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Jasher 5 : 21 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 4 : 20 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 36 ) Jump up ^ Pritchard , James B. ( ed . ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1955 , 1969 ) . 1950 1st edition at Google Books . p. 44 : `` ... a flood ( will sweep ) over the cult - centers ; to destroy the seed of mankind ; is the decision , the word of the assembly ( of the gods ) . '' Jump up ^ Ibn Ishāq , Sīrat Rasūl Allāh , tr . A. Guillaume ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Methuselah '' . Guide to the Scriptures . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John C. Whitcomb , Jr. and Henry M. Morris , `` The Genesis Flood '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker Book House , 1961 ) , 399 -- 404 Jump up ^ Pilch , John J. ( 1999 ) . The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible . Liturgical Press . pp. 144 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2527 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hill , Carol A. ( December 2003 ) . `` Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Morris , Henry M. ( 1976 ) . The Genesis Record : A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Book House . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6004 - 4 . Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born ! Jump up ^ Etz , Donald V. ( April 1993 ) . `` The Numbers of Genesis V 3 - 31 : A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications '' . Vetus Testamentum. 43 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 89 . doi : 10.1163 / 15685339993X00034 . JSTOR 1519351 . INIST : 4293595 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Ellen H. ( 1897 ) . `` Cosmogony , or Creation of the World '' . Astrology : Science of Knowledge and Reason : A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form . New York . pp. 30 -- 7 . OCLC 11451986 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Best , Noah 's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic , 1999 , page 108 Jump up ^ Borland , James A. ( 1990 ) . `` Did People Live to be Hundreds of Years Old Before the Flood ? '' . The Genesis Debate . Grand Rapids , MI . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat , `` King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies , '' Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 ( 1968 ) : 165 . See also the discussion of `` ten '' in the Gen. genealogies in M. Abot section 5 , Jacob Neusner , The Mishnah : A New Translation ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1988 ) , 685 . Duane A. Garrett also thinks this is deliberate , thus indicating redaction , Rethinking Genesis : The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible , Ross - shire , Great Britain : Christian Focus Publications , 2000 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , K.A. ( 1966 ) . Ancient Orient and Old Testament . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Levin , Yigal ( October 2001 ) . `` Understanding Biblical Genealogies '' . Currents in Research : Biblical Studies . 9 : 11 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Westermann . Genesis 1 -- 11 : A Commentary . p. 354 . Jump up ^ `` as old as Methuselah '' . Cambridge Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ de Grey , Aubrey ( 2008 ) . `` The singularity and the Methuselarity : similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Why Emma Watson Is the Secret Key to ' Noah ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana . `` Joachim Rønning Attached To Direct David Heyman 's ' Methuselah ' With Tom Cruise '' . Deadline Hollywood . External links ( edit ) Methuselah at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . McKague , Lee ( 1999 ) . `` Methuselah : Oldest Myth , or Oldest Man ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 97 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 13 . ( hide ) Adam to David according to the Bible Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Cain line Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal - cain Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methuselah&oldid=835658349 '' Categories : Longevity myths Book of Genesis people Bereshit ( parsha ) Prophets in Mormonism Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with Curlie links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Walon ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lived the longest life in the bible	[ "Methuselah (Hebrew: מְתוּשֶׁלַח‬, Methushelah \"Man of the dart/spear\", or alternatively \"his death shall bring judgment\"[1]) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible.[2] Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah." ]	[ "Methuselah" ]
-8249732261614368267	List of The Simpsons characters	List of the Simpsons characters - wikipedia List of the Simpsons characters Jump to : navigation , search Some of the many recurring and regular characters in The Simpsons . Along with the Simpson family , The Simpsons includes a large array of characters : co-workers , teachers , family friends , extended relatives , townspeople , local celebrities , and as well as fictional characters . The creators originally intended many of these characters as one - time jokesters or for fulfilling needed functions in the town . A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes . According to creator Matt Groening , the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the Canadian sketch comedy show Second City Television . The main characters , the Simpson family , are listed first ; all other characters are listed in alphabetical order . Only main , supporting , and recurring characters are listed . For one - time characters , see `` List of one - time The Simpsons characters '' . Characters ( edit ) Character Voice actor ( s ) Character 's role Episode debut Original air date Homer Simpson Dan Castellaneta Husband of Marge ; father of Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . `` Good Night ( The Simpsons short ) '' 1987 - 04 - 19 Marge Simpson Julie Kavner Wife of Homer ; mother of Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . `` Good Night ( The Simpsons short ) 1987 - 04 - 19 Bart Simpson Nancy Cartwright Oldest child and only son of Homer and Marge ; brother of Lisa and Maggie . `` Good Night ( The Simpsons short ) '' 1987 - 04 - 19 Lisa Simpson Yeardley Smith Middle child and eldest daughter of Homer and Marge ; sister of Bart and Maggie . `` Good Night ( The Simpsons short ) '' 1987 - 04 - 19 Maggie Simpson Liz Georges Gábor Csupó Harry Shearer Yeardley Smith Nancy Cartwright Elizabeth Taylor James Earl Jones Jodie Foster Youngest child and daughter of Homer and Marge ; sister of Bart and Lisa . `` Good Night ( The Simpsons short ) '' 1987 - 04 - 19 Akira George Takei , Hank Azaria Waiter at The Happy Sumo ; karate teacher . `` One Fish , Two Fish , Blowfish , Blue Fish '' 1991 - 01 - 24 Albright , Ms. ! Ms. Albright Tress MacNeille Sunday school teacher . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Amadopolis , Aristotle ! Aristotle Amadopolis Jon Lovitz , Dan Castellaneta Owner of the Shelbyville Nuclear Power Plant . `` Homer Defined '' 1991 - 10 - 17 Atkins ! Atkins , State Comptroller Harry Shearer , Hank Azaria State comptroller . `` Lisa Gets an `` A '' '' 1998 - 11 - 22 Bailey , Mary ! Mary Bailey Maggie Roswell Governor of Springfield 's state . `` Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish '' 1990 - 11 - 01 Barlow ! Birchibald `` Birch '' T. Barlow Harry Shearer Radio talk show host ; Fox News anchor . `` Sideshow Bob Roberts '' 1994 - 10 - 09 Beardly , Jasper ! Jasper Beardly Harry Shearer Grampa 's closest neighbor at the Retirement Castle . `` Bart the General '' 1990 - 01 - 21 Benjamin , Doug , and Gary Harry Shearer , Hank Azaria , and Dan Castellaneta Springfield University students . `` Homer Goes to College '' 1993 - 10 - 14 Bill and Marty Dan Castellaneta and Harry Shearer KBBL Radio co-hosts . `` Bart vs. Thanksgiving '' 1990 - 10 - 11 Blinky Unvoiced Three - eyed fish . `` Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish '' 1990 - 11 - 01 Blue Haired Lawyer Dan Castellaneta Attorney . `` Bart Gets Hit by a Car '' 1991 - 01 - 10 Boobarella Tress MacNeille Host of late night TV monster movies . `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '' 2003 - 02 - 16 Borton ! Wendell Borton Russi Taylor Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' 1990 - 01 - 21 Bouvier , Jacqueline ! Jacqueline Bouvier Julie Kavner Mother of Selma and Patty Bouvier and Marge Simpson , Grandmother of Bart , Lisa , Maggie and Ling . `` Bart vs. Thanksgiving '' 1990 - 02 - 11 Bouvier , Patty Patty Bouvier Julie Kavner Twin sister of Selma and older sister of Marge . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Bouvier , Selma Selma Bouvier Julie Kavner Twin sister of Patty and older sister of Marge . Adoptive mother of Ling . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Brockman , Kent Kent Brockman Harry Shearer Channel 6 News anchor . `` Krusty Gets Busted '' 1990 - 04 - 29 Bumblebee Man Hank Azaria Star of slapstick sketch comedy show on Canal Ocho . `` Itchy & Scratchy : The Movie '' 1992 - 11 - 03 Burns , Charles Montgomery Charles Montgomery Burns Christopher Collins ( early season 1 ) , Harry Shearer Owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Capital City Goofball Tom Poston Mascot of the Capital City Capitals baseball team . `` Dancin ' Homer '' 1990 - 11 - 08 Carlson , Carl Carl Carlson Hank Azaria Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee . `` Homer 's Night Out '' 1990 - 03 - 25 Crazy Cat Lady Tress MacNeille Mentally ill owner of many cats . Name revealed as Eleanor Abernathy in `` See Homer Run '' . `` Girly Edition '' 1998 - 04 - 19 Chalmers , Gary Gary Chalmers Hank Azaria Public schools superintendent . `` Whacking Day '' 1993 - 04 - 29 Charlie Dan Castellaneta Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee . `` Life on the Fast Lane '' 1990 - 03 - 18 Chase ( Pyro ) Hank Azaria Luann Van Houten 's ex-boyfriend ; American Gladiator . `` A Milhouse Divided '' 1996 - 12 - 01 Christian , Scott Scott Christian Dan Castellaneta News co-anchor . `` Krusty Gets Busted '' 1990 - 04 - 29 Comic Book Guy Hank Azaria Proprietor of The Android 's Dungeon comic book store . Name revealed to be Jeff Albertson in `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' . `` Three Men and a Comic Book '' 1991 - 05 - 09 Costington , Mr.Mr . Costington Hank Azaria President of Costington 's Department Store . `` Trash of the Titans '' 1998 - 04 - 26 Database Nancy Cartwright Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Bart 's Comet '' 1995 - 02 - 05 Desmond , Declan Declan Desmond Eric Idle Documentary filmmaker . `` ' Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky '' 2003 - 03 - 20 Disco Stu Hank Azaria Disco aficionado . `` Two Bad Neighbors '' 1996 - 01 - 14 Dolph Tress MacNeille Springfield Elementary School bully . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Doris , Lunchlady Lunchlady Doris Doris Grau ( 1991 - 1995 ) Tress MacNeille ( 1996 - present ) Springfield Elementary School lunch lady . `` Lisa 's Pony '' 1991 - 11 - 07 Duffman Hank Azaria Spokes - mascot for Duff Beer . His real name is Barry Duffman . `` The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson '' . 1997 - 09 - 21 Eddie and Lou Harry Shearer and Hank Azaria Springfield police officers . `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' 1990 - 01 - 28 Fat Tony Joe Mantegna Mob boss . `` Bart the Murderer '' 1991 - 10 - 10 Flanders , Maude Maude Flanders Maggie Roswell Ned Flanders 's deceased wife . `` Dead Putting Society '' 1990 - 11 - 15 Flanders , Ned Ned Flanders Harry Shearer The Simpson family 's next door neighbor ; owner of The Leftorium . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Flanders , Rod Rod Flanders Pamela Hayden Ned and Maude Flanders 's oldest son . `` The Call of the Simpsons '' 1990 - 02 - 18 Flanders , Todd Todd Flanders Nancy Cartwright Ned and Maude Flanders 's younger son . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Francesca Maria Grazia Cucinotta Sideshow Bob 's Italian wife . `` The Italian Bob '' 2005 - 12 - 11 Frankie the Squealer Dan Castellaneta Informant for Fat Tony . `` Insane Clown Poppy '' 2000 - 11 - 12 Frink , Professor John Professor John Frink Hank Azaria Scientist , inventor . `` Old Money '' 1991 - 03 - 28 Gerald , Baby Baby Gerald Unvoiced One - eyebrowed baby . Arch - nemesis of Maggie Simpson . `` Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song '' 1994 - 04 - 28 Ginger Flanders Tress MacNeille Ned Flanders 's `` Vegas wife . '' `` Viva Ned Flanders '' 1999 - 01 - 10 Gino Terwilliger Tress MacNeille Sideshow Bob 's toddler son . `` The Italian Bob '' 2005 - 12 - 11 Glick , Alice Alice Glick Cloris Leachman , Tress MacNeille Elderly . `` Three Men and a Comic Book '' 1991 - 05 - 09 Gloria Jailbird Julia Louis - Dreyfus Snake 's pregnant girlfriend . `` A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love '' 2001 - 12 - 02 Gumble , Barney Barney Gumble Dan Castellaneta Homer 's drunken old pal . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Gunderson , Gil Gil Gunderson Dan Castellaneta Unsuccessful salesman . `` Realty Bites '' 1997 - 12 - 07 The Happy Little Elves Dan Castellaneta , Hank Azaria , and Harry Shearer Children 's cartoon series characters . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 02 - 12 Harm , Judge Constance Judge Constance Harm Jane Kaczmarek Springfield judge . `` The Parent Rap '' 2001 - 11 - 11 Herman Hermann Harry Shearer Owner of Herman 's Military Antiques shop . `` Bart the General '' 1990 - 02 - 04 Hibbert , Bernice Bernice Hibbert Tress MacNeille Dr. Hibbert 's wife . `` Bart 's Dog Gets an `` F '' '' 1991 - 03 - 07 Hibbert , Dr. Julius Dr. Julius Hibbert Harry Shearer Medical doctor . `` Bart the Daredevil '' 1990 - 12 - 06 Hoover , Elizabeth Elizabeth Hoover Maggie Roswell Lisa Simpson 's teacher at Springfield Elementary School . `` Brush with Greatness '' 1991 - 04 - 11 Hutz , Lionel Lionel Hutz Phil Hartman Attorney . `` Bart Gets Hit by a Car '' 1991 - 01 - 10 Itchy & Scratchy Dan Castellaneta and Harry Shearer Cartoon cat and mouse . `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' 1988 - 11 - 20 Jacques Albert Brooks Bowling instructor . `` Life on the Fast Lane '' 1990 - 03 - 18 Jones , Jimbo Jimbo Jones Pamela Hayden Springfield Elementary School bully . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Jordan , Rachel Rachel Jordan Shawn Colvin Lead singer of the Christian Rock band Kovenant . `` Alone Again , Natura - Diddily '' 2000 - 02 - 13 Kang and Kodos Harry Shearer and Dan Castellaneta Extraterrestrials . `` Treehouse of Horror '' 1990 - 10 - 25 Kashmir , Princess Princess Kashmir Maggie Roswell Belly dancer . `` Homer 's Night Out '' 1990 - 03 - 25 Krabappel , Edna Edna Krabappel Marcia Wallace Bart Simpson 's teacher at Springfield Elementary School . `` Bart the Genius '' 1990 - 01 - 14 Krustofski , Rabbi Hyman Rabbi Hyman Krustofski Jackie Mason and Dan Castellaneta Rabbi ; father of Krusty the Clown . `` Like Father , Like Clown '' 1991 - 10 - 24 Krusty the Clown Dan Castellaneta TV show clown host , original name Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski . `` The Telltale Head '' 1989 - 01 - 15 Kwan , Cookie Cookie Kwan Tress MacNeille Real estate agent . `` Realty Bites '' 1997 - 12 - 07 Largo , Dewey Dewey Largo Harry Shearer Springfield Elementary School 's music teacher . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Legs and Louie Hank Azaria and Dan Castellaneta Fat Tony 's henchmen . `` Bart the Murderer '' 1991 - 10 - 10 Leopold Dan Castellaneta Superintendent Chalmers ' assistant . `` Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song '' 1994 - 04 - 28 Leonard , Lenny Lenny Leonard Harry Shearer Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee ; one of Homer Simpson 's friends . `` Life on the Fast Lane '' 1990 - 03 - 18 Lewis Clark Russi Taylor Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Lovejoy , Helen Helen Lovejoy Maggie Roswell Reverend Lovejoy 's wife . `` Life on the Fast Lane '' 1990 - 03 - 18 Lovejoy , Reverend Timothy Reverend Timothy Lovejoy Harry Shearer Minister of the First Church of Springfield . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Coach Lugash Dan Castellaneta Gymnastics instructor . `` Children of a Lesser Clod '' 2001 - 05 - 13 Lumpkin , Lurleen Lurleen Lumpkin Beverly D'Angelo , Doris Grau Country music singer - songwriter . `` Colonel Homer '' 1992 - 03 - 26 Mann , Otto Otto Mann Harry Shearer Springfield Elementary School bus driver . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' 1990 - 01 - 21 McCallister , Captain Horatio Captain Horatio McCallister Hank Azaria Sea captain . `` New Kid on the Block '' 1992 - 11 - 12 Meyers , Jr. , Roger Roger Meyers , Jr . Alex Rocco , Dan Castellaneta Chairman of Itchy & Scratchy International . `` Itchy & Scratchy & Marge '' 1990 - 12 - 20 McClure , Troy Troy McClure Phil Hartman Actor . `` Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' 1991 - 02 - 07 Moleman , Hans Hans Moleman Dan Castellaneta Misfortunate man . `` Principal Charming '' 1991 - 02 - 14 Monroe , Dr. Marvin Dr. Marvin Monroe Harry Shearer Psychotherapist . `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' 1990 - 01 - 28 Nelson Muntz Julie Kavner Russi Taylor Nancy Cartwright Bully . `` Bart the General '' 1990 - 02 - 04 Murdock , Captain Lance Captain Lance Murdock Dan Castellaneta Daredevil . `` Bart the Daredevil '' 1990 - 12 - 06 Murphy , Bleeding Gums Bleeding Gums Murphy Ron Taylor Blues musician . `` Moaning Lisa '' 1990 - 02 - 11 Naegle , Lindsey Lindsey Naegle Tress MacNeille Corporate executive . `` The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show '' 1997 - 02 - 09 Nahasapeemapetilon , Apu Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Hank Azaria Operator of the Kwik - E-Mart . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Nahasapeemapetilon , Manjula Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Jan Hooks ( 1997 - 2002 ) Tress MacNeille ( 2014 - present ) Apu Nahasapeemapetilon 's wife . `` Much Apu About Nothing '' 1997 - 11 - 16 Nahasapeemapetilon , Sanjay Sanjay Nahasapeemapetilon Harry Shearer Apu Nahasapeemapetilon 's older brother . `` Dog of Death '' 1997 - 11 - 16 Jake Dan Castellaneta , Harry Shearer Barber . `` Simpson and Delilah '' 1987 - 11 - 15 Old Jewish Man Hank Azaria Springfield Retirement Castle resident . `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' 1993 - 05 - 13 Patches and Poor Violet Pamela Hayden and Tress MacNeille Orphans . `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' 1997 - 12 - 21 Pye , Arnie Arnie Pye Dan Castellaneta Channel 6 helicopter reporter . `` Homer Alone '' 1992 - 02 - 06 Powell , Herbert Herbert Powell Danny DeVito Homer Simpson 's half - brother . `` Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' 1991 - 02 - 21 Powell , Janey Janey Powell Pamela Hayden Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Moaning Lisa '' 1990 - 02 - 04 Powers , Ruth Ruth Powers Pamela Reed The Simpsons ' next door neighbor . `` New Kid on the Block '' 1992 - 11 - 12 Prince , Martin Martin Prince Russi Taylor Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Bart the Genius '' 1990 - 01 - 14 Pryor , Loren Loren Pryor Harry Shearer Springfield Elementary 's school psychologist . `` Bart the Genius '' 1990 - 01 - 14 Quimby , Mayor `` Diamond '' Joe Mayor `` Diamond '' Joe Quimby Dan Castellaneta Mayor of Springfield . `` The Call of the Simpsons '' 1990 - 10 - 11 Radioactive Man Harry Shearer Comic book superhero . `` Three Men and a Comic Book '' 1990 - 01 - 14 Rich Texan , The The Rich Texan Dan Castellaneta Philanthropist . `` $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) '' 1993 - 12 - 16 Richard Pamela Hayden , Nancy Cartwright Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Bart the Genius '' 1990 - 01 - 14 Risotto , Luigi Luigi Risotto Hank Azaria Italian restaurant proprietor . `` Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song '' 1994 - 04 - 28 Dr. Nick Riviera Hank Azaria Incompetent medical doctor . Injured at the end of the movie by a falling chunk of glass , and brought back in the twentieth season . `` Bart Gets Hit by a Car '' 1991 - 01 - 10 Santa 's Little Helper Dan Castellaneta , Frank Welker The Simpson family 's pet dog . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Sherri and Terri Russi Taylor Identical twins ; Students at Springfield Elementary School . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' 1990 - 01 - 21 Shutton , Dave Dave Shutton Harry Shearer Reporter for The Springfield Shopper . `` Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish '' 1990 - 11 - 01 Robert Terwilliger Kelsey Grammer Criminal mastermind and Krusty the Clown Show ex-operator and sidekick . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Sideshow Mel Dan Castellaneta The Krusty the Clown Show sidekick . `` Itchy & Scratchy & Marge '' 1990 - 12 - 20 Simpson , Grampa Grampa Simpson Dan Castellaneta Homer Simpson 's father ; Bart , Lisa , and Maggie Simpson 's grandfather . `` Grampa and the Kids '' ( The Simpsons shorts ) 1988 - 01 - 10 Simpson , Amber Amber Simpson Pamela Hayden Homer Simpson 's deceased `` Vegas wife . '' `` Viva Ned Flanders '' 1999 - 01 - 10 Simpson , Mona Mona Simpson Glenn Close , Tress MacNeille , Maggie Roswell Estranged mother of Homer Simpson and wife of Abe Simpson . `` Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' 1991 - 02 - 21 Skinner , Agnes Agnes Skinner Tress MacNeille Seymour Skinner 's mother . `` The Crepes of Wrath '' 1990 - 04 - 15 Skinner , Seymour Seymour Skinner Harry Shearer Principal of Springfield Elementary School . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Smithers , Waylon Waylon Smithers Harry Shearer Mr. Burns 's personal assistant . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1990 - 01 - 21 Snake Jailbird Hank Azaria Recidivist . `` The War of the Simpsons '' 1991 - 05 - 02 Snowball II Frank Welker The Simpson family 's pet cats . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Snyder , Roy Roy Snyder Harry Shearer Springfield judge . `` Krusty Gets Busted '' 1990 - 04 - 29 Springfield , Jebediah Jebediah Springfield Harry Shearer Founder of Springfield ; local hero . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 Spuckler , Cletus Cletus Spuckler Hank Azaria Slack - Jawed Yokel . `` Bart Gets an Elephant '' 1994 - 03 - 31 Spuckler , Brandine Brandine Spuckler Tress MacNeille Cletus Spuckler 's wife and sister . `` Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield '' 1996 - 02 - 04 Squeaky - Voiced Teen Dan Castellaneta Service industry . `` Dog of Death '' 1991 - 02 - 14 Szyslak , Moe Moe Szyslak Hank Azaria Owner of Moe 's Tavern . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Tatum , Drederick Drederick Tatum Hank Azaria Professional boxer , a caricature of Mike Tyson . `` Homer vs Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' 1991 - 02 - 07 Taylor , Allison Allison Taylor Winona Ryder , Pamela Hayden Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Lisa 's Rival '' 1994 - 09 - 11 Teeny , Mr.Mr . Teeny Dan Castellaneta The Krusty the Clown Show trained monkey . `` Like Father , Like Clown '' 1991 - 10 - 24 Terwilliger , Cecil Cecil Terwilliger David Hyde Pierce Sideshow Bob 's younger brother . `` Brother from Another Series '' 1997 - 02 - 23 Tightlips , Johnny Johnny Tightlips Hank Azaria One of Fat Tony 's henchmen . `` Insane Clown Poppy '' 2000 - 11 - 12 Üter Zörker Russi Taylor Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' 1993 - 10 - 28 Van Houten , Kirk Kirk Van Houten Hank Azaria Milhouse Van Houten 's father ; factory worker . `` Bart 's Friend Falls in Love '' 1992 - 05 - 07 Van Houten , Luann Luann Van Houten Maggie Roswell Kirk Van Houten 's wife ; Milhouse 's mother . `` Homer Defined '' 1991 - 10 - 17 Van Houten , Milhouse Milhouse Van Houten Pamela Hayden Bart Simpson 's best friend ; Student at Springfield Elementary School . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1989 - 12 - 17 Velimirovic ! Dr. Velimirovic Hank Azaria Plastic surgeon . `` Pygmoelian '' 2000 - 02 - 27 Wiggum , Police Chief Clancy Police Chief Clancy Wiggum Hank Azaria Springfield Chief of Police . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' 1990 - 01 - 21 Wiggum , Ralph Ralph Wiggum Nancy Cartwright Son of Police Chief Clancy Wiggum . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' 1991 - 02 - 07 Wiggum , Sarah Sarah Wiggum Pamela Hayden Chief Wiggum 's wife ; Ralph Wiggum 's mother . `` Duffless '' 1993 - 02 - 18 Groundskeeper Willie Dan Castellaneta Janitor of Springfield Elementary School . `` Principal Charming '' 1991 - 02 - 14 Raphael Hank Azaria Service industry . `` The Way We Was '' 1991 - 01 - 31 Wolfcastle ( McBain ) , Rainier Rainier Wolfcastle ( McBain ) Harry Shearer Actor ; star of McBain films . `` The Way We Was '' 1991 - 01 - 31 Yes Guy , The The Yes Guy Dan Castellaneta Service industry . `` Mayored to the Mob '' 1998 - 12 - 20 Ziff , Artie Artie Ziff Jon Lovitz , Dan Castellaneta Former billionaire and Marge 's prom date . `` The Way We Was '' 1991 - 01 - 31 Zzyzwicz , Kearney Kearney Zzyzwicz Nancy Cartwright Springfield Elementary School bully . `` The Telltale Head '' 1990 - 02 - 25 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 26 April 2006 ) . `` Matt Groening : Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Groening , Matt ( 19 April 1987 ) . `` Good Night '' . The Simpsons shorts . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Scovell , Nell ; Archer , Wesley ( 24 January 1991 ) . `` One Fish , Two Fish , Blowfish , Blue Fish '' . The Simpsons . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Vitti , Jon ; Reardon , Jim ( 3 October 1991 ) . `` When Flanders Failed '' . The Simpsons . Season 3 . Episode 3 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Gewirtz , Howard ; Kirkland , Mark ( 17 October 1991 ) . `` Homer Defined '' . The Simpsons . Season 3 . Episode 40 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Gimple , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : McCann , p. 116 Jump up ^ Maxtone - Graham , Ian ; Anderson , Bob ( 22 November 1998 ) . `` Lisa Gets an `` A '' `` . The Simpsons . Season 10 . Episode 7 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Gimple , p. 86 Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ken and David Isaacs ; Kirkland , Mark ( 8 November 1990 ) . `` Dancing Homer '' . The Simpsons . Season 2 . Episode 5 . Fox . Jump up ^ Castellaneta , Dan ; Groening , Matt ; Kirkland , Mark ; Jean , Al ; Reiss , Mike ; Silverman , David ; Vitti , Jon . The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season DVD Video Collector 's Edition commentary for the episode `` Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk '' ( DVD ) . Twentieth Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Frink , John and Don Payne ; Anderson , Bob ( 29 April 2000 ) . `` Insane Clown Poppy '' . The Simpsons . Season 12 . Episode 3 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Stern , David M. ; Affleck , Neil ( 10 January 1999 ) . `` Viva Ned Flanders '' . The Simpsons . Season 10 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : McCann , p. 117 Jump up ^ Swartzwelder , John ; Silverman , David ( 4 February 1990 ) . `` Bart the General '' . The Simpsons . Season 1 . Episode 5 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 20 November 1988 ) . `` The Bart Simpson Show '' . The Simpsons shorts . Season 3 . Episode 32 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Swartzwelder , John ; Silverman , David ( 18 March 1990 ) . `` Life on the Fast Lane '' . The Simpsons . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Fox . Jump up ^ McCann , p. 38 Jump up ^ Maxtone - Graham , Ian ; Reardon Jim ( 13 February 2000 ) . `` Alone Again , Natura - diddily '' . The Simpsons . Season 11 . Episode 14 . Fox . Jump up ^ Vitti , Jon ; Moore , Rich ( 25 March 1990 ) . `` Homer 's Night Out '' . The Simpsons . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kogen , Jay and Wallace Wolodarsky ; Lynch , Jeffrey with Brad Bird ( 24 October 1991 ) . `` Like Father , Like Clown '' . The Simpsons . Season 3 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ Cohen , Joel H. ; Kruse , Nancy ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Today I Am a Clown '' . The Simpsons . Season 15 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ Greaney , Dan ; Scott III , Swinton O. ( 7 December 1997 ) . `` Realty Bites '' . The Simpsons . Season 9 . Episode 9 . Fox . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ; Polcino , Mike ( 13 May 2001 ) . `` Children of a Lesser Clod '' . The Simpsons . Season 12 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Jean , Al and Mike Reiss ; Archer , Wesley ( 11 February 1990 ) . `` Moaning Lisa '' . The Simpsons . Season 1 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ Gimple , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Castellaneta , Dan ; Gewirtz , Howard ; Groening , Matt ; Jean , Al ; Kirkland , Mark ; Reiss , Mike . The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season DVD Video Collector 's Edition commentary for the episode `` Homer Defined '' ( DVD ) . Twentieth Century Fox . Jump up ^ Hauge , Ron ; Anderson , Bob ( 21 December 1997 ) . `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' . The Simpsons . Season 9 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jeff ; Archer , Wesley ( 21 February 1991 ) . `` Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . The Simpsons . Season 2 . Episode 15 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Conan ; Archer , Wesley ( 12 November 1992 ) . `` New Kid on the Block '' . The Simpsons . Season 4 . Episode 8 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 10 January 1988 ) . `` Grampa and the Kids '' . The Simpsons shorts . Season 2 . Episode 19 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Appel , Richard ; Groening , Matt ; Oakley , Bill ; Silverman , David ; Weinstein , Josh . The Simpsons : The Complete Seventh Season DVD Video Collector 's Edition commentary for the episode `` Mother Simpson '' ( DVD ) . Twentieth Century Fox . Jump up ^ Collier , Jonathan ; Kirkland , Mark ( 21 November 1991 ) . `` Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' . The Simpsons . Season 3 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Keeler , Ken ; Michels , Pete ( 23 February 1997 ) . `` Brother from Another Series '' . The Simpsons . Season 8 . Episode 16 . Fox . Jump up ^ Doyle , Larry ; Kirkland , Mark ( 27 February 2000 ) . `` Pygmoelian '' . The Simpsons . Season 11 . Episode 16 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Castellaneta , Dan and Deb Lacusta ; Kruse , Nancy ( 14 March 2004 ) . `` The Ziff Who Came to Dinner '' . The Simpsons . Season 15 . Episode 14 . Fox . Bibliography ( edit ) Gimple , Scott M. ( 1999 ) . The Simpsons Forever ! A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Continued . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 098763 - 4 . Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M . McCann , Jesse L. ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons Beyond Forever ! A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050592 - 3 . The Simpsons Characters Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Recurring characters One - time characters Production History Cast members Guest stars Non-English versions Writers Directors Awards Episodes Seasons 1 -- 20 Seasons 21 - present Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Hallmarks Opening sequence Main title theme Treehouse of Horror episodes ( list ) Couch gags The Itchy & Scratchy Show ( episode list ) Themes Media Politics Religion Locations Springfield The Simpsons house Kwik - E-Mart Derivative works Home video Video games Books Comics Simpsons Illustrated World of Springfield Mr. Burns , a Post-Electric Play Frinkiac Miscellaneous The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show ( `` Good Night '' ) The Simpsons Movie The Longest Daycare Discography `` D'oh ! '' `` ¡ Ay , caramba ! '' Products Duff Beer Springfield ( Florida , Hollywood ) The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl 20th Anniversary Special `` The Simpsons Guy '' Related The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets ( 2013 book ) The Simpsons ( franchise ) alt. tv. simpsons Portal The Simpsons characters Recurring characters One - time characters Guest stars Simpson family and relatives Homer Simpson Marge Simpson Bart Simpson Lisa Simpson Maggie Simpson Grampa Simpson Patty and Selma Bouvier Mona Simpson Santa 's Little Helper Around Springfield Comic Book Guy Ned Flanders Professor Frink Barney Gumble Dr. Hibbert Lionel Hutz Reverend Lovejoy Hans Moleman Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Mayor Quimby Dr. Nick Cletus Spuckler Moe Szyslak Chief Wiggum Media personalities Kent Brockman Krusty the Clown Troy McClure Elementary School Principal Skinner Edna Krabappel Otto Mann Groundskeeper Willie Milhouse Van Houten Nelson Muntz Ralph Wiggum Nuclear Power Plant Mr. Burns Lenny and Carl Smithers Career criminals Sideshow Bob Snake Jailbird Kang and Kodos Fat Tony Fox animation Current The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) 1990s The Critic ( 1995 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2003 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000s American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Animation Domination High - Def ADHD Shorts Axe Cop Golan the Insatiable High School USA ! Lucas Bros. Moving Co . Major Lazer Stone Quackers Related The Simpsons shorts ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Night of the Hurricane ( 2011 ) Fox cartoons Animation Domination High - Def 20th Century Fox Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Simpsons_characters&oldid=817626669 '' Categories : Lists of The Simpsons characters Animated human characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 15 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	what is the doctors name in the simpsons	[ "\n\nCharacter\nVoice actor(s)\nCharacter's role\nEpisode debut\nOriginal air date\n\n\nHomer Simpson\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nHusband of Marge; father of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.\n\"Good Night (The Simpsons short)\"\n1987-04-19\n\n\nMarge Simpson\nJulie Kavner[2]\nWife of Homer; mother of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.\n\"Good Night (The Simpsons short)\n1987-04-19\n\n\nBart Simpson\nNancy Cartwright[2]\nOldest child and only son of Homer and Marge; brother of Lisa and Maggie.\n\"Good Night (The Simpsons short)\"[3]\n1987-04-19\n\n\nLisa Simpson\nYeardley Smith[2]\nMiddle child and eldest daughter of Homer and Marge; sister of Bart and Maggie.\n\"Good Night (The Simpsons short)\"[3]\n1987-04-19\n\n\nMaggie Simpson\nLiz Georges\nGábor Csupó\nHarry Shearer\nYeardley Smith\nNancy Cartwright\nElizabeth Taylor\nJames Earl Jones\nJodie Foster\nYoungest child and daughter of Homer and Marge; sister of Bart and Lisa.\n\"Good Night (The Simpsons short)\"[3]\n1987-04-19\n\n\nAkira\nGeorge Takei,[4] Hank Azaria[2]\nWaiter at The Happy Sumo;[5] karate teacher.[6]\n\"One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish\"\n1991-01-24\n\n\nAlbright, Ms. !Ms. Albright\nTress MacNeille[7]\nSunday school teacher.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nAmadopolis, Aristotle !Aristotle Amadopolis\nJon Lovitz,[8] Dan Castellaneta[2]\nOwner of the Shelbyville Nuclear Power Plant.[9]\n\"Homer Defined\"\n1991-10-17\n\n\nAtkins !Atkins, State Comptroller\nHarry Shearer,[10] Hank Azaria[11]\nState comptroller.[12]\n\"Lisa Gets an \"A\"\"\n1998-11-22\n\n\nBailey, Mary !Mary Bailey\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nGovernor of Springfield's state.\n\"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish\"\n1990-11-01\n\n\nBarlow !Birchibald \"Birch\" T. Barlow\nHarry Shearer[7]\nRadio talk show host; Fox News anchor.\n\"Sideshow Bob Roberts\"\n1994-10-09\n\n\nBeardly, Jasper !Jasper Beardly\nHarry Shearer[7]\nGrampa's closest neighbor at the Retirement Castle.\n\"Bart the General\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nBenjamin, Doug, and Gary\nHarry Shearer,[7] Hank Azaria,[2] and Dan Castellaneta[2]\nSpringfield University students.\n\"Homer Goes to College\"\n1993-10-14\n\n\nBill and Marty\nDan Castellaneta[2] and Harry Shearer[7]\nKBBL Radio co-hosts.\n\"Bart vs. Thanksgiving\"\n1990-10-11\n\n\nBlinky\nUnvoiced\nThree-eyed fish.\n\"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish\"\n1990-11-01\n\n\nBlue Haired Lawyer[13]\nDan Castellaneta[13]\nAttorney.\n\"Bart Gets Hit by a Car\"\n1991-01-10\n\n\nBoobarella\nTress MacNeille\nHost of late night TV monster movies.\n\"I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can\"\n2003-02-16\n\n\nBorton !Wendell Borton\nRussi Taylor[7]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Homer's Odyssey\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nBouvier, Jacqueline !Jacqueline Bouvier\nJulie Kavner[2]\nMother of Selma and Patty Bouvier and Marge Simpson, Grandmother of Bart, Lisa, Maggie and Ling.\n\"Bart vs. Thanksgiving\"\n1990-02-11\n\n\nBouvier, PattyPatty Bouvier\nJulie Kavner[2]\nTwin sister of Selma and older sister of Marge.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nBouvier, SelmaSelma Bouvier\nJulie Kavner[2]\nTwin sister of Patty and older sister of Marge. Adoptive mother of Ling.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nBrockman, KentKent Brockman\nHarry Shearer[7]\nChannel 6 News anchor.\n\"Krusty Gets Busted\"\n1990-04-29\n\n\nBumblebee Man\nHank Azaria[2]\nStar of slapstick sketch comedy show on Canal Ocho.\n\"Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie\"\n1992-11-03\n\n\nBurns, Charles MontgomeryCharles Montgomery Burns\nChristopher Collins (early season 1), Harry Shearer[7]\nOwner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nCapital City Goofball\nTom Poston[14]\nMascot of the Capital City Capitals baseball team.[15]\n\"Dancin' Homer\"\n1990-11-08\n\n\nCarlson, CarlCarl Carlson\nHank Azaria[2]\nSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant employee.\n\"Homer's Night Out\"\n1990-03-25\n\n\nCrazy Cat Lady\nTress MacNeille[10]\nMentally ill owner of many cats. Name revealed as Eleanor Abernathy in \"See Homer Run\".\n\"Girly Edition\"\n1998-04-19\n\n\nChalmers, GaryGary Chalmers\nHank Azaria[2]\nPublic schools superintendent.\n\"Whacking Day\"\n1993-04-29\n\n\nCharlie\nDan Castellaneta[16]\nSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant employee.\n\"Life on the Fast Lane\"\n1990-03-18\n\n\nChase (Pyro)\nHank Azaria[13]\nLuann Van Houten's ex-boyfriend; American Gladiator.\n\"A Milhouse Divided\"\n1996-12-01\n\n\nChristian, ScottScott Christian\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nNews co-anchor.\n\"Krusty Gets Busted\"\n1990-04-29\n\n\nComic Book Guy\nHank Azaria[2]\nProprietor of The Android's Dungeon comic book store. Name revealed to be Jeff Albertson in \"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass\".\n\"Three Men and a Comic Book\"\n1991-05-09\n\n\nCostington, Mr.Mr. Costington\nHank Azaria[11]\nPresident of Costington's Department Store.\n\"Trash of the Titans\"\n1998-04-26\n\n\nDatabase\nNancy Cartwright[2]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Bart's Comet\"\n1995-02-05\n\n\nDesmond, DeclanDeclan Desmond\nEric Idle\nDocumentary filmmaker.\n\"'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky\"\n2003-03-20\n\n\nDisco Stu\nHank Azaria[11]\nDisco aficionado.\n\"Two Bad Neighbors\"\n1996-01-14\n\n\nDolph\nTress MacNeille[7]\nSpringfield Elementary School bully.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nDoris, LunchladyLunchlady Doris\nDoris Grau (1991-1995) Tress MacNeille (1996-present) [7]\nSpringfield Elementary School lunch lady.\n\"Lisa's Pony\"\n1991-11-07\n\n\nDuffman\nHank Azaria[13]\nSpokes-mascot for Duff Beer. His real name is Barry Duffman.\n\"The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson\".\n1997-09-21\n\n\nEddie and Lou\nHarry Shearer[7] and Hank Azaria[2]\nSpringfield police officers.\n\"There's No Disgrace Like Home\"\n1990-01-28\n\n\nFat Tony\nJoe Mantegna\nMob boss.\n\"Bart the Murderer\"\n1991-10-10\n\n\nFlanders, MaudeMaude Flanders\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nNed Flanders's deceased wife.\n\"Dead Putting Society\"\n1990-11-15\n\n\nFlanders, NedNed Flanders\nHarry Shearer[7]\nThe Simpson family's next door neighbor; owner of The Leftorium.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nFlanders, RodRod Flanders\nPamela Hayden[7]\nNed and Maude Flanders's oldest son.\n\"The Call of the Simpsons\"\n1990-02-18\n\n\nFlanders, ToddTodd Flanders\nNancy Cartwright[2]\nNed and Maude Flanders's younger son.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nFrancesca\nMaria Grazia Cucinotta[2]\nSideshow Bob's Italian wife.\n\"The Italian Bob\"\n2005-12-11\n\n\nFrankie the Squealer\nDan Castellaneta[11]\nInformant for Fat Tony.[17]\n\"Insane Clown Poppy\"\n2000-11-12\n\n\nFrink, Professor JohnProfessor John Frink\nHank Azaria[2]\nScientist, inventor.\n\"Old Money\"\n1991-03-28\n\n\nGerald, BabyBaby Gerald\nUnvoiced\nOne-eyebrowed baby. Arch-nemesis of Maggie Simpson.\n\"Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song\"\n1994-04-28\n\n\nGinger Flanders\nTress MacNeille[10]\nNed Flanders's \"Vegas wife.\"[18]\n\"Viva Ned Flanders\"\n1999-01-10\n\n\nGino Terwilliger\nTress MacNeille[10]\nSideshow Bob's toddler son.\n\"The Italian Bob\"\n2005-12-11\n\n\nGlick, AliceAlice Glick\nCloris Leachman,[19] Tress MacNeille\nElderly.\n\"Three Men and a Comic Book\"\n1991-05-09\n\n\nGloria Jailbird\nJulia Louis-Dreyfus\nSnake's pregnant girlfriend.\n\"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\"\n2001-12-02\n\n\nGumble, BarneyBarney Gumble\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nHomer's drunken old pal.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nGunderson, GilGil Gunderson\nDan Castellaneta[13]\nUnsuccessful salesman.\n\"Realty Bites\"\n1997-12-07\n\n\nThe Happy Little Elves\nDan Castellaneta,[11] Hank Azaria,[11] and Harry Shearer[20]\nChildren's cartoon series characters.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-02-12\n\n\nHarm, Judge ConstanceJudge Constance Harm\nJane Kaczmarek\nSpringfield judge.\n\"The Parent Rap\"\n2001-11-11\n\n\nHerman Hermann\nHarry Shearer[7]\nOwner of Herman's Military Antiques shop.[21]\n\"Bart the General\"\n1990-02-04\n\n\nHibbert, BerniceBernice Hibbert\nTress MacNeille[10]\nDr. Hibbert's wife.\n\"Bart's Dog Gets an \"F\"\"\n1991-03-07\n\n\nHibbert, Dr. JuliusDr. Julius Hibbert\nHarry Shearer[7]\nMedical doctor.\n\"Bart the Daredevil\"\n1990-12-06\n\n\nHoover, ElizabethElizabeth Hoover\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nLisa Simpson's teacher at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Brush with Greatness\"\n1991-04-11\n\n\nHutz, LionelLionel Hutz\nPhil Hartman[22]\nAttorney.\n\"Bart Gets Hit by a Car\"\n1991-01-10\n\n\nItchy & Scratchy\nDan Castellaneta[2] and Harry Shearer[7]\nCartoon cat and mouse.\n\"There's No Disgrace Like Home\"[23]\n1988-11-20\n\n\nJacques\nAlbert Brooks[24]\nBowling instructor.[25]\n\"Life on the Fast Lane\"\n1990-03-18\n\n\nJones, JimboJimbo Jones\nPamela Hayden[7]\nSpringfield Elementary School bully.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nJordan, RachelRachel Jordan\nShawn Colvin[26]\nLead singer of the Christian Rock band Kovenant.[27]\n\"Alone Again, Natura-Diddily\"\n2000-02-13\n\n\nKang and Kodos\nHarry Shearer[7] and Dan Castellaneta[2]\nExtraterrestrials.\n\"Treehouse of Horror\"\n1990-10-25\n\n\nKashmir, PrincessPrincess Kashmir\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nBelly dancer.[28]\n\"Homer's Night Out\"\n1990-03-25\n\n\nKrabappel, EdnaEdna Krabappel\nMarcia Wallace[7]\nBart Simpson's teacher at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Bart the Genius\"\n1990-01-14\n\n\nKrustofski, Rabbi HymanRabbi Hyman Krustofski\nJackie Mason and Dan Castellaneta\nRabbi; father of Krusty the Clown.[29]\n\"Like Father, Like Clown\"\n1991-10-24\n\n\nKrusty the Clown\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nTV show clown host, original name Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski.[30]\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1989-01-15\n\n\nKwan, CookieCookie Kwan\nTress MacNeille[10]\nReal estate agent.[31]\n\"Realty Bites\"\n1997-12-07\n\n\nLargo, DeweyDewey Largo\nHarry Shearer[7]\nSpringfield Elementary School's music teacher.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nLegs and Louie\nHank Azaria[2] and Dan Castellaneta[2]\nFat Tony's henchmen.\n\"Bart the Murderer\"\n1991-10-10\n\n\nLeopold\nDan Castellaneta[7]\nSuperintendent Chalmers' assistant.\n\"Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song\"\n1994-04-28\n\n\nLeonard, LennyLenny Leonard\nHarry Shearer[7]\nSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant employee; one of Homer Simpson's friends.\n\"Life on the Fast Lane\"\n1990-03-18\n\n\nLewis Clark\nRussi Taylor[7]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nLovejoy, HelenHelen Lovejoy\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nReverend Lovejoy's wife.\n\"Life on the Fast Lane\"\n1990-03-18\n\n\nLovejoy, Reverend TimothyReverend Timothy Lovejoy\nHarry Shearer[7]\nMinister of the First Church of Springfield.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nCoach Lugash\nDan Castellaneta[11]\nGymnastics instructor.[32]\n\"Children of a Lesser Clod\"\n2001-05-13\n\n\nLumpkin, LurleenLurleen Lumpkin\nBeverly D'Angelo,[33] Doris Grau[7]\nCountry music singer-songwriter.\n\"Colonel Homer\"\n1992-03-26\n\n\nMann, OttoOtto Mann\nHarry Shearer[7]\nSpringfield Elementary School bus driver.\n\"Homer's Odyssey\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nMcCallister, Captain HoratioCaptain Horatio McCallister\nHank Azaria[2]\nSea captain.\n\"New Kid on the Block\"\n1992-11-12\n\n\nMeyers, Jr., RogerRoger Meyers, Jr.\nAlex Rocco,[34] Dan Castellaneta[2]\nChairman of Itchy & Scratchy International.\n\"Itchy & Scratchy & Marge\"\n1990-12-20\n\n\nMcClure, TroyTroy McClure\nPhil Hartman[35]\nActor.\n\"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment\"\n1991-02-07\n\n\nMoleman, HansHans Moleman\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nMisfortunate man.\n\"Principal Charming\"\n1991-02-14\n\n\nMonroe, Dr. MarvinDr. Marvin Monroe\nHarry Shearer[7]\nPsychotherapist.\n\"There's No Disgrace Like Home\"\n1990-01-28\n\n\nNelson Muntz\nJulie Kavner\nRussi Taylor\nNancy Cartwright\nBully.\n\"Bart the General\"\n1990-02-04\n\n\nMurdock, Captain LanceCaptain Lance Murdock\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nDaredevil.\n\"Bart the Daredevil\"\n1990-12-06\n\n\nMurphy, Bleeding GumsBleeding Gums Murphy\nRon Taylor[36]\nBlues musician.[37]\n\"Moaning Lisa\"\n1990-02-11\n\n\nNaegle, LindseyLindsey Naegle\nTress MacNeille[10]\nCorporate executive.\n\"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\"\n1997-02-09\n\n\nNahasapeemapetilon, ApuApu Nahasapeemapetilon\nHank Azaria[2]\nOperator of the Kwik-E-Mart.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nNahasapeemapetilon, ManjulaManjula Nahasapeemapetilon\nJan Hooks(1997-2002) Tress MacNeille (2014-present)[38]\nApu Nahasapeemapetilon's wife.\n\"Much Apu About Nothing\"\n1997-11-16\n\n\nNahasapeemapetilon, SanjaySanjay Nahasapeemapetilon\nHarry Shearer[10]\nApu Nahasapeemapetilon's older brother.\n\"Dog of Death\"\n1997-11-16\n\n\nJake[39]\nDan Castellaneta,[39] Harry Shearer[20]\nBarber.\n\"Simpson and Delilah\"\n1987-11-15\n\n\nOld Jewish Man\nHank Azaria[13]\nSpringfield Retirement Castle resident.\n\"Krusty Gets Kancelled\"\n1993-05-13\n\n\nPatches and Poor Violet\nPamela Hayden[10] and Tress MacNeille[10]\nOrphans.[40]\n\"Miracle on Evergreen Terrace\"\n1997-12-21\n\n\nPye, ArnieArnie Pye\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nChannel 6 helicopter reporter.\n\"Homer Alone\"\n1992-02-06\n\n\nPowell, HerbertHerbert Powell\nDanny DeVito[41]\nHomer Simpson's half-brother.[42]\n\"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\"\n1991-02-21\n\n\nPowell, JaneyJaney Powell\nPamela Hayden[7]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Moaning Lisa\"\n1990-02-04\n\n\nPowers, RuthRuth Powers\nPamela Reed[43]\nThe Simpsons' next door neighbor.[44]\n\"New Kid on the Block\"\n1992-11-12\n\n\nPrince, MartinMartin Prince\nRussi Taylor[7]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Bart the Genius\"\n1990-01-14\n\n\nPryor, LorenLoren Pryor\nHarry Shearer[7]\nSpringfield Elementary's school psychologist.\n\"Bart the Genius\"\n1990-01-14\n\n\nQuimby, Mayor \"Diamond\" JoeMayor \"Diamond\" Joe Quimby\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nMayor of Springfield.\n\"The Call of the Simpsons\"\n1990-10-11\n\n\nRadioactive Man\nHarry Shearer\nComic book superhero.\n\"Three Men and a Comic Book\"\n1990-01-14\n\n\nRich Texan, TheThe Rich Texan\nDan Castellaneta[13]\nPhilanthropist.\n\"$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)\"\n1993-12-16\n\n\nRichard\nPamela Hayden,[7] Nancy Cartwright[2]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Bart the Genius\"\n1990-01-14\n\n\nRisotto, LuigiLuigi Risotto\nHank Azaria[13]\nItalian restaurant proprietor.\n\"Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song\"\n1994-04-28\n\n\nDr. Nick Riviera\nHank Azaria[2]\nIncompetent medical doctor. Injured at the end of the movie by a falling chunk of glass, and brought back in the twentieth season.\n\"Bart Gets Hit by a Car\"\n1991-01-10\n\n\nSanta's Little Helper\nDan Castellaneta,[2] Frank Welker[20]\nThe Simpson family's pet dog.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nSherri and Terri\nRussi Taylor[7]\nIdentical twins; Students at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Homer's Odyssey\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nShutton, DaveDave Shutton\nHarry Shearer[7]\nReporter for The Springfield Shopper.\n\"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish\"\n1990-11-01\n\n\nRobert Terwilliger\nKelsey Grammer[45]\nCriminal mastermind and Krusty the Clown Show ex-operator and sidekick.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nSideshow Mel\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nThe Krusty the Clown Show sidekick.\n\"Itchy & Scratchy & Marge\"\n1990-12-20\n\n\nSimpson, GrampaGrampa Simpson\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nHomer Simpson's father; Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson's grandfather.\n\"Grampa and the Kids\" (The Simpsons shorts)[46]\n1988-01-10\n\n\nSimpson, AmberAmber Simpson\nPamela Hayden[10]\nHomer Simpson's deceased \"Vegas wife.\"[18]\n\"Viva Ned Flanders\"\n1999-01-10\n\n\nSimpson, MonaMona Simpson\nGlenn Close,[47] Tress MacNeille,[10] Maggie Roswell[48]\nEstranged mother of Homer Simpson and wife of Abe Simpson.\n\"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\"\n1991-02-21\n\n\nSkinner, AgnesAgnes Skinner\nTress MacNeille[7]\nSeymour Skinner's mother.\n\"The Crepes of Wrath\"\n1990-04-15\n\n\nSkinner, SeymourSeymour Skinner\nHarry Shearer[7]\nPrincipal of Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nSmithers, WaylonWaylon Smithers\nHarry Shearer[7]\nMr. Burns's personal assistant.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nSnake Jailbird\nHank Azaria[2]\nRecidivist.\n\"The War of the Simpsons\"\n1991-05-02\n\n\nSnowball II\nFrank Welker\nThe Simpson family's pet cats.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nSnyder, RoyRoy Snyder\nHarry Shearer[10]\nSpringfield judge.\n\"Krusty Gets Busted\"\n1990-04-29\n\n\nSpringfield, JebediahJebediah Springfield\nHarry Shearer[7]\nFounder of Springfield; local hero.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n\nSpuckler, CletusCletus Spuckler\nHank Azaria[2]\nSlack-Jawed Yokel.\n\"Bart Gets an Elephant\"\n1994-03-31\n\n\nSpuckler, BrandineBrandine Spuckler\nTress MacNeille[7]\nCletus Spuckler's wife and sister.\n\"Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield\"\n1996-02-04\n\n\nSqueaky-Voiced Teen\nDan Castellaneta[13]\nService industry.\n\"Dog of Death\"\n1991-02-14\n\n\nSzyslak, MoeMoe Szyslak\nHank Azaria[2]\nOwner of Moe's Tavern.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nTatum, DrederickDrederick Tatum\nHank Azaria[2]\nProfessional boxer, a caricature of Mike Tyson.[49]\n\"Homer vs Lisa and the 8th Commandment\"\n1991-02-07\n\n\nTaylor, AllisonAllison Taylor\nWinona Ryder, Pamela Hayden\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Lisa's Rival\"\n1994-09-11\n\n\nTeeny, Mr.Mr. Teeny\nDan Castellaneta[13]\nThe Krusty the Clown Show trained monkey.\n\"Like Father, Like Clown\"\n1991-10-24\n\n\nTerwilliger, CecilCecil Terwilliger\nDavid Hyde Pierce[50]\nSideshow Bob's younger brother.[51]\n\"Brother from Another Series\"\n1997-02-23\n\n\nTightlips, JohnnyJohnny Tightlips\nHank Azaria[11]\nOne of Fat Tony's henchmen.[17]\n\"Insane Clown Poppy\"\n2000-11-12\n\n\nÜter Zörker\nRussi Taylor[7]\nStudent at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Treehouse of Horror IV\"\n1993-10-28\n\n\nVan Houten, KirkKirk Van Houten\nHank Azaria[2]\nMilhouse Van Houten's father; factory worker.\n\"Bart's Friend Falls in Love\"\n1992-05-07\n\n\nVan Houten, LuannLuann Van Houten\nMaggie Roswell[7]\nKirk Van Houten's wife; Milhouse's mother.\n\"Homer Defined\"\n1991-10-17\n\n\nVan Houten, MilhouseMilhouse Van Houten\nPamela Hayden[7]\nBart Simpson's best friend; Student at Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1989-12-17\n\n\nVelimirovic !Dr. Velimirovic\nHank Azaria[11]\nPlastic surgeon.[52]\n\"Pygmoelian\"\n2000-02-27\n\n\nWiggum, Police Chief ClancyPolice Chief Clancy Wiggum\nHank Azaria[2]\nSpringfield Chief of Police.\n\"Homer's Odyssey\"\n1990-01-21\n\n\nWiggum, RalphRalph Wiggum\nNancy Cartwright[2]\nSon of Police Chief Clancy Wiggum.\n\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n1991-02-07\n\n\nWiggum, SarahSarah Wiggum\nPamela Hayden[10]\nChief Wiggum's wife; Ralph Wiggum's mother.\n\"Duffless\"\n1993-02-18\n\n\nGroundskeeper Willie\nDan Castellaneta[2]\nJanitor of Springfield Elementary School.\n\"Principal Charming\"\n1991-02-14\n\n\nRaphael\nHank Azaria[11]\nService industry.\n\"The Way We Was\"\n1991-01-31\n\n\nWolfcastle (McBain), RainierRainier Wolfcastle (McBain)\nHarry Shearer[7]\nActor; star of McBain films.\n\"The Way We Was\"\n1991-01-31\n\n\nYes Guy, TheThe Yes Guy[11]\nDan Castellaneta[11]\nService industry.\n\"Mayored to the Mob\"\n1998-12-20\n\n\nZiff, ArtieArtie Ziff\nJon Lovitz,[53] Dan Castellaneta[39]\nFormer billionaire and Marge's prom date.[54]\n\"The Way We Was\"\n1991-01-31\n\n\nZzyzwicz, KearneyKearney Zzyzwicz\nNancy Cartwright[2]\nSpringfield Elementary School bully.\n\"The Telltale Head\"\n1990-02-25\n\n" ]	[ "Dr. Julius Hibbert" ]
-4534646030255745398	Vesta Williams	Vesta Williams - wikipedia Vesta Williams Vesta Williams Background information Birth name Mary Vesta Williams ( 1957 - 12 - 01 ) December 1 , 1957 Coshocton , Ohio , U.S. September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) ( aged 53 ) El Segundo , California , U.S. Genres R&B jazz funk soul disco Occupation ( s ) Singer -- songwriter actress Instruments Vocals Years active 1985 -- 2011 Labels A&M PolyGram Associated acts Teena Marie Deniece Williams Al Jarreau CeCe Peniston George Duke Phyllis Hyman James Ingram Angela Bofill Luther Vandross Chaka Khan El Debarge Gladys Knight Website vestawilliams.com Mary Vesta Williams ( December 1 , 1957 -- September 22 , 2011 ) was an American singer -- songwriter , who performed across genres such as pop , jazz , adult contemporary and R&B . Originally credited as Vesta Williams , she was simply known as Vesta beginning in the 1990s . She was known for her four -- octave vocal range . She once sang `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' for the Los Angeles Lakers game opener using all four of those octaves . Although Williams never had any albums certified gold nor any Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , she scored six Top 10 hits on the United States Billboard R&B chart from the mid -- 1980s to the early -- 1990s which included `` Once Bitten , Twice Shy '' ( 1986 ) , `` Sweet Sweet Love '' ( 1988 ) , `` Special '' ( 1993 ) , and her 1989 R&B hit and signature song , `` Congratulations '' . Contents 1 Biography 2 Death 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Compilation albums 3.3 Singles 3.4 Music videos 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Born in Coshocton , Ohio , United States , Williams ' father was a disc jockey . Her family moved from Ohio to Los Angeles in the 1960s . While there , Williams and her three sisters , Margaret , Marte and Marlena , appeared on the television show Jack and Jill as `` The Williams Sisters '' . Later , she returned to Ohio but decided to go back to Los Angeles in order to launch a solo career . Former Fifth Dimension member Ron Townson put Williams in his band Wild Honey . Following that stint , Williams found work as a backup singer , working with artists such as Chaka Khan , Gladys Knight , Sting , Stephanie Mills , Anita Baker and Gordon Lightfoot . Williams sang on the original version of Joe Sample 's `` The Survivor '' , and met producer David Crawford while working with his group Klique . After doing session work , she landed a recording contract with A&M Records and her debut album , Vesta , was released in 1986 . The album featured her first Top 10 R&B hit `` Once Bitten , Twice Shy '' , which became her only UK hit and performed modestly on the US R&B charts . Her 1988 release , Vesta 4 U , produced the Top 10 R&B hits `` Sweet Sweet Love '' , `` 4 U '' , and `` Congratulations '' , with the latter peaking at # 55 on the Hot 100 chart and # 5 on the R&B chart . `` Congratulations '' was Vesta 's only single to enter the Hot 100 chart . The album was also her most successful , and her only album to appear on the US Billboard 200 , peaking at # 131 . In 1991 , Williams released her third album entitled Special , with the title track as a single . `` Special '' became her highest charting song on the R&B chart at # 2 , but sales of the album were less than that of Vesta 4 U . Her next album , 1993 's Everything - N - More , produced only a minor R&B hit , `` Always '' . In 1989 , Polygram Records purchased A&M Records . Williams ' 1998 album Relationships was released under the Polygram name , and it became a modest seller , appearing on the R&B charts . Following the release of Relationships , A&M / Polygram did not renew her contract . Williams continued to work as a session singer , landing spots on albums by such artists as Phil Perry , Howard Hewett , and George Duke . Her voice could be heard by radio listeners in jingles for advertisers that included McDonald 's , Nike , Baskin - Robbins , Diet Coke , Revlon and Exxon . That same year , she performed the opening theme to the ABC miniseries , The Women of Brewster Place . Williams portrayed a saloon singer in the 1993 film Posse , directed by Mario Van Peebles . During this time period she had a hit with the SWV song , `` Rain '' , recorded alongside smooth jazz musician Norman Brown . Williams had a recurring role as `` Monica '' , Jackée Harry 's best friend , in the television series Sister , Sister in the 1998 - 99 season . Her singing voice is featured in the theme song of UPN 's Malcolm and Eddie . In 2000 , Polygram released a compilation album , featuring songs from Williams and former A&M artist CeCe Peniston . In 2007 , Williams released an album of R&B songs on Shanachie Records entitled Distant Lover . Produced by Chris `` Big Dog '' Davis , Distant Lover was a cover album featuring songs originally recorded by Bill Withers , Stevie Wonder , Smokey Robinson , Marvin Gaye , Sade , and Deniece Williams . Her last recording was the song `` Dedicated , '' released on 7 December 2010 on Stimuli Music . By 2002 , Williams had become a radio personality , and was co-hosting a morning show on KRNB in Dallas / Fort Worth . In recent years , Williams had lost 100 pounds , going from size 26 to size 6 . It was at this time that Williams became an advocate for the prevention of childhood obesity and juvenile diabetes . Her final performance occurred on September 17 , 2011 in Portsmouth , Virginia at the Autumn Jazz Explosion , just five days before her death . She was scheduled to perform at the 21st annual `` DIVAS Simply Singing ! '' in Los Angeles on October 22 , 2011 . Shanice performed `` Congratulations '' during the show as a tribute to Williams . There was also a tribute to the late singer Teena Marie . Williams was taping an episode of TV One 's Unsung at the time of her death . It aired January 2 , 2012 . Death ( edit ) On September 22 , 2011 , Williams was found dead in a hotel room in El Segundo , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . According to the Los Angeles County Coroner 's Office , she was found dead at 6 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ) , A spokesperson for the coroner 's office stated that the autopsy did not say the cause of death . In late December 2011 , the family released this statement through singer / producer Norwood Young , reporting her official cause of death : `` Following three months of intensive coroner 's autopsy and toxicology research , it has been definitively determined that the cause of death for our beloved Vesta was ' natural death ' from ' hypertensive heart disease , ' '' adding : `` An enlarged heart can remain undetected for many years . '' Vesta Williams was laid to rest at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) on October 4 , 2011 following a memorial service at West Angeles Church of God in Christ in Los Angeles , California . Attendees included Wanda Dee , singer Peggi Blu , Freda Payne , Sheryl Lee Ralph , Loretta Devine , Kellita Smith , Norwood Young , Michael Collier , Miki Howard , Karel Bouley , Kiki Shepard , Jackée Harry , Luenell , and renowned blues singer Linda Hopkins . A private reception was held following the interment . She is survived by her mother , daughter , three sisters , a brother , and three grandchildren . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Title Peak chart positions Record Label US US R&B NLD 1986 Vesta -- 43 67 A&M 1988 Vesta 4 U 131 26 -- 1991 Special -- 15 -- 1993 Everything - N - More -- 65 -- 1998 Relationships -- 55 -- i.e. music 2007 Distant Lover -- -- -- Shanachie 2013 Seven -- -- -- Bronx Bridge `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Compilation albums ( edit ) Winning Combinations ( with CeCe Peniston ) ( 2000 , A&M / Universal ) Singles ( edit ) Year Title Peak chart positions US US R&B US Dan IRE NLD NZ UK 1986 `` Once Bitten Twice Shy '' -- 9 45 21 20 42 14 `` Something About You '' -- 46 21 -- -- -- -- `` Do n't Blow a Good Thing '' -- 17 5 -- -- -- 89 `` Suddenly It 's Magic '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 88 `` You Make Me Want To ( Love Again ) '' -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- 1988 `` Sweet , Sweet Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- `` 4 U '' -- 9 -- -- -- -- -- `` Congratulations '' 55 5 -- -- -- -- -- `` How You Feel '' -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- `` I 'll Be Good to You '' ( with Najee ) -- 9 -- -- -- -- -- 1991 `` Special '' -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Do Ya '' -- 43 -- -- -- -- -- 1993 `` Always '' -- 44 -- -- -- -- -- 1998 `` You Still Do It '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Somebody for Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Dedicated '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2013 `` Better Days '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Music videos ( edit ) Once Bitten Twice Shy Something About You Do n't Blow a Good Thing Sweet Sweet Love 4 U Congratulations How You Feel Special Do Ya Always Somebody for Me Dedicated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` R&B Singer Vesta Williams Found Dead at 53 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . 2011 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Exclusive : Norwood Young Details Vesta 's Final Days '' . EURweb. 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography by Ron Wynn '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stacia L. Brown : Vesta Williams ' Unsung ' : An Uplifting , Heartbreaking Look At An R&B Dynamo '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sep 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Breaking News : R&B Singer Vesta Williams Found Dead In L.A. Hotel Room Praise 1300 '' . Praisecleveland.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Funeral arrangements for Vesta Williams set SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies , News and Reviews '' . SoulTracks . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vesta Williams , R&B Singer and Actress , Dies at 53 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2011 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Wynn , Ron . `` Vesta Williams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 603 . Jump up ^ `` VESTA WILLIAMS DIES , IN WHAT ' COULD BE A DRUG OVERDOSE ' '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Burton , Nsenga ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` R&B Singer Vesta Williams Found Dead '' . Theroot.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zocial.tv Jump up ^ `` Posse ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . May 14 , 1993 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Billy ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Vesta Williams ' Death Confirmed By Los Angeles Coroner Hip - hop Media training - Archives - Yahoo ! Music '' . New.music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Dedicated by Vesta Williams '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2010 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Vesta Williams.com '' . Vestawilliams.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The new & improved Vesta : from size 26 to size 6 '' . Ebony . Findarticles.com. 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Vesta Williams , R&B Singer and Actress , Dies at 53 '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R&B singer Vesta Williams found dead at 53 - MSN Music News '' . Music.msn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` R&B singer Vesta Williams found dead at 53 - MSN Music News '' . Music.msn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Last Update : 04 : 41 PM 07 / 03 / 2014 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Breaking News , World , US , DC News & Analysis '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Family of R&B Singer Vesta Williams Releases Official Statement on Final Cause of Her Death '' . Prweb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Derrick ( 2011 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Vesta Williams ' Autopsy Report '' . Essence.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Thecelebritycafe.com Archived September 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Listen now '' . Black Press Radio . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vesta Williams Funeral '' . Mrmokelly.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds Turn Out For Homegoing Celebration For Singer Vesta Williams ! Praise 103.9 '' . Praisephilly.com. 2011 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Charts > Vesta William '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` NLD Charts > Vesta Williams '' . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` IRE Charts Search > Vesta Williams '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Charts > Vesta Williams '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Vesta Williams '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website Vesta Williams at AllMusic Vesta Williams on IMDb Vesta Williams on Soul Tracks Sweet Sweet Love music video Special music video Congratulations music video BNF : cb14003069d ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8079 6205 MusicBrainz : de799ce6 - 84cd - 436d - b9f2 - 2cb576e0783d VIAF : 207365 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vesta_Williams&oldid=856571116 '' Categories : 1957 births 2011 deaths A&M Records artists Actresses from Ohio African - American actresses African - American musicians American film actresses American funk singers American soul singers Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) People from Coshocton , Ohio Singers from Ohio Singers with a four - octave vocal range American rhythm and blues singers 21st - century women singers American disco singers 21st - century American singers 20th - century American singers 20th - century women singers Ballad musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 04 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings congratulations it should've been me	[ "Mary Vesta Williams (December 1, 1957 – September 22, 2011[2]) was an American singer–songwriter, who performed across genres such as pop, jazz, adult contemporary and R&B. Originally credited as Vesta Williams, she was simply known as Vesta beginning in the 1990s.[3] She was known for her four–octave vocal range.[4][5] She once sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" for the Los Angeles Lakers game opener using all four of those octaves. Although Williams never had any albums certified gold nor any Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, she scored six Top 10 hits on the United States Billboard R&B chart from the mid–1980s to the early–1990s which included \"Once Bitten, Twice Shy\" (1986), \"Sweet Sweet Love\" (1988), \"Special\" (1993), and her 1989 R&B hit and signature song,[6] \"Congratulations\".[7]\n" ]	[ "Mary Vesta Williams" ]
7769061837730635466	Trey Atwood	Trey Atwood - wikipedia Trey Atwood Jump to : navigation , search Trey Atwood Logan Marshall - Green as Trey Atwood The O.C. character Portrayed by Bradley Stryker ( season one ) Logan Marshall - Green ( seasons two and three ) First appearance `` Premiere '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` The Aftermath '' ( episode 3.01 ) Created by Josh Schwartz Profile Occupation Blackjack dealer ( show ) Family Father Francis `` Frank '' Atwood Mother Dawn Atwood Brothers Ryan Atwood Half - brothers Cooper Atwood Trey Atwood is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C. , portrayed by Bradley Stryker during season one and by Logan Marshall - Green from season two onward . Trey is the older brother of main character Ryan Atwood and grew up with him in Chino with their mother , Dawn Atwood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characterization 2 Character background 3 Season 1 4 Season 2 5 Season 3 6 References Characterization ( edit ) Like his younger brother Ryan , Trey has a quick temper but is more impulsive where Ryan is more controlled . This often puts the brothers at odds with other , and , on several occasions , Ryan has had to step in to drag Trey away from potentially causing a fight and drawing even more attention to himself . Character background ( edit ) Trey is the son of Frank and Dawn Atwood and older brother of Ryan Atwood . His relationship with his parents is left ambiguous , presumed to be estranged . Like Ryan , he was abused by their father . In the pilot , after his and Ryan 's arrest for stealing a car , he was said to be over eighteen and was charged as an adult , implying that he was at least two years older than Ryan , who was then sixteen . Marissa Cooper once described the brothers ' relationship as `` complicated '' . Ryan is usually the reluctant participant in Trey 's criminal activities , as seen in the pilot episode where he helps Trey steal a car and they are caught red - handed by the police . Trey would play on Ryan 's sympathies , knowing that Ryan could never turn down his blood brother . In other instances , he has risked his own safety to rescue Ryan and also sends him birthday and Christmas presents . By season 3 , they drift apart as Ryan was angry about Trey 's rape attempt on his love interest and on - off girlfriend Marissa , culminating in him refusing to take Trey 's calls towards the end of the season . Season 1 ( edit ) Bradley Stryker makes two appearances in the first season as Trey Atwood . The first is in the cold open of the pilot episode when he steals a Chevrolet Camaro , crashing it when trying to evade the police . He is arrested and sent to prison as he was over eighteen and was found with a gun and drugs . Ryan was let go as he was a first - time offender and still a juvenile . Trey next appears in the eleventh episode when , at Thanksgiving , he calls Ryan from prison . Trey receives a visit from Ryan and explains that he needs a favour , as people on the inside are beating him up to `` remind '' him that he owes $6,000 . Trey asks Ryan to deliver a stolen car to clear the debt , which he does as a last favour . Afterwards , Trey tells Ryan to leave him behind . Season 2 ( edit ) In the latter half of the second season , Trey is released from prison . With nowhere else to go , he moves in with Ryan and the Cohens , during which time he meets and becomes friendly with Marissa Cooper , who attempts to help him settle in Newport Beach . With his brother 's support , Trey tries to make a fresh start but is discouraged when he was turned down by nearly every job he applied for due to his criminal record . He struggles to adjust and resorts to stealing before becoming involved with drugs . While high , he attempts to rape Marissa . Trey regrets it afterwards and apologizes to Marissa but then warns her not to tell Ryan . Ryan eventually finds out from Seth , who had avoided telling Ryan up until then as he knew Ryan would not react well , and confronts Trey , and the two fight . An enraged Trey pins Ryan to the floor in a stranglehold . Marissa shows up at the house and shoots Trey with his own gun to save Ryan . Season 3 ( edit ) Trey is revealed to have been in a coma for several months due to his gunshot wound . When he awakens , he is blackmailed by Julie Cooper into telling the authorities that Ryan rather than Marissa shot him . However , Marissa eventually convinces Trey to tell the truth . Facing a broken relationship with Ryan and believing his brother would be better off without him , Trey is last seen on a bus leaving Newport for Las Vegas . His ex-girlfriend Jess later re-appears , begging Ryan to help her with some boyfriend troubles . She tells Ryan that Trey is working as a blackjack dealer . While Ryan is at Jess ' house , Trey calls on the phone , but Ryan refuses to speak to him . Later , Trey sends him a birthday gift of a toy Chevrolet Camaro like the one they stole in the pilot episode . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Brothers Grim '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 17 . March 24 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Best Chrismukkah Ever '' . The O.C. Season 1 . Episode 13 . December 3 , 2003 . Fox . The O.C. Characters Main Sandy Cohen Kirsten Cohen Ryan Atwood Marissa Cooper Seth Cohen Luke Ward Jimmy Cooper Julie Cooper Summer Roberts Taylor Townsend Kaitlin Cooper Recurring Trey Atwood Anna Stern Theresa Diaz Hailey Nichol Zach Stevens Alex Kelly Johnny Harper Kevin Volchok Episodes Season 1 `` Premiere '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Related Awards and nominations Music on The O.C. Chrismukkah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trey_Atwood&oldid=815521454 '' Categories : The O.C. characters Fictional American people of Scottish descent Fictional criminals Fictional characters from Orange County , California Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 09 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played ryan's brother in the oc	[ "Trey Atwood is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., portrayed by Bradley Stryker during season one and by Logan Marshall-Green from season two onward. Trey is the older brother of main character Ryan Atwood and grew up with him in Chino with their mother, Dawn Atwood.", "Trey Atwood is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., portrayed by Bradley Stryker during season one and by Logan Marshall-Green from season two onward. Trey is the older brother of main character Ryan Atwood and grew up with him in Chino with their mother, Dawn Atwood." ]	[ "Bradley Stryker during season one", "Logan Marshall-Green from season two onward" ]
-2934686586221307530	From Here to Eternity	From Here to Eternity - wikipedia From Here to Eternity For the novel , see From Here to Eternity ( novel ) . For the stage musical , see From Here to Eternity the Musical . For other uses , see From Here to Eternity ( disambiguation ) . From Here to Eternity Theatrical release poster Directed by Fred Zinnemann Produced by Buddy Adler Screenplay by Daniel Taradash Based on From Here to Eternity by James Jones Starring Burt Lancaster Montgomery Clift Deborah Kerr Frank Sinatra Donna Reed Music by George Duning Cinematography Burnett Guffey Edited by William A. Lyon Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date August 5 , 1953 ( 1953 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.7 -- 2.5 million Box office $30.5 million From Here to Eternity is a 1953 drama film directed by Fred Zinnemann , and written by Daniel Taradash , based on the novel of the same name by James Jones . The picture deals with the tribulations of three U.S. Army soldiers , played by Burt Lancaster , Montgomery Clift , and Frank Sinatra , stationed on Hawaii in the months leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor . Deborah Kerr and Donna Reed portray the women in their lives , and the supporting cast includes Ernest Borgnine , Philip Ober , Jack Warden , Mickey Shaughnessy , Claude Akins , and George Reeves . The film won eight Academy Awards out of 13 nominations , including awards for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fred Zinnemann ) , Adapted Screenplay , Supporting Actor ( Frank Sinatra ) , and Supporting Actress ( Donna Reed ) . The film 's title originally comes from a quote from Rudyard Kipling 's 1892 poem `` Gentlemen - Rankers '' , about soldiers of the British Empire who had `` lost ( their ) way '' and were `` damned from here to eternity '' . In 2002 , From Here to Eternity was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Differences from the novel 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 Television 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1941 , bugler and career soldier Private Robert E. Lee Prewitt ( Montgomery Clift ) transfers to a rifle company at Schofield Barracks on the island of Oahu . Captain Dana `` Dynamite '' Holmes ( Philip Ober ) has heard he is a talented middleweight boxer , and wants him to join his regimental team to secure a promotion for Holmes . Prewitt refuses , having stopped fighting because he blinded his sparring partner and close friend over a year before . Holmes makes life as miserable as possible for Prewitt , hoping that he will change his mind , and then orders First Sergeant Milton Warden ( Burt Lancaster ) to prepare general court - martial papers , after Sergeant Galovitch ( John Dennis ) first insults Prewitt and then gives an unreasonable order that Prewitt refuses to obey . Warden suggests , however , that he try to get Prewitt to change his mind by doubling up on company punishment . The other non-commissioned officers join in the hazing , and Prewitt is supported only by his close friend , Private Angelo Maggio ( Frank Sinatra ) . Play media Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr in the iconic beach scene at Halona Cove , Oahu , Hawaii . Meanwhile , Warden , at the risk of a prison sentence , begins an affair with Holmes ' neglected wife , Karen ( Deborah Kerr ) . Sergeant Maylon Stark ( George Reeves ) has told Warden about Karen 's many previous affairs at Fort Bliss , including with himself . As their relationship develops , Warden asks Karen about her affairs to test her sincerity , and Karen relates that Holmes has been unfaithful to her most of their marriage . She miscarried one night when Holmes returned home from seeing a hat - check girl , drunk and unable to call a doctor , rendering her barren . She then affirms her love for Warden , and tells him that if he became an officer , she could divorce Holmes and marry him ; Warden reluctantly agrees to consider it . Prewitt and Maggio spend their liberty at the New Congress Club , a gentlemen 's club where Prewitt falls for Lorene ( Donna Reed ) . She wants to marry a `` proper '' man with a `` proper '' job , and live a `` proper '' life . Maggio and Staff Sergeant James R. Judson ( Ernest Borgnine ) nearly come to blows at the club over Judson 's loud piano playing . Later , Judson provokes Maggio by taking his photograph of his sister from him , kissing it , and whispering in Prewitt 's ear . Maggio smashes a barstool over Judson 's head . Judson pulls a switchblade , but then , Warden intervenes . Judson backs down , but warns Maggio that sooner or later , he will end up in the stockade , where Judson is in charge . During a weekend liberty , while Prewitt is with Lorene at the New Congress Club , Maggio walks in drunk and in uniform having deserted his post . The military police arrest Maggio , and he is sentenced to six months in the stockade . Sergeant Galovitch later picks a fight with Prewitt while he is on detail , and a crowd gathers as the two start fighting . At first , Prewitt resorts only to body blows , and even then pulling his punches , but his fighting spirit reemerges and he comes close to knocking Galovitch out before Holmes , who had been watching for some time from outside the crowd , finally steps in and stops the fight . Galovitch accuses Prewitt of starting the fight , but when the man in charge of the detail says that it was Galovitch , Holmes abruptly lets him off the hook and disperses the crowd . The entire incident is witnessed by the base commander , who orders an investigation by the Inspector General . When the truth about Holmes is revealed to the commander he orders a court martial , but when Holmes begs for an alternative , an aide suggests that Holmes resign his commission ; the commander accepts the suggestion and orders Holmes ' resignation within the hour . Holmes ' replacement , Captain Ross ( John Bryant ) , reprimands the others involved in the hazing and orders the boxing team 's framed photographs and trophies be destroyed ; he then demotes Galovitch to private and puts him in charge of the latrine . Maggio escapes from the stockade and , after telling of the abuse he suffered at Judson 's hands , dies in Prewitt 's arms . After tearfully playing Taps in tribute to his friend , Prewitt hunts Judson down and kills him with the same switchblade Judson pulled on Maggio earlier , but in so doing sustains a serious stomach wound , and so he goes into hiding at Lorene 's house . The military is caught completely by surprise on Sunday morning when the Japanese commence a pre-dawn attack on Pearl Harbor . Against Lorene 's wishes , Prewitt attempts to rejoin his company under cover of darkness , but is shot dead by a patrol guarding against possible saboteurs . Warden sadly notes the irony of the boxing tournament being canceled because of the attack . When Karen finds out that Warden never applied for officer training , she realizes they have no future together , and regretfully sails back to the mainland with her husband . On board the ship , Lorene and Karen meet , and Lorene says that her fiancé , named Prewitt , was a bomber pilot who was heroically killed during the attack . Karen recognizes Prewitt 's name , but says nothing . Cast ( edit ) Burt Lancaster as First Sergeant Milton Warden Montgomery Clift as Private Robert E. Lee `` Prew '' Prewitt Deborah Kerr as Karen Holmes Donna Reed as Alma Burke / Lorene Frank Sinatra as Private Angelo Maggio Philip Ober as Captain Dana `` Dynamite '' Holmes Mickey Shaughnessy as Sergeant Leva Harry Bellaver as Private First Class Mazzioli Ernest Borgnine as Staff Sergeant James R. `` Fatso '' Judson Jack Warden as Corporal Buckley John Dennis as Sergeant Ike Galovitch Merle Travis as Private Sal Anderson Tim Ryan as Sergeant Pete Karelsen George Reeves as Sergeant Maylon Stark Claude Akins as Sergeant `` Baldy '' Dhom Alvin Sargent as Nair Robert J. Wilke as Sergeant Henderson Carleton Young as Colonel Ayres Arthur Keegan as Treadwell Barbara Morrison as Mrs. Kipfer Kristine Miller as Georgette Production ( edit ) Hollywood legend has it that Frank Sinatra got the role in the movie by means of his alleged Mafia connections , and it was the basis for a similar subplot in The Godfather . However , that has been dismissed on several occasions by the cast and crew of the film . Director Fred Zinnemann commented that `` the legend about a horse 's head having been cut off is pure invention , a poetic license on the part of Mario Puzo , who wrote The Godfather '' . One explanation of Sinatra 's casting is that his then - wife Ava Gardner persuaded studio head Harry Cohn 's wife to use her influence with him ; this version is related by Kitty Kelley in her Sinatra biography . Joan Crawford and Gladys George were offered roles , but George lost her role when the director decided he wanted to cast the female roles against type , and Crawford 's demands to be filmed by her own cameraman led the studio to take a chance on Deborah Kerr , also playing against type . The on - screen chemistry between Lancaster and Kerr may have spilled off - screen ; it was alleged that the stars became sexual partners during filming . Two songs are noteworthy : `` Re-Enlistment Blues '' , and `` From Here to Eternity '' , by Robert Wells and Fred Karger . Differences From the novel ( edit ) Several of the novel 's controversial plot points were changed or eliminated for the film to satisfy the Production Code Office and the U.S. Army . Army cooperation was necessary in order to shoot on location at Schofield Barracks , use training aircraft , and obtain military footage of Pearl Harbor for use in the film , as well as for cost reasons . According to screenwriter Daniel Taradash , both the Code Office and the Army were impressed by his script , which reduced the number of censorship problems . In the novel , Lorene was a prostitute at a brothel , but in the film , she is a hostess at a private social club . Karen 's hysterectomy in the novel was caused by the unfaithful Holmes transmitting gonorrhea to her , but in the film , her hysterectomy resulted from a miscarriage , thus avoiding the topic of venereal disease . The changes were made to meet Code Office standards . In the novel , several of the enlisted men fraternize with homosexuals , and one soldier commits suicide as a result , but homosexuality is not mentioned or directly explored in the film . Again , the change was made to satisfy the Code Office . However , J.E. Smyth has written that the film 's treatment of Judson 's behavior towards Maggio `` has all the indications of sexual abuse , and therefore reintroduces the fear of homosexuality in the 1930s military that the rest of the script had to repress for obvious reasons of censorship '' . In the novel , Captain Holmes ironically receives his desired promotion , and is transferred out of the company . In the film , Holmes is forced to resign from the Army under threat of court - martial for his ill - treatment of Prewitt . The Army insisted on this change , which the filmmakers reluctantly made . Director Zinnemann later complained that the scene where Holmes is reprimanded was `` the worst moment in the film , resembling a recruiting short '' , and wrote , `` It makes me sick every time I see it . '' In the novel , Judson 's systematic abuse of Maggio and other prisoners , including Prewitt himself at one point , is portrayed in detail . However , in the film , Maggio 's abuse happens offscreen , and is told only verbally to Prewitt , who remains free . The Army required that the abuse of Maggio not be shown , and that Judson 's behavior towards Maggio be portrayed as `` a sadistic anomaly , and not as the result of Army policy , as depicted in Jones ' book '' . The filmmakers agreed , seeing these changes as improvements . Maggio , who survives and is discharged in the novel , dies in the film , having been combined with two other prisoner characters from the novel ( one of whom is killed by Judson in the novel ) to add drama and make Maggio a stronger , more tragic figure . The Army was further pacified by the filmmakers ' inclusion of a line suggesting that Maggio 's death was partially caused by his falling off a truck during a prison break , rather than solely by Judson 's beatings . Reception ( edit ) Opening to rave reviews , From Here to Eternity proved to be an instant hit with critics and the public alike , the Southern California Motion Picture Council extolling : `` A motion picture so great in its starkly realistic and appealing drama that mere words can not justly describe it . '' Variety agreed : The James Jones bestseller , From Here to Eternity , has become an outstanding motion picture in this smash screen adaptation . It is an important film from any angle , presenting socko entertainment for big business . The cast names are exceptionally good , the exploitation and word - of - mouth values are topnotch , and the prospects in all playdates are very bright , whether special key bookings or general run . Of the actors , Variety went on to say , Burt Lancaster , whose presence adds measurably to the marquee weight of the strong cast names , wallops the character of Top Sergeant Milton Warden , the professional soldier who wet - nurses a weak , pompous commanding officer and the GIs under him . It is a performance to which he gives depth of character as well as the muscles which had gained marquee importance for his name . Montgomery Clift , with a reputation for sensitive , three - dimensional performances , adds another to his growing list as the independent GI who refuses to join the company boxing team , taking instead the ' treatment ' dished out at the C.O. 's instructions . Frank Sinatra scores a decided hit as Angelo Maggio , a violent , likeable Italo - American GI . While some may be amazed at this expression of the Sinatra talent versatility , it will come as no surprise to those who remember the few times he has had a chance to be something other than a crooner in films . The New York Post applauded Frank Sinatra , remarking , `` He proves he is an actor by playing the luckless Maggio with a kind of doomed gaiety that is both real and immensely touching . '' Newsweek also stated that , `` Frank Sinatra , a crooner long since turned actor , knew what he was doing when he plugged for the role of Maggio . '' John McCarten of The New Yorker concurred , writing that the film `` reveals that Frank Sinatra , in the part of Mr. Clift 's best friend who winds up in the stockade , is a first - rate actor . '' The cast agreed ; Burt Lancaster commented in the book Sinatra : An American Legend that , `` ( Sinatra 's ) fervour , his bitterness had something to do with the character of Maggio , but also with what he had gone through the last number of years . A sense of defeat and the whole world crashing in on him ... They all came out in that performance . '' With a gross of $30.5 million equating to earnings of $12.2 million , From Here to Eternity was not only one of the top - grossing films of 1953 , but one of the ten highest - grossing films of the decade . Adjusted for inflation , its box office gross would exceed US $277 million in 2017 dollars . Despite the positive response of the critics and public , the Army was reportedly not pleased with its depiction in the finished film , and refused to let its name be used in the opening credits . The Navy also banned the film from being shown to its servicemen , calling it `` derogatory of a sister service '' and a `` discredit to the armed services '' . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies : # 52 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions : # 20 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Award Nominee ( s ) Result Academy Award Best Picture Buddy Adler Won Best Director Fred Zinnemann Won Best Actor Montgomery Clift Nominated Burt Lancaster Nominated Best Actress Deborah Kerr Nominated Best Writing , Screenplay Daniel Taradash Won Best Supporting Actor Frank Sinatra Won Best Supporting Actress Donna Reed Won Best Cinematography ( Black - and - White ) Burnett Guffey Won Best Costume Design ( Black - and - White ) Jean Louis Nominated Best Film Editing William Lyon Won Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture George Duning and Morris Stoloff Nominated Best Sound ( Recording ) John P. Livadary Won Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor Frank Sinatra Won Best Director Fred Zinneman Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Won Best Actor Burt Lancaster Won Best Director Fred Zinneman Won Cannes Film Festival Special Award of Merit Won Grand Prize of the Festival Nominated BAFTA Award Best Film from Any Source Nominated Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement Fred Zinneman Won Writers Guild of America Best Written American Drama Won Photoplay Award Gold Medal Won William Holden , who won the Best Actor Oscar for Stalag 17 , felt that Lancaster or Clift should have won . Sinatra would later comment that he thought his performance of heroin addict Frankie Machine in The Man with the Golden Arm was more deserving of an Oscar than his role as Maggio . Television ( edit ) An unsuccessful 30 minute television pilot starring Darren McGavin as 1st Sgt Warden , Roger Davis as Pvt Pruitt , and Tom Nardini as Pvt Di Maggio was made in 1966 . In 1979 , William Devane starred as 1st Sgt Warden in a miniseries that became a television series in 1980 . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for ' From Here to Eternity ' . '' The Numbers . Retrieved : April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webster , David Kenyon . `` Film Fare : Hollywood producers concentrate on fewer , more lavish pictures , theatre owners complain , but studios ' profits are the best in year 's Genghis Khan and Ben Hur . '' The Wall Street Journal , July 13 , 1954 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 26th Academy Awards ( 1954 ) Nominees and Winners . '' Oscars.org . Retrieved : December 20 , 2015 ... ^ Jump up to : Sinatra 1995 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) . '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . moviesplanet.com . Retrieved : May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buford 2000 Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 -- Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak 2012 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Suid , 2002 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Smyth 2014 , pp. 130 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon , Rob . `` From Here to Eternity : The Essentials . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dick 1992 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Beidler 1998 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Smyth 2014 , pp. 139 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Smyth 2014 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan 2010 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ Smyth p. 126 , 2014 , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Dick 1992 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Dick 1992 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Suid 2002 , pp. 145 -- 146 . ^ Jump up to : Brogdon , William . `` Review : ' From Here to Eternity ' '' . Variety , July 29 , 1953 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarten , John ( August 8 , 1953 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker : 52 . Jump up ^ Smyth 2014 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Smyth 2014 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` From Here to Eternity '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Here to Eternity . '' Festival de Cannes . Retrieved : January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 1954 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lee Unsold Television Pilots : 1955 - 1989 Adventures in Television , 5 Jul. 2015 Bibliography ( edit ) Beidler , Philip D . The Good War 's Greatest Hits : World War II and American Remembering . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2001 - 3 . Buford , Kate . Burt Lancaster : An American Life . New York : Knopf , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44603 - 6 . Dick , Bernard F. , ed . `` Chapter 6 : An Interview with Daniel Taradash : From Harvard to Hollywood '' . Columbia Pictures : Portrait of a Studio . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3019 - 4 . Dolan , Edward F. , Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Eagan , Daniel . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . New York City : Continuum International Publishing Group , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0826 - 41849 - 4 . Evans , Alun . Brassey 's Guide to War Films . Dulles , Virginia : Potomac Books , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 263 - 5 . Hischak , Thomas S. American Literature on Stage and Screen : 525 Works and Their Adaptations . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6842 - 3 . Sinatra , Nancy . Frank Sinatra : An American Legend . Chappaqua , New York : Readers Digest Association , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 7621 - 0134 - 2 . Smyth , J.E. Fred Zinnemann and the Cinema of Resistance . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61703 - 964 - 5 . Suid , Lawrence H. Guts & Glory : The Making of the American Military Image in Film . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2225 - 2 . 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From Here to Eternity on IMDb From Here to Eternity at AllMovie From Here to Eternity at the TCM Movie Database From Here to Eternity at the American Film Institute Catalog From Here to Eternity at Rotten Tomatoes From Here to Eternity at Virtual History Script ( pdf ) James Jones 's War Trilogy From Here to Eternity ( 1951 ) Film From Here to Eternity ( 1953 film ) TV From Here to Eternity ( 1979 miniseries ) From Here to Eternity ( 1980 TV series ) Stage From Here to Eternity the Musical The Thin Red Line ( 1962 ) Film The Thin Red Line ( 1964 film ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 film ) Whistle ( 1978 ) Films directed by Fred Zinnemann Redes ( 1936 ) That Mothers Might Live ( 1938 ) Stuffie ( 1940 ) Forbidden Passage ( 1941 ) Kid Glove Killer ( 1942 ) Eyes in the Night ( 1942 ) The Seventh Cross ( 1944 ) Little Mister Jim ( 1946 ) My Brother Talks to Horses ( 1947 ) The Search ( 1948 ) Act of Violence ( 1949 ) The Men ( 1950 ) Benjy ( 1951 ) Teresa ( 1951 ) High Noon ( 1952 ) The Member of the Wedding ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) Oklahoma ! 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About Wikipedia	who won oscars for from here to eternity	[ "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n", "\n\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee(s)\nResult\n\n\nAcademy Award[3]\nBest Picture\nBuddy Adler\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinnemann\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nMontgomery Clift\nNominated\n\n\nBurt Lancaster\nNominated\n\n\nBest Actress\nDeborah Kerr\nNominated\n\n\nBest Writing, Screenplay\nDaniel Taradash\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actress\nDonna Reed\nWon\n\n\nBest Cinematography (Black-and-White)\nBurnett Guffey\nWon\n\n\nBest Costume Design (Black-and-White)\nJean Louis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nWilliam Lyon\nWon\n\n\nBest Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture\nGeorge Duning and Morris Stoloff\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound (Recording)\nJohn P. Livadary\nWon\n\n\nGolden Globe Award[25]\nBest Supporting Actor\nFrank Sinatra\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards\nBest Film\n\nWon\n\n\nBest Actor\nBurt Lancaster\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nCannes Film Festival[26]\nSpecial Award of Merit\n\nWon\n\n\nGrand Prize of the Festival\n\nNominated\n\n\nBAFTA Award[27]\nBest Film from Any Source\n\nNominated\n\n\nDirectors Guild of America\nOutstanding Directorial Achievement\nFred Zinneman\nWon\n\n\nWriters Guild of America\nBest Written American Drama\n\nWon\n\n\nPhotoplay Award\nGold Medal\n\nWon\n" ]	[ "Buddy Adler", "Fred Zinnemann", "Daniel Taradash", "Frank Sinatra", "Donna Reed", "Burnett Guffey", "William Lyon", "John P. Livadary" ]
-3106054026085713717	NBA playoffs	NBA playoffs - wikipedia NBA playoffs NBA playoffs Most recent season or competition : 2018 NBA Playoffs Sport Basketball Founded 1946 No. of teams 16 Most recent champion ( s ) Golden State Warriors Most titles Boston Celtics ( 17 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN / ABC TNT NBA TV Official website National Basketball Association The NBA playoffs are a best - of - seven elimination tournament annually held after the National Basketball Association 's regular season to determine the league 's champion . Contents 1 Format 2 History 2.1 2006 NBA playoffs controversy 2.2 Timeline 3 Team roster 4 Records and statistics 5 Playoff appearances 5.1 Appearances by active teams 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) The previous NBA playoffs logo , which was used until 2017 In September 2015 , the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs . The top eight teams in each conference ( East and West ) , ranked in order by win - loss records , qualify for the playoffs . The tie - break criteria for playoff seeding and home - court advantage have also changed ; head - to - head results between the tied teams is the first tie - breaker , and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie - breaker . These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match - ups throughout the series . Once the playoffs start , the bracket is fixed ; teams are never `` reseeded '' , unlike in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Soccer ( MLS ) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds . The first round of the NBA playoffs , or conference quarterfinals , consists of four match - ups in each conference based on the seedings ( 1 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , and 4 -- 5 ) . The four winners advance to the second round , or conference semifinals , with a match - up between the 1 -- 8 and 4 -- 5 winners and a match - up between the 2 -- 7 and 3 -- 6 winners . The two winners advance to the third round , or conference finals . The winner from each conference will advance to the final round , or the NBA Finals . All rounds are best - of - seven series . Series are played in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , meaning the team with home - court advantage hosts games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 , while their opponent hosts games 3 , 4 , and 6 , with games 5 -- 7 being played if needed . This format has been used since 2014 , after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format on October 23 , 2013 . The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences . On numerous occasions , Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs , while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them , including the 2011 , 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs . History ( edit ) The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history . In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best - of - seven series but its first two tournaments , the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs , were otherwise quite different from the third , which 21st - century NBA playoffs nearly match . In 1947 and 1948 , the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best - of - seven series following the regular season , whose winner advanced to the championship round . Meanwhile , four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other finalist : the two second - place teams were matched in one short series and the two third - place teams in another ; the winners of those two series played another one . In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners - up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one , which the NBA recognizes as its first championship ; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners - up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final . Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division , but only by chance . In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively , necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final . At the same time , the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division ; two rounds of best - of - three series were played , followed by a best - of - seven championship . The main idea was retained by the NBA . Even the 1950 tournament , following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two , initially determined one playoff champion from each division . The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best - of - three , with Syracuse from the East idle , and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games . The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best - of - five playoff . With only nine league members in 1953 -- 54 , the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six ( from 1954 through 1966 , the period of eight to nine league members ) . Round robins were played in 1954 , uniquely in NBA history -- a three - team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division . From 1955 to 1966 , the first - place team in each division was idle while its two runners - up faced played a best - of - three . Division finals were expanded to best - of - seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best - of - five in 1961 . With ten league members again for the 1966 -- 67 season , eight teams were again admitted to the tournament , providing a simple three - round knockout ( 8 - team bracket ) . A year later , the division semifinals were changed to best - of - seven playoff . Then , in 1975 and 1977 , respectively , a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division , necessitating an additional first round of best - of - three series . Finally in 1984 , the tournament expanded to its present 16 - team , four - round knockout , and the now - complete set of first - round series were expanded to a best - of - five . In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best - of - seven . ( Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present , same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948 , continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ( `` bye '' ) and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home . ) Beginning with the 2004 season , with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , the NBA realigned its divisions . The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each , and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top - three playoff seed . This would change slightly after the 2005 -- 06 season ; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths , they are guaranteed a top - four seed , as described below . 2006 NBA playoffs controversy ( edit ) The previous playoff format , in place for the 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 NBA playoffs , after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions , created controversy during the 2005 -- 06 season and playoffs , and would be changed prior to the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Prior to 2005 , NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference , regardless of their record . Prior to 2004 , when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each , the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds . This meant that top two teams in a conference ( by record ) would be seeded either first and second ( if they were in opposite divisions ) or first and third ( if they were in the same division ) . Because of the NBA playoffs ' preset matchups in the second round , this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals , assuming they both made it to that round . After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each , the seeding rules remained largely unchanged . The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions . However , this meant that if the top two teams ( by record ) in a conference were in the same division , they would be seeded first and fourth . Assuming no first - round upsets , this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals , instead of the conference finals . In the second year of this format , the 2005 -- 06 NBA season , the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference , the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division , did just that . The Mavericks had the second - best record in the Western Conference and the third - best record in the entire league , behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio . However , they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs . This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many . Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular - season record or seeding would suggest , critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2 - 7 / 3 - 6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket , who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round . The Phoenix Suns , winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record , were seeded second , while the Denver Nuggets , winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh - best record in the conference , were seeded third . The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second - to - last game of the regular season , after the top four seeds had been clinched . The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds , and had only to determine which rank higher . The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home - court advantage to advance to the conference finals , as it would face fourth - seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first - seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas . The sixth seed would play third - seeded Denver in the first round , but would have home - court advantage ( since the Grizzlies had the fourth - best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth - best ) , and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest . This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match - up in the second - to - last game of the season , since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed . The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally . In the first round of the playoffs , the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games , while Memphis was swept by Dallas . Ultimately , Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round , with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals . Timeline ( edit ) 1947 : The playoffs were instituted with a three - stage tournament , similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s ; the two first - place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best - of - 7 series . Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best - of - 3 quarterfinals , where the two second - placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal , as were the two third - placed teams , and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best - of - three semifinal . The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) best - of - 7 final series . Quarterfinals Best - of - 3 Semifinals Best - of - 3 ( one series ) Best - of - 7 ( one series ) BAA finals Best - of - 7 E3 W3 E3 E2 W2 E2 E2 W1 W1 E1 There were no byes , or idle time , for the division champions -- as there would be for higher - seeded playoff teams 1955 -- 66 and 1975 -- 83 . All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday , April 2 ; in 1948 the two Eastern runners - up ( E2 , E3 in the figure ) were idle for a few days only because there was a three - way Western tie to break . Both winners of the runners - up bracket , Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948 , reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents , Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948 , had played in the best - of - 7 pairings of division champions . And both winners of the runners - up bracket won the final series . The `` postseason '' actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors , the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions . 1949 : The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively , and Western Division teams exclusively -- in two halves of the bracket , so to speak . Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division . ( So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions , and so it has done in each half of the league since then . ) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified . The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals , respectively , and both rounds were best - of - 3 . Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games , one home game . The best - of - 7 final was unchanged . Division semifinals Best - of - 3 Division finals Best - of - 3 BAA finals Best - of - 7 E1 E4 E1 Eastern Division E2 E2 E3 E1 W2 W1 W4 W1 Western Division W2 W2 W3 1950 : The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . With a three - division setup , 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs , with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best - of - 3 division semifinals . The winners met in the best - of - 3 division finals . With three teams remaining , the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best - of - 3 NBA semifinals . 1951 : With the NBA reverting to a two - division setup ; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying . The division finals was extended to a best - of - 5 format . Division semifinals Best - of - 3 Division finals Best - of - 5 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 E4 E4 Eastern Division E2 E2 E3 E2 W3 W1 W4 W1 Western Division W3 W2 W3 1954 : With only nine league members ( soon to be eight ) , the number of playoff teams was cut down to six . The division semifinals was changed to a double round - robin format within the division , with the top three teams from each division qualifying ( each team played four games ) . Following the round - robin games , the top two teams qualified for the best - of - three division finals , followed by the best - of - seven finals . 1955 : The number of playoff teams remained at six , but the initial round - robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first - place team in each division a bye to the best - of - five division finals . Teams which placed second and third played a best - of - three division semifinal . In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first - place teams . 1958 : The division finals was extended to a best - of - seven format . 1961 : The division semifinals were extended to a best - of - five format . Division semifinals Best - of - 3 ( 1955 -- 1960 ) , Best - of - 5 ( 1961 -- 1966 ) Division finals Best - of - 5 ( 1955 -- 1957 ) , Best - of - 7 ( 1958 -- 1966 ) NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 Eastern Division E3 E2 E3 E3 W1 W1 Western Division W2 W2 W3 The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best - of - five initial series for unseeded teams . The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first - place teams . By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first - round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle . 1967 : The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more . The division semifinals now included the fourth - best team in each conference . The first - placed teams no longer received a bye . They were matched against the fourth - placed teams in the best - of - 5 division semifinals . 1968 : The division semifinals was extended to a best - of - seven format . Division semifinals Best - of - 5 ( 1967 ) , Best - of - 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Division finals Best - of - 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 E4 Eastern Division E2 E3 W1 W4 Western Division W2 W3 1970 : With an increased number of teams , the divisions were upgraded into conferences , which were then split into two divisions . Eight teams still qualified , four from each conference . The two division winners were guaranteed at least a # 2 seed , and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds . Hence , the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals , respectively . Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E4 Eastern Conference E2 * E3 W1 * W4 Western Conference W2 * W3 1975 : The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten . A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best - of - 3 first round series , while the top three seeds received a bye . This is similar to the system currently used in the MLB . First Round Best - of - 3 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E4 E5 Eastern Conference E2 * E3 W1 * W4 W5 Western Conference W2 * W3 1977 : The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12 . The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference , which was matched against the third seed . Only the division winners received byes to the next round . This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL . First Round Best - of - 3 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E4 E5 Eastern Conference E3 E6 E2 * W1 * W4 W5 Western Conference W3 W6 W2 * The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first - round byes for seeded teams . The first - round best - of - three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday , April 19 and 20 ; the second - round best - of - sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday , April 27 . Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle . 1984 : The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams . All teams now participated in the first round , which was extended to a best - of - five series . Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 5 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E8 E4 E5 Eastern Conference E3 E6 E2 * E7 W1 * W8 W4 W5 Western Conference W3 W6 W2 * W7 2003 : The first round was extended to a best - of - seven series . This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed . It also meant that a team that swept their series 4 -- 0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4 -- 3 . Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E8 E4 E5 Eastern Conference E3 E6 E2 * E7 W1 * W8 W4 W5 Western Conference W3 W6 W2 * W7 2005 : Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top - three seed regardless of record . The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs . Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E8 E4 E5 Eastern Conference E3 * E6 E2 * E7 W1 * W8 W4 W5 Western Conference W3 * W6 W2 * W7 2007 : To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top - three seed , regardless of record , the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top - four seed . The team with the second - best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed , even if it finishes second in its own division . This ensures that the two best teams in the conference can not meet until the conference finals at the earliest . The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division , thus forcing them to play each other in the second round ( given no upsets ) . Note : In the example below , the East 's # 2 seed is not a division champion . Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 Conference finals Best - of - 7 NBA finals Best - of - 7 E1 * E8 E5 E4 * Eastern Conference E3 * E6 E2 E7 W1 * W8 W5 W4 Western Conference W3 * W6 W2 * W7 2016 : While the playoff bracketing did not change , qualification criteria were changed . The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths , with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top - four seed placement for division champions . Team roster ( edit ) Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin . They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game . Players are eligible to be on a team 's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game , and were not on another NBA team 's roster after March 1 . Previously , playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began . Records and statistics ( edit ) Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team : The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3 -- 2 in 1994 . The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3 -- 2 in 1999 . The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round ( becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format ) . In 2011 , the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 2 and in 2012 , the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls 4 -- 2 . The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals . No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals . The 1956 -- 57 St. Louis Hawks , 1958 -- 59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980 -- 81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records ( 34 - 38 , 33 -- 39 and 40 -- 42 , respectively ) to make it to the NBA finals . In 1981 the Houston Rockets ' opponent in the Western Conference Finals , the Kansas City Kings , also had a losing record ( 40 -- 42 ) . The 1994 -- 95 Houston Rockets , a sixth seed with a record of 47 -- 35 , were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals . In the NBA finals , the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic ( 57 -- 25 ) in four games . In doing so , the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season ( Utah Jazz at 60 -- 22 , Phoenix Suns at 59 -- 23 , San Antonio Spurs at 62 -- 20 and Orlando at 57 -- 25 ) , which had never been done before . They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home - court advantage during any round of the playoffs . The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs . Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances , the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals , winning 6 . The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17 -- 4 . The Los Angeles / Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series ( 31 ) with an overall record of 16 -- 15 . The longest active playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 21 consecutive appearances in the playoffs , beginning in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season . The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers , who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949 -- 50 season to the 1970 -- 71 season . In 1983 , under the bye - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Philadelphia 76ers attained the best record of 12 - 1 , having only lost in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks . In 2001 , under the best of 5 - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Los Angeles Lakers attained the best record of 15 - 1 , having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers . In 2017 , under the best of 7 - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16 - 1 , having only lost in Game 4 of the Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors and Cavaliers came into the Finals with a combined record of 24 - 1 , with the Cavaliers having only lost in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics . Playoff appearances ( edit ) Current as of 2018 NBA Playoffs Appearances by active teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Los Angeles Lakers 60 Boston Celtics 55 Philadelphia 76ers 48 Atlanta Hawks 46 Detroit Pistons 41 New York Knicks 41 San Antonio Spurs 38 Chicago Bulls 35 Golden State Warriors 34 Portland Trail Blazers 34 Houston Rockets 32 Milwaukee Bucks 30 Oklahoma City Thunder 30 Phoenix Suns 29 Sacramento Kings 29 Washington Wizards 29 Utah Jazz 27 Indiana Pacers 25 Denver Nuggets 24 Cleveland Cavaliers 22 Dallas Mavericks 21 Miami Heat 20 Brooklyn Nets 19 Orlando Magic 14 Los Angeles Clippers 13 Charlotte Hornets 10 Memphis Grizzlies 10 Toronto Raptors 10 Minnesota Timberwolves 9 New Orleans Pelicans 7 Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers ( 1947 -- 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals ( 1946 -- 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks ( 1946 -- 1951 ) , the Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 -- 1955 ) , and the St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1949 -- 1957 ) . ^ Jump up to : Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) playoffs . Per the conditions of the ABA -- NBA merger , the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history , playoffs and records . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and the San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 -- 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets ( 1967 -- 1971 ) . Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle , the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics ( 1967 -- 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals ( 1948 -- 1957 ) , the Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 -- 1972 ) , the Kansas City - Omaha Kings ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , and the Kansas City Kings ( 1975 -- 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , the Chicago Zephyrs ( 1962 -- 1963 ) , the Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 -- 1973 ) , the Capital Bullets ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , and the Washington Bullets ( 1974 -- 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 -- 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves ( 1970 -- 1978 ) . ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets , and moved to New Orleans in 2002 . A new team , the Charlotte Bobcats , was then established in 2004 . When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement , the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets ; as such , the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002 , and the Bobcats / Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004 . See also ( edit ) NBA Conference Finals NBA Finals NBA D - League Playoffs NBA D - League Finals List of NBA playoff series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA to seed conference playoff teams by record '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 '' . NBA.com. 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . Select `` Next Season '' from the heading for 1947 -- 48 , and so on . Select `` Finals '' from League Playoffs for the daily schedule of the final series , and so on . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- NBA announces postseason seeding format change -- NBA '' . ESPN.com. 2006 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` No losers here ? Grizzlies win , Clippers get home court '' . ESPN . 2006 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 - 55 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 - 61 NBA Season Summary '' . `` 1966 - 66 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Pastuszek , Jon ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pastuszek : Could Yi Jianlian Help an NBA Playoff Team ? '' . SheridanHoops.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Winderman : Still time to add good player ( or Eddy Curry ) to playoff roster '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise History '' . NBA.com . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Details of settlement between Bennett , Seattle revealed '' . ESPN.com . August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . Charlotte Hornets . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) NBA official website Playoff Seeding Criteria NBA.com NBA Playoffs InsideHoops.com coverage Basketball-Reference.com Index of NBA playoffs seasons NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_playoffs&oldid=866105508 '' Categories : National Basketball Association playoffs Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Српски / srpski 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 08 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the nba playoffs change from 5 games to 7 games	[ "All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]\n" ]	[ "2014" ]
-2410419214535218171	Archie Campbell	Archie Campbell - wikipedia Archie Campbell Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Archie Campbell , see Archie Campbell ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the American comedian . For the fishing settlement , see Archie Campbell 's Cove . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Archie Campbell Archie Campbell in 1977 Background information ( 1914 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1914 Bulls Gap , Tennessee Origin Knoxville , Tennessee , US August 29 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 29 ) ( aged 72 ) Knoxville , Tennessee Genres Country Occupation ( s ) Musician , comedian , actor Labels RCA Archie Campbell ( November 7 , 1914 -- August 29 , 1987 ) was an American comedian , writer , and star of Hee Haw , a country - flavored network television variety show . He was also a recording artist with several hits on the RCA label in the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early career 1.2 Routines 1.3 Hee Haw 1.4 Later life and death 2 Legacy 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Singles 3.3 Guest singles 4 Notes 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Campbell studied art at Mars Hill College in Mars Hill , North Carolina , after which he began a radio career at WNOX in Knoxville . After a year alongside Roy Acuff on their Mid-Day Merry - Go - Round , he relocated to WDOD in Chattanooga , where he stayed until joining the United States Navy in 1941 . At the end of World War II , Campbell returned to WNOX . He left that station for rival WROL where he helped start Knoxville 's first country music television show ( on WROL - TV ) , Country Playhouse , that premiered in 1952 and ran until 1958 . At the close of that show , he moved to Nashville to replace Rod Brasfield on the nationally syndicated Prince Albert segment of the Grand Ole Opry . Shortly after , he signed a contract with RCA Victor and one of his early singles , `` Trouble in the Amen Corner '' reached the 1960 country music Top 25 . After an unsuccessful stint with the Starday label , Campbell returned to RCA in 1966 and had three Top 30 singles : `` The Men in My Little Girl 's Life '' ( 1966 ) , `` The Dark End of the Street '' ( 1968 ) , and `` Tell It Like It Is '' ( 1968 ) . He was named `` Comedian of the Year '' in 1969 by the Country Music Association . Routines ( edit ) One of Campbell 's ' signature ' routines was to tell stories in `` Spoonerism '' form , with the first letters of words in some phrases intentionally switched for comic effect . The best - known of these stories was `` RinderCella , '' his re-telling of the fairy tale `` Cinderella , '' about the girl who `` slopped her dripper '' ( dropped her slipper ) . Campbell once told the `` RinderCella '' story on an episode of the game show Juvenile Jury . At the conclusion of the story , host Jack Barry said `` That 's one of the funniest stories Carchie Ampbell tells . '' All of Campbell 's spoonerism routines borrowed heavily from comedy routines performed by Colonel Stoopnagle on the radio show Stoopnagle and Budd in the 1930s . ( `` Colonel Stoopnagle '' was the stage name of F. Chase Taylor , 1897 -- 1950 . ) Campbell also performed a routine with various partners generally known as `` That 's Bad / That 's Good . '' Campbell would state a troublesome occurrence ; when the partner would sympathize by saying , `` Oh that 's bad , '' Campbell would quickly counter , `` No , that 's good ! '' , and then state a good result from the previous occurrence . When the partner would say , `` Oh that 's good ! '' , Campbell would immediately counter with `` No , that 's bad ! '' and tell the new result , and so on . Hee Haw ( edit ) In 1969 Campbell joined Hee Haw on CBS - TV as a chief writer and on - air talent . His regular characterizations included the Barber , in which he performed his Spoonerism stories and his `` That 's Bad / That 's Good '' routines ; the Doctor as `` Doctor Campbell '' with Gunilla Hutton as `` Nurse Goodbody '' ; and , `` Justus O'Peace , '' his version of the classic `` Judge '' routine of Pigmeat Markham . One of his most well - known segments was the `` Where Oh Where '' song ( `` PFFT ! You Was Gone '' ) in which he would perform a short verse of original comedy followed by the standard `` Where oh where are you tonight '' chorus which would conclude with him and a singing partner , often Gordie Tapp , blowing a raspberry at one another or at the camera . During his Hee Haw years Campbell also recorded several comedy - music albums such as Bull Session at Bull 's Creek with Junior Samples and Archie Campbell ( Elektra 1976 ) . He frequently performed duets with singer Lorene Mann . Later Life and death ( edit ) In 1984 , Campbell hosted TNN 's Yesteryear interview show . Campbell was an accomplished amateur golfer and built one of the earliest lighted golf courses in the United States . An avid painter , he also owned an art gallery and served on the school board in Knoxville , where he lived until he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1987 . He is buried near the town of Powell , Tennessee . Legacy ( edit ) Campbell 's childhood home on Main Street in Bull 's Gap has been preserved as a memorial , and has been expanded into a `` tourism complex and museum '' which hosts annual `` Archie Campbell Days '' each September . Following Campbell 's death , U.S. Highway 11E through Bulls Gap was renamed `` Archie Campbell Highway '' in his memory . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album US Country Label 1962 Make Friends with Archie Campbell -- Starday 1962 Bedtime Stories For Adults -- Starday 1966 Have a Laugh on Me -- RCA The Cockfight and Other Tall Tales 30 1967 Kids I Love ' Em -- Golden Years -- 1968 Tell It Like It Is ( with Lorene Mann ) 45 Bull Session at Bulls Gap ( with Junior Samples ) -- Chart 1970 The Best of Archie Campbell -- RCA 1971 Did n't He Shine -- 1976 Archie -- Elektra Singles ( edit ) Year Single US Country Album 1960 `` Trouble in the Amen Corner '' 24 Make Friends with Archie Campbell `` Make Friends '' -- `` Do n't Jump from the Bridge '' -- singles only 1964 `` Do Lord '' -- 1965 `` Rindercella '' -- Have a Laugh on Me `` Drunk '' -- 1966 `` The Men in My Little Girl 's Life '' 16 Kids I Love ' Em `` Mommy 's Little Angel '' -- `` Life Gits Tee - Jus Do n't It '' -- The Cockfight and Other Tall Tales 1967 `` The Cockfight '' 44 `` We Never Get Hungry in Sunday '' -- Kids I Love ' Em 1968 `` The Dark End of the Street '' ( with Lorene Mann ) 24 Tell It Like It Is `` Tell It Like It Is '' ( with Lorene Mann ) 31 `` Warm and Tender Love '' ( with Lorene Mann ) 57 1969 `` My Special Prayer '' ( with Lorene Mann ) 36 `` Poor Daddy '' -- single only `` Pfft You Were Gone '' -- The Best of Archie Campbell 1970 `` Walkin ' on Fire '' -- single only `` Sports Common Taters '' ( with Junior Samples ) -- Bull Session at Bulls Gap `` It 's So Wrong '' -- singles only 1971 `` Get It at the General Store '' -- `` Did n't He Shine '' -- Did n't He Shine `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' -- singles only 1972 `` Carry Me Back '' -- `` People 's Choice '' -- `` Light in the Window '' -- 1973 `` Freedom Ai n't the Same as Bein ' Free '' 87 `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' ( with Minnie Pearl ) -- 1976 `` More or Less '' -- `` Washington Scandal '' -- 1977 `` I Just Found This Hat '' -- 1982 `` Put the World Back Together '' -- Guest singles ( edit ) Year Single Artist US Country 1967 `` Chet 's Tune '' Some of Chet 's Friends 38 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rindercella '' peaked at number 32 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc. p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . External links ( edit ) CMT.com profile HeeHaw.com profile Archie Campbell on IMDb Jones , Loyal ( 1998 ) . `` Archie Campbell '' . In The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Paul Kingsbury , Editor . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 75 -- 6 . http://www.rissystreasures.com/heehaw/archie.htm Members of the Grand Ole Opry Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Pam Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Randy Travis Travis Tritt Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Steve Wariner Kitty Wells Dottie West The Whites Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Faron Young VIAF : 67788148 LCCN : n81079867 MusicBrainz : d390d254 - 119c - 4bed - 8b72 - 6154b2c723a3 IATH : w6rb73j5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Campbell&oldid=799011320 '' Categories : 1914 births 1987 deaths People from Hawkins County , Tennessee American male comedians American country singers American country singer - songwriters Mars Hill University alumni American male television actors People from Knoxville , Tennessee Grand Ole Opry members Starday Records artists RCA Victor artists 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers Songwriters from Tennessee Comedians from Tennessee Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang where oh where are you tonight on hee haw	[ "Archie Campbell (November 7, 1914 – August 29, 1987) was an American comedian, writer, and star of Hee Haw, a country-flavored network television variety show. He was also a recording artist with several hits on the RCA label in the 1960s." ]	[ "Archie Campbell" ]
4649309649754956290	Lincoln Memorial	Lincoln Memorial - wikipedia Lincoln Memorial Jump to : navigation , search `` Lincoln monument '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lincoln ( disambiguation ) § Other uses . For the Memorial Building in Kentucky , see Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park . Lincoln Memorial U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Memorial Aerial View ( 2010 ) Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the District of Columbia Show all Location West End of National Mall , Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 21.5 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.4 '' W / 38.889306 ° N 77.050111 ° W / 38.889306 ; - 77.050111 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.5 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.4 '' W / 38.889306 ° N 77.050111 ° W / 38.889306 ; - 77.050111 Area 27,336 square feet ( 2,539.6 m ) Built 1914 -- 1922 Architect Henry Bacon ( architect ) Daniel Chester French ( sculptor ) Architectural style Greek Revival Visitation 6,546,518 ( 2013 ) Website Lincoln Memorial NRHP reference # 66000030 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Future site of the Memorial , c. 1912 President Warren G. Harding speaking at the dedication , 1922 The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln . It is located on the western end of the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , across from the Washington Monument . The architect was Henry Bacon ; the designer of the primary statue -- Abraham Lincoln , 1920 -- was Daniel Chester French ; the Lincoln statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers ; and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin . Dedicated in 1922 , it is one of several monuments built to honor an American president . It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations . The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well - known speeches by Lincoln , `` The Gettysburg Address '' and his Second Inaugural Address . The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches , including Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech , delivered on August 28 , 1963 , during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . Like other monuments on the National Mall -- including the nearby Vietnam Veterans Memorial , Korean War Veterans Memorial , and National World War II Memorial -- the memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15 , 1966 . It is open to the public 24 hours a day . In 2007 , it was ranked seventh on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . Since 2010 , approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exterior 3 Interior 4 Statue 4.1 Sculptural features 5 Sacred space 5.1 Vandalism 6 In popular culture 7 Depictions on U.S. currency 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington , D.C. , was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868 , three years after Lincoln 's assassination . Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln 's death . In 1867 , Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president . An American sculptor , Clark Mills , was chosen to design the monument . His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time , and called for a 70 - foot ( 21 m ) structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions , crowned by a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) statue of Abraham Lincoln . Subscriptions for the project were insufficient . The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century , when , under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois , six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission . The first five bills , proposed in the years 1901 , 1902 , and 1908 , met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon . The sixth bill ( Senate Bill 9449 ) , introduced on December 13 , 1910 , passed . The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U.S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commission 's president . Progress continued at a steady pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commission 's choice of design and location . There were questions regarding the commission 's plan . Many thought that architect Henry Bacon 's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln 's humble character . Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine . The site too did not go unopposed . The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be either too swampy or too inaccessible . Other sites , such as Union Station , were put forth . The Commission stood firm in its recommendation , feeling that the Potomac Park location , situated on the Washington Monument - Capitol axis , overlooking the Potomac River and surrounded by open land , was ideal . Furthermore , the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument . With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation , the project got underway . On February 12 , 1914 , a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began . Work progressed steadily according to schedule . Some changes were made to the plan . The statue of Lincoln , originally designed to be 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) tall , was enlarged to 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber . As late as 1920 , the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance . Despite these changes , the Memorial was finished on schedule . Commission president William H. Taft -- who was then Chief Justice of the United States -- dedicated the Memorial on May 30 , 1922 and presented it to President Warren G. Harding , who accepted it on behalf of the American people . Lincoln 's only surviving son , 78 - year - old Robert Todd Lincoln , was in attendance . The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . Exterior ( edit ) The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado . The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet ( 57.8 by 36.1 m ) and is 99 feet ( 30 m ) tall . It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns , one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln 's death , and two columns in - antis at the entrance behind the colonnade . The columns stand 44 feet ( 13 m ) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet ( 2.3 m ) . Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital . The columns , like the exterior walls and facades , are inclined slightly toward the building 's interior . This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom , a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture . Detail of the Memorial 's friezes Above the colonnade , inscribed on the frieze , are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln 's death and the dates in which they entered the Union . Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in bas - relief . The cornice is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions ' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge . Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial 's dedication . A bit higher is a garland joined by ribbons and palm leaves , supported by the wings of eagles . All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow . The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation , 44 to 66 feet ( 13 to 20 m ) in depth , constructed by M.F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company , and is encompassed by a 187 - by - 257 - foot ( 57 by 78 m ) rectangular granite retaining wall measuring 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) in height . President Barack Obama , First Lady Michelle Obama , and former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton walk past the statue of Lincoln to participate in the ceremony on the 50th anniversary of the historic March on Washington and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's I Have a Dream speech Abraham Lincoln , by Daniel Chester French Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps . Beginning at the edge of the Reflecting Pool , the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice , then to the main portal , intermittently spaced with a series of platforms . Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) tall tripod carved from pink Tennessee marble by the Piccirilli Brothers . Interior ( edit ) The Memorial 's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four Ionic columns , each 50 feet ( 15 m ) tall and 5.5 feet ( 1.7 m ) across at their base . The central chamber , housing the statue of Lincoln , is 60 feet wide , 74 feet deep , and 60 feet high . The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln 's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address . Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces , eagles , and wreaths . The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by Evelyn Beatrice Longman . The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements . The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of Lincoln 's death ; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922 . Inside , each inscription is surmounted by a 60 - by - 12 - foot ( 18.3 by 3.7 m ) mural by Jules Guerin portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln 's life : Freedom , Liberty , Immortality , Justice , and the Law on the south wall ; Unity , Fraternity , and Charity on the north . Cypress trees , representing Eternity , are in the murals ' backgrounds . The murals ' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture . The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves . Between these are panels of Alabama marble , saturated with paraffin to increase translucency . But feeling that the statue required even more light , Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights , which could be modulated to supplement the natural light ; this modification was installed in 1929 . The one major alteration since was the addition of a handicapped elevator in the 1970s . Statue ( edit ) IN THIS TEMPLE AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS ENSHRINED FOREVER Epitaph by Royal Cortissoz Main article : Abraham Lincoln ( 1920 statue ) Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation . The statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers under the supervision of the sculptor , Daniel Chester French , and took four years to complete . The statue , originally intended to be only 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) tall , was , on further consideration , enlarged so that it finally stood 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) tall from head to foot , the scale being such that if Lincoln were standing , he would be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) tall . The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height . Of Georgia white marble , it weighs 175 short tons ( 159 t ) and was shipped in twenty - eight pieces . The statue rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) high , 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide , and 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) deep . Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 feet ( 10.5 m ) long , 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) wide , and 6.5 inches ( 0.17 m ) high . Lincoln 's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces , a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan ( and imperial ) theme ( obelisk and funerary monuments ) of the Washington Mall . The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters , one on each side . Between these pilasters , and above Lincoln 's head , is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln by Royal Cortissoz . The March on Washington in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the National Mall and is famous for Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech . The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription . Sculptural features ( edit ) The sculpture has been at the center of two urban legends . Some have claimed that the face of General Robert E. Lee was carved onto the back of Lincoln 's head , and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home , Arlington House , now within the bounds of Arlington National Cemetery . Another popular legend is that Lincoln is shown using sign language to represent his initials , with his left hand shaped to form an `` A '' and his right hand to form an `` L '' , the president 's initials . The National Park Service denies both legends . However , historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that , while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln 's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials , it is possible that French did intend it , because he was familiar with American Sign Language , and he would have had a reason to do so , that is , to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University , a university for the deaf , the authority to grant college degrees . The National Geographic Society 's publication , `` Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. '' states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language . Historian James A. Percoco has observed that , although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln 's hands carved to represent the letters `` A '' and `` L '' in American Sign Language , `` I think you can conclude that it 's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands . '' Sacred space ( edit ) As Sandage ( 1993 ) demonstrates , the Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue especially for the Civil Rights Movement . In 1939 , the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow the African - American contralto Marian Anderson to perform before an integrated audience at the organization 's Constitution Hall . At the suggestion of Eleanor Roosevelt , the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harold L. Ickes , the Secretary of the Interior , arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year , to a live audience of 70,000 , and a nationwide radio audience . On August 28 , 1963 , the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement . It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event , where they heard Martin Luther King Jr. , deliver his historic I Have a Dream speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier . King 's speech , with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity . The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water , so that any incident could be easily contained . Twenty years later , on August 28 , 1983 , crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs , Peace and Freedom , to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices . The `` I Have a Dream '' speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story , that the spot on which King stood , on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln 's statue , was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event . Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool At sunrise During the day At dusk At the memorial on May 9 , 1970 , President Richard Nixon had a middle - of - the - night impromptu , brief meeting with protesters who , just days after the Kent State shootings , were preparing to march against the Vietnam War . Vandalism ( edit ) In September 1962 , vandals painted the words `` nigger lover '' in foot - high pink letters on the rear wall . On the morning of July 26 , 2013 , the memorial was shut down after the statue 's base and legs were splashed with green paint . It reopened later that day . A 58 - year - old Chinese national , Jiamei Tian , was later found responsible for the vandalism . Following her arrest at the Washington National Cathedral , she was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital , a psychiatric facility , and was later found to be incompetent to stand trial ; she has since been released from the hospital . On February 27 , 2017 , graffiti written in permanent marker was found at the memorial , the Washington Monument , the District of Columbia War Memorial , and the National World War II Memorial , saying `` Jackie shot JFK '' , `` blood test is a lie '' , as well as other claims . Street signs and utility boxes were also defaced . Authorities believed that a single person was responsible for all the vandalism . On August 15 , 2017 , graffiti that Reuters reported `` appeared to read ' fuck law ' '' was spray painted in red on one of the columns . The initials `` M + E '' were etched on the same pillar . A `` mild , gel - type architectural paint stripper '' was used to remove the paint without damaging the memorial . However , the etching was deemed `` permanent damage . '' A Smithsonian Institution directional sign several blocks away was also defaced . On September 18 , 2017 , Nurtilek Bakirov from Kyrgyzstan was arrested when a police officer saw him vandalizing the Memorial at around 1 : 00 PM EDT . Bakirov used a penny to carve the letters `` HYPT MAEK '' in what appeared to Cyrillic letters into the fifth pillar on the north side . As of 20 September 2017 , police do not know what the words mean , although there is a possibility that they contain a reference to the vandal 's name . Court documents indicate that the letters can not be completely removed , but could be polished at the cost of approximately $2,000 . A conservator for the National Park Service said that the stone would weather over time , helping to obscure the letters , although she characterized it as `` permanent damage '' . In popular culture ( edit ) As one of the most prominent American monuments , the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books , films , and television shows that take place in Washington ; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films , and in 2009 , Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television . Some examples of films include Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , in a key scene where the statue and its inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith , played by James Stewart -- the Park Service did not want director Frank Capra to film at the Memorial , so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and Jean Arthur at the Memorial ; The Day the Earth Stood Still , a science fiction film in which the alien Klaatu visits the Memorial and is impressed by Lincoln 's words carved there ; the 2001 version of Planet of the Apes ; X-Men : First Class ; the 2011 film Transformers : Dark of the Moon , where Megatron destroys the statue of Lincoln and then sits on the chair as a throne ; and the 2016 horror movie The Purge : Election Year , in which the Lincoln Memorial is shown with dead and burning bodies on the steps and the columns defaced with giant letters that spell out `` PURGE '' , written in human blood . Other films and television programs which have featured the Memorial include In the Line of Fire ; National Treasure , in which the main characters discuss the possibility of stealing the Declaration of Independence while sitting on the steps of the Memorial ; the comedy Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , where the statue of Lincoln helps defeat the Horus warriors ; the `` Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington '' episode of The Simpsons ; the scene from Forrest Gump , in which Forrest ( Tom Hanks ) delivers a speech standing on a podium in front of the Memorial facing the reflecting pool ; and the 2013 film White House Down , in which the President ( Jamie Foxx ) requests a fly - by of the Lincoln Memorial , at both the beginning and the end of the movie to pay homage to his hero . Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital visual effects , due to restrictive filming rules . As of 2017 , according to the National Park Service , `` Filming / photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial . '' Mitchell Newton - Matza argued in 2016 , `` Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans , the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture , especially motion pictures . '' According to Tracey Gold Bennett , `` The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts , producers , and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films . '' Jay Sacher writes : From high to low , the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism . From Forrest Gump 's Zelig - like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial , to the villainous Decepticon robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne ... The memorial 's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied . Reverse of a 2003 United States five - dollar bill and 2006 Lincoln cent Depictions on U.S. currency ( edit ) From 1959 ( the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the memorial , with statue visible through the columns , was depicted on the reverse of the United States one - cent coin , which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front . The memorial has appeared on the back of the U.S. five - dollar bill since 1929 . The front of the bill bears Lincoln 's portrait . See also ( edit ) Washington , D.C. portal NRHP portal List of areas in the United States National Park System National Register of Historic Places listings in the District of Columbia References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ The date for Ohio was incorrectly entered as 1802 , as opposed to the correct year , 1803 . Jump up ^ In the line from the second inaugural , `` With high hope for the future , '' the F in FUTURE was carved as an E. To obscure this error the spurious bottom line of the E is not painted in with black paint . Citations ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Memorial National Memorial ; Washington , DC National Park Service Jump up ^ `` Annual Park Recreation Visitation ( 1904 - Last Calendar Year ) '' National Park Service Jump up ^ `` Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse '' ( PDF ) . DC Court of Appeals . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington 's Lincoln : The First Monument to the Martyred President '' . The Intowner . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : NRHP Nomination , p. 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Christopher A. ( 2002 ) The Lincoln Memorial and American Life Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 069101194X Jump up ^ NRHP Nomination , p. 5 Jump up ^ NRHP Nomination , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : NRHP Nomination , p. 2 Jump up ^ Concklin , Edward F. ( 1927 ) The Lincoln Memorial , Washington . United States Government Printing Office Jump up ^ U.S. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks . Lincoln Memorial Building Statistics ^ Jump up to : NRHP Nomination , p. 3 Jump up ^ See Buchner , Edmund ( 1976 ) . `` Solarium Augusti und Ara Pacis '' , Römische Mitteilungen 83 : 319 -- 375 ; ( 1988 ) . Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus : Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik ( Berlin ) ; P. Zanker The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal Archived 2012 - 05 - 30 at Archive.is for a full discussion of the Augustan solarium and its architectural features . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Memorial Design Individuals '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln Memorial : Frequently Asked Questions '' on the National Park Service website Jump up ^ Prokopowicz , Gerald J. ( 2008 ) Did Lincoln Own Slaves ? And Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 42541 - 7 Jump up ^ Evelyn , Douglas E. and Dickson , Paul A. ( 1999 ) On this Spot : Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7499 - 7 Jump up ^ Library.gallaudet.edu Archived 2009 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Percoco , James A. , speech given on April 17 , 2008 , in the Jefferson Room of the National Archives and Records Administration as part of the National Archive 's `` Noontime Programs '' lecture series . Broadcast on the C - Span cable television network on April 4 and April 5 , 2009 . c-spanvideo.org Jump up ^ Fairclough , Adam ( 1997 ) `` Civil Rights and the Lincoln Memorial : The Censored Speeches of Robert R. Moton ( 1922 ) and John Lewis ( 1963 ) '' Journal of Negro History v. 82 pp. 408 -- 416 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Peter and Brewster , Todd ( 1998 ) The Century : A Chronicle of the 20th Century Doubleday . Jump up ^ `` Vandals Deface Lincoln Memorial '' Ocala Star - Banner ( September 27 , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Fard , Maggie Fazeli & Ruane , Michael E. ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lincoln Memorial is shut down after vandals splash paint on it '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CNN Staff ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Vandals splatter Lincoln Memorial with green paint '' . CNN . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ( January 6 , 2015 ) `` Case dismissed against woman accused of throwing green paint on D.C. landmarks '' The Washington Post Jump up ^ Staff ( February 21 , 2017 ) `` World War II Memorial , Lincoln Memorial , Washington Monument , DC War Memorial Vandalized '' NBC 4 Washington News Jump up ^ Staff ( August 15 , 2017 ) `` Lincoln Memorial Vandalized With Red Spray Paint '' NBC 4 Washington News Jump up ^ Reuters ( August 15 , 2017 ) `` Lincoln Memorial in Washington Defaced With Expletive '' The New York Times Jump up ^ Mower , Justin Wm . ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Police arrest man accused of vandalizing the Lincoln Memorial with a penny '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosales , Jean K. and Jose , Michael R. ( 2003 ) DC Goes to the Movies : A Unique Guide to Reel Washington iUniverse . p. 149 ISBN 9780595267972 Jump up ^ Reinhart , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . Abraham Lincoln on Screen : Fictional and Documentary Portrayals on Film and Television . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5261 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Toney , Veronica ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` It 's not just ' Forrest Gump . ' The National Mall has had an iconic role in many movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosales , Jean K. and Jose , Michael R. ( 2003 ) DC Goes to the Movies : A Unique Guide to Reel Washington iUniverse . p. 245 ISBN 9780595267972 Jump up ^ Staff ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lincoln Memorial 's role in U.S. history , pop culture '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Kristen Yoonsoo ( June 30 , 2016 ) `` ' The Purge : Election Year ' Hits the Upgrade Button in Literally Every Way '' Complex : Pop Culture '' ^ Jump up to : Sacher , Jay ( May 6 , 2014 ) . Lincoln Memorial : The Story and Design of an American Monument . Chronicle Books . pp. 83 -- 85 . ISBN 9781452131986 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Permit FAQS '' National Park Service Jump up ^ Mitchell Newton - Matza ( 2016 ) . Historic Sites and Landmarks that Shaped America . ABC - CLIO . p. 324 . Jump up ^ Tracey Gold Bennett ( 2014 ) . Washington , D.C. , Film and Television . Arcadia . p. 27 . Bibliography Hufbauer , Benjamin ( 2006 ) Presidential Temples : How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700614222 . Pfanz , Donald C. ( March 4 , 1981 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form : Lincoln Memorial '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 -- 1963 '' , Journal of American History Vol. 80 , No. 1 , pp. 135 -- 167 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lincoln Memorial . External video Laser Scan : Lincoln Memorial ( 0 : 33 ) , DJS Associates from the Lincoln Memorial Project Lincoln Memorial homepage ( NPS ) Lincoln Memorial Panoramic Tour `` Trust for the National Mall : Lincoln Memorial '' . Trust for the National Mall . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 12 . `` Colorado Yule Marble -- Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial ; '' ( PDF ) . US Geological Survey -- Bulletin 2162 ; 1999 . `` Lincoln Memorial Drawings '' . National Park Service . 1993 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 16 . Other Proposed Designs for the Lincoln Memorial `` American Icons : The Lincoln Memorial '' . Studio 360 . Episode 1637 . New York . September 10 , 2015 ( February 19 , 2010 ) . Public Radio International . WNYC . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . How the Lincoln Memorial became an American icon . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the marble come from for the lincoln memorial	[ "The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture.[10]" ]	[ "Colorado" ]
-8087885056688449252	Synthetic fiber	Synthetic fiber - wikipedia Synthetic fiber Synthetic fibers ( British English : synthetic fibres ) are fibers made by humans with chemical synthesis , as opposed to natural fibers that humans get from living organisms with little or no chemical changes . They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve on naturally occurring animal fibers and plant fibers . In general , synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber - forming materials through spinnerets into air and water , forming a thread . These fibers are called synthetic or artificial fibers . Some fibers ( such as the diverse family of rayons ) are manufactured from plant - derived cellulose and are thus semisynthetic , whereas others are totally synthetic , being made from crudes and intermediates including petroleum , coal , limestone , air , and water . In the textile industries , cellulose fibers are usually differentiated from synthetic fibers in the sense of fully synthetic ones . Synthetic fabrics are textiles made from synthetic fibers rather than natural fibers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early experiments 2 Commercial products 3 Description 4 Advantages 5 Disadvantages 6 Common synthetic fibers 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Early experiments ( edit ) Joseph Swan created the first synthetic fiber . Joseph Swan invented the first artificial fiber in the early 1880s ; today it would be called semisynthetic in precise usage . His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid , formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark . The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb , but Swan soon realized the potential of the fiber to revolutionise textile manufacturing . In 1885 , he unveiled fabrics he had manufactured from his synthetic material at the International Inventions Exhibition in London . The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet , a French engineer and industrialist , who invented the first artificial silk , which he called `` Chardonnet silk '' . In the late 1870s , Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silkworms . Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet 's discovery of nitrocellulose as a potential replacement for real silk . Realizing the value of such a discovery , Chardonnet began to develop his new product , which he displayed at the Paris Exhibition of 1889 . Unfortunately , Chardonnet 's material was extremely flammable , and was subsequently replaced with other , more stable materials . Commercial products ( edit ) Nylon was first synthesized by Wallace Carothers at DuPont . The first successful process was developed in 1894 by English chemist Charles Frederick Cross , and his collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle . They named the fiber `` viscose '' , because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of xanthate . The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds Fibers in 1905 . The name `` rayon '' was adopted in 1924 , with `` viscose '' being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane . A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865 . Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers , but not truly synthetic , being made from wood . Nylon , the first synthetic fiber in the `` fully synthetic '' sense of that term , was developed by Wallace Carothers , an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s . It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk , just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II . Its novel use as a material for women 's stockings overshadowed more practical uses , such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes . The first polyester fiber was introduced by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson , British chemists working at the Calico Printers ' Association , in 1941 . They produced and patented the first polyester fiber which they named Terylene , also known as Dacron , equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience . ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of the fiber . The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014 . Description ( edit ) Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers of small molecules . The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals . These materials are polymerized into a long , linear chemical that bond two adjacent carbon atoms . Differing chemical compounds will be used to produce different types of synthetic fibers . Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage , with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology . Although many classes of fiber based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products , four of them - nylon , polyester , acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market . These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production , with polyester alone accounting for around 60 per cent . There are several methods of manufacturing synthetic fibers but the most common is the Melt - Spinning Process . It involves heating the fiber until it begins to melt , then you must draw out the melt with tweezers as quickly as possible . The next step would be to draw the molecules by aligning them in a parallel arrangement . This brings the fibers closer together and allows them to crystallize and orient . Lastly , is Heat - Setting . This utilizes heat to permeate the shape / dimensions of the fabrics made from heat - sensitive fibers . Advantages ( edit ) Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick - up different dyes . In addition , many synthetic fibers offer consumer - friendly functions such as stretching , waterproofing and stain resistance . Sunlight , moisture , and oils from human skin cause all fibers to break down and wear away . Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends . This is mainly because natural products are biodegradable . Natural fibers are susceptible to larval insect infestation ; synthetic fibers are not a good food source for fabric - damaging insects . Compared to natural fibers , many synthetic fibers are more water resistant and stain resistant . Some are even specially enhanced to withstand damage from water or stains . Some fabrics are also designed to stretch in specific ways , which makes them more comfortable to wear . Cotton production is resource intensive : it takes significant amounts of water to farm cotton . Wool producing sheep also need water and grazing land in order to survive . Thus ihoyt is claimed by some that although synthetic fiber production does involve some carbon emissions , the environmental footprint of many fibers is much lower . Disadvantages ( edit ) A device for spinning Viscose Rayon dating from 1901 Most of synthetic fibers ' disadvantages are related to their low melting temperature : Synthetic fibers do not burn more readily than natural . Prone to heat damage . Melt relatively easily . Prone to damage by hot washing . More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibers . Not skin friendly , so it is uncomfortable for long wearing . Allergenic to some people . Non-biodegradable in comparison to natural fibers . Common synthetic fibers ( edit ) Common synthetic fibers include : Nylon ( 1931 ) Modacrylic ( 1949 ) Olefin ( 1949 ) Acrylic ( 1950 ) Polyester ( 1953 ) Specialty synthetic fibers include : Rayon ( 1894 ) artificial silk Vinyon ( 1939 ) Saran ( 1941 ) Spandex ( 1959 ) Vinalon ( 1939 ) Aramids ( 1961 ) - known as Nomex , Kevlar and Twaron Modal ( 1960 's ) Dyneema / Spectra ( 1979 ) PBI ( Polybenzimidazole fiber ) ( 1983 ) Sulfar ( 1983 ) Lyocell ( 1992 ) ( artificial , not synthetic ) PLA ( 2002 ) M - 5 ( PIPD fiber ) Orlon Zylon ( PBO fiber ) Vectran ( TLCP fiber ) made from Vectra LCP polymer Derclon used in manufacture of rugs Other synthetic materials used in fibers include : Acrylonitrile rubber ( 1930 ) Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include : Glass fiber ( 1938 ) is used for : industrial , automotive , and home insulation ( glass wool ) reinforcement of composite materials ( glass - reinforced plastic , glass fiber reinforced concrete ) specialty papers in battery separators and filtration Metallic fiber ( 1946 ) is used for : adding metallic properties to clothing for the purpose of fashion ( usually made with composite plastic and metal foils ) elimination and prevention of static charge build - up conducting electricity to transmit information conduction of heat In the horticulture industry synthetics are often used in soils to help the plants grow better . Examples are : expanded polystyrene flakes urea - formaldehyde foam resin polyurethane foam phenolic resin foam See also ( edit ) Artificial turf Elasterell Fiber rope Delustrant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Joseph Wilson Swan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ How It Works : Science and Technology . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . 2003 . p. 851 . ISBN 9780761473145 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Alfred ( 1963 ) . The Flash of Genius . Princeton , New Jersey : D. Van Nostrand Company , Inc . pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Editors , Time - Life ( 1991 ) . Inventive Genius . New York : Time - Life Books . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 7699 - 1 . Jump up ^ Day , Lance ; Ian McNeil ( 1998 ) . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . Taylor & Francis . p. 113 . ISBN 0415193990 . Jump up ^ Woodings , Calvin R. `` A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic fibers '' . WOODINGS CONSULTING LTD . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World of Chemistry '' . Thomson Gale. 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , P ( 1967 ) . `` Obituary '' . Chemistry in Britain . Jump up ^ Frank Greenaway , ' Whinfield , John Rex ( 1901 -- 1966 ) ' , rev . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 20 June 2011 Jump up ^ Man - Made Fibers Continue To Grow Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Textile World Jump up ^ JE McIntyre , Professor Emeritus of Textile Industries , University of Leeds , UK ( ed . ) . Synthetic fibers : Nylon , polyester , acrylic , polyolefin . Woodhead Publishing - Series in Textiles. 36 . Cambridge . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) The original source of this article and much of the synthetic fiber articles ( copied with permission ) is Whole Earth magazine , No. 90 , Summer 1997 . www.wholeearth.com hide Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Commons BNE : XX539886 BNF : cb119418840 ( data ) GND : 4069934 - 1 LCCN : sh85134365 NARA : 10648172 NDL : 00562560 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_fiber&oldid=850327809 '' Categories : Synthetic fibers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen 日本語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 Kabɩyɛ 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 04 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do the raw materials for making synthetic fabrics come from	[ "Synthetic fibers (British English: synthetic fibres) are fibers made by humans with chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that humans get from living organisms with little or no chemical changes. They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve on naturally occurring animal fibers and plant fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets into air and water, forming a thread. These fibers are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Some fibers (such as the diverse family of rayons) are manufactured from plant-derived cellulose and are thus semisynthetic, whereas others are totally synthetic, being made from crudes and intermediates including petroleum, coal, limestone, air, and water. In the textile industries, cellulose fibers are usually differentiated from synthetic fibers in the sense of fully synthetic ones.\n" ]	[ "extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets into air and water, forming a thread" ]
5519212554751349148	Hotel Transylvania 2	Hotel Transylvania 2 - Wikipedia Hotel Transylvania 2 Jump to : navigation , search Hotel Transylvania 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Genndy Tartakovsky Produced by Michelle Murdocca Written by Robert Smigel Adam Sandler Based on Characters created by Todd Durham Starring Adam Sandler Andy Samberg Selena Gomez Kevin James Steve Buscemi David Spade Keegan - Michael Key Asher Blinkoff Mel Brooks Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Sony Pictures Animation Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $473.2 million Hotel Transylvania 2 is a 2015 American 3D computer animated fantasy - comedy film . It is the second installment in the Hotel Transylvania franchise , and the sequel to the 2012 film Hotel Transylvania , with its director , Genndy Tartakovsky , and writer , Robert Smigel , returning for the film . Produced by Sony Pictures Animation , it was animated by Sony Pictures Imageworks , with an additional funding provided by LStar Capital . Hotel Transylvania 2 takes place seven years after the first film , with the hotel now open to human guests . Mavis and Johnny have a young son named Dennis , whose lack of any vampire abilities worries his grandfather Dracula . When Mavis and Johnny go on a visit to Johnny 's parents , Dracula calls his friends to help him make Dennis a vampire . Soon , things turn upside - down when Dracula 's old - school human - hating father Vlad unexpectedly visits the hotel . Original voices from the first film -- Adam Sandler , Andy Samberg , Selena Gomez , Kevin James , Steve Buscemi , David Spade , Fran Drescher , Molly Shannon -- returned for the sequel , with Keegan - Michael Key replacing CeeLo Green as Murray . New additions to the cast include Mel Brooks as Count Dracula 's father , Vlad ; Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally as Jonathan 's parents , Mike and Linda ; and Asher Blinkoff as Mavis and Johnny 's half - human / half - vampire son , Dennis . The film was released on September 25 , 2015 , by Columbia Pictures and was a box office success , grossing $473 million worldwide on an $80 million budget . A third film , titled Hotel Transylvania 3 , is scheduled to be released on July 13 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Seven years after the first film , Mavis ( Selena Gomez ) and her new fiancé Johnny ( Andy Samberg ) are finally married , with the approval of her father Dracula ( Adam Sandler ) , and the world becomes aware of ( and unfazed by ) the existence of monsters . Mavis later reveals to Drac that she is pregnant and a year later , she gives birth to a baby boy named Dennis ( Asher Blinkoff ) , who later befriends Wayne 's daughter Winnie ( who has a crush on Dennis ) ( Sadie Sandler ) . Nearing his fifth birthday , Dennis has yet to grow his fangs and Drac worries that his grandson might not gain vampire powers . Noticing the dangers of Transylvania , Mavis starts to consider raising Dennis where Johnny grew up , much to Drac 's disapproval . Drac tells Johnny ( who does not want to leave the hotel either ) to bring Mavis to California to visit his parents , Mike ( Nick Offerman ) and Linda ( Megan Mullally ) , but to make sure to keep her distracted so that she will not move , leaving Drac to `` babysit '' Dennis . Drac enlists his friends , Frank ( Kevin James ) , Wayne the Werewolf ( Steve Buscemi ) , Griffin the Invisible Man ( David Spade ) , Murray the Mummy ( Keegan - Michael Key ) and Blobby the Blob ( Jonny Solomon ) to help train Dennis to become a monster , to no avail . Drac takes Dennis to his childhood summer camp , Camp Winnepacaca , where he learned to hone his vampire abilities and discovers that the camp is safer than it was when he went there . Drac stubbornly believes Dennis is a `` late fanger '' , so he hurls Dennis from a tall , unstable tower to pressure the boy 's transformation into a bat . Dennis does not transform , and Dracula has to fly and rescue him at the last second . The stunt is filmed by the campers and uploaded to the Internet , which eventually reaches Mavis and Johnny . Mavis angrily transforms into a bat to fly her and Johnny back to Transylvania . Drac and his friends reach the hotel a couple of seconds after Mavis . She confronts her father for putting Dennis in grave danger and his inability to accept that he is human . She states she will move out of the hotel after Dennis ' fifth birthday the following Wednesday . Drac hangs his head with deep guilt . Mavis invites Vlad ( Mel Brooks ) , her grandfather and Drac 's father , to Dennis ' birthday party . As Vlad is much worse than he was when it comes to humans , Drac tells Johnny to have the human party - goers disguise themselves as monsters . Vlad receives the invitation and arrives with his monstrous bat - like servant Bela ( Rob Riggle ) to meet his great - grandson for the first time . Meeting him , he believes that fear will cause Dennis ' fangs to sprout and possesses a stage performer dressed as Dennis 's favorite television monster , `` Kakie the Cake Monster '' , to scare Dennis , but Drac shields his grandson at the last moment and exposes the deception to Vlad , who is outraged that Drac has accepted humans as guests in his hotel . Drac confronts his father about how humans are different now . Mavis becomes upset with her grandfather 's behavior . While the family argues , Dennis sadly flees the hotel and enters the forest with Winnie in tow , hiding in her treehouse . They are attacked by Bela , who mistakes Dennis for a human . When Bela injures Winnie and threatens to destroy the hotel , Dennis ' anger causes him to instantly grow his fangs and his vampire abilities manifest . He begins to fight Bela , who calls his giant - bat minions . Drac , Mavis , Dennis , Johnny , the rest of the monsters and Johnny 's family team up to defeat his minions . A livid Bela then attempts to kill Johnny himself with a stake . Having been won over by Drac 's claim that humans are harmless now , Vlad shrinks Bela and tells him never to bother his family again . Bela then flees . With Dennis having vampire abilities , Mavis and Johnny continue to raise him in Transylvania , and they resume the party with his friends . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Hotel Transylvania characters Adam Sandler as Count Dracula , the 539 - year - old founder , owner and hotel manager of Hotel Transylvania , Mavis ' father , and Dennis 's grandfather . Andy Samberg as Jonathan `` Johnny '' Loughran , a 28 - year - old human , Mavis 's husband , Dracula 's son - in - law , and Dennis 's father . Selena Gomez as Mavis D. Loughran , Dennis 's vampire mother , Dracula 's 125 - year - old vampire daughter , and Johnny 's wife . Asher Blinkoff as Dennis Loughran ( `` Dennisovitch '' ) , Mavis and Johnny 's five - year - old son . Sunny Sandler as baby Dennis Kevin James as Frank / Frankenstein Steve Buscemi as Wayne , a werewolf . David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man Keegan - Michael Key as Murray , a mummy . He was previously voiced by CeeLo Green in the first movie . Mel Brooks as Vlad , Dracula 's father and Mavis ' grandfather . Fran Drescher as Eunice , the wife of Frankenstein . Molly Shannon as Wanda , a werewolf and Wayne 's wife . Nick Offerman as Michael `` Mike '' Loughran , Johnny 's father , and Mavis 's father - in - law . Megan Mullally as Linda Loughran , Johnny 's mother , and Mavis 's mother - in - law . Dana Carvey as Dana , the vampire camp director . Rob Riggle as Bela , Vlad 's bat - like servant . Jonny Solomon as Blobby , a green blob monster . Chris Kattan as Kakie , a cake monster from Dennis ' favorite television series . Jon Lovitz as The Phantom of the Opera , Hotel Transylvania 's residential musician . Robert Smigel as Marty , a pink gill - man and Harry Three - Eye , a monster magician . Luenell as Shrunken Heads . Sadie Sandler as Winnie , the werewolf daughter of Wayne and Wanda , and Dennis ' best friend . Paul Brittain as Pandragora , an easygoing monster with tentacled hair that lives in Santa Cruz . Nick Swardson as Kelsey , a bearded man who is Mike and Linda 's neighbor . Chris Parnell as Fly Doug Dale as Kal , a Mini-Mart worker in Santa Cruz . Ethan Smigel as Troy , Dennis ' uncle and one of Johnny 's younger brothers . Production ( edit ) Director Genndy Tartakovsky at the 2015 Annecy International Animated Film Festival Director Genndy Tartakovsky commented about the possibility of the sequel in October 2012 , `` Everyone is talking about it , but we have n't started writing it . There are a lot of fun ideas we could totally play with . It 's a ripe world . '' The next month it was announced that a sequel had been greenlit , and was scheduled for release on September 25 , 2015 . On March 12 , 2014 , it was announced that Tartakovsky would return to direct the sequel , even though he was originally too busy due to his developing an adaptation of Popeye , which would later get shelved . It was suggested by director Genndy Tartakovsky that Adam Sandler had more creative control over this film than its predecessor and that at times he was difficult to work with . Music ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was announced that Mark Mothersbaugh , who scored the first film , had signed on to score the sequel . American girl group Fifth Harmony recorded a song for the film entitled `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' . It was featured in the film 's official trailer and was also played when the film itself was released . Release ( edit ) Columbia Pictures released the film in the United States on September 25 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) Hotel Transylvania 2 was released on DVD and Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) on January 12 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . The film was also released in Digital HD on December 22 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hotel Transylvania 2 has grossed $169.7 million in North America and $303.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $473 million , against a budget of $80 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $159.48 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Predictions for the opening of Hotel Transylvania 2 in North America were continuously revised upwards , starting from $35 -- $48 million . Hotel Transylvania 2 earned $13.3 million from 3,754 theaters on its opening day in North America , which was the second - biggest Friday opening day in September , behind Insidious Chapter 2 ( $20.3 million ) . During its opening weekend , Hotel Transylvania 2 earned $48.5 million from 3,754 theaters , which at the time set new records such as the highest opening for a Sony Pictures Animation film , the biggest opening in Adam Sandler 's career , beating 2005 's The Longest Yard ( $47.6 million ) , and previously held the biggest opening in the month of September ( record overtaken by It in 2017 ) . Regarding the film 's successful opening , Josh Greenstein , Sony 's president of marketing said , `` We had a great date , and this is a big win for Sony Pictures Animation . '' The largest demographic of the opening weekend audience was under the age of 25 ( 60 % ) and female ( 59 % ) , followed by male ( 41 % ) , 25 and over ( 40 % ) and kids ( 38 % ) . According to Rentrak 's PostTrak reports , 23 % of the audience bought tickets because it was an animated film , while 16 % were attracted to the toon 's subject matter and plot . Hotel Transylvania 2 was released in a total of 90 countries . It was released in 42 markets between September 25 and 27 , 2015 , the same weekend as its North American release , and earned $30.18 million from 6,500 screens that weekend . Its overall rank for the weekend was second , behind Everest . Its opening weekends in the U.K. , Ireland and Malta ( $9.5 million including previews ) , Mexico ( $7.84 million ) , South Korea ( $4.2 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $6 million ) , Germany ( $3.9 million ) , Italy ( $3.7 million ) and France and Spain ( $3.2 million respectively ) in October represented its largest takings . In China , it opened with an estimated $12.1 million debuting at second place behind the Chinese local film The Witness which grossed $18.5 million . While the China figures are low in comparison to recent Hollywood movie openings , it actually excelled the first film 's local lifetime gross by 19 % in just the first six days . In terms of total earnings , its largest market outside of North America is the U.K. ( $29.4 million ) followed by Mexico ( $23.7 million ) and Venezuela ( $19.9 million ) . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 55 % , based on 100 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Hotel Transylvania 2 is marginally better than the original , which may or may not be enough of a recommendation to watch 89 minutes of corny , colorfully animated gags from Adam Sandler and company . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 44 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Max Nicholson of IGN awarded it a score of 6.5 out of 10 , saying `` While Genndy Tartakovsky 's animation is top - notch , Hotel Transylvania 2 does n't live up to the first monster mash . '' Nick Schager of Variety gave the film a negative review , saying `` Its plot comes across as just a rickety skeleton designed to prop up Sandler and company 's litany of cornball punchlines and gags , only a few of which cleverly play off of these characters ' iconography '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review , saying `` Whereas the jokes in the Grown Ups series feel reactionary and bullying , the family - friendly Hotel Transylvania gags instead come off as clever and humane , even when they 're making fun of helicopter moms and lawsuit - sensitive summer camps . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Great movies like ParaNorman and Frankenweenie showed the laughs you could get out of funny fiends ; Hotel Transylvania 2 just digs up a few corny gags . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` While the first Hotel Trans had humour for both younger and older audiences , this one will likely fall short in its appeal to adults , although there 's plenty for the little monsters to enjoy . '' Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` Hotel Transylvania 2 is an unfortunate throwback to about 20 years ago , when animated movies were more widely accepted as cinematic babysitters . '' Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` Tartakovsky has n't created the sort of sequel that eclipses the original , but then again the original was n't exactly Toy Story or How to Train Your Dragon . '' Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` It 's an episodic , energetically animated gag factory from the pen of Adam Sandler , and while it 's the best screenplay to bear his name in years , it also warps some overfamiliar family - movie concerns until they become unavoidable in their ickiness . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying `` This time around , greater attention has been paid to story and character development ( while scaling back on all the sight gags ) and the substantial results give the ample voice cast and returning director Genndy Tartakovsky more to sink their teeth into , with pleasing results . '' Josh Kupecki of The Austin Chronicle gave the film one out of five stars , saying `` Channeling your inner child , you may find solace in Hotel Transylvania 2 , but in the end it has no bite , doing continued disservice to the Universal monsters it scabs out , and adding another soiled feather to Sandler 's cap of mediocrity . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 6 , 2016 Outstanding Animated Effects in an Animated Production Chris Logan , Brian Casper , Gavin Baxter and William Eckroat Nominated Outstanding Character Design in an Animated Production Craig Kellman and Stephen DeStefano Nominated Outstanding Storyboarding in an Animated Production Mike Smukavic Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards November 20 , 2016 BAFTA Kids ' Vote Hotel Transylvania 2 Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 12 , 2016 Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Selena Gomez Nominated Favorite Animated Movie Hotel Transylvania 2 Won People 's Choice Awards January 6 , 2016 Favorite Animated Movie Voice Adam Sandler Nominated Selena Gomez Won Favorite Family Film Hotel Transylvania 2 Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' by Fifth Harmony Won Visual Effects Society Awards February 2 , 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Alan Hawkins , Karl Herbst , Skye Lyons , Genndy Tartakovsky Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Hotel Transylvania 3 Michelle Murdocca , the film 's producer , said before the film 's release that the studio was `` talking about number 3 and moving forward and taking the franchise to the next level . '' On November 2 , 2015 , it was announced Hotel Transylvania 3 will be released on September 21 , 2018 . Despite previously leaving the series to direct other projects , Genndy Tartakovsky will return as director for this installment . According to Tartakovsky , he returned after he got an inspiration from a `` miserable '' family vacation . Adam Sandler , Selena Gomez , and Andy Samberg will also reprise their previous roles as Dracula , Mavis and Johnny in the film , which is being written by Austin Powers writer Michael McCullers . The film will take place aboard a cruise ship . On February 6 , 2017 , the release date was moved up to July 13 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Columbia Pictures Press Kit - Hotel Transylvania '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Return for Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . Film Music Reporter . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artists - Catherine Apple '' . Sony Pictures Animation . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schager , Nick ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 2 ( 2D ) ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Families To Crowd ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' As Females Date ' The Intern ' & Adults Trek To ' Everest ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S. Cohen , David ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Imageworks Moving HQ to Vancouver '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 ... and for Sony Pictures Animation , `` Hotel Transylvania 2 '' ... Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Closes Slate Co-Fi Deal With Lone Star Capital , CitiBank '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . They included ... and Hotel Transylvania 2 , ... ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ′ fun facts '' . Inquirer.net . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures 2018 Schedule Shifts Hotel Transylvania , Bad Boys , Goosebumps and More '' . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Talks Rudderless , Hotel Transylvania 2 , Her Career , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Lia . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Star Selena Gomez Sees The Importance Of The Film Not Giving In To Gender Roles -- VIDEO '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Truitt ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Mel Brooks checks in for Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ HIll , Jim ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` There 's Something Fishy About Asher Blinkoff 's Voice Work in Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Spade talks about his fake problems . AMA . : IAmA '' . Reddit. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . I think the next thing I 'm doing is the voice in Hotel Transylvania 2 , I thought that movie came out really well and especially Adam and Selena Gomez did a very good job with it . It was a very sweet , funny movie . The next one comes out next year . And there 's talk of a Grown Ups 3 next winter . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Unmasks ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Teaser '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sokmensuer , Harriet ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 Costars Nick Offerman and Wife Megan Mullally : Who 's Funnier ? Here 's What He Says '' . People . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy Will Host Genndy Tartakovsky , Masaaki Yuasa , ' Zootopia ' Directors , Richard Williams '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` New Bigfoot sighting in Hotel Transylvania short film '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 scheduled for 2015 release '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jardine , William ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Pushes Genndy Tartakovsky 's Popeye Back to 2015 '' . A113Animation . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Animation Shelves Smurfs 3 For New Origin Tale In Franchise Reboot '' . Deadline . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation With Genndy Tartakovsky About ' Hotel Transylvania 2 , ' ' Popeye , ' ' Can You Imagine ? ' and ' Samurai Jack ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony Checks iNTO ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' With New Song ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sony Pictures Animation ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 2 Arriving on Digital HD Dec. 22 in time for the Holidays ! On Blu - ray 3D TM Combo Pack , Blu - ray TM Combo Pack & DVD Jan. 12 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 9 ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Forecast : ' Transylvania ' , ' Intern ' & ' Inferno ' Highlight Stacked Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Set To Deliver New September Opening Record & Adam Sandler 's Second Best Debut '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Biting Off Record $46 M - $48 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : Adam Sandler 's ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Bites Huge $13.25 M Friday For Possible $50 M Bow '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' At $48.5 M Marks Record Opening For Adam Sandler ; ' Intern ' Slacks On Sunday -- Monday Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH - SEPTEMBER '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Sets September Record With $47.5 M ; ' Intern ' Solid No. 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sony 's Luxury ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Setting Records ; ' The Intern ' Eyes $18.2 M Weekend Salary -- Sunday AM First Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Martian ' Orbits $400 M Global ; ' Straight Outta Compton ' Nears $200 M ; ' Ghost Dimension ' Solid -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 , ' ' The Intern ' Bow Amidst Holdovers ' Everest ' And ' Scorch Trials ' -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Martian ' Crosses $118.5 M Offshore ; ' Pan ' Serves Up Est . $20.4 M -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Supersizes With $43.2 M China Bow ; ' Crimson Peak ' Reaps $13.4 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' , China Trio , ' Peanuts ' Lead Weekend -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sony 's Sizzling ' Spectre ' , ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Top Charts In Strong Frame -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Spectre ' Adds $152.6 M In Overseas Hat Trick -- International Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' Lands At $144.5 M As China & Caution In Europe Squeeze Hwd -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania 2 Review '' . IGN . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick Schager ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Review : Sandler 's Big Granddaddy Dracula Comedy '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Review : Adam Sandler Proves He 's Not Entirely a Lost Cause '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' review : Fangs a lot '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania 2 has a few new faces , same old gags : review '' . Thestar.com . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Transylvania ' sequel bites off more than it can chew '' . SFGate . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angulo , Sandie . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' review : Sequel is just enough of a Halloween treat '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jesse ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania 2 - Film Calendar '' . The Austin Chronicle . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 43rd Annie Award Nominations Announced '' . ASIFA - Hollywood . ASIFA - Hollywood . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards - Nominations 2016 '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards - Nominations 2016 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards - Nominations 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Things to Know About ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ′ '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 3 Opens Its Doors in 2018 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky Is n't Done With ' Hotel Transylvania , ' Will Direct Third Film in Franchise '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Animation Details Upcoming Slate , Including Julia Roberts ' ' Smurfs ' Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Animation Unveils ' Spider - Man , ' ' Hotel Transylvania 3 , ' ' Smurfs ' And More '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Hotel Transylvania 2 at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Hotel Transylvania 2 at Wikiquote Official website Hotel Transylvania 2 on IMDb Hotel Transylvania 2 at Box Office Mojo Hotel Transylvania 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Hotel Transylvania 2 at Metacritic Links to related articles Hotel Transylvania Films Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Television series Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 ) See also List of Hotel Transylvania characters Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films The Star ( 2017 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horrorland ( 2018 ) Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( 2018 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Genndy Tartakovsky Television series Dexter 's Laboratory Samurai Jack Star Wars : Clone Wars Sym - Bionic Titan Hotel Transylvania : The Series Films Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip Samurai Jack : The Premiere Movie Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania 2 Hotel Transylvania 3 Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Postmortem Turac Historical Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Vlad II Dracul Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Legend of the Cybermen Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Frankenstein - Italian Style ( 1975 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Frankenhooker ( 1990 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Frankenthumb ( 2002 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Others Frankenstein ( 1910 ) Life Without Soul ( 1915 ) The Monster of Frankenstein ( 1920 ) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein ( 1957 ) Frankenstein 1970 ( 1958 ) Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster ( 1965 ) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1966 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Lady Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Frankenstein ' 80 ( 1972 ) Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Blackenstein ( 1973 ) Frankenstein 's Castle of Freaks ( 1974 ) Frankenstein Legend of Terror ( 1981 ) Frankenstein Island ( 1981 ) The Bride ( 1985 ) Frankenstein Unbound ( 1990 ) Frankenstein ( 1992 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove ( 2005 ) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl ( 2009 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Frankenstein : Day of the Beast ( 2011 ) Frankenstein 's Army ( 2013 ) The Frankenstein Theory ( 2013 ) I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) Army of Frankensteins ( 2014 ) Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Victor Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Television Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 ) Frankenstein : The True Story ( 1973 ) Struck by Lightning ( 1979 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , TV film ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , miniseries ) Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 ) Once Upon a Time `` The Doctor '' ( 2012 ) `` In the Name of the Brother '' ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( 2015 ) Second Chance ( 2016 ) Stage Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein ( 1823 ) Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim ( 1887 ) Joined At The Heart ( 2007 ) Frankenstein -- A New Musical ( 2007 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Frankenstein ( 2011 play ) Frankenstein 's Wedding ( 2011 play ) Novels Frankenstein 's Aunt ( 1978 ) Frankenstein 's Aunt Returns ( 1989 ) Frankenstein 's Cat ( 2001 ) Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein Prodigal Son ( 2005 ) City of Night ( 2005 ) Dead and Alive ( 2009 ) Lost Souls ( 2010 ) Comics Bernie Wrightson 's Frankenstein Frankenstein ( DC Comics ) Frankenstein ( Dell Comics ) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein 's Monster ( Marvel Comics ) Frankenstein ( Prize Comics ) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein Frankenstein : The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Frankenstein : Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Related Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Johann Conrad Dippel Frankenstrat ( guitar ) `` Frankenstein '' ( 1973 single ) Frankenstein ( Death Race ) Frankenstein , MD ( 2014 ) The Wolf Man film series Original The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) Sequels Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Remake The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Characters Larry Talbot Other films Mad Monster Party ? 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7272502110391515198	Figure skating	Figure skating - wikipedia Figure skating Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see 2017 -- 18 figure skating season . Figure skating Figure skates and edges Highest governing body International Skating Union Nicknames Skating Characteristics Contact none Team members Individuals , duos , or groups Mixed gender Yes Equipment Figure skates Glossary Glossary of figure skating terms Presence Olympic Part of the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920 ; Part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924 to today Figure skating is a sport in which individuals , duos , or groups perform on figure skates on ice . It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics , in 1908 . The four Olympic disciplines are men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dance . Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating , Theater on Ice , and four skating . From novice through senior - level competition , skaters generally perform two programs ( short and long ) which , depending on the discipline , may include spins , jumps , moves in the field , lifts , throw jumps , death spirals , and other elements or moves . The blade has a groove on the bottom creating two distinct edges -- inside and outside . Judges prefer that skaters glide on one edge of the blade and not on both at the same time , which is referred to as a flat edge . During a spin , skaters use the `` sweet spot '' of the blade , formally called a rocker , which is the roundest portion of the blade , just behind the pick and near the middle of the blade . Skates used in single and pair skating have a set of large , jagged teeth called toe picks on the front of the blade . Toe picks are mainly used for the take - off on jumps . Ice dance blades are an inch shorter in the rear and have smaller toe picks . Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level ( senior ) at local , regional , national , and international competitions . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) regulates international figure skating judging and competitions . These include the Winter Olympics , the World Championships , the World Junior Championships , the European Championships , the Four Continents Championships , the Grand Prix series ( senior and junior ) , and the ISU Challenger Series . The sport is also associated with show business . Major competitions generally conclude with exhibition galas , in which the top skaters from each discipline perform non-competitive programs . Many skaters , both during and after their competitive careers , also skate in ice shows which run during the competitive season and the off - season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Figure skates 3 Ice rinks and rink equipment 4 Disciplines 4.1 Olympic disciplines 4.2 Other disciplines 5 Elements and moves 5.1 Jumps 5.1. 1 Toe jumps 5.1. 2 Edge jumps 5.1. 3 Other jumps 5.2 Spins 5.3 Lifts 5.3. 1 Pair lifts 5.3. 2 Dance lifts 5.4 Turns , steps , moves in the field , and other moves 5.5 Compulsory figures 6 Competition format and scoring 6.1 6.0 System 6.2 ISU Judging System 6.3 Other judging and competition 7 World standings and season 's bests 7.1 World standings 7.2 Season 's bests 8 Music and clothing 8.1 Music 8.2 Clothing 9 Eligibility 9.1 Age eligibility 9.2 Other eligibility rules 10 Competitors ' expenses , income , and funding 11 Injuries and health issues 12 History 12.1 Early 1900s 12.2 After World War II 12.3 Effect of television and the present day 13 Figure skating in popular culture 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 General references 15 External links Terminology ( edit ) An 1862 lithograph depicting skating in the 19th century The term `` professional '' in skating refers not to skill level but competitive status . Figure skaters competing at the highest levels of international competition are not `` professional '' skaters . They are sometimes referred to as amateurs , though some earn money . Professional skaters include those who have lost their ISU eligibility and those who perform only in shows . They may include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their competitive career as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience . In languages other than English , Japanese , Korean , Chinese , Italian , Polish and Russian , figure skating is usually referred to by a name that translates as `` artistic skating . '' Figure skates ( edit ) Main article : Figure skate Close - up of a figure skating blade , showing the toe picks , the hollow ( groove ) on the bottom surface of the blade , and screw attachment to the boot . The most visible difference in relation to ice hockey skates is that figure skates have a set of large , jagged teeth called toe picks on the front part of the blade . The toe picks are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins . If used during a spin , the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum , or move away from the center of his or her spin . Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws . Typically , high - level figure skaters are professionally fitted for their boots and blades at a reputable skate shop . Professionals are also employed to sharpen blades to individual requirements . Sharpening of blades Blades are about 3 / 16 inch ( 4.7 mm ) thick . When viewed from the side , the blade of a figure skate is not flat , but curved slightly , forming an arc of a circle with a radius of 180 - 220 cm . This curvature is referred to as the rocker of the blade . The sweet spot of the blade is below the ball of the foot . This spot is usually located near the stanchion of the blade , and is the part of the blade where all spins are spun on . The blade is also hollow ground ; a groove on the bottom of the blade creates two distinct edges , inside and outside . The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater ; the outside edge of the blade is on the side farthest from the skater . In figure skating , it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade . Skating on both at the same time ( which is referred to as a flat ) may result in lower skating skills scores . The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed . Ice dancers ' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines , to accommodate the intricate footwork and close partnering in dance . Dancers ' blades also do not have the large toe pick used for jumping . Hard plastic skate guards are used when the skater must walk in his or her skates when not on the ice . The guard protects the blade from dirt or material on the ground that may dull the blade . Soft blade covers called soakers are used to absorb condensation and protect the blades from rust when the skates are not being worn . In competition , skaters may have three minutes to make repairs to their skates . Off - ice training is the term for physical conditioning that takes part off the ice . Besides regular physical exercise , skaters do walk - throughs of jumps off the ice in order to practice sufficient rotation and height of their jumps , and to practice consistency in landing on one foot . Ice rinks and rink equipment ( edit ) Main article : Ice rink There is significant variation in the dimensions of ice rinks . Olympic - sized rinks have dimensions of 30 m × 60 m ( 98.4 ft × 197 ft ) , NHL - sized rinks are 26 m × 61 m ( 85 ft × 200 ft ) , while European rinks are sometimes 30 m × 64 m ( 98 ft × 210 ft ) . The ISU prefers Olympic - sized rinks for figure skating competitions , particularly for major events . According to ISU rule 342 , a figure skating rink for an ISU event `` if possible , shall measure sixty ( 60 ) meters in one direction and thirty ( 30 ) meters in the other , but not larger , and not less than fifty - six ( 56 ) meters in one direction and twenty - six ( 26 ) meters in the other . '' The scoring system rewards skaters who have good ice coverage , i.e. who efficiently cover the entire ice surface during their programs . Olympic - sized rinks make the differences in skill between skaters more apparent but they are not available for all events . If a rink has different dimensions , a skater 's jump setup and speed may be hindered as he or she adjusts . Ice quality is judged by smoothness , friction , hardness , and brittleness . Factors affecting ice quality include temperature , water quality , and usage , with toe picks causing more deterioration . For figure skating , an ice temperature of 24 ° F ( - 4 ° C ) is generally preferred . Typically after every two warm - up groups , an ice resurfacer cleans and smooths the surface of the ice sheet . Inadequate ice quality may affect skaters ' performances . Some rinks use harness systems to help skaters learn new jumps in a controlled manner . The ice rink installs a heavy - duty cable that is securely attached to two walls of the rink . A set of pulleys ride on the cable . The skater wears a vest or belt that has a cable or rope attached to it . That cable / rope is threaded through the movable pulley on the cable above . The coach holds the other end of the cable and lifts the skater by pulling the cable / rope . The skater can then practice the jump with the coach assisting the completion . Disciplines ( edit ) Olympic disciplines ( edit ) As an Olympic sport , figure skating comprises the following disciplines : Singles competition for men and women ( referred to as `` ladies '' in ISU rulebooks ) , wherein individual skaters perform jumps , spins , step sequences , spirals , and other elements in their programs . Pair skating teams , consisting of a man and a woman skating together . Pairs perform elements that are specific to the discipline such as : throw jumps , in which the man ' throws ' the woman into a jump ; lifts , in which the woman is held above the man 's head in one of various grips and positions ; pair spins , in which both skaters spin together about a common axis ; death spirals ; and other elements such as side - by - side jumps and spins in unison . Ice dance is again for couples consisting of a woman and a man skating together . In contrast to pair skating , ice dance focuses on intricate footwork performed in close dance holds , in time with the music . Ice dance lifts must not go above the shoulder , and throws and jumps are disallowed . The four disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating and ice dance also appeared as part of a team event for the first time at the 2014 Winter Olympics . Other disciplines ( edit ) Synchronized skating Lifts performed by the Haydenettes , 21 - time U.S. national champions Synchronized skating ( formerly known as `` precision skating '' ) is for mixed - gender groups of 12 to 20 skaters . This discipline resembles a group form of ice dance with additional emphasis on precise formations of the group as a whole and complex transitions between formations . The basic formations include wheels , blocks , lines , circles , and intersections . The close formations and need for the team to stay in unison add to the difficulty of the footwork performed by the skaters in these elements . A formal proposal for inclusion in the Olympics was submitted by the ISU to the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in September 2014 . Theatre on Ice , also known as `` Ballet on Ice '' in Europe . This is a form of group skating that is less structured than synchronized skating and allows the use of props and theatrical costuming . Four skating , a discipline in which a team of four skaters , consisting of two men and two women , perform singles and pairs elements in unison , as well as unique elements that involve all four skaters . Special figures is the tracing of elaborate original designs on the ice . It was a common discipline in the early days of skating and appeared once at the Olympics , in 1908 . Adagio skating , a form of pair skating most commonly seen in ice shows , where the skaters perform many acrobatic lifts but few or none of the other elements which competitive pairs must perform . Acrobatic skating , also known as `` Acrobatics on ice '' or `` Extreme Skating '' , is a combination of circus arts , technical artistic gymnastics skills , and figure skating . Elements and moves ( edit ) Main article : Glossary of figure skating terms Each element receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution ( GOE ) , resulting in a combined technical elements score ( TES ) . At competitions , a technical specialist identifies each element . Elements may be assigned a level of difficulty , ranging from B ( Basic ) to Level 4 ( most difficult ) . A panel of judges determines GOE , ranging from + 3 to - 3 , based on how well the skaters execute the elements . The GOE is weighted according to the element 's base value . The ISU defines a fall as a loss of control with the result that the majority of the skater 's body weight is not on the blade but supported by hands , knees , or buttocks . Jumps ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating jumps ISU abbreviations : Jumps Toe loop Salchow Lo Loop Flip Lz Lutz Axel Play media Video demonstrating figure skating jumps Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations . There are many types of jumps , identified by the way the skater takes off and lands , as well as by the number of rotations that are completed . Each jump receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution ( GOE ) . Quality of execution , technique , height , speed , flow and ice coverage are considered by the judges . An under - rotated jump ( indicated by < ) is `` missing rotation of more than 1⁄4 , but less than 1⁄2 revolution '' and receives 70 % of the base value . A downgraded jump ( indicated by < < ) is `` missing rotation of 1⁄2 revolution or more '' . A downgraded triple is treated as a double jump , while a downgraded double is treated as a single jump . An edge violation occurs when a skater executes a jump on the incorrect edge . The hollow is a groove on the bottom of the blade which creates two distinct edges , inside and outside . The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater , the outside edge is on the side farthest from the skater , and a flat refers to skating on both edges at the same time , which is discouraged . An unclear edge or edge violation is indicated with an ' e ' and reflected in the GOE according to the severity of the problem . Flutz and lip are the colloquial terms for a Lutz and flip jump with an edge violation . In 1982 , the ISU enacted a rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program , or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or sequence . For a set of jumps to be considered a combination , each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump , with no steps , turns , or change of edge in between jumps . Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in a combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot , or skating leg . To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination , a half loop ( which is actually a full rotation , but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg ) may be used as a connecting jump . In contrast , jump sequences are sets of jumps which may be linked by non-listed jumps or hops . Sequences are worth 80 % of the combined value of the same jumps executed in combination . Jumps may be rotated in clockwise or counter-clockwise direction . The vast majority of figure skaters prefer to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction when jumping ( and spinning ) . For clarity , all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise . There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements . All six are landed on one foot on the back outside edge ( with counter-clockwise rotation , for single and multi-revolution jumps ) , but have different takeoffs , by which they may be distinguished . The two categories of jumps are toe jumps and edge jumps . The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single , double , triple , or quadruple ( commonly known as a `` quad '' ) . The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half - leap and is not classified as a single , double , or triple jump . Senior - level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition . Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters . It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump ; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando , who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002 , and Alexandra Trusova , who landed the first quad Toe Loop ( and only the second quad Salchow ) in March 2018 , both at the Junior level . Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second , with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance . The takeoff speed of a jump can reach up to 15 mph . Toe jumps ( edit ) Toe jumps are launched by digging the toe pick of one skate into the ice , using it to vault into the air with the opposite leg . The main toe jumps are ( in order of score value ) : Toe loop -- the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right ( or left ) foot , launching the jump using the opposite toe pick . Flip ( sometimes known as a Toe Salchow ) -- the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left ( or right ) foot and assists the take - off using the opposite toe pick . Lutz -- similar to the flip , but the skater takes off from the backward outside edge of the left ( or right ) foot , launching the jump using the opposite toe pick . All of the above descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation , landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot . ( For clockwise rotation , the skater takes off using the alternative foot and lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot . ) Edge jumps ( edit ) An axel jump Edge jumps use no toe assist , and include ( in order of score value ) : Salchow -- the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left ( or right ) foot , allowing the edge to come round , the opposite leg helps to launch the jump into the air . Loop ( also known as a Rittberger jump ) -- the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right ( or left ) foot . Axel -- the skater takes off forwards from the outside edge of the left ( or right ) foot . As this is the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge , it includes an extra half rotation . Again , these descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation , landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot . ( For clockwise rotation , the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot . ) Other jumps ( edit ) There are also a number of other jumps that are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences . These include the half toe loop ( ballet jump ) , half loop , half flip , walley jump , waltz jump , inside Axel , one - foot Axel , and split jump . There are two kinds of split jump : Russian split , performed in a position that is similar to that of a straddle split ladies split , performed in the position of the more traditional split , facing the direction of the front leg Ross Miner sets up for a jump . Denis Ten sets up for a jump . Kevin van der Perren rotates in the air . Jamal Othman lands on the right back outside edge . Pairs skaters Marissa Castelli and Simon Shnapir set up for a throw jump A pair team after the woman has been thrown : Jessica Miller rotates in the air . Anabelle Langlois lands after performing a throw jump with Cody Hay . Spins ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating spins Spins are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines . There are three basic positions -- upright , sit and camel -- with numerous variations . Upright spin variations include layback , Biellmann , haircutter , layover layback , attitude , and pearl . Sit spin variations include pancake , broken leg , tuck behind , cannonball , flying , and clam . Camel spin variations include catch - foot , layover , flying , and donut . Spins may be performed individually or in a spin sequence , combining different types of spin ; a spin sequence is known as a `` combination spin '' . During a spin , the skater rotates on the front rocker ( sometimes called the `` sweet spot '' or `` spin rocker '' ) , which is the curved part of the blade that corresponds to the ball of the skater 's foot , just behind the toe pick . A spin may be executed on the back rocker of the blade during a change of edge spin . For example , a back scratch spin will flip edges to a forward inside edge . This feature of a spin will change the level of a spin . Most skaters favor a counterclockwise direction of rotation ( as in jumping ) , but there are some skaters who prefer to rotate in the clockwise direction . A small minority of skaters are able to rotate in both directions . Spins may be performed on either foot . For skaters who rotate in a counterclockwise direction , a spin on the left foot is called a forward spin , while a spin on the right foot is called a back spin . The opposite applies for skaters who rotate in a clockwise direction . When learning to spin , a skater will typically learn a forward spin first , then once that is mastered they will learn how to execute a back spin . When performing some types of spin , an elite skater can complete on average six rotations per second , and up to 70 rotations in a single spin . However , this is rarely seen in modern competitions because it would gain no extra points for the spin . Spins are normally entered on the ice , but they can also be entered from a jump or sequence of jumps known as star jumps . Spins that are entered through a jump are calling flying spins ; these include the flying camel , flying sit spin , death drop , and butterfly spin . Flying spins may go from a forward spin to a back spin and they can also be performed as part of a spin sequence ( combination spin ) . In pair skating , spins may be performed side - by - side with both partners doing the same spin or combination spin simultaneously . Additionally , in pairs and in ice dance , there are pair spins and dance spins , during which both skaters rotate around the same axis while holding onto one another . Camel spin Sit spin Upright spin Pair camel spin Pair spin with lady in layback and man in sit spin Layback spin with catch - foot Biellmann spin Death drop Lifts ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating lifts A one arm overhead lift in pair skating Lifts are a required element in pair skating and ice dance . Pair lifts ( edit ) Pair lifts are generally overhead . According to the current ISU rules for senior - level competition , the man must rotate more than once , but fewer than three - and - a-half times . In competitive pair skating , lifts must travel across the ice to be included in the technical elements score ( TES ) ; stationary lifts are included in choreography . Pair lifts are grouped by the holds involved . Legal holds : Armpit holds are not generally used in elite senior competition . Waist holds Hand - to - hip holds Hand - to - hand lifts are divided into two types : Press lifts Lasso lifts , in order of increasing difficulty : Toe or step in lasso Axel or backward lasso Reverse lasso The judges look at speed , ice coverage , the quality of the lady 's position , position changes , and the man 's stability and cleanness of turns throughout . Skaters may also raise their score by having a difficult entry such as in spiral or spread eagle position , a difficult exit , or other features such as stopping the rotation , turning a carry lift into rotational one , or reversing rotation ( i.e. both clockwise and counter-clockwise directions ) . Twist lifts are a form of pair lifts , where the lifted partner is thrown into the air , twists , and is caught by the lifted partner . The lady is caught by her waist in the air and lands on the backward outside edge . Some pairs include a split before rotating . This is credited as a difficult feature if each leg is separated by at least a 45 ° angle from the body axis and the legs are straight or almost straight . Scores are also affected by the height of the twist , turns , steps or other moves before the element , the lady holding her arms over her head , delayed rotation , etc . Dance lifts ( edit ) Ice dancers are not allowed to lift their partners above their shoulders . Dance lifts are separated into short lifts and long lifts . There are many positions each partner can take to raise the difficulty of a lift . Each position must be held for at least three seconds to count and is permitted only once in a program . Short lifts may last up to six seconds in competition on the senior level . Stationary lift -- A lift performed `` on the spot '' . The lifting partner does not move across the ice , but is allowed to rotate . Straight line lift -- The lifting partner moves in a straight line across the ice . This lift may be performed on one foot or two . Curve lift -- The lifting partner moves along a curve across the ice . This lift may be performed on one foot or two . Rotational lift -- The lifting partner rotates in one direction while traveling across the ice . Long lifts may last up to ten seconds in competition on the senior level . Reverse rotational lift -- The lifting partner rotates in one direction , then switches and rotates in the other direction , while traveling across the ice . Serpentine lift -- The lifting partner moves in a serpentine pattern across the ice . Combination lift -- A lift combining two of the four short lifts . Each part of the lift must be fully established . In both pairs and dance , lifts that go on longer than allowed receive deductions . Turns , steps , moves in the field , and other moves ( edit ) Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines . The pattern can be straight line , circular , or serpentine . The step sequence consists of a combination of turns , steps , hops and edge changes . Additionally , steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements . The various turns , which skaters can incorporate into step sequences , include : Three turns , so called because the blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe to leave a tracing resembling the numeral `` 3 '' . Bracket turns , in which the blade is turned counter to the curve of the lobe , making a tracing resembling a bracket ( `` ) '' ) . Mohawks , the two - foot equivalents of three turns and brackets . Rockers , one - foot turns that involve a change of lobe as well as of direction . Counters , one - foot turns that involve a change of lobe as well as of direction . Twizzles , traveling multi-rotation turns on one foot Choctaws are the two - foot equivalents of rockers and counters . Other movements that may be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges and spread eagles . An Ina Bauer is similar to a spread eagle performed with one knee bent and typically an arched back . Hydroblading refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near - horizontal position . Moves in the field emphasize basic skating skill and edge control . In the context of a competitive program , they include spirals , spread eagles , Ina Bauers , hydroblading , and similar extended edge moves . A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on a specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above . Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used ( inside or outside ) , the direction of motion ( forward or backward ) , and the skater 's position . A spiral sequence is one or more spiral positions and edges done in sequence . Judges look at the depth , stability , and control of the skating edge , speed and ice coverage , extension , and other factors . Some skaters are able to change edges during a spiral , i.e. from inside to outside edge . Spirals performed on a `` flat '' are generally not considered as true spirals . Spiral sequences are required in ladies ' and pair skating . A death spiral is a required element of pair skating . There are four varieties distinguished by the lady 's edge and direction of motion . The man performs a pivot , one toe anchored in the ice , while holding the hand of his partner , who circles him on a deep edge with her body almost parallel to the ice . As of 2011 , the woman 's head must at some time reach her skating knee . The man must also be in a full pivot position and the death spiral must be held for a minimum amount of rotation , depending on the level . A basic outside edge spiral position with the free leg held unsupported behind the body . A pair outside edge spiral in a catch - foot position . Back inside death spiral . Parallel mirror spread eagles with the male on an inside edge and the female on an outside edge . Ina Bauer Ice dancers in lunge position Hydroblading Male ice dancer in Besti squat while lifting partner Compulsory figures ( edit ) Compulsory figures involves using blades to draw circles , figure 8s , and similar shapes in ice . Skaters are judged on the accuracy and clarity of the figures and the cleanness and exact placement of the various turns on the circles . Figures were formerly included as a component of singles competitions but were eliminated from international events in 1990 . The United States was the last country to retain a separate test and competitive structure for compulsory figures , but the last national - level figures championship was held in 1999 . Moves in the field ( known in the United Kingdom as field moves ) replaced compulsory figures as a discipline to teach the same turns and edge skills . As of 2015 , The World Figure Sport Society formed in Lake Placid , NY has hosted The World Figure Championships in 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 , acting to preserve the historic origins of Figure Skating , and offering a perfect black ice surface on which the World Championships in figures is held . Competition format and scoring ( edit ) Pair performing crossovers Takahiko Kozuka and coach Nobuo Sato wait for Kozuka 's marks in the Kiss and cry , the area beside the rink at competitions where skaters wait to receive their scores . Main article : Figure skating competition The ISU is the governing body for international competitions in figure skating , including the World Championships and the figure skating events at the Winter Olympic Games . Medals are awarded for overall results . The standard medal colors are gold for first place , silver for second , and bronze for third place . U.S. Figure Skating also awards pewter medals for fourth - place finishers in national events . At the World , European , Four Continents , and World Junior Championships , the ISU also awards small medals for segment results ( short and free program ) . A medal is generally attributed to only one country , even if a partnership is composed of skaters of different nationalities . A notable exception are the 1910 -- 1911 pair skating medals won by Ludowika Eilers / Walter Jakobsson ; the medals are attributed to both Germany and Finland . Beyond the early 20th century , no skaters have been allowed to represent two countries in the same competition . In singles and pairs figure skating competition , competitors perform two programs -- the short program , in which they complete a list of required elements consisting of jumps , spins and steps ; and the free skate , also known as the long program , in which they have slightly more choice of elements . Under both the 6.0 system and the ISU Judging System , the judges consider the `` complete package '' when evaluating performances , i.e. The best jumper is not always placed first if the judges consider another skater 's speed , spins , presentation , etc. , to outweigh the difference in jumping execution . Ice dance competitions formerly consisted of three phases : one or more compulsory dances ; an original dance to a ballroom rhythm that is designated annually ; and a free dance to music of the skaters ' own choice . Beginning in the 2010 -- 11 season , the compulsory and original dances were merged into the short dance . 6.0 system ( edit ) Main article : 6.0 system Skating was formerly judged for `` technical merit '' ( in the free skate ) , `` required elements '' ( in the short program ) , and `` presentation '' ( in both programs ) . The marks for each program ran from 0.0 to 6.0 , the latter being the highest . These marks were used to determine a preference ranking , or `` ordinal '' , separately for each judge ; the judges ' preferences were then combined to determine placements for each skater in each program . The placements for the two programs were then combined , with the free skate placement weighted more heavily than the short program . The highest placing individual ( based on the sum of the weighted placements ) was declared the winner . ISU Judging system ( edit ) Main article : ISU Judging System In 2004 , in response to the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics , the ISU adopted the International Judging System ( IJS ) , which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006 , including the 2006 Winter Olympics . The new system is often informally referred to as the Code of Points , however , the ISU has never used the term to describe their system in any of their official communications . Under the system , points are awarded individually for each skating element , and the sum of these points is the total element score ( TES ) . Competitive programs are constrained to have a set number of elements . Each element is judged first by a technical specialist who identifies the specific element and determines its base value . The technical specialist uses instant replay video to verify things that distinguish different elements ; e.g. , the exact foot position at take - off and landing of a jump . The decision of the technical specialist determines the base value of the element . A panel of twelve judges then each award a mark for the quality and execution of the element . This mark is called the grade of execution ( GOE ) that is an integer from − 3 to + 3 . The GOE mark is then translated into another value by using the table of values in ISU rule 322 . The GOE value from the twelve judges is then processed with a computerized random selection of nine judges , then discarding the high and low value , and finally averaging the remaining seven . This average value is then added to ( or subtracted from ) the base value to get the total value for the element . The program components score ( PCS ) awards points to holistic aspects of a program or other nuances that are not rewarded in the total element score . The components are : Skating skills ( SS ) reward use of edges and turns , flow over the ice surface , speed and acceleration , ice coverage , clean and controlled curves , multi-directional skating , and mastery of one - foot skating ( no overuse of skating on two feet ) . Transitions ( TR ) Performance / Execution ( PE ) Choreography ( CH ) Interpretation ( IN ) The only exception is the compulsory dance , which has no choreography or transition marks because the steps are preset . A detailed description of each component is given in ISU rule 322.2 . Judges award each component a raw mark from 0 to 10 in increments of 0.25 , with a mark of 5 being defined as `` average '' . For each separate component , the raw marks are then selected , trimmed , and averaged in a manner akin to determining a grade of execution . The trimmed mean scores are then translated into a factored mark by multiplying by a factor that depends on the discipline , competition segment , and level . Then the five ( or four ) factored marks are added to give the final PCS score . The total element score and the program components score are added to give the total score for a competition segment ( TSS ) . A skater 's final placement is determined by the total of their scores in all segments of a competition . No ordinal rankings are used to determine the final results . Other Judging and competition ( edit ) There are also skating competitions organized for professional skaters by independent promoters . These competitions use judging rules set by whoever organizes the competition . There is no `` professional league '' . Well - known professional competitions in the past have included the World Professional Championships ( held in Landover , Maryland ) , the Challenge Of Champions , the Canadian Professional Championships and the World Professional Championships ( held in Jaca , Spain ) . The Ice Skating Institute ( ISI ) , an international ice rink trade organization , runs its own competitive and test program aimed at recreational skaters . Originally headquartered in Minnesota , the organization now operates out of Dallas , Texas . ISI competitions are open to any member that have registered their tests . There are very few `` qualifying '' competitions , although some districts hold Gold Competitions for that season 's first - place winners . ISI competitions are especially popular in Asian countries that do not have established ISU member federations . The Gay Games have also included skating competitions for same - gender pairs and dance couples under ISI sponsorship . Other figure skating competitions for adults also attract participants from diverse cultures and sexual orientations . World standings and season 's bests ( edit ) World standings ( edit ) A skater / couple 's world standing ( WS ) is calculated based on results over the current and preceding two seasons . Competitors receive points based on their final placement at an event and the event 's weight . The following events receive points : ISU Championships ( World , European , Four Continents , and World Junior Championships ) and Olympic Winter Games : The best result by points per season , the best two results by points over the three seasons . ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating and Final ( senior and junior ) : The two best results by points per season , the best four results by points over the three seasons . International senior calendar competitions : The two best results by points per season , the best four results by points over the three seasons . Following the current season 's World Championships , the results from the earliest season are deleted . A new partnership starts with zero points -- there is no transfer of WS points if a pair or ice dance couple split up and form a new partnership . These standings do not necessarily reflect a skater / couple 's capabilities . Due to limits on entries to events ( no more than three from each country ) , and varying numbers of high - level skaters in each country , skaters from some countries may find it more difficult to qualify to compete at major events . Thus , a skater with a lower SB but from a country with few high - level skaters may qualify to a major event while a skater with a much higher SB but from a country with more than three high - level skaters may not be sent . As a result , it is possible for a skater who regularly scores higher to end up with a much lower world standing . A skater / couple 's season 's world ranking is calculated similarly to overall world standing but is based on the results on the results of the ongoing season only . Season 's bests ( edit ) A skater / couple 's season 's best ( SB ) is the highest score they have achieved within a particular season . There may be SB for combined total and segment scores ( short program / dance , free skating / free dance ) . Each skater or couple 's best combined total appears on a list of season 's bests . The list may be used to help determine assignments to the following season 's Grand Prix series . Only scores achieved at select international competitions are considered . Scores from national competitions and certain international events are excluded . There are also personal best ( PB ) scores , i.e. the highest scores a skater or couple has achieved over their entire career , in terms of combined total and segment scores . However , PB scores are not completely comparable if achieved in different seasons because the ISU modifies requirements and rules between seasons . In different seasons , there may be different requirements to achieve a certain level or different elements may be required . New elements may become allowed ( for example , two quads in the short program were permitted starting in the 2010 -- 11 season ) . There may be a change in point values . For example , the values of quads were increased after the 2010 Olympics and a second step sequence in men is no longer assigned a level . As a result , the ISU now places more weight on SB . Music and clothing ( edit ) An example of ice dancing costumes Music ( edit ) For competitive programs , figure skaters were once restricted to instrumental music ; vocals were allowed only if they contained no lyrics or words . Beginning in the 1997 -- 98 season , the ISU decided to allow lyrics or words in ice dance . Although the rules were not relaxed for singles and pairs , judges did not always penalize violations . At the 2011 World Championships , Florent Amodio 's long program music included words but an insufficient number of judges voted for a deduction . In June 2012 , the ISU voted to allow skaters from all disciplines to choose music with words in their competitive programs beginning in the 2014 -- 15 season . Skaters may use professional music editors so that their music meets requirements . Ice dancers are required to skate to music that has a definite beat or rhythm . Singles and pair skaters more often skate to the melody and phrasing of their music . For long programs , figure skaters generally search for music with different moods and tempos . Music selections for exhibitions are less constrained than for competitive programs . Clothing ( edit ) Skaters are generally free to select their own attire , with a few restrictions . In competition , females may wear a dress , typically with matching attached briefs , and since 2004 , they may also choose trousers . They may wear opaque flesh - colored leggings or tights under dresses and skirts , which may extend to cover their skates . Men must wear trousers -- they are not allowed to wear tights , although , officials do not always impose a deduction for violations . Matching costumes are not required in pair skating and ice dance . Competition costumes vary widely , from simple designs to heavily beaded or trimmed costumes . Skaters risk a deduction if a piece of their costume falls onto the ice surface . An official may stop a program if he or she deems there to be a hazard . Skaters and family members may design their own costumes , sometimes with assistance from their coach or choreographer , or turn to professional designers . Costumes may cost thousands of dollars if designed by a top - level costumemaker . According to current ISU regulations , costumes in competition `` must be modest , dignified and appropriate for athletic competition -- not garish or theatrical in design . Clothing may , however , reflect the character of the music chosen . '' Although the use of flesh - colored fabric means the costumes are often less revealing than they may appear , there have been repeated attempts to ban clothing that gives the impression of `` excessive nudity '' or that is otherwise inappropriate for athletic competition . In general , accessories or props are not permitted in competition . The ISU allowed an exception for the original dance in the 2007 -- 2008 season but not since . Eligibility ( edit ) Age eligibility ( edit ) To compete internationally on the senior level , skaters must be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year . To be eligible for junior - level events , a skater must be at least 13 but under 19 before that date ( or 21 for male pair skaters and ice dancers ) . A skater must meet the age requirement before it becomes July 1 in their place of birth . For example , Adelina Sotnikova was born a few hours into July 1 , 1996 in Moscow and consequently , was not eligible to compete at Junior Worlds until 2011 and senior Worlds until 2013 . The ISU 's rules apply to international events . Many countries have no age requirements for domestic non-ISU competitions , thus , some skaters compete at the senior level nationally while not eligible for international competition . The ISU has modified its age rules several times . Prior to the 1990s , 12 was the minimum age for senior international competitions . New rules were introduced in 1996 , requiring skaters to be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year in order to compete at the Olympics , Worlds , Europeans , or Four Continents . The minimum age for all other senior internationals was 14 until July 2014 , when it was raised to 15 . During the 2005 -- 06 season , Mao Asada of Japan was age - eligible to compete at the Grand Prix Final , where she claimed the title , but she was not permitted to compete at the Olympics . For the 2008 World Championships , the United States was obliged to send skaters who had placed 5th and 7th at nationals because higher - placed skaters were too young , including a skater who missed the cutoff by 20 days . The ISU has strictly enforced the rules in recent years . However , American pair skater Natasha Kuchiki was allowed to compete at the 1990 World Championships when she was two years too young and American single skater Tara Lipinski , who was 13 at the time the 1996 rules were introduced , was grandfathered into remaining eligible for future events , along with other skaters who had already competed at the World Championships . A loophole also existed for a few years for underage skaters who had medaled at Junior Worlds . As in gymnastics , skating has experienced controversy surrounding possible age falsification . On February 14 , 2011 , questions emerged surrounding nine Chinese skaters . The Associated Press found that birthdates listed on the Chinese Skating Association 's website suggested five female skaters , Sui Wenjing , Zhang Dan , Yu Xiaoyu , Geng Bingwa , and Xu Binshu , were younger than their ISU ages , and four male skaters , Han Cong , Zhang Hao , Jin Yang , and Gao Yu , were older . The dates disappeared from the website by February 15 . On February 17 , the ISU said there were no discrepancies for Zhang Dan , Zhang Hao , and Xu Binshu between the birthdates listed on their passports , ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee 's website . Athletes in China sometimes face pressure to falsify their age . Other eligibility rules ( edit ) Skaters may represent a country of which they are not yet a citizen in most competitions , except the Olympics which require citizenship . At most international events , each country may send one to a maximum of three entries per discipline . Consequently , even if a skater has a high season 's best , he or she may not be sent to major events if their country has many good skaters in their discipline . Some skaters have tried to circumvent this by switching to another country . In response , the ISU introduced rules barring skaters from international events for a certain period of time . In the 2010 regulations , it was 24 months or more from the date of the last ISU Championship . In the 2012 regulations , the minimum was 18 months for singles and 12 months for pairs / ice dancers from the date of their last ISU Championships ( Worlds , Europeans , Four Continents , Junior Worlds ) and 12 months if they competed in some other international competition . Competitors may sit out for much longer because they also have to obtain a release from their previous federation . The ISU has set no limit to how long a country may hold skaters . Skaters may lose their ISU eligibility if they perform in an unsanctioned show or competition . Beginning in the 2010 -- 11 season , minimum scores were introduced for the World , European , or Four Continents Championships . In the 2011 -- 12 season , different minimum scores were introduced for the Grand Prix series . Competitors ' expenses , income , and funding ( edit ) Figure skating is an expensive sport . This is particularly due to the costs of ice time and coaching . In the late 1980s , the expenses of a top - ten ladies ' competitor at the U.S. Championships reached nearly $50,000 a year . In October 2004 , a U.S. Figure Skating article estimated the annual expense at $9,000 - $10,000 for pre-juvenile , $18,000 for juvenile , $35,000 - $40,000 for novice , and said junior and senior levels were somewhat more expensive . In the 2010s , American senior national medalists had expenses in the mid-five - figure range . Swiss skater Stéphane Lambiel said his costs were around 100,000 Swiss francs per season . World champion Patrick Chan 's expenses were $150,000 ( Canadian dollars ) . In 2015 , CBC Sports estimated that a Canadian pair team had expenses of about CDN $100,000 per year . Prize money is relatively low compared to other sports . A men 's or ladies ' singles skater who won the 2011 World Championships earned $45,000 ( USD ) , about 1.8 % to 2.5 % of the $1,800,000 - $2,400,000 USD for winners of the tennis US Open and Australian Open . A couple who won the pairs or ice dance title split $67,500 . A winner of the senior Grand Prix Final in December 2011 earned $25,000 USD . Some national associations provide funding to some skaters if they meet certain criteria . Many skaters take part - time jobs and some have tried crowdfunding . In Germany , many elite skaters join the army to fund their skating . In Italy , some skaters join police agencies ' sport groups , such as the Polizia Penitenziaria 's Fiamme Azzurre ( Carolina Kostner , Anna Cappellini , Luca Lanotte ) or Polizia di Stato 's Fiamme Oro ( Federica Faiella , Paolo Bacchini ) . Some competitive skaters depend on income from shows . Shows must be sanctioned by their association , i.e. skaters may lose their competitive eligibility if they take part without permission . In some cases , skaters may feel pressure to compete through injury in order to be allowed to perform in a show . Injuries and health issues ( edit ) Competitive skaters generally do not wear helmets or other protective gear . There is a risk of head injuries , particularly in pair skating as a result of falls from lifts . Although pair skaters are most susceptible , serious head injuries can occur in all disciplines , including ice dance . Partners have accidentally slashed each other with their skate blades . This may occur when partners drift too close during side - by - side camel spins . Several female pair skaters have suffered head / face injuries during this element , including Elena Berezhnaya , Jessica Dubé , Mandy Wötzel , Galina Maniachenko ( Efremenko ) , and Elena Riabchuk . Commenting on falls and concussions , Madison Hubbell said that `` Most of the time , the worst falls are on things we kind of take for granted . '' Shin splints , knee injuries , and back problems are not uncommon . Hip damage may occur as a result of practicing jumps and throws . In rare cases , intensive training of spins may result in subtle concussions ( Lucinda Ruh ) . Injuries have also been sustained by skaters from different teams when there are many skaters practicing on the ice . Midori Ito collided with Laetitia Hubert at the 1991 World Championships , while Oksana Baiul and Tanja Szewczenko collided at the 1994 Olympics , but all went on to compete . On practice sessions with multiple skaters on the ice , the skater whose music is playing conventionally has right of way . In addition , pairs and ice dancers skating as a unit have right of way over those skating separately as changing course is more difficult for a couple . In some countries , medical personnel may be slow to respond to accidents . At the 2000 World Championships in Nice , France , a pair skater who had been injured in a lift accident lay on the ice for several minutes and had to get up and leave the ice on his own before being offered medical attention . Eating disorders are reportedly common in figure skating . Figure skaters occasionally have positive doping results but it is not common . Commenting on Soviet skaters , three - time Olympic champion Irina Rodnina stated in 1991 , `` Boys in pairs and singles used drugs , but this was only in August or September . This was done just in training , and everyone was tested ( in the Soviet Union ) before competitions . '' History ( edit ) Main article : History of figure skating Jackson Haines , considered to be the father of modern figure skating . Although people have been ice skating for centuries , figure skating in its current form originated in the mid-19th century . A Treatise on Skating ( 1772 ) by Englishman Robert Jones , is the first known account of figure skating . Competitions were then held in the `` English style '' of skating , which was stiff and formal and bore very little resemblance to modern figure skating . Before the changes in figure skating techniques , there were a limited number of moves that could be performed . This was true in the mid-1800s but was later changed by American skater Jackson Haines , who was considered to be the `` father of modern figure skating '' . He introduced a new style of skating in the mid-1860s , incorporating free and expressive techniques , which became known as the `` international style . '' Although popular in Europe , Haines ' international style of skating was not widely adopted in the United States until long after his death . Early 1900s ( edit ) Special figures by Nikolai Panin at the 1908 Olympics The ISU was founded in 1892 . The first European Championships were held in 1891 , and the first World Championships were held in 1896 and won by Gilbert Fuchs . Only men competed in these events . In 1902 , a woman , Madge Syers , entered the World competition for the first time , finishing second . The ISU quickly banned women from competing against men , but established a separate competition for `` ladies '' in 1906 . Pair skating was introduced at the 1908 World Championships , where the title was won by Anna Hübler / Heinrich Burger . Figure skating 's Olympic debut came at the 1908 Summer Olympics -- it was the first winter sport introduced to the Olympics . On March 20 , 1914 an international figure skating championship was held in New Haven , Connecticut . This was the ancestor of both the United States and Canadian National Championships . However , international competitions in figure skating were interrupted by World War I . In the 1920s and 1930s , figure skating was dominated by Sonja Henie , who turned competitive success into a lucrative professional career as a movie star and touring skater . Henie also set the fashion for female skaters to wear short skirts and white boots . The top male skaters of this period included Gillis Grafström and Karl Schäfer . After World War II ( edit ) Skating competitions were again interrupted for several years by World War II . After the war , with many European rinks in ruins , skaters from the United States and Canada began to dominate international competitions and to introduce technical innovations to the sport . Dick Button , 1948 and 1952 Olympic Champion , was the first skater to perform the double axel and triple loop jumps , as well as the flying camel spin . The first World Championships in ice dancing were not held until 1952 . In its first years , ice dance was dominated by British skaters . Beginning with Jean Westwood / Lawrence Demmy , British couples won the world title every year through 1960 . Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov in 1968 On February 15 , 1961 , the entire U.S. figure skating team and their coaches were killed in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 in Brussels , Belgium en route to the World Championships in Prague . This tragedy sent the U.S. skating program into a period of rebuilding . At the same time , the Soviet Union rose to become a dominant power in the sport , especially in the disciplines of pair skating and ice dance . At every Winter Olympics from 1964 until 2006 , a Soviet or Russian pair won gold in pair skating , often considered one of the longest winning streaks in modern sports history . The 1967 World Championships was the last event held in an outdoor rink . Effect of television and the present day ( edit ) Compulsory figures formerly accounted for up to 60 % of the score in singles figure skating , which meant that skaters who could build up a big lead in figures could win competitions even if they were mediocre free skaters . As television coverage of skating events became more important , so did free skating . Beginning in 1968 , the ISU began to progressively reduce the weight of figures and introduced the short program in 1973 . With these changes , the emphasis in competitive figure skating shifted to increasing athleticism . By the 1980s , some skaters began practicing quadruple jumps . Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia landed a quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot . At the 1988 World Championships , Kurt Browning of Canada landed the first quad toe loop which has remained ratified . Although it was expected that quads would soon become an important part of men 's skating , it was a number of years before this happened . Japan 's Midori Ito landed the first triple axel by a woman . Worth only 20 % by 1989 , figures were eliminated entirely from international competition in 1990 . Television showing skaters in the kiss and cry area after competing contributed to the sport 's popularity . Television also played a role in removing the restrictive amateur status rules that once governed the sport . In May 1990 , the ISU voted to allow skaters who were intending to skate professionally to return to ISU competition if they obtained their national association 's permission . To retain skaters who might otherwise have given up their eligibility to participate in lucrative professional events , in 1995 the ISU introduced prize money at its major competitions , funded by revenues from selling the TV rights to those events . In 1984 , more than 24 million people in Great Britain watched ice dance pair Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean earn unanimous 6.0 s for presentation , the only perfect score in Olympic skating history , which was ranked the 8th greatest sporting moment in a UK poll . In the 1993 National Sports Study II , considered by the Associated Press as the largest study of spectator sport popularity in America , ladies ' figure skating was the second most popular spectator sport in America , just behind NFL football out of over 100 sports surveyed . The 1993 study found that three figure skaters -- Dorothy Hamill , Peggy Fleming , and Scott Hamilton -- were among the eight most popular athletes in the United States , out of over 800 athletes surveyed . Dorothy Hamill was statistically tied with Mary Lou Retton as the most popular athlete in America . The Tonya Harding scandal in 1994 increased interest in figure skating . The first night of the ladies ' figure skating competition in the 1994 Winter Olympics achieved higher TV Nielsen ratings than that year 's Super Bowl and was the most watched sports television program of all - time , to that date . Spectators sometimes throw a variety of items , most commonly stuffed toys and flowers , onto the ice in support of their favorite skaters but officials discourage flowers which are not fully wrapped due to the possibility of debris disrupting or endangering the following skaters . Countries who have produced many successful skaters in recent decades include Russia and the former Soviet Union , the United States , Canada , Japan , China , France , Germany , and Italy . While the sport has grown in East Asia , training opportunities in South Asia are limited due to a scarcity of ice rinks . India had only four major indoor ice rinks as of 2011 , but there were plans for ten more to be built , mostly in malls , over the following five years . Four skating has mostly disappeared while synchronized skating and solo ice dancing have grown . On April 6 , 2011 , the IOC officially confirmed the approval of a team event , to be introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics . The elimination of the compulsory dance provided space for the team event . Each team will be composed of a men 's and ladies single skater , a pair , and an ice dancing team . Ten teams may compete , with five eliminated after the short program . In December 2011 , the ISU released details of the qualifying system and the competition . Figure skating in popular culture ( edit ) Torvill and Dean on Dancing on Ice In 1937 , Sonja Henie appeared in the film Thin Ice . Figure skating has been the focus of several later Hollywood films , including The Cutting Edge ( and its sequels , The Cutting Edge : Going for the Gold , The Cutting Edge : Chasing the Dream and The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ) , Ice Princess , Ice Castles , Ice Angel , Go Figure , Blades of Glory , and I , Tonya . Olympic champion Brian Boitano was parodied in South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut in the song `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' . In 2006 , Dancing on Ice began broadcasting in the UK . The show involves celebrities and their professional partners figure skating in front of a panel of judges . The judges have included British Olympic gold medalists Torvill and Dean and double Olympic champion Katarina Witt . The show has since been exported to eight other countries around the world . U.S. national champion Johnny Weir was the focus of the reality show Be Good Johnny Weir which aired on the Sundance Channel . Figure skating plays a prominent role in Yuri on Ice , an anime that aired in autumn 2016 which focuses on the career of fictional figure skater Katsuki Yuri . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Figure Skating '' . Sochi2014.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Lysacek wins Sullivan Award for top amateur athlete '' . USA Today . March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belluck , Pam ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Science Takes to the Ice '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Figure skating equipment '' . Olympic.org . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Jamie . `` Olympic Hockey Rules Versus NHL Rules '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Regulations & Technical Rules : Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2012 '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2013 . 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Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Communication No. 1861 : Single & Pair Skating Scale of Values , Levels of Difficulty and Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . April 28 , 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S&P Deductions -- Deductions : Who is responsible ? '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . August 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holland Ice Academy '' . Jump up ^ Frozen Teardrop : The Tragedy and Triumph of Figure Skating 's `` Queen of Spin '' ISBN 978 - 1 - 590 - 79213 - 1 p. 243 ^ Jump up to : Loosemore , Sandra ( December 16 , 1998 ) . `` ' Figures ' do n't add up in competition anymore '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Figure Skating Championship : Pairs '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( February 16 , 1997 ) . `` Kwan 's Slips Open Door For a Younger Champion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loosemore , Sandra ( December 2 , 1998 ) . `` It 's the presentation , stupid '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on April 29 , 1999 . Jump up ^ The 6.0 System at usfigureskating.org , accessed September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ISU Judging System for Figure Skating and Ice Dancing 2004 / 5 Archived December 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Components with Explanations '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . July 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . ISU Communication 1629 Jump up ^ ISU Judging System Statistics Archived August 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Notable skaters who used vocal music without lyrics or words : Elena Berezhnaya / Anton Sikharulidze won gold in pair skating at the 1999 World Championships skating to Concerto for Coloratura with vocals by Evgenia Miroshnichenko . Maria Butyrskaya took bronze in ladies ' singles at the 2000 World Championships skating to Scene d'Amour with vocals by Sarah Brightman . Jump up ^ Flade , Tatiana ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Chan takes World title with record score '' . GoldenSkate . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Rhapsody in Blue ' or Rap ? Skating Will Add Vocals '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ; Meekins , Drew ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Inside Edge : Programs with vocals on the way '' . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Howard Heithaus , Harriet ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Programmer makes music jump for Olympic skaters '' . Naples Daily News . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Beyond ' Carmen ' : Finding the right piece of music '' . Ice Network . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mittan , Barry ( December 5 , 2004 ) . `` Slovak Pair Tests New ISU Costume Rules '' . Skate Today . Jump up ^ Flade , Tatjana ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Savchenko and Szolkowy off to strong start in pre-Olympic season '' . Golden Skate . ^ Jump up to : Golinsky , Reut ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` Costumes on Ice , Part I : Ice dance '' . Absolute Skating . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Fashion forward : Designers , skaters on costumes '' . Icenetwork . Jump up ^ Golinsky , Reut ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Costumes on Ice , Part II : Ladies '' . Absolute Skating . Jump up ^ Golinsky , Reut ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Costumes on Ice , Part III : Men '' . Absolute Skating . Jump up ^ `` The 1999 Official USFSA Rulebook . '' , SSR 19.00 . USFSA , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` China eyed over 9 athletes ' ages '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Skating Union Constitution and General Regulations 2010 as accepted by the 53rd Ordinary Congress , June 2010 : Age limits for Single & Pair Skating / Ice Dance ( page 102 ) '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaytsekhovskaya , Elena ( December 13 , 2010 ) . Елена Буянова : `` Сотникова намного лучше , чем была я '' ( Elena Buianova : `` Sotnikova is much better than I was '' ) . sport-express.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Loosemore , Sandra ( June 15 , 1998 ) . `` Raising age minimums wo n't be enough '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Age requirement could keep stars from rising '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Loosemore , Sandra ( March 16 , 2000 ) . `` Junior skaters should n't face senior pressure '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISU : No discrepancies for Olympic silver medalists '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 改年齡在中國體壇才能生存 ( Changing age to survive in Chinese sports ) ( in Chinese ) . xinhuanet.com . February 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution and General Regulations 2010 '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution and General Regulations 2012 '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union . June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bodmer , Doris ( October 2004 ) . `` What Does It Cost to Skate Competitively ? '' . U.S. Figure Skating : Focus for Parents . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstner , Joanne C. ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` It Is n't Over Until She Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karatchuk , Tammy ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Full family sacrifice ' big reason behind success of Edmonton figure skater Kaetlyn Osmond '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ; Meekins , Drew ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Inside Edge : The new quad king '' . Icenetwork . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Castronovo Fusco , Mary Ann ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` The Costs Of Pursuing A Medal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Heeren , Dave ( February 28 , 1988 ) . `` Damigella Eyes Chance At Gold In Next Olympics '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cazeneuve , Brian ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Agnes Zawadzki aiming for newly open spot at 2014 games '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Golinsky , Reut ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Stéphane Lambiel : `` If I wanted to compete I would compete '' `` . Absolute Skating . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Embracing the Risks of Figure Skating Pays Off for Chan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of being a pair figure skater , item by item '' . CBC Sports . November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The bottom line : Lysacek , U.S. Skating both losing in dispute between them '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2011 - Preview '' . International Skating Union . April 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Open : Prize Money '' . usopen.org . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Wozniacki should not be ranked No. 1 : Martina Navratilova '' . Associated Press . National Post . January 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of 2011 Grand Prix Final in Quebec '' . International Skating Union . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Funding '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Workin ' for a livin ' : Skaters take part - time jobs '' . Ice Network . Jump up ^ Kwong , PJ ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Figure skaters get creative to cover massive costs '' . CBC Sports . 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Jump up ^ Loosemore , Sandra ( October 17 , 1999 ) . `` Falls , injuries often come in pairs '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beiser , H. Darr ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Skater Binnebose back on the ice , teaching after brain surgery '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Lynn ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Concussions in figure skating : How they happen '' . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Dangerous drama : Dance lifts becoming ' scary ' '' . Icenetwork . Jump up ^ Bőd , Titanilla ( 2010 ) . `` Nóra Hoffmann : `` We 've gone through really tough times '' `` . AbsoluteSkating.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosewater , Amy ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Bates sidelined after injuring Achilles in practice '' . icenetwork.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` Denney , Barrett out of Four Continents '' . IceNetwork.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( March 19 , 1997 ) . `` Russian 's Comeback In Pairs Is Stunning '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burkholder , Amy ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Journey back to the ice : Skaters recover after slash '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( February 4 , 1998 ) . `` OLYMPICS : NAGANO 1998 ; Taking Life and Its Scars and Pains '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Galina EFREMENKO : 2005 / 2006 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elena RIABCHUK / Stanislav ZAKHAROV : 2002 / 2003 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shin splints or anterior compartment syndrome ? '' . Skating Magazine . April 2014 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Walston , Sharon ( April 2 , 2002 ) . `` The Figure Skater and Ganglion Cysts of the Ankle '' . Golden Skate . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Janowicz , Rachel A. ( April 2006 ) . `` How To Evaluate Figure Skating Injuries '' . Podiatry Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Falcon , Mike ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Tara Lipinski skates past DVT '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kutiakose , Sabina ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Investigates Figure Skating Dangers '' . NBC Connecticut . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Investigate Link Between Figure Skating Spins and Concussions '' . NBC Connecticut . February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mittan , Barry ( December 3 , 2001 ) . `` Albena Denkova and Maxim Staviski : Bulgarian Dancers Triumph Over Injuries to Reach Top Ten '' . GoldenSkate.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian pairs skater injured in fall '' . Associated Press . ESPN . March 29 , 2000 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coker , Lesleyann ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Jenny Kirk on Figure Skating 's Eating Disorder Epidemic ( Part I ) '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coker , Lesleyann ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Jenny Kirk on Figure Skating 's Eating Disorder Epidemic ( Part II ) '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` New Muscles and Pounds Boost an American Ice Dancer 's Outlook '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Anti-Doping Rule Violations ( ADRVs ) Report '' ( PDF ) . World Anti-Doping Agency . April 3 , 2017 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Phil ( February 14 , 1991 ) . `` Rodnina Confirms Soviet Steroid Use '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating History '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Retrieved September 4 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Key Dates in ISU History '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Paul . `` 100 Greatest Female Athletes : Sonja Henie '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ James R. Hines ( 2011 ) . `` Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating '' . p. 102 . Scarecrow Press Jump up ^ Shen - Zhao set record in pairs short program Jump up ^ Shen , Zhao capture pairs skating gold Jump up ^ Russian skating slump hits home hard Jump up ^ Stevenson , Alexandra ( 2011 ) . `` 2011 European Championships Preview '' . IceSkatingIntnl.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The quad : Skating 's evolution is for more revolution '' . CBS Sports . December 2 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2000 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Quadruple Jump on Ice '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . March 26 , 1988 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` After Skating , a Unique Olympic Event : Crying '' . The New York Times . pp. A1 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( May 2 , 1990 ) . `` Professional Rules Undergo Change '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 1984 : British ice couple score Olympic gold '' . BBC News . February 14 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Sporting Moments -- Results '' . Channel 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 National Sports Study II '' . Jump up ^ `` Stars on Ice as nice as the kids next door '' . Jump up ^ Inside Edge : A Revealing Journey into the Secret World of Figure Skating By Christine Brennan ; Scribner Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( February 6 , 1994 ) . `` FOCUS ON SPORTS ; The Whole World Is Watching '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` TV ratings slip as figure skating loses its edge '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Mick , Hayley ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bearing up under a deluge of teddy bears , panties and sundry other projectiles '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Ian ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Flowers and ice a perilous combination '' . The London Free Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ice rink comes up in Gurgaon ; 10 more across country in 5 Years '' . The Economic Times . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Pritha ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Figure skating - New team event at Sochi Olympics will begin early '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Team figure skating , women 's ski jumping new Olympic events '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for the 2014 Olympic Winter Games in Sochi '' . International Skating Union . December 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . General references ( edit ) Evaluation of Errors in Figures , 6th edition . USFSA , 1964 . Figure Skating : Championship Techniques . John Misha Petkevich , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26209 - 7 . Single Figure Skating . Josef Dĕdič , 1974 . Benjamin T. Wright , Skating in America . Michael Boo , The Story of Figure Skating . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15821 - 8 . Johnson , Susan A. : `` And Then There Were None '' . Skating , March / April 1991 . Smith , Beverley . Figure Skating : A Celebration . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 2819 - 9 . Robert S. Ogilvie , Competitive Figure Skating : A Parent 's Guide . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015375 - X . Rossano , George . `` Mechanics of Lifts '' . Ice Skating International . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . ISU Regulations ISU official skater biographies Washington Post : All You Need to Know About Figure Skating ISU Judging System Summary `` ISU Judging Systems '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2009 . How the ISU Judging System Works History of ice skates Figure skating firsts at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 27 , 2009 ) U.S. Figure Skating -- Glossary of Terms History on Ice ! , a video about the history of figure skating produced by the Minnesota Historical Society External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFigure skatingat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Figure skating portal International Skating Union Figure skating Disciplines Single skating Pair skating Ice dancing Synchronized skating Special figures Four skating Segments Compulsory figures Short program Free skating Compulsory dance Original dance Short dance Free dance Elements and other moves Required elements Death spiral Jumps Lifts Moves in the field Spins Spirals Step sequence Twist lifts Jumps Toe loop jump Flip jump Lutz jump Salchow jump Loop jump Axel jump Quad Spins Upright spin Layback spin Biellmann spin Sit spin Camel spin Moves in the field 3 turn Bracket turn Choctaw turn Counter turn Crossover Mohawk turn Rocker turn Twizzle Connecting elements Besti squat Cantilever Hydroblading Ina Bauer Spread eagle Split jumps Walley jump Major competitions Senior - level Olympic Games World Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships Grand Prix ( Final ) World Synchronized Skating Championships Junior - level World Junior Championships Junior Grand Prix ( Final ) World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships Other 6.0 system Adult figure skating Glossary of terms History ISU Judging System Kiss and cry Lists Figure skaters Olympic medalists ( by age ) Competitions National championships National bodies Highest scores Highest junior scores Commons Portal Winter Olympic sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating See also : Paralympic sports and Summer Olympic sports GND : 4129740 - 4 NDL : 00935663 NKC : ph121933 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating&oldid=842001786 '' Categories : Figure skating Ice skating Athletic sports Ice sports Winter Olympic sports Former Summer Olympic sports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Use mdy dates from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Picard Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age limit for ice skating in the olympics	[ "The ISU has modified its age rules several times. Prior to the 1990s, 12 was the minimum age for senior international competitions.[44] New rules were introduced in 1996, requiring skaters to be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year in order to compete at the Olympics, Worlds, Europeans, or Four Continents.[41] The minimum age for all other senior internationals was 14 until July 2014, when it was raised to 15." ]	[ "15" ]
599057295588844799	Golden Age of Piracy	Golden Age of piracy - wikipedia Golden Age of piracy Jump to : navigation , search Blackbeard battles Lt. Maynard at the height of the Golden Age of Piracy Pirates fight in Who Shall Be Captain ? by Howard Pyle Golden Age of Piracy Turkish Abductions Lake Nicaragua Maracaibo 1st Porto Bello Panama 2nd Porto Bello Mandab Strait Chepo 17 November 1717 Charleston Cape Fear River 23 November 1718 Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William 5 February 1722 Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy The Golden Age of Piracy is a common designation given to usually one or more outbursts of piracy in the maritime history of the early modern period . In its broadest accepted definition , the Golden Age of Piracy spans the 1650s to the late 1720s and covers three separate outbursts of piracy : The buccaneering period of approximately 1650 to 1680 , characterized by Anglo - French seamen based on Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific The Pirate Round of the 1690s , associated with long - distance voyages from the Americas to rob Muslim and East India Company targets in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea The post-Spanish Succession period extending from 1716 to 1726 , when Anglo - American sailors and privateers , left unemployed by the end of the War of the Spanish Succession , turned en masse to piracy in the Caribbean , the North American eastern seaboard , the West African coast , and the Indian Ocean Narrower definitions of the Golden Age sometimes exclude the first or second periods , but most include at least some portion of the third . The modern conception of pirates as depicted in popular culture is derived largely , although not always accurately , from the Golden Age of Piracy . Factors contributing to piracy during the Golden Age included the rise in quantities of valuable cargoes being shipped to Europe over vast ocean areas , reduced European navies in certain regions , the training and experience that many sailors had gained in European navies ( particularly the Royal Navy ) , and ineffective government in European overseas colonies . The colonial powers at the time constantly fought with pirates and engaged in several notable battles and other related events . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Trend toward narrow definitions 1.3 Recent countertrend toward broader meaning 2 Origins 2.1 The buccaneering period , c. 1650 -- 1680 2.2 The Pirate Round , c. 1693 -- 1700 2.3 The post -- Spanish Succession period 3 Pirates of the era 3.1 Pirate women 3.2 Barbary pirates 4 Decline 5 Effect on popular culture 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Amaro Pargo was one of the most famous corsairs of the Golden Age of Piracy . The oldest known literary mention of a `` Golden Age '' of piracy is from 1894 , when the Swedish journalist George Powell wrote about `` what appears to have been the golden age of piracy up to the last decade of the seventeenth century . '' Powell uses the phrase while reviewing Charles Leslie 's A New and Exact History of Jamaica , then over 150 years old , and refers mostly to such 1660s events as Henry Morgan 's attacks on Maracaibo and Portobelo and Bartolomeu Português 's famous escape . Powell uses the phrase only once . In 1897 , a more systematic use of the phrase `` Golden Age of Piracy '' was introduced by historian John Fiske , who wrote : `` At no other time in the world 's history has the business of piracy thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century and the first part of the eighteenth . Its golden age may be said to have extended from about 1650 to about 1720 . '' Fiske included the activities of the Barbary corsairs and East Asian pirates in this `` Golden Age , '' noting that `` as these Mussulman pirates and those of Eastern Asia were as busily at work in the seventeenth century as at any other time , their case does not impair my statement that the age of the buccaneers was the Golden Age of piracy . '' Pirate historians of the first half of the 20th century occasionally adopted Fiske 's term `` Golden Age , '' without necessarily following his beginning and ending dates for it . The most expansive definition of an age of piracy was that of Patrick Pringle , who wrote in 1951 that `` the most flourishing era in the history of piracy ... began in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and ended in the second decade of the eighteenth century . '' This idea starkly contradicted Fiske , who had hotly denied that such Elizabethan figures as Drake were pirates . Trend toward narrow definitions ( edit ) Of recent definitions , Pringle appears to have the widest range , an exception to an overall trend among historians from 1909 until the 1990s , toward narrowing the Golden Age . As early as 1924 , Philip Gosse described piracy as being at its height `` from 1680 until 1730 . '' In his highly popular 1978 book The Pirates for TimeLife 's The Seafarers series , Douglas Botting defined the Golden Age as lasting `` barely 30 years , starting at the close of the 17th Century and ending in the first quarter of the 18th . '' Botting 's definition was closely followed by Frank Sherry in 1986 . In a 1989 academic article , Professor Marcus Rediker defined the Golden Age as lasting only from 1716 to 1726 . Angus Konstam in 1998 , reckoned the era as lasting from 1700 until 1730 . Perhaps the ultimate step in restricting the Golden Age was in Konstam 's 2005 The History of Pirates , in which he retreated from his own earlier definition , called a 1690 -- 1730 definition of the Golden Age `` generous , '' and concluded that `` The worst of these pirate excesses was limited to an eight - year period , from 1714 until 1722 , so the true Golden Age can not even be called a ' golden decade . ' '' Recent countertrend toward broader meaning ( edit ) David Cordingly , in his influential 1994 work Under the Black Flag , defined the `` great age of piracy '' as lasting from the 1650s to around 1725 , very close to Fiske 's definition of the Golden Age . Rediker , in 2004 , described the most complex definition of the Golden Age to date . He proposes a `` golden age of piracy , which spanned the period from roughly 1650 to 1730 '' , which he subdivides into three distinct `` generations '' : the buccaneers of 1650 -- 1680 , the Indian Ocean pirates of the 1690s , and the pirates of the years 1716 -- 1726 . Origins ( edit ) Main article : Piracy in the Caribbean Piracy arose out of , and mirrored on a smaller scale , the conflicts over trade and colonization among the rival European powers of the time , including the empires of Britain , Spain , the Netherlands , Portugal and France . Most of these pirates were of Welsh , English , Dutch and French origin . The buccaneering period , c. 1650 -- 1680 ( edit ) Main article : Buccaneer Historians , such as John Fiske , mark the beginning of the Golden Age of Piracy at around 1650 , when the end of the Wars of Religion allowed European countries to resume the development of their colonial empires . This involved considerable seaborne trade , and a general economic improvement : there was money to be made -- or stolen -- and much of it traveled by ship . French buccaneers had established themselves on northern Hispaniola as early as 1625 , but lived at first mostly as hunters rather than robbers ; their transition to full - time piracy was gradual and motivated in part by Spanish efforts to wipe out both the buccaneers and the prey animals on which they depended . The buccaneers ' migration from Hispaniola 's mainland to the more defensible offshore island of Tortuga limited their resources and accelerated their piratical raids . According to Alexandre Exquemelin , a buccaneer and historian who remains a major source on this period , the Tortuga buccaneer Pierre Le Grand pioneered the settlers ' attacks on galleons making the return voyage to Spain . The growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture of Jamaica from Spain in 1655 . The early English governors of Jamaica freely granted letters of marque to Tortuga buccaneers and to their own countrymen , while the growth of Port Royal provided these raiders with a far more profitable and enjoyable place to sell their booty . In the 1660s , the new French governor of Tortuga , Bertrand d'Ogeron , similarly provided privateering commissions both to his own colonists and to English cutthroats from Port Royal . These conditions brought Caribbean buccaneering to its zenith . The pirate Round , c. 1693 -- 1700 ( edit ) Main article : Pirate Round Henry Every is shown selling his loot in this engraving by Howard Pyle . Every 's capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj - i - Sawai in 1695 stands as one of the most profitable pirate raids ever perpetrated . A number of factors caused Anglo - American pirates , some of whom had cut their teeth during the buccaneering period , to look beyond the Caribbean for treasure as the 1690s began . The fall of Britain 's Stuart period had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France , thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga . The devastation of Port Royal by an earthquake in 1692 further reduced the Caribbean 's attractions by destroying the pirates ' chief market for fenced plunder . Caribbean colonial governors began to discard the traditional policy of `` no peace beyond the Line '' , under which it was understood that war would continue ( and thus letters of marque would be granted ) in the Caribbean regardless of peace treaties signed in Europe ; henceforth , commissions would be granted only in wartime , and their limitations would be strictly enforced . Furthermore , much of the Spanish Main had simply been exhausted ; Maracaibo alone had been sacked three times between 1667 and 1678 , while Río de la Hacha had been raided five times and Tolú eight . At the same time , England 's less - favored colonies , including Bermuda , New York , and Rhode Island , had become cash - starved by the Navigation Acts . Merchants and governors eager for coin were willing to overlook and even underwrite pirate voyages ; one colonial official defended a pirate because he thought it `` very harsh to hang people that brings in gold to these provinces '' . Although some of these pirates operating out of New England and the Middle Colonies targeted Spain 's more remote Pacific coast colonies well into the 1690s and beyond , the Indian Ocean was a richer and more tempting target . India 's economic output dwarfed Europe 's during this time , especially in high - value luxury goods such as silk and calico , which made ideal pirate booty ; at the same time , no powerful navies plied the Indian Ocean , leaving both local shipping and the various East India companies ' vessels vulnerable to attack . This set the stage for the famous piracies of Thomas Tew , Henry Every , Robert Culliford , and ( although his guilt remains controversial ) William Kidd . The post -- Spanish Succession period ( edit ) In 1713 and 1714 a series of peace treaties ended the War of the Spanish Succession . As a result , thousands of seamen , including Britain 's paramilitary privateers , were relieved of military duty , at a time when cross-Atlantic colonial shipping trade was beginning to boom . In addition , Europeans who had been pushed by unemployment to become sailors and soldiers involved in slaving were often enthusiastic to abandon that profession and turn to pirating , giving pirate captains a steady pool of recruits in west African waters and coasts . In 1715 , pirates launched a major raid on Spanish divers trying to recover gold from a sunken treasure galleon near Florida . The nucleus of the pirate force was a group of English ex-privateers , all of whom would soon be enshrined in infamy : Henry Jennings , Charles Vane , Samuel Bellamy of Whydah Gally fame , Benjamin Hornigold , and Edward England . The attack was successful , but contrary to their expectations , the governor of Jamaica refused to allow Jennings and their cohorts to spend their loot on his island . With Kingston and the declining Port Royal closed to them , Hornigold , Jennings and their comrades founded a new pirate base at Nassau , on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas , which had been abandoned during the war . Until the arrival of governor Woodes Rogers three years later , Nassau would be home for these pirates and their many recruits . Shipping traffic between Africa , the Caribbean , and Europe began to soar in the 18th century , a model that was known as Triangular Transatlantic Slave Trade , and was a rich target for piracy . Trade ships sailed from Europe to the African coast , trading manufactured goods and weapons for slaves . The traders would then sail to the Caribbean to sell the slaves , and return to Europe with goods such as sugar , tobacco and cocoa . In another triangular trade route , ships would carry raw materials , preserved cod , and rum to Europe , where a portion of the cargo would be sold for manufactured goods , which ( along with the remainder of the original load ) were transported to the Caribbean , where they were exchanged for sugar and molasses , which ( with some manufactured articles ) were borne to New England . Ships in the triangular trade made money at each stop . As part of the settlement of the War of Spanish Succession , Britain obtained the asiento , a Spanish government contract to supply slaves to Spain 's new world colonies , which provided British traders and smugglers more access to formerly closed Spanish markets in America . This arrangement also contributed heavily to the spread of piracy across the western Atlantic . Shipping to the colonies boomed along with the flood of skilled mariners after the war . Merchant shippers used the surplus of labor to drive wages down , cut corners to maximize profits , and create unsavory conditions aboard their vessels . Merchant sailors suffered from mortality rates as high or higher than the slaves being transported . Living conditions were so poor that many sailors began to prefer a freer existence as a pirate . The increased volume of shipping traffic also could sustain a large body of brigands preying upon it . During this time , many of the pirates had originally been either sailors for the Royal Navy , privateersmen , or merchant seamen . Most pirates had experience living on the sea , and knew how harsh the conditions could be . Sailors for the king would often have very little to eat while out on the sea , and would end up sick , starving , and dying . That resulted in some sailors deserting the king and becoming pirates instead . This also allowed for pirates to better fight the navy . Unlike other seaman , pirates had strict rules for how they were to be treated on the ship . Unlike what many people think , captains did not have a dictatorship over the rest of the pirates on their ship . Captains had to be voted in , and there were strict rules for them to follow as well . The captain was not treated better ( with more food , better living conditions , etc . ) than the other members of the crew , and was to treat the crew with respect . This was because many merchant captains treated their crews terribly . Many pirates had formally served on these merchant ships and knew how horrid some captains could be . Because of this , all ships contained councils . These councils composed of all crew members on a given ship . Some councils were used daily to make decisions while other were used as a court system . Whatever the case , these pirates had as much power as the captain outside of battle . The captain only had full authority in times of battle and could be removed from this position if they showed cowardice in the face of the enemy . He was also to be bold in battle . The pirates did not want things to end up the same way as on a navy ship . Pirates of the era ( edit ) Blackbeard 's severed head hanging from Maynard 's bowsprit Many of the most well known pirates in historical lore originate from this Golden Age of Piracy . Henry Morgan , a buccaneer who raided the Spaniards and took the city of Panama . He was to be executed in England but was instead knighted and made governor of Jamaica . He died a natural death in 1688 . Henry Every , who is most famous for being one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being arrested or killed in battle , and also for capturing the fabulously wealthy Mogul ship Ganj - i - Sawai in 1694 . William `` Captain '' Kidd , who was executed for piracy at Execution Dock , London in 1701 , is famous for the ' buried treasure ' he supposedly left behind . `` Black Sam '' Bellamy , captain of the Whydah Gally , who was lost in a storm off Cape Cod in 1717 . Bellamy was popularly known as the `` Robin Hood of pirates , '' and prided himself on his ideological justifications for piracy . Charles Vane , a particularly violent and unrepentant pirate , who served under Henry Jennings before striking out on his own . Harsh and unpopular with his crew , Vane was marooned before being captured and hanged in 1721 . Stede Bonnet , a rich Barbadian land owner , turned pirate solely in search of adventure . Bonnet captained a 10 - gun sloop , named the Revenge , raiding ships off the Virginia coast in 1717 . He was caught and hanged in 1718 . Edward Teach ( Thatch ) , more commonly known as Blackbeard , was active from 1716 to 1718 as perhaps the most notorious pirate among English - speaking nations . Blackbeard 's most famous ship was the Queen Anne 's Revenge , named in response to the end of Queen Anne 's War . Teach served under Benjamin Hornigold as a protégé . He taught him everything he knew about being a pirate . Teach was notorious for intimidating his enemies before battle because of his looks . He would dress in all black with pistols strapped to his chest and put on a large black captain 's hat and under this he would put slow burning fuses that would constantly sputter and give off smoke . His goal in this was to look like a devil had stepped out of hell . Blackbeard was killed by one of Lieutenant Robert Maynard 's crewmen in 1718 who was ordered by governor Alexander Spotswood to hunt down and kill Blackbeard . Blackbeard had early lost his ship due to a sandbar off the coast of North Carolina . Before the ship could sink , he commanded his crew to load everything on the ship to the opposite side where it had been struck in order to save `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' but unfortunately the pirate had no luck and his precious ship had sunk . John `` Calico Jack '' Rackham , famous for his partnership with female pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read , was captured , then hanged and gibbeted outside Port Royal , Jamaica in 1720 . Bartholomew Roberts , sometimes called `` Black Bart '' , has been considered by many as the most successful Western pirate of all time with over 400 ship captures . Edward Low , active 1721 -- 1724 , who was notorious for torturing his victims before killing them . William Fly , whose execution in 1726 is used by historian Marcus Rediker to mark the end of the Golden Age of Pirates . Pirate women ( edit ) While most pirates were men , there were at least fifty cases of women entering the career of piracy ( usually disguised as men ) . The best known female pirates were Anne Bonny ( also sometimes spelled Bonney ) and Mary Read . Bonny developed a notorious reputation in Nassau , and when she was unable to leave an earlier marriage , she eloped with her lover , Calico Jack Rackham . Mary Read had been dressed as a boy all her life by her mother and had spent time in the British military . She came to the West Indies ( Caribbean ) after leaving her husband , and she joined Calico Jack 's crew after he attacked a ship she had been aboard . She divulged her sex only to Bonny at first , but revealed herself openly when accused by Rackham of having an affair with Bonny . When their ship was assaulted in 1720 , the two women and an unknown man were the only ones to defend it , the other crew members being too drunk to fight . In the end they were captured and arrested . After their capture both women were convicted of piracy and sentenced to death , but they stalled their executions by claiming to be pregnant . Read died in jail months later , many believe of a fever or complications of childbirth . Bonny disappeared from historical documents , but no record of her execution or a childbirth exist . Barbary pirates ( edit ) Main article : Barbary pirates Cornelis Hendricksz Vroom , Spanish Men - of - War Engaging Barbary Corsairs , 1615 . The Barbary pirates were pirates and privateers that operated from the North African ( the `` Barbary coast '' ) ports of Tunis , Tripoli , Algiers , Salé and ports in Morocco , preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century . The coastal villages and towns of Italy , Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked by them and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants ; since the 17th century , Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland . According to Robert Davis , between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in the Arab world between the 16th and 19th centuries . Barbary pirates flourished in the early 17th century as new sailing rigs by Simon de Danser enabled North African raiders , for the first time , to brave the Atlantic as well as Mediterranean waters . More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in Algiers alone . The rich were allowed to redeem themselves , but the poor were condemned to slavery . Their masters would on occasion allow them to secure freedom by professing Islam . Many people of good social position -- Italians , Spaniards , German and English travelers in the south -- were captives for a time . In 1627 Iceland was subject to raids known as the Turkish Abductions . Murat Reis is said to have taken 400 prisoners ; 242 of the captives were later sold into slavery on the Barbary Coast . The pirates took only young people and those in good physical condition . All those offering resistance were killed , and the old people were gathered into a church , which was set on fire . Among those captured was Ólafur Egilsson , who was ransomed the next year and , upon returning to Iceland , wrote a slave narrative about his experience . Another famous captive from that raid was Guðríður Símonardóttir . The sack of Vestmannaeyjar is known in the history of Iceland as Tyrkjaránið . One of the stereotypical features of a pirate in popular culture , the eye patch , dates back to the Arab pirate Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah , who wore it after losing an eye in battle in the 18th century . Whilst the Golden Age of European and American pirates is generally considered to have ended between 1710 and 1730 , the prosperity of the Barbary pirates continued until the early 19th century . Unlike the European powers , the young United States refused to pay tribute to the Barbary states and responded with the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War against North Africa when the Barbary pirates captured and enslaved American sailors . Although the U.S. had only limited success in these wars , France and Great Britain with their more powerful navies soon followed suit and stamped out the Barbary raiders . Decline ( edit ) By the early 18th century , tolerance for privateers was wearing thin in all nations . After the Treaty of Utrecht was signed , the excess of trained sailors without employment was both a blessing and a curse for all pirates . Initially the surplus of men had caused the number of pirates to multiply significantly . This inevitably led to the pillaging of more ships , which put a greater strain on trade for all European nations . In response European nations bolstered their own navies to offer greater protection for merchants and to hunt down pirates . The excess of skilled sailors meant there was a large pool that could be recruited into national navies as well . Piracy was clearly on a strong decline by 1720 . The Golden Age of Piracy did not last the decade . The events of the latter half of 1718 represent a turning point in the history of piracy in the New World . Without a safe base and in the growing pressure from naval forces , the rovers lost their momentum . The lure of the Spanish treasures had faded , and the hunters gradually became the hunted . By early 1719 , the remaining pirates were on the run . Most of them headed for West Africa , seizing poorly defended slavers . Effect on popular culture ( edit ) Although some of the details are often misremembered , the effect upon popular culture of the Golden Age of Piracy can hardly be overstated . A General History of the Pirates ( 1724 ) by Captain Charles Johnson is the prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates of the Golden Age , providing an extensive account of the period . In giving an almost mythical status to the more colourful characters such as the notorious English pirates Blackbeard and Calico Jack , it is likely that the author used considerable licence in his accounts of pirate conversations . In 2002 , English naval historian David Cordingly wrote an introduction to Johnson 's 1724 book , stating : `` it has been said , and there seems no reason to question this , that Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates . '' Johnson 's book would influence the pirate literature of Robert Louis Stevenson and J.M. Barrie . Such literary works as Stevenson 's Treasure Island and Barrie 's Peter Pan , while romanticized , drew heavily on pirates and piracy for their plots . Various claims and speculation about their overall image , attire , fashion , dress code , etc. have been made and contributed to their fanciful mystery and lore . For example , men wore earrings as the value of the gold or silver earring was meant to pay for their burial if they were lost at sea and their body washed ashore . They were also worn for superstitious reasons , believing the precious metals had magical healing powers . More recently , even less accurate depictions of historical - era pirates ( e.g. , Talk Like a Pirate Day ) have advanced to the forefront . However , these phenomena have only served to advance the romantic image of piracy and its treasure - burying swashbucklers in popular culture . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Powell , `` A Pirate 's Paradise , '' in The Gentleman 's Magazine , vol . CCLXXVI , N.S. 52 , Jan - June 1894 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ John Fiske , 1897 , Old Virginia and Her Neighbors , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Fiske , p. 339 . Jump up ^ R.D.W. Connor , 1909 , Cornelius Harnett : An Essay in North Carolina History , P. 10 ; Francis Hodges Cooper , 1916 , `` Some Colonial History of Beaufort County , North Carolina , '' in James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science , v. 14 , no . 2 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Patrick Pringle , 1951 , Jolly Roger : The Story of the Great Age of Piracy , p. 9 of the 2001 edition . Jump up ^ Fiske , p. 341 - 42 . Jump up ^ Douglas Botting , 1978 , The Pirates , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Frank Sherry , 1986 , Raiders and Rebels : The Golden Age of Piracy , P. 7 . Jump up ^ Marcus Rediker , 1989 , `` ' Under the Banner of King Death ' : The Social World of Anglo - American Pirates 1716 -- 1726 '' , William and Mary Quarterly , ser. 3 , 38 ( 1981 ) , 203 - 227 . Jump up ^ F ; Konstam , supra , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Angus Konstam , 2005 , The History of Pirates , p. 96 . Jump up ^ David Cordingly , 1995 , Under the Black Flag : The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates , pp. xvi -- xvii . Jump up ^ Marcus Rediker , 2004 , Villains of All Nations , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Tortuga - Pirate History - The Way of the Pirates '' . www.thewayofthepirates.com . Jump up ^ Nigel Cawthorne ( 2005 ) , Pirates : An Illustrated History , Arturus Publishing Ltd. , 2005 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Cawthorne , pp. 34 , 36 , 58 Jump up ^ Peter Earle ( 2003 ) , The Pirate Wars , ISBN 0 - 312 - 33579 - 2 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Earle , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , ed. ( 1986 ) , The World : An Illustrated History , Times Books Ltd. , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Mark Kurlansky , Cod : A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World . Penguin , 1998 . Jump up ^ Rediker , 2004 Jump up ^ Rediker , Marcus . `` '' Under the Banner of King Death '' The Social World of Anglo - American Pirates `` . JSTOR . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rediker , 1981 Jump up ^ Childs , ML . `` Blackbeard and his Infamous Pirate Ship , Queen Anne 's Revenge '' . Ancient Origins . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blackbeard 's Death - The Last Stand of Blackbeard '' . www.thewayofthepirates.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blackbeard 's Death - The Last Stand of Blackbeard '' . www.thewayofthepirates.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Copping , Jasper ( December 6 , 2008 ) . `` Shipwreck clues could clear Blackbeard of sinking his ship to swindle his crew '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Commire , Anne ; Klezmer , Deborah ( 2002 ) . `` Read , Mary and Anne Bonney '' . Women in World History : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Gale . ISBN 078764062X . Jump up ^ Cordingly , David . `` Bonny , Anne ( 1698 -- 1782 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 . Accessed 18 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` When Europeans were slaves : Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed '' . Ohio State Research News . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ( 2003 ) . Christian Slaves , Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean , the Barbary Coast and Italy , 1500 -- 1800 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 4551 - 9 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Barbary Pirates '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Charles Belgrave ( 1966 ) , The Pirate Coast , p. 122 , George Bell & Sons Jump up ^ Ieuan W. Haywood 2009 ^ Jump up to : A general history of the robberies & murders of the most notorious pirates . By Charles Johnson Page viii . Introduction and commentary by David Cordingly . Conway Maritime Press ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Cecil Adams , `` Did pirates bury their treasure ? Did pirates really make maps where `` X marks the spot ? '' The Straight Dope , October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why Did Pirates Wear Earrings ? '' . Jump up ^ Cecil Adams , `` Why are pirates depicted with a parrot on their shoulder ? What 's the origin of the skull and crossbones pirate flag ? '' The Straight Dope , October 12 , 2007 . Flemming , Gregory . At the Point of a Cutlass : The Pirate Capture , Bold Escape , and Lonely Exile of Philip Ashton . ForeEdge ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1611685152 Lunsford , Virginia . Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands , Palgrave Macmillan 2005 ISBN 1403966923 , ISBN 978 - 1403966926 Rediker , Marcus . Villains of all Nations : Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age . Beacon Press : Boston ( 2004 ) . Rediker , Marcus . `` Pirates and the Imperial State. `` Reviews in American History 16.3 ( 1988 ) : 351 - 357 Swanson , Carl E. `` American Privateering and Imperial Warfare , 1739 -- 1748 . '' The William and Mary Quarterly 42.3 ( 1985 ) : 357 - 382 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piracy . `` America 's Worst Pirates '' from gregflemming.com Cindy Vallar , `` The Golden Age of Piracy '' The UnMuseum , `` The Golden Age of Piracy '' Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Fillibusters Areas Caribbean Lake Nicaragua British Virgin Islands Strait of Malacca Somali Coast Sulu Sea Falcon Lake South China Coast Anglo - Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint - Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Barataria Bay Persian Gulf Noted pirates Mansel Alcantra Chui A-poo Louis - Michel Aury Joseph Baker Hayreddin Barbarossa Joseph Barss Samuel Bellamy Charlotte de Berry Black Caesar Blackbeard Eli Boggs Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Hippolyte Bouchard Abshir Boyah Roche Braziliano Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí William Dampier Liang Daoming Diabolito Peter Easton Henry Every Alexandre Exquemelin Vincenzo Gambi Charles Gibbs Pedro Gilbert Nathaniel Gordon Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Zheng Jing Jørgen Jørgensen Shirahama Kenki William Kidd Fūma Kotarō Jean Lafitte Limahong Samuel Hall Lord John Hawkins Bully Hayes Piet Pieterszoon Hein Moses Cohen Henriques Albert W. Hicks Nicholas van Hoorn Benjamin Hornigold Pierre Lafitte Olivier Levasseur Edward Low Hendrick Lucifer John Newland Maffitt Samuel Mason Henry Morgan Shap Ng - tsai Gan Ning François l'Olonnais Samuel Pallache Lawrence Prince Cai Qian Redbeard Bartholomew Roberts Lai Choi San Dan Seavey Ching Shih Benito de Soto Klaus Störtebeker Henry Strangways Cheung Po Tsai Dominique You Wang Zhi Zheng Zhilong Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Age_of_Piracy&oldid=835432122 '' Categories : 18th century 17th - century pirates 18th - century pirates 19th - century pirates Golden ages ( metaphor ) Piracy in the Caribbean Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių 日本語 Português Română Русский 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the golden age of piracy end	[ "The Golden Age of Piracy is a common designation given to usually one or more outbursts of piracy in the maritime history of the early modern period. In its broadest accepted definition, the Golden Age of Piracy spans the 1650s to the late 1720s and covers three separate outbursts of piracy:" ]	[ "late 1720s" ]
4026569667766574565	Cuban Missile Crisis	Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the missile crisis in Cyprus , see Cypriot S - 300 crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 , and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . The U.S. announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years until both parties began to build their nuclear arsenal even further . Contents 1 Earlier U.S. actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Nuclear launch - averted 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) With the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War , the United States had grown concerned about the expansion of communism . A Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable . It would , for example , defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' Thirdly , from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba , it seemed that the United States wanted to increase its presence in Cuba . With actions like attempting to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States , placing economic sanctions on the nation and conducting secret operations on containing communism and Cuba , it was assumed that America was trying to invade Cuba . As a result , to try and prevent this , the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralize the threat . More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for Khrushchev to display and assert his strict political dominance ; this was a much - needed display after numerous individuals within the Soviet Union began to doubt Khrushchev 's power as they believed that he was appeasing the Americans . Another major reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba was to level the playing field . Before this event , America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy USSR before they would have a chance to react . After the transmission of nuclear missiles , Khrushchev had finally established mutually assured destruction . Mutually assured destruction means that if America decided to launch a nuclear strike against the USSR , the latter would react by launching a nuclear strike against America . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the people in Cuba whose rights were taken away by the United States , as the latter had become their ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 . According to Khrushchev , the Soviet Union 's motives were `` aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire '' . An indirect reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States . Prior to this , there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react , and with new president John F. Kennedy , it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States . By placing missiles on Cuba , next to the doorstep of the United States , it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Chief Marshal of Artillery Sergei Biryuzov , Head of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US , thereby starting the crisis . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 jet bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of October 16 , 1962 On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . EXCOMM , of which Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was a member , quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . On orders from Secretary McNamara , the details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , French President Charles de Gaulle and Secretary - General of the Organization of American States , Jose Mora to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position , except Macmillan who advocated appeasement . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The two also anticipated that Khruschev would respond to the Western world in a matter that was similar to his response during the Suez Crisis and would possibly wind up trading off Berlin . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . -- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Nuclear launch - averted ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire . As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic , the captain of the B - 59 , Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky , decided that a war might already have started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted . On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcast over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated October 30 , 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi , the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 55 years ago the first Soviet ballistic missiles were delivered to Cuba '' . Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ISBN 9781317555414 . ^ Jump up to : David Von Pein 's JFK Channel ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` JFK TALKS WITH DWIGHT EISENHOWER ABOUT THE CUBAN CRISIS ( OCTOBER 22 , 1962 ) '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : rmm413c ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles . John Weisman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Correll , John T. ( August 2005 ) . `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Magazine . 88 ( 8 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeyev , Alexandr . `` Interview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . Jump up ^ BRIDGET. , KENDALL , ( 2017 ) . COLD WAR . ( S.l. ) : BBC BOOKS . ISBN 178594259X . OCLC 964650411 . Jump up ^ Wingrove , Paul ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : Nikita Khrushchev 's Cuban gamble misfired Paul Wingrove '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . Jump up ^ http://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/cuban-missile-crisis-why-were-missiles-there/ Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro , Mikoyan , Kennedy , Khruschev , and the Missiles of November '' . The National Security Archive . October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weldes , Jutta ( 1999 ) . Constructing National Interests : The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3111 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James H. `` Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Learning from the Past . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Crisis Management ? It 's a Myth , Ask JFK '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba -- P.L. 87 - 733 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , James G. ; Bruce J. Allyn ; David A. Welch ( 2002 ) . Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse ; ( revised for the Fortieth Anniversary ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2269 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Days the World Held Its Breath '' . July 31 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780804748469 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly ( 2012 ) . `` Rockets : R - 12 '' . Morristown , New Jersey : RussianSpaceWeb.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R - 12 / SS - 4 SANDAL '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` R - 14 / SS - 5 SKEAN '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sidney Graybeal -- 29 January 1998 '' . Episode 21 . George Washington University , National Security Archive . March 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Pedlow , Gregory , The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance . CIA . 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Max Holland . `` The ' Photo Gap ' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles . '' Studies in Intelligence , Vol. 49 , No. 4 ; published online April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Caddell . `` Corona over Cuba : The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence . '' Intelligence & National Security ; published online February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr. , Director , Defense Intelligence Agency Archived June 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Association of Former Intelligence Officers , August 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov , Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War , 1996 , page 264 , Harvard Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 674 - 45532 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Record Meeting on Cuba : The White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . October 16 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Action Memorandum 196 '' . JFK Presidential Library and Museum . October 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Averting The Final Failure , John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality ( Stanford Nuclear Age Series ) , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D. ( 1999 ) ( 1971 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 111 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 01349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert ( 1971 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09896 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Axelrod , Alan ( 2009 ) . The Real History of the Cold War : A New Look at the Past . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332 , 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6302 - 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Robert Evan ( 1989 ) . New world new mind : moving toward conscious evolution . The University of Michigan , Doubleday . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; David A. Welch ( 1989 ) . On the Brink : Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 22634 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` 378 -- The President 's News Conference , '' September 13 , 1962 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. ( December 17 , 1962 ) . `` After Two Years : A conversation with the president '' . In ' Public Papers of the Presidents : John F. Kennedy , 1962 ' . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office : 889 -- 904 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Online Highways LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The History Place . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Global Security . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kamps , Charles Tustin , `` The Cuban Missile Crisis '' , Air & Space Power Journal , AU Press , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , Fall 2007 , Volume XXI , Number 3 , page 88 . Jump up ^ `` Third VP - 18 '' . Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons ( PDF ) . 2 . Naval Aviation History Office . November 9 , 2000 . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 '' . Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba , Operational Archives Branch , Post 46 Command File , Box 10 , Washington , DC . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ernest R May ( 2011 ) . `` John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . BBC History of the Cold War . ^ Jump up to : The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 : Abeyance and Negotiation , 31 October -- 13 November ( Report ) . Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . January 2001 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3504 -- Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 23 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Brinkmanship '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JFK Tapes '' JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis `` . October 22 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Year In Review : Cuban Missile Crisis '' . United Press International , Inc. 1962 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges Document 63 . United States Department of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy '' . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology 1 : October 26 , 1962 to November 15 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Germany , between Cuba and Berlin '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis '' . The Telegraph . June 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Global Strike Command . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Jerry , ed . ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 , 1962 '' . History and Politics Out Loud . Northwestern University . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Buried treasures '' . The Spokesman Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyland , Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ) . `` WW III , A Close Call '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , R.H. ; Harahan , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Air Power , 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay , Leon W. Johnson , David A. Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ) . `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy , Khrushchev , Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Press Release , 11 October 2002 , 5 : 00 pm '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Dobbs , One Minute to Midnight , Vintage , Random House , 2009 . Includes photograph of B - 59 surfacing . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . National Security Archive of the George Washington University . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Edward Wilson ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Thank you Vasili Arkhipov , the man who stopped nuclear war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Special Report 205 . United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Thirteen Days , October 16 -- 28 , 1962 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( December 6 , 2017 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved December 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . ISBN 9781610690669 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ Cohn , William H. ( 1976 ) . `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 10 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kozovoi , Andrei ( 2014 ) . `` Dissonant Voices '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Campus , Leonardo ( 2014 ) . I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo . La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali ( = Six Days that Shook the World . The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Perceptions ) . Florence : Le Monnier . ISBN 9788800745321 Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( January 18 , 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . doi : 10.1086 / 661761 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei , ed . ( November 2013 ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2011 . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Machurucuto Incident Intervention in Angola Presidency Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Armed conflicts involving Cuba External & international Ten Years ' War Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War World War I World War II 1952 Cuban Coup Cuban Revolution Escambray Rebellion Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Sand War Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Ñancahuazú Guerrilla Eritrean War of Independence South African Border War Yom Kippur War Ethiopian Civil War Angolan Civil War Ogaden War Nicaraguan Revolution Salvadoran Civil War Invasion of Grenada Related articles Military history Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cold War Sphere of influence Intervention in Angola GND : 4136402 - 8 NARA : 10639962 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=854469049 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. Kennedy Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Cuba -- United States relations Soviet Union -- United States relations DEFCON 2 Conflicts DEFCON 3 Conflicts 1962 establishments in Cuba 1962 disestablishments in Cuba 1960s in Cuba 1960s in the Soviet Union 1960s in the United States October 1962 events Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the president during the cuban missle crisis	[ "After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev.[when?] Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well.\n" ]	[ "John F. Kennedy" ]
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( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) City of Coventry City and Metropolitan borough Skyline of Coventry city centre Coat of arms Coventry shown within the West Midlands county and England City of Coventry City of Coventry City of Coventry Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of England Midlands Show map of Europe Show all Location of Coventry in the United Kingdom Coordinates : 52 ° 24 ′ 29 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 52.40806 ° N 1.51056 ° W / 52.40806 ; - 1.51056 Coordinates : 52 ° 24 ′ 29 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 52.40806 ° N 1.51056 ° W / 52.40806 ; - 1.51056 Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region West Midlands Ceremonial county West Midlands Historic county Warwickshire Admin HQ Coventry city centre Founded 1043 Founded by Leofric , Earl of Mercia Government Type Metropolitan borough Governing body Coventry City Council Executive : Labour Area City and Metropolitan borough 38.09 sq mi ( 98.64 km ) Population ( ONS mid-year estimates ) City and Metropolitan borough 352,900 ( Ranked 15th ) Density 8,050 / sq mi ( 3,108 / km ) Metro 651,600 Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC + 0 ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Postcode CV Area code ( s ) 024 ISO 3166 - 2 GB - COV ONS code 00CQ ( ONS ) E08000026 ( GSS ) OS grid reference SP335785 NUTS 3 UKG33 2015 mid-year estimate 345,385 Ethnicity ( 2011 Census ) 73.8 % White ( 66.6 % White British ) 16.3 % Asian 5.5 % Black 2.7 % Mixed Race 1.6 % Other Website Coventry Coventry ( / ˈkɒvəntri / ( listen ) ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . Historically part of Warwickshire , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 12th largest in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest city in the West Midlands region , after Birmingham , with a population of 345,385 in 2015 . Coventry is 19 miles ( 31 km ) east - southeast of Birmingham , 24 miles ( 39 km ) southwest of Leicester , 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Warwick and 95 miles ( 153 km ) northwest of central London . Coventry Cathedral was built after the destruction of the 14th century cathedral church of Saint Michael by the Luftwaffe in the Coventry Blitz of 14 November 1940 . Coventry motor companies have contributed significantly to the British motor industry . The city has two universities , Coventry University in the city centre and the University of Warwick on the southern outskirts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 City boundaries 3 Suburbs or areas 4 Places of interest 4.1 Cathedral 4.2 Cultural institutions 5 Redevelopment 6 Twinning with other cities ; `` city of peace and reconciliation '' 7 Climate 8 Education 8.1 Universities and further education colleges 8.2 Schools 9 Arts and culture 9.1 Literature and drama 9.2 Music and cinema 9.3 Customs and traditions 10 Venues 11 Media 11.1 Radio 11.2 Written media 11.3 Television news 12 Sport 12.1 Football 12.2 Rugby Union 12.3 Rugby League 12.4 Speedway 12.5 Ice hockey 12.6 Stock car racing 12.7 Cricket 12.8 Athletics 12.9 Field hockey 12.10 Other 13 Coventrians 13.1 History and politics 13.2 Science , technology and business 13.3 The arts 13.4 Sport 14 Economy 15 Transport 16 Waste management 17 Local and national government 17.1 Council affiliation 18 Demography 19 Accent 19.1 Origins 19.2 Coventry and Birmingham accents 19.3 Coventry accent on television 20 Honours 21 2008 bomb scare 22 See also 23 References 24 Further reading 25 External links History ( edit ) The coat of arms of Coventry in stained glass in Holy Trinity Church Main article : History of Coventry The Romans founded a settlement in Baginton , next to the River Sowe , and another formed around a Saxon nunnery , founded c . AD 700 by St Osburga , that was later left in ruins by King Canute 's invading Danish army in 1016 . Earl Leofric of Mercia and his wife Lady Godiva built on the remains of the nunnery and founded a Benedictine monastery in 1043 dedicated to St Mary . In time , a market was established at the abbey gates and the settlement expanded . Coventry Castle was a motte and bailey castle in the city . It was built in the early 12th century by Ranulf de Gernon , 4th Earl of Chester . Its first known use was during The Anarchy when Robert Marmion , a supporter of King Stephen , expelled the monks from the adjacent priory of Saint Mary and converted it into a fortress from which he waged a battle against the Earl . Marmion perished in the battle . It was demolished in the late 12th century and St Mary 's Guildhall was built on part of the site . It is assumed the name `` Broadgate '' comes from the area around the castle gates . By the 14th century , Coventry was an important centre of the cloth trade , and throughout the Middle Ages was one of the largest and most important cities in England . The bishops of Lichfield were often referred to as bishops of Coventry and Lichfield , or Lichfield and Coventry ( from 1102 to 1541 ) . Coventry claimed the status of a city by ancient prescriptive usage , was granted a charter of incorporation in 1345 , and in 1451 became a county in its own right . The plays that William Shakespeare witnessed in Coventry during his boyhood or ' teens ' may have influenced how his plays , such as Hamlet , came about . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Coventry became one of the three main British centres of watch and clock manufacture and ranked alongside Prescot , in Lancashire and Clerkenwell in London . As the industry declined , due mainly to competition from Swiss Made clock and watch manufacturers , the skilled pool of workers proved crucial to the setting up of bicycle manufacture and eventually the motorbike , car , machine tool and aircraft industries . In the late 19th century , Coventry became a major centre of bicycle manufacture . The industry energised by the invention by James Starley and his nephew John Kemp Starley of the Rover safety bicycle , which was safer and more popular than the pioneering penny - farthing . The company became Rover . By the early 20th century , bicycle manufacture had evolved into motor manufacture , and Coventry became a major centre of the British motor industry . The design headquarters of Jaguar Cars is in the city at their Whitley plant and although vehicle assembly ceased at the Browns Lane plant in 2004 , Jaguar 's head office returned to the city in 2011 , and is also sited in Whitley . Jaguar is owned by the Indian company , Tata Motors . A 1972 Hillman Avenger Tiger , produced in Coventry by Chrysler Competitions Department Coventry precinct with spire of ruined cathedral in the background With many of the city 's older properties becoming increasingly unfit for habitation , the first council houses were let to their tenants in 1917 . With Coventry 's industrial base continuing to soar after the end of the Great War a year later , numerous private and council housing developments took place across the city in the 1920s and 1930s . The development of a southern by - pass around the city , starting in the 1930s and being completed in 1940 , helped deliver more urban areas to the city on previously rural land . Coventry suffered severe bomb damage during the Second World War . There was a massive Luftwaffe air raid that the Germans called operation moonlight sonata that was part of the `` Coventry Blitz '' , on 14 November 1940 . Firebombing on this date led to severe damage to large areas of the city centre and to Coventry 's historic cathedral , leaving only a shell and the spire . More than 4,000 houses were damaged or destroyed , along with around three quarters of the city 's industrial plants . More than 800 people were killed , with thousands injured and homeless . Aside from London , Hull and Plymouth , Coventry suffered more damage than any other British city during the Luftwaffe attacks , with huge firestorms devastating most of the city centre . The city was probably targeted due to its high concentration of armaments , munitions , aircraft and aero - engine plants which contributed greatly to the British war effort , although there have been claims that Hitler launched the attack as revenge for the bombing of Munich by the RAF six days before the Coventry Blitz and chose the Midlands city because its medieval heart was regarded as one of the finest in Britain . Following the raids , the majority of Coventry 's historic buildings could not be saved as they were in ruinous states or were deemed unsafe for any future use . Several structures were demolished simply to make way for modern developments which saw the city centre 's buildings and road infrastructure altered almost beyond recognition by 1970 . Further housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War , partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and also to replace condemned and bomb damaged properties , including a major prefabricated housing district in south Canley which exists to this day . In the post-war years Coventry was largely rebuilt under the general direction of the Gibson Plan , gaining a new pedestrianised shopping precinct ( the first of its kind in Europe on such a scale ) and in 1962 Sir Basil Spence 's much - celebrated new St Michael 's Cathedral ( incorporating one of the world 's largest tapestries ) was consecrated . Its prefabricated steel spire ( flèche ) was lowered into place by helicopter . Major expansion to Coventry had taken place previously , in the 1920s and 1930s , to provide housing for the large influx of workers who came to work in the city 's booming factories . The areas which were expanded or created in this development included Radford , Coundon , Canley , Cheylesmore and Stoke Heath . Coventry 's motor industry boomed during the 1950s and 1960s and Coventry enjoyed a ' golden age ' . During this period the disposable income of Coventrians was amongst the highest in the country and both the sports and the arts benefited . A new sports centre , with one of the few Olympic standard swimming pools in the UK , was constructed and Coventry City Football Club reached the First Division of English Football . The Belgrade Theatre was also constructed along with the Herbert Art Gallery . Coventry 's pedestrianised Precinct shopping area came into its own and was considered one of the finest retail experiences outside London . In 1965 the new University of Warwick campus was opened to students , and rapidly became one of the country 's leading higher - education institutions . Coventry 's large industrial base made it attractive to the wave of Asian and Caribbean immigrants who arrived from Commonwealth colonies after 1948 . In 1960 , one of Britain 's first mosques -- and the very first in Coventry -- was opened on Eagle Street to serve the city 's growing Islamic community . The 1970s , however , saw a decline in the British motor industry and Coventry suffered particularly badly , especially towards the end of that decade . By the early 1980s , Coventry had one of the highest unemployment rates in the country and crime rates rose well above the national average . Some 30 years later , Coventry is now considered as one of the UK 's safer major cities and has gradually recovered economically with newer industries locating there , although the motor industry continues to decline . By 2008 , only one motor manufacturing plant was operational , that of LTI Ltd , producing the popular TX4 taxi cabs . On 17 March 2010 LTI announced they would no longer be producing bodies and chassis in Coventry , instead producing them in China and shipping them in for final assembly in Coventry . On the sporting scene , Coventry Rugby Football Club was consistently among the nation 's leading rugby football sides from the early 20th century , peaking in the 1970s and 1980s with a host of major honours and international players . Association football , on the other hand , was scarcely a claim to fame until 1967 , when Coventry City F.C. finally won promotion to the top flight of English football as champions of the Football League Second Division . They would stay among the elite for the next 34 years , reaching their pinnacle with FA Cup glory in 1987 -- the first and to date only major trophy in the club 's history . Their long stay in the top flight of English football ended in relegation in 2001 , and in 2012 they were relegated again to the third tier of English football . Highfield Road , to the east of the city centre , was Coventry City 's home for 106 years from 1899 . They finally departed from the stadium in 2005 on their relocation to the 32,600 - seat Ricoh Arena some three miles ( 4.8 kilometres ) to the north of the city centre , in the Rowleys Green district . Since 2000 , the city has also been home to one of the most successful Ice Hockey teams in the country , the Coventry Blaze who are four time Elite League champions . City boundaries ( edit ) Coventry forms the largest part of the Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area . The protected West Midlands Green Belt , which surrounds the city on all sides , has prevented the expansion of the city into both the administrative county of Warwickshire and the metropolitan borough of Solihull ( the Meriden Gap ) , and has helped to prevent the coalescence of the city with surrounding towns such as Kenilworth , Nuneaton , Leamington Spa , Warwick , Rugby and Balsall Common . Panoramic views of Coventry City Centre from the Cathedral Tower North South East West Suburbs or areas ( edit ) Alderman 's Green Allesley Allesley Green Allesley Park Ash Green Ball Hill Bannerbrook Park Bell Green Binley Bishopsgate Green Brownshill Green Canley Cannon Park Chapelfields Cheylesmore Clifford Park Copsewood Coundon Courthouse Green Daimler Green Earlsdon Eastern Green Edgwick Ernesford ( or Ernsford ) Grange Finham Fenside Foleshill Green Lane Gibbet Hill Gosford Green Great Heath Hearsall Common Henley Green Hillfields Holbrooks Keresley Little Heath Longford Mount Nod Nailcote Grange Pinley Potters Green Q Radford Spon End Stoke Stoke Heath Stoke Aldermoor Stivichall / Styvechale Tanyard Farm Tile Hill Toll Bar End U V Victoria Farm Walsgrave - on - Sowe Westwood Heath Whitley Whitmore Park Whoberley Willenhall Wood End Woodway Park Wyken Places of interest ( edit ) Cathedral ( edit ) The ruins of the old cathedral St. Michael 's Cathedral is Coventry 's best - known landmark and visitor attraction . The 14th century church was largely destroyed by German bombing during the Second World War , leaving only the outer walls and spire . At 300 feet ( 91 metres ) high , the spire of St. Michael 's is claimed to be the third tallest cathedral spire in England , after Salisbury and Norwich . Due to the architectural design ( in 1940 the tower had no internal wooden floors and a stone vault below the belfry ) it survived the destruction of the rest of the cathedral . The new Coventry Cathedral was opened in 1962 next to the ruins of the old . It was designed by Sir Basil Spence . The cathedral contains the tapestry Christ in Glory by Graham Sutherland . The bronze statue St Michael 's Victory over the Devil by Jacob Epstein is mounted on the exterior of the new cathedral near the entrance . Benjamin Britten 's War Requiem , regarded by some as his masterpiece , was written for the opening of the new cathedral . The cathedral was featured in the 2009 film Nativity ! . The spire of the ruined cathedral forms one of the `` three spires '' which have dominated the city skyline since the 14th century , the others being those of Christ Church ( of which only the spire survives ) and Holy Trinity Church ( which is still in use ) . Two of Coventry 's `` three spires '' Cultural institutions ( edit ) The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum is one of the largest cultural institutions in Coventry . Another visitor attraction in the city centre is the free - to - enter Coventry Transport Museum , which has the largest collection of British - made road vehicles in the world . The most notable exhibits are the world speed record - breaking cars , Thrust2 and ThrustSSC The museum received a refurbishment in 2004 which included the creation of a new entrance as part of the city 's Phoenix Initiative project . It was a finalist for the 2005 Gulbenkian Prize . About four miles ( 6.4 kilometres ) from the city centre and just outside Coventry in Baginton is the Lunt Fort , a reconstructed Roman fort on its original site . The Midland Air Museum is situated just within the perimeter of Coventry on land adjacent to Coventry Airport and near Baginton . Coventry was one of the main centres of watchmaking during the 18th and 19th centuries and as the industry declined , the skilled workers were key to setting up the cycle trade . A group of local enthusiasts founded a museum in Spon Street . Exhibits in Coventry Police Museum The city 's main police station in Little Park Street also hosts a museum of Coventry 's police force . The museum , based underground , is split into two sections -- one representing the history of the city 's police force , and the other compiling some of the more unusual , interesting and grisly cases from the force 's history . The museum is funded from charity donations -- viewings can be made by appointment . Coventry City Farm was a small farm in an urban setting . It was mainly to educate city children who might not get out to the countryside very often . The farm closed in 2008 due to funding problems . Redevelopment ( edit ) The `` Whittle Arch '' outside the Transport Museum , named after Sir Frank Whittle Millennium Square by night , showing the Time Zone Clock designed by Francoise Schein with the Whittle Arch soaring above Major improvements continue to regenerate the city centre . The Phoenix Initiative , which was designed by MJP Architects , reached the final shortlist for the 2004 RIBA Stirling Prize and has now won a total of 16 separate awards . It was published in the book ' Phoenix : Architecture / Art / Regeneration ' in 2004 . Further major developments are potentially afoot , particularly the Swanswell Project , which is intended to deepen Swanswell Pool and link it to Coventry Canal Basin , coupled with the creation of an urban marina and a wide Parisian - style boulevard . A possible second phase of the Phoenix Initiative is also in the offing , although both of these plans are still on the drawing - board . On 16 December 2007 , IKEA 's first city centre store in the UK was opened , in Coventry . The River Sherbourne runs under Coventry 's city centre ; the river was paved over during the rebuilding after the Second World War and is not commonly known . When the new rebuild of Coventry city centre takes place from 2017 onwards , it is planned that river will be re-opened , and a river walk way will be placed alongside it in parts of the city centre . In April 2012 , the pedestrianisation of Broadgate was completed . Twinning with other cities ; `` city of Peace and reconciliation '' ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom Coventry and Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) were the world 's first ' twin ' cities when they established a twinning relationship during the Second World War . The relationship developed through ordinary people in Coventry who wanted to show their support for the Soviet Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad . The city was also subsequently twinned with Dresden , as a gesture of peace and reconciliation following the Second World War . Each twin city country is represented in a specific ward of the city and in each ward has a peace garden dedicated to that twin city . Coventry is now twinned with 26 places across the world : City Country Year twinned Ward Graz Austria 1957 Binley & Willenhall Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 1957 Cheylesmore Pernik Bulgaria Canley Cornwall , Ontario Canada 1972 Earlsdon Granby , Quebec 1963 Windsor , Ontario 1963 Jinan China Foleshill Lidice Czech Republic 1947 Henley Ostrava 1959 Caen France 1957 Longford Saint - Étienne 1955 Dresden Germany 1959 Lower Stoke Kiel 1947 Dunaújváros Hungary 1962 Radford Kecskemét 1962 Bologna Italy 1960 Sherbourne Kingston Jamaica 1962 St Michael 's Arnhem Netherlands 1958 Upper Stoke Warsaw Poland 1957 Wainbody Cork Ireland 1958 Holbrooks Galați Romania 1962 Westwood Volgograd / Stalingrad Russia 1944 Whoberley Belgrade Serbia 1957 Woodlands Coventry , Connecticut United States 1962 Wyken Coventry , New York 1972 Coventry , Rhode Island 1971 Coventry Cathedral is notable for being one of the newest cathedrals in the world , having been built following the Second World War bombing of the ancient cathedral by the Luftwaffe . Coventry has since developed an international reputation as one of Europe 's major cities of peace and reconciliation , centred on its cathedral , and holds an annual Peace Month . John Lennon and Yoko Ono planted two acorns outside the cathedral in June 1968 to thank the city for making friends with others . Climate ( edit ) As with the rest of the British Isles and the Midlands , Coventry experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters . The nearest Met Office weather station is Coundon / Coventry Bablake . Temperature extremes recorded in Coventry range from − 18.2 ° C ( − 0.8 ° F ) in February 1947 , to 35.1 ° C ( 95.2 ° F ) in August 1990 . The lowest temperature reading of recent years was − 10.8 ° C ( 12.6 ° F ) during December 2010 . ( hide ) Climate data for Coundon / Bablake 89 metres ( 292 feet ) asl , 1971 - 2000 , Extremes 1890 - Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 16.7 ( 1.9 ) − 18.2 ( − 0.8 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 5.0 ( 23 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 16.1 ( 3 ) − 18.2 ( − 0.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 61.2 ( 2.409 ) 44.3 ( 1.744 ) 50.6 ( 1.992 ) 49.3 ( 1.941 ) 50.8 ( 2 ) 56.9 ( 2.24 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 66.3 ( 2.61 ) 59.0 ( 2.323 ) 59.4 ( 2.339 ) 58.0 ( 2.283 ) 62.3 ( 2.453 ) 667.6 ( 26.283 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.1 68.2 100.3 138.1 193.6 176.5 200.1 186.6 135.9 103.7 66.9 48.2 1,473.2 Source : Bablake weather station Education ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Coventry Universities and further education Colleges ( edit ) The Alan Berry building , Coventry University . Coventry has two universities ; Coventry University is situated on a modern city centre campus while the University of Warwick lies 3 ⁄ miles ( 5.6 kilometres ) to the south of the city centre , mostly within Coventry and straddling the border with Warwickshire . The University of Warwick is one of only five universities never to have been rated outside the top ten in terms of teaching excellence and research and is a member of the prestigious Russell Group . A team from the university won the BBC TV University Challenge trophy in April 2007 . Coventry University is one of only a handful of universities to run a degree course in automotive design in the Coventry School of Art and Design Coventry also has three further education colleges within city boundaries , City College , Henley College and Hereward College . Schools ( edit ) Many of the secondary schools in and around Coventry are specialist colleges , such as Finham Park School , which is a mathematics and IT college , a teacher training school and the only school in Coventry to offer studying the International Baccalaureate , and Coventry Blue Coat Church of England School which has recently become a specialist college of music , one of only a few in the country . Cardinal Wiseman Catholic School and Language College specialises in languages . Bishop Ullathorne RC School became a specialist college in humanities in 2006 . Woodlands School in Coventry is now also a sports college , which has a newly built sport centre . Ernesford Grange Community Academy , in the south east , is a specialist science college . Coundon Court School is a Technology College . Pattison College , a private school opened in 1949 , specialises in the performing arts . There is also Caludon Castle School , a business and enterprise school , which has been rebuilt over 2005 -- 07 . Exhall Grange School and Science College is in the north of the city , although , its catchment area is north Warwickshire . There is also Cardinal Newman Catholic School and Community College . Coventry has a variety of schools : Two of the oldest secondary schools being President Kennedy School and Community College founded in 1966 and located in the north - west of Coventry ( currently undergoing rebuilding work ) and Sidney Stringer Academy which is located in the centre of the city . It is a co-educational school and has moved into a larger building costing £ 28 million . The Coventry School Foundation comprises the independent schools King Henry VIII School and Bablake School together with King Henry VIII Preparatory School . The Woodlands School , which is an all - boys ' school , and Tile Hill Wood School are the only single - sex schools left in Coventry . However , their sixth forms have merged to form the `` West Coventry 6th Form '' . The Westwood Academy joined in 2013 and lessons take place in mixed classes on all three sites . The Westwood Academy , which is a Technology College , is close to the University of Warwick . It is the only school in Coventry that is a CISCO Academy and has links with other educational establishments , industry and the local community . Sherbourne Fields School is an educational special needs school for young people with physical disabilities and is located in the Coundon area . It opened in the 1960s and there are now discussions as to whether to close this school . Arts and culture ( edit ) Godiva Festival , a major event on the Coventry arts and culture calendar Literature and drama ( edit ) The poet Philip Larkin was born and brought up in Coventry , where his father was the City Treasurer . During the early 19th century , Coventry was well - known due to author George Eliot who was born near Nuneaton . The city was the model for her famous novel Middlemarch ( 1871 ) . The Coventry Carol is named after the city of Coventry . It was a carol performed in the play The Pageant of the Shearman and Tailors , written in the 15th century as one of the Coventry Cycle Mystery Plays . These plays depicted the nativity story , the lyrics of the Coventry Carol referring to the Annunciation to the Massacre of the Innocents , which was the basis of the Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors . These plays were traditionally performed on the steps of the ( old ) cathedral , and the plays are believed to have been performed for both Richard III in 1484 and Henry VII in 1584 . The Belgrade Theatre brought back the Coventry Mystery Plays in 2000 to mark the city 's millennium celebrations : the theatre now produces the Mystery Plays every three years . The Belgrade Theatre was Britain 's first purpose - built civic theatre , opened in 1958 . In 1965 the world 's first Theatre - in - Education ( TiE ) company was formed to develop theatre as a way of inspiring learning in schools . The TiE movement spread worldwide , the theatre still offers a number of programmes for young people across Coventry and has been widely recognised as a leader in the field . It was reopened in 2007 following a period of refurbishment . Novelist Graham Joyce , winner of the O Henry Award is from Keresley . His World Fantasy Award - winning novel `` The Facts Of Life '' is set in Coventry during the blitz and in the post-war rebuilding period . The playwright Alan Pollock was brought up in Coventry . Other playwrights associated with the city include Nick Walker and Chris O'Connell - founder of the city 's Theatre Absolute . Music and cinema ( edit ) During the late - 1970s and early 80s , Coventry was the centre of the Two Tone musical phenomenon , with bands such as the Specials and the Selecter coming from the city , spawning several major hit singles and albums . The Specials achieved two UK number 1 hit singles between 1979 -- 81 , namely `` Too Much Too Young '' and `` Ghost Town '' . Coventry has a range of music events including an international jazz programme , the Coventry Jazz Festival , and the Godiva Festival . On the Saturday of the Godiva Festival , a carnival parade starts in the city centre and makes its way to War Memorial Park where the festival is held . In the film The Italian Job , the famous scene of Mini Coopers being driven at speed through Turin 's sewers was actually filmed in Coventry , using what were then the country 's biggest sewer pipes , that were accessible because they were being installed . More recently various locations in Coventry have been used in the BAFTA nominated film The Bouncer starring Ray Winstone , All in the Game , also starring Ray Winstone ( Ricoh Arena ) , the medical TV series Angels ( Walsgrave Hospital ) , the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances ( Stoke Aldermoor and Binley Woods districts ) and in August 2006 scenes from `` The Shakespeare Code '' , an episode of the third series of Doctor Who , were filmed in the grounds of Ford 's Hospital . The 2013 ITV comedy - drama Love and Marriage was also set in the city . Coventry is home to three major feature films the Nativity ! franchise which are all shot and set in the city . These Christmas films have all reached top box office spots on their release in UK cinemas . Their writer and director the Bafta award - winning Debbie Isitt is resident in the city . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Coventry Godcakes are a regional delicacy , originating from the 14th century and still baked today . Venues ( edit ) Warwick Arts Centre in Warwick University Campus Theatre , art and music venues in Coventry include : Warwick Arts Centre : situated at the University of Warwick , Warwick Arts Centre includes an art gallery , a theatre , a concert hall and a cinema . Warwick Art Centre is the largest art centre in the Midlands , and it is the second largest arts centre in the UK , after London 's Barbican . Albany Theatre : is the city 's main community theatre . It is housed at what used to be the Butts Centre of City College Coventry . Known as the Butts or College Theatre , it closed in 2009 with the sale of the college to private developers . The theatre re-opened in 2013 as the Albany Theatre , as part of the Premier Inn hotel on the site of the former Butts Technical College and is run as a charitable trust with support from the Council . Belgrade Theatre : one of the largest producing theatres in Britain , the 858 - seat Belgrade was the first civic theatre to be opened in the UK following the Second World War . The theatre underwent a huge redevelopment and reopened in September 2007 ; in addition to refurbishing the existing theatre the redevelopment included a new 250 - seat studio auditorium known as B2 , a variety of rehearsal spaces and an exhibition space that traces the history of theatre in Coventry . Also currently being built is the Belgrade Plaza . Ricoh Arena : located 3 ⁄ miles ( 5.6 kilometres ) north of the city centre , the 32,600 capacity Wasps RFC and Coventry City F.C. stadium is also used to hold major rock concerts for some of the world 's biggest acts , including Oasis , Bon Jovi , Lady Gaga , Rod Stewart , Kings of Leon and the Red Hot Chili Peppers . It was also one of the venues chosen for the footballing events at the 2012 Olympic Games . The adjacent Jaguar Exhibition Hall is a 6,000 - seat events venue for hosting a multitude of other acts . SkyDome Arena , which is a 3,000 capacity sports auditorium , and has played host to artists such as Girls Aloud , Paul Oakenfold , Judge Jules and Paul Morrell . It is the home ground for Coventry Blaze ice hockey club , and has also hosted professional wrestling events from WWE , TNA and Pro Wrestling Noah War Memorial Park -- known by locals simply as the Memorial Park -- which holds various festivals including the Godiva Festival and the Coventry Caribbean Festival , every year . Butts Park Arena , home of Coventry Rugby Football Club , holds music concerts occasionally . Kasbah nightclub , Hillfields . It was renamed after refurbishment in 2007 , but is sometimes referred to by its previous name , ' Colosseum ' . By older Coventrians , it is still remembered as the Orchid Ballroom . Criterion Theatre , a small theatre , in Earlsdon . Coombe Country Park , although outside the city boundary , Coventry City Council 's only country park . Media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) The local radio stations include : BBC Coventry & Warwickshire : 94.8 FM The New Touch FM 96.2 Free Radio Coventry and Warwickshire ( formally known as Mercia Sound and Mercia FM ) : 97.0 FM Free Radio 80s : 1359am The Hillz FM : 98.6 FM Radio Plus : 101.5 FM Coventry Hospital Radio serves the patients and visitors of University Hospital Coventry . RadioPunj , Asian Radio 1521AM Written Media ( edit ) The main local newspapers are : Coventry Telegraph : a paid for newspaper printed Monday to Saturday , owned by Trinity Mirror . Television News ( edit ) The city is covered on regional TV News by : BBC Midlands Today ITV News Central Sport ( edit ) The Ricoh Arena Club Sport Founded League Venue Coventry City F.C. Football 1883 Football League Two Ricoh Arena Wasps RFC Rugby union 1867 English Premiership Ricoh Arena Coventry R.F.C. Rugby union 1874 National League One Butts Park Arena Coventry Bears Rugby league 1998 League 1 Butts Park Arena Coventry Bees Speedway 1928 SGB Premiership Brandon Stadium Coventry Storm Speedway 2013 National League Brandon Stadium Coventry Blaze Ice hockey 2000 Elite Ice Hockey League SkyDome Arena Broadstreet R.F.C. Rugby union 1929 National League 2 ( North ) Ivor Preece Field Coventry Jets American Football 2003 BAFA National Leagues Coventry Sphinx Sports and Social Club Coventry Sphinx F.C. Football 1946 Midland Football League Premier Division Coventry Sphinx Sports and Social Club Coventry United F.C. Football 2013 Midland Football League Division 1 Coventry Sphinx Sports and Social Club Football ( edit ) The only professional football team representing the city are Coventry City F.C. , formed in 1883 as `` Singers F.C. '' . Nicknamed the Sky Blues , the club competes in Football League Two ( fourth tier of English football ) , but spent 34 years from 1967 to 2001 in the top tier of English football , winning the FA Cup in 1987 . They were founder members of the Premier League in 1992 . Their stadium is the 32,600 capacity Ricoh Arena , which opened in the Foleshill district of the city in 2005 . The 2013 -- 14 season saw the football club begin a ground share with Northampton Town F.C. at Sixfields Stadium , Northampton , which lasted until their return to the Ricoh Arena in September 2014 . Aside from Coventry City F.C. there are several other clubs in the city playing non-league football . Coventry Sphinx , Alvis Sporting Club , Coventry Copsewood and Coventry United all play in the Midland Football League . Both Coventry University and the University of Warwick compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) football competitions . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the Coventry University men 's 1st team compete in BUCS Midlands 1a , while the University of Warwick men 's 1st team compete in BUCS Midlands 2a . Both institutions ' women 's 1st teams both play in BUCS Midlands 2a . Rugby union ( edit ) At the beginning of the 2014 -- 15 season , there were 13 clubs based in Coventry , playing at various levels of the English rugby union system . However , on 21 December 2014 , this rose to 14 , when Aviva Premiership club Wasps played their first home game at the Ricoh Arena , completing their relocation to the city . This followed Wasps ' purchase of Arena Coventry Limited ( the company which runs the Ricoh Arena ) . The club announced that they will build a new ' state of the art ' training complex in the area by 2016 . Coventry Rugby Football Club play in National League 1 , the third tier of the English rugby union system . The club enjoyed national success during the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , with many of its players playing for their countries , notable players include Ivor Preece , Peter Jackson , David Duckham , Fran Cotton and Danny Grewcock . From 1921 to 2004 the club played at Coundon Road Stadium . Their current home ground is the Butts Park Arena , which was opened in 2004 . Broadstreet R.F.C are the only other club to play in a ' National league ' , currently playing in National Division 2 North . There are a further 11 clubs playing in the Midland divisions of the English Rugby Union system . As of April 2015 , they will include Barkers Butts RFC , Dunlop RFC , Earlsdon RFC , Pinley , Old Coventrians , Coventrians , Coventry Welsh , Stoke Old Boys RFC , Copsewood RFC , Keresley RFC , and Trinity Guild RFC . Both Coventry University and the University of Warwick compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) Rugby competitions . Rugby League ( edit ) Coventry Bears are the major rugby league team in the city . As of the 2015 season , the Bears will compete in the Kingstone Press League 1 , as a fully professional team in the third tier of Rugby League . They play their matches at the Butts Park Arena In 2002 , the Bears won the Rugby League Conference , and took the step up to the national leagues . In 2004 , they won the National Division 3 title and have appeared in the Challenge Cup . In 2015 the Bears entered their reserve team into the Conference League South league , a level below the first team under the name Coventry Bears Reserves playing home games at the Xcel Leisure Centre Both Coventry University and the University of Warwick compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) Midlands 1a competition . Speedway ( edit ) The Coventry Bees are based at Brandon Stadium ( also known as Coventry Stadium ) . The stadium is located just outside the city in the village of Brandon , Warwickshire ( 6 miles ( 9.7 kilometres ) to the east of the city ) . The stadium has operated both sides of the Second World War . Before the Second World War speedway also operated for a short time at Foleshill Stadium , off Lythalls Lane in the city . Between 1998 and 2000 , Coventry Stadium hosted the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain . The Bees started in 1948 and have operated continuously ever since . They started out in the National League Division Three before moving up to the Second Division and , later to the top flight . They have operated at this level ever since ( currently known as the SGB Premiership ) . The Bees have been crowned League Champions on 9 occasions ( 1953 , 1968 , 1978 , 1979 , 1987 , 1988 , 2005 , 2007 and 2010 ) . Amongst the top speedway riders who have represented Coventry teams are Tom Farndon , Jack Parker , Arthur Forrest , Nigel Boocock , Kelvin Tatum , Chris Harris , Emil Sayfutdinov and World Champions Ole Olsen , Hans Nielsen , Greg Hancock , Billy Hamill and Jack Young . In 2007 , the Bees won the domestic speedway treble of Elite League , Knock - out Cup and Craven Shield , while Chris Harris won both the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and the British Championship . The Bees retained the Craven Shield in 2008 , and Chris Harris added further British Championship victories in both 2009 and 2010 . The Elite League Championship Trophy returned to Brandon in 2010 when the Bees convincingly beat Poole Pirates in the play - off finals . The Coventry Storm , an offshoot of the senior team , currently compete in the National League . Ice Hockey ( edit ) The Coventry Blaze ( currently known as the Genting Casino Coventry Blaze , for sponsorship reasons ) are one of the founding team of the Elite Ice Hockey League . They compete in the Erhardt Conference and play their matches at the SkyDome Arena . In 2002 -- 2003 , they won the British National League and Playoffs . They have won the Elite League Championship four times ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 and 2010 ) . The team has twice won the British Challenge Cup , in 2005 & 2007 . The 2004 -- 05 EIHL season saw the club win the Grandslam ( namely the Championship , the Challenge Cup and the Playoffs ) . To date , they remain the only team since the formation of the Elite League to achieve this feat . The club remains the most successful club in the Elite League era . The club also run a successful academy system , developing the young players of Coventry , Warwickshire and beyond . The NIHL Coventry Blaze , an offshoot of the senior team and official affiliate of the Blaze , currently compete in the National Ice Hockey League . The Coventry Phoenix are the city 's only women 's team ; currently competing in Division One ( North ) of the British Women 's Leagues . There are also several recreational ice hockey teams ( male and female ) that play in the city . The Coventry and Warwick Panthers are members of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association . The ' A ' team compete in `` Checking 1 South '' , ' B ' in `` Non-Checking 1 South '' and ' C ' in `` Non-Checking 2 South '' . Stock car racing ( edit ) Coventry Stadium has held BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars since 1954 , the longest serving track in the UK to race continuously . The first meeting was held on 30 June 1954 , the first heat being won by Percy ' Hellcat ' Brine , he also won the meeting Final . Up to the end of 2013 the stadium had held 483 BriSCA F1 meetings . It has held the BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars World Championship many times since 1960 . Cricket ( edit ) The city 's current leading cricket club is Coventry and North Warwickshire Cricket Club . Its 1st and 2nd cricket XIs were , as of 2014 , in the Birmingham and District Premier League 2nd and 1st Divisions respectively . The cricket teams play their home games at the club 's ground in Binley Road , Coventry . Historically , First class county games were played by Warwickshire at the Courtaulds Ground from 1949 up to 1982 . After Courtaulds ground was closed , Warwickshire played several games at Coventry and North Warwickshire Cricket Club at Binley Road . Athletics ( edit ) The Coventry Godiva Harriers , established in 1879 are the leading athletics club in the area . The club has numerous athletes competing for championships both nationally and internationally . Notable members ( past and present ) include : Basil Heatley ; former world record holder for the Marathon and Silver medalist in the 1964 Summer Olympics . David Moorcroft ; Gold medalist in the 1500m at the 1978 Commonwealth Games and in the 5000m at the 1982 Commonwealth Games . He is the former World 5000m record holder and still holds the British 3000m record . Marlon Devonish ; individually in his senior career , he won Gold for the 200m at the 2003 World Indoor Championship and silver at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . However , he has had great success as a relay runner in the 4 × 100 m , winning Gold medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 1998 Commonwealth Games , 2002 Commonwealth Games and the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He also won bronze at World and European level at both his distances . Field Hockey ( edit ) A field hockey club in the city is Coventry & North Warwickshire Hockey Club , which was established in 1895 . Based at the Coventry University Sports Ground , the club runs 4 men 's and two ladies ' sides , as well as a junior section . The men 's first XI currently compete in Midlands Division 1 of the Midland Regional Hockey Association ( MHRA ) , while the ladies ' first XI compete in Warwickshire Women 's Hockey League Division 1 . Other teams in the city include : Sikh Union : Men 's 1st XI - ( MHRA West Midlands Premier ) Berkswell & Balsall Common Men 's 1st XI - ( MHRA East Midlands 1 ) ; Women 's 1st XI - ( Warwickshire Women 's Hockey League Division 2 ) The University of Warwick field men 's teams both in the MHRA and the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) hockey competitions . They compete in MHRA Midlands 2 and in BUCS Midlands 2b . The women 's first XI compete in BUCS Midlands 3a . Coventry University men 's first XI play in BUCS Midlands 3b , while the women 's first XI compete in BUCS Midlands 2a . Other ( edit ) In 2005 , Coventry became the first city in the UK to host the International Children 's Games and three of the city sports teams won significant honours . The Blaze won the treble consisting of Elite League , playoff and Challenge Cup ; the Jets won the BAFL Division 2 championship and were undefeated all season ; and the Bees won the Elite League playoffs . Coventrians ( edit ) Statue of Lady Godiva Statue commemorating James Starley History and politics ( edit ) Coventry is well known for the legendary 11th century exploits of Lady Godiva who rode through the city naked on horseback in protest at high taxes being levied on the cityfolk by her husband Leofric , Earl of Mercia . The residents of the city were commanded to look away as she rode , but one man did not and was allegedly struck blind . He became known as Peeping Tom thus originating a new idiom , or metonym , in English . There is a Grade II * listed statue of her in the city centre , which for 18 years had been underneath a Cathedral Lanes shopping centre canopy , removed in October 2008 . There is also a bust of Peeping Tom looking out across Hertford Street shopping precinct , and overlooking Broadgate and the statue of Godiva is a clock where , at every hour , Lady Godiva appears on her horse while being watched by Peeping Tom . The Labour politician Mo Mowlam was educated in Coventry ; trade union organiser Tom Mann and National Socialist Movement leader Colin Jordan also came from the city . The statesman and founder of modern Australia , Sir Henry Parkes , was born in Canley in 1815 . Science , Technology and business ( edit ) Coventry has been the home to several pioneers in science and engineering . Samuel Courtauld and Co Ltd 's director H.G. Tetley chose Foleshill in Coventry in 1904 as the site of the world 's first man - made fibre factory which produced an `` artificial silk '' later known as viscose rayon . In 1987 , also in Foleshill , Courtaulds Research produced the world 's first solvent - spun cellulose fibres Tencel . Sir Frank Whittle , the inventor of the jet engine , was from the city , as was the inventor James Starley , instrumental in the development of the bicycle and his nephew J.K. Starley , who worked alongside his uncle and went on to found car company Rover . Cyborg scientist Kevin Warwick is also a Coventrian , as is Sir John Egan , industrialist and former Chief Executive of Jaguar Cars . Sir Frederick Gibberd , architect and designer , was born in Coventry , and amongst the buildings for which he is best known are Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral and Didcot Power Station . Donald Trelford , journalist and academic , was born in Coventry and attended Bablake School . He was editor of The Observer newspaper from 1975 to 1993 . Born in Coventry , former King Henry VIII Grammar School pupil Paul Connew became editor of the Sunday Mirror and deputy editor of the Daily Mirror and News of The World -- he is now Director of Communications at the children 's charity Sparks . The arts ( edit ) Dame Ellen Terry , one of the greatest Shakespearian actors , was born in Coventry in 1847 . Other Coventrians in the arts include the poet Philip Larkin , actors Charles Kay , Billie Whitelaw , Nigel Hawthorne , Brendan Price and Clive Owen , authors Cyril Connolly , Graham Joyce , Lee Child and Mark Barrowcliffe , and playwrights Chris O'Connell and Alan Pollock and The Inbetweeners actress Tamla Kari Notable musicians originated in Coventry , including Frank Ifield , Vince Hill , Delia Derbyshire , Jerry Dammers , Terry Hall , Neville Staple , Hazel O'Connor , Clint Mansell , Julianne Regan , Lee Dorrian , Jen Ledger of Skillet , VJ Paul King , Taz ( lead singer of the band Stereo Nation ) , and Panjabi MC. 2 Tone music developed in and around Coventry in the 1970s and two of the genre 's most notable bands , The Specials and The Selecter are both from the city . Other Coventry bands include Bolt Thrower , Coventry Automatics , The Primitives , Adorable , Fun Boy Three , The Colourfield , King , Jigsaw , The Sorrows , and The Enemy . Record producer Pete Waterman is from the city and is president of Coventry Bears . Broadcaster Brian Matthew , theatre producer Dominic Madden , comedian and writer Emma Fryer and adult model Debee Ashby are Coventrians , as were comedian Reg Dixon and ventriloquist Dennis Spicer . Former Sky Sports broadcaster Richard Keys is a Coventrian , a product of Whitley Abbey School . The fashion model Neelam Gill is also from Coventry . Sport ( edit ) Notable Coventrian in sports include speedway rider Tom Farndon ; Davis Cup tennis player Tony Mottram ; footballers Kenneth Hegan , Reg Matthews , Bobby Gould , Graham Alexander , Gary McSheffrey and Callum Wilson ; cricketers Tom Cartwright and Ian Bell MBE ; rugby union players Ivor Preece , Keith Fairbrother , David Duckham MBE , Neil Back MBE , Danny Grewcock MBE , Geoff Evans , Andy Goode , Shane Geraghty and Tom Wood ; motor - cyclist Cal Crutchlow ; golfer Dame Laura Davies DBE ; sprinter Marlon Devonish MBE ; distance runners Brian Kilby and David Moorcroft OBE ; darts player Steve Beaton ; Boxer Errol Christie grew up in Coventry . Economy ( edit ) Coventry 's skyline ( view from the footbridge over the railway by Central 6 shopping centre ) . The three spires are : Holy Trinity ( left ) , remaining spire of the ruined ( bombed ) cathedral and the remaining spire of the ruined Christ Church ( right ) . Historically Coventry was the most important seat of ribbon - making in the UK . In this industry it competed locally with Norwich and Leicester and internationally with St Etienne in France . Coventry has been a centre of motor and cycle manufacturing from 1896 . Starting with Coventry Motette , The Great Horseless Carriage Company , Swift Motor Company , Humber , Hillman , Riley , Francis - Barnett and Daimler and the Triumph motorcycle having its origins in 1902 in a Coventry factory . The Massey - Ferguson tractor factory was situated on Banner Lane , Tile Hill , until it closed in the late 1990s . Although the motor industry has declined almost to the point of extinction , the Jaguar company has retained its corporate headquarters in the city ( at Whitley ) and an Advanced R&D team at the University of Warwick , and Peugeot still have a large parts centre in Humber Road . The famous London black cab taxis are produced in Coventry by LTI and these are now the only vehicles still wholly built in Coventry . The manufacture of machine tools was once a major industry in Coventry . Alfred Herbert Ltd became one of the largest machine tool companies in the world . In later years the company faced competition from foreign machine tool builders and ceased trading in 1983 . Other Coventry machine tool manufacturers included A.C. Wickman , and Webster & Bennett . The last Coventry machine tool manufacturer was Matrix Churchill which was forced to close in the wake of the Iraqi Supergun ( Project Babylon ) scandal . Coventry 's main industries include : cars , electronic equipment , machine tools , agricultural machinery , man - made fibres , aerospace components and telecommunications equipment . In recent years , the city has moved away from manufacturing industries towards business services , finance , research , design and development , creative industries as well as logistics and leisure . This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Coventry at current basic prices by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling : Year Regional Gross Value Added Agriculture Industry Services 1995 3,407 1,530 1,874 2000 4,590 1,873 2,714 2003 5,103 1,529 3,572 Notes : Components may not sum to totals due to rounding Includes hunting and forestry Includes energy and construction Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured Transport ( edit ) Coventry railway station Coventry Canal Basin Coventry is near the M6 , M69 , M45 and M40 motorways . The M45 , which is situated a few miles to the south - east of the city , was opened in 1959 as a spur to the original section of the M1 motorway , which linked London with the midlands . This was in effect the first motorway to serve Coventry , as the section of the M6 north of the city did not open until 1971 , and the M69 between Coventry and Leicester opened five years after that . The M40 is more than 10 miles ( 16 kilometres ) south of the city centre , south of Warwick , and gives the city 's residents an alternate dual carriageway and motorway route to London . It is served by the A45 and A46 dual carriageways . The A45 originally passed through the centre of the city , but was re-routed in the 1930s on the completion of the Coventry Southern Bypass , with west - bound traffic heading in the direction of Birmingham and east - bound traffic in the direction of Northampton . The A46 was re-routed to the east of the city in 1989 on the completion of the Coventry Eastern Bypass , which directly leads to the M6 / M69 interchange . To the south , it gives a direct link to the M40 , making use of the existing Warwick and Kenilworth Bypasses . Coventry has an inner ring road which was completed in the early 1970s and Phoenix Way , a dual - carriageway running north -- south completed in 1995 , linking the city centre with the M6 motorway . Coventry railway station is served by the West Coast Main Line , with services provide by Virgin Trains , London Midland and CrossCountry . It has rail services between London and Birmingham ( and stations beyond ) . It is also served by railway lines to Nuneaton via Bedworth . There is a line linking it to Leamington Spa and onwards to the south coast . Coventry has two suburban railway stations in Canley and in Tile Hill . A new rail station serving the north of city on the Coventry to Nuneaton Line ) opened in January 2016 . Bus operators in Coventry include National Express Coventry , Travel de Courcey and Stagecoach in Warwickshire . Pool Meadow Bus Station is the main bus and coach interchange in the city centre . Coventry has a single Park and Ride service from War Memorial Park served by Stagecoach in Warwickshire . The nearest major airports are Birmingham International Airport , some 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the west of the city and Coventry Airport in Baginton , located 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of the city centre . The Coventry Canal terminates near the city centre at Coventry Canal Basin and is navigable for 38 miles ( 61 km ) to Fradley Junction in Staffordshire . Waste management ( edit ) Coventry has an energy from waste incinerator which burns rubbish from both Coventry and Solihull , producing electricity for the National Grid and some hot water that is used locally through the Heatline project . Rubbish is still put into landfill . Many areas of Coventry have kerb - side plastic , metal ( tins and cans ) , and paper recycling . Garden - green rubbish is collected and composted . Waste materials can be taken to the recycling depot , which is adjacent to the incineration unit . There are recycling points throughout the City for paper , glass recycling and metal / tin can recycling . In October 2006 , Coventry City Council signed the Nottingham Declaration , joining 130 other UK councils in committing to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the council and to help the local community do the same . Local and National government ( edit ) The Council House , Coventry Traditionally a part of Warwickshire ( although it was a county in its own right for 400 years ) , Coventry became an independent county borough in 1889 . It later became a metropolitan district of the West Midlands county under the Local Government Act ( 1974 ) , even though it was entirely separate to the Birmingham conurbation area ( this is why Coventry appears to unnaturally `` jut out '' into Warwickshire on political maps of the UK ) . In 1986 , the West Midlands County Council was abolished and Coventry became administered as an effective unitary authority in its own right . Coventry is administered by Coventry City Council , controlled since 2010 by the Labour Party , led since May 2016 by George Duggins . The city is divided up into 18 Wards each with three councillors . The chairman of the council is the Lord Mayor , who has a casting vote . Certain local services are provided by West Midlands wide agencies including the West Midlands Police , the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands ( Centro ) which is responsible for public transport . In 2006 , Coventry and Warwickshire Ambulance Service was merged with the West Midlands Ambulance Service . The Warwickshire and Northamptonshire Air Ambulance service is based at Coventry Airport in Baginton . Coventry is represented in Parliament by three MPs all of whom are Labour . These are : Colleen Fletcher -- ( Coventry North East ) Jim Cunningham -- ( Coventry South ) Geoffrey Robinson -- ( Coventry North West ) Up until 1997 , Coventry was represented by four Members of Parliament , whereupon the Coventry South West and Coventry South East constituencies were merged to form Coventry South . On Thursday 19 May 2016 , Councillor Lindsley Harvard was inaugurated Lord Mayor of Coventry for 2016 - 2017 as Coventry 's 65th Lord Mayor . Councillor Lindsley Harvard has been a Labour Councillor serving on the Council for 14 years , for Earlsdon Ward ( 1996 - 2000 ) and for Longford Ward since 2006 . On Thursday 19 May 2016 , Councillor Tony Skipper was inaugurated as the Deputy Lord Mayor of Coventry for 2016 - 2017 . He has been a Labour councillor since 1995 ; representing Earlsdon Ward between 1995 - 2001 and then Radford Ward since 2001 . The Bishop of Coventry is Christopher John Cocksworth , who was consecrated on 3 July 2008 . Council affiliation ( edit ) In May 2016 , it was as follows Party Number of councillors Labour Party 39 Conservative Party 14 Independent Demography ( edit ) Main article : Demography of Coventry Racial structure , according to the 2011 census White ( 73.8 % ) Asian ( 16.3 % ) Black ( 5.5 % ) Mixed ( 2.7 % ) Arab ( 0.6 % ) Other ( 1.0 % ) Coventry ethnicity demographics from the 2011 census Ethnicity Population White ( British , Irish , Other ) 234,029 Asian ( Bangladeshi , Chinese , Indian , Pakistani , Other ) 51,598 Black ( African , Caribbean , Other ) 17,764 Mixed ( White & Asian , White & Black African , White & Black Caribbean , Other ) 8,230 Arab 2,020 Other 3,319 Coventry has an ethnic minority population which represented 33.4 % of the population at the 2011 census . The ethnic minority population is concentrated in the Foleshill and the St. Michael 's wards . Islam is the largest non-Christian religion , but the composition of the ethnic minority population is not typical of the UK with significant numbers of other South Asians . Both Sikh and Hindu religions are represented significantly higher than in the rest of the West Midlands in general . 66.6 % identify as White British , compared to 79.2 % in the West Midlands Region and 79.8 % in England . 33.4 % identify as non-White British , compared to 20.8 % in the West Midlands Region and 20.2 % in England . The non-White British population identifies as follows : 7.2 % as Other White ( White Irish , Irish Traveller and White Other , including mostly other Europeans ) , compared to 3.6 % in the West Midlands Region and 5.7 % in England . 2.7 % identify as Mixed / Multiple - ethnic group , compared to 2.4 % in the West Midlands Region and 2.2 % in England . 16.3 % identify as Asian / Asian British ( including Indian , Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Chinese and other South Asian groups ) , compared to 10.8 % in the West Midlands Region and 7.7 % in England ; . 5.5 % identify as Black / Black British ( including Black African , Black Caribbean and other black ) , compared to 3.2 % in the West Midlands Region and 3.4 % in England . 1.6 % identify as Other ( including Arab and others ) , compared to 0.9 % in the West Midlands Region and 1.0 % in England . Coventry has a large student population ( approximately 15,000 are non-UK ) who are in the UK for 12 months or longer that are included in these figures . Figures from the Coventry Inspires Image Group state ' Ethnic Minorities ' at 13 per cent . Religion in Coventry ( 2011 census ) Religion Percent ( % ) Christian 53.7 % No religion 23.0 % Muslim 7.5 % Undeclared 6.4 % Sikh 5.0 % Hindu 3.5 % Buddhist 0.3 % Jewish 0.1 % Other 0.5 % Year Total population 1801 21,853 1851 48,120 1901 88,107 1911 117,958 1921 144,197 1931 176,303 1941 214,380 1951 260,685 1961 296,016 1971 336,136 1981 310,223 1991 305,342 300,844 2007 306,700 2009 309,800 310,500 2011 316,960 2013 329,810 2014 337,428 2015 345,385 Coventry religious demographics from the 2011 census Religion Population Christian 170,090 No Religion 72,896 Muslim 23,665 Undeclared 20,327 Sikh 15,912 Hindu 11,152 Buddhist 1,067 Jewish 210 Other 1,641 According to the 2011 Census , 53.7 % ( 170,090 ) of residents identified themselves as Christian making Christianity the largest followed religion in the city . Islam was the second most followed religion with 7.5 % ( 23,665 ) of residents identifying with the religion . 5.0 % ( 15,912 ) of Coventry 's population were Sikh , disproportionately larger than the national average in England of 0.8 % . Hindus made up 3.5 % ( 11,152 ) of the resident population followed by Buddhists at 0.3 % ( 1,067 ) and Jews at 0.1 % ( 210 ) respectively . The adherents of other religions made up 0.5 % ( 1,641 ) of the city 's population . Almost a quarter of Coventry residents , 23.0 % ( 72,896 ) , identified themselves as having no religion and 6.4 % did not declare any religion . Accent ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Coventry in a linguistic sense looks both ways , towards both the ' West ' and ' East ' Midlands . One thousand years ago , the extreme west of Warwickshire , what today we would designate Birmingham and the Black Country was then separated from Coventry and east Warwickshire by the forest of Arden , with resulting inferior means of communication . The west Warwickshire settlements too were smaller in comparison to Coventry which , by the 14th century , was England 's third city . Even as far back as Anglo - Saxon times Coventry -- situated as it was , close to Watling Street -- was a trading and market post between King Alfred 's Saxon Mercia and Danelaw England with a consequent merging of dialects . Coventry and Birmingham accents ( edit ) Phonetically the accent of Coventry is similar to Northern English in that it does not have the trap - bath split , so cast is pronounced / kæst / rather than / kɑːst / . Yet the clipped , flatter vowels in the accent also contain traces of Estuary English ( T - glottaling ) , increasingly so amongst the young since 1950 . One notable feature which television producers have been apt to overlook is the distinction between Coventry and Birmingham accents . In Birmingham and the Black Country ' Old ' and ' cold ' may be pronounced as `` owd '' and `` cowd '' , this linguistic feature stops starkly as one moves beyond Solihull in the general direction of Coventry , a possible approximation of the ' Arden Forest ' divide perhaps . Yet accents alter briskly in this particular part of the Midlands , North Warwickshire ( Bedworth & Nuneaton ) displays increased East Midlands dialect features . Then again , just to the south , the general Southern English feature of the longer ' a ' in words such as `` bath '' and `` path '' ( becoming like the nonce words `` barth '' and `` parth '' as pronounced in a non-rhotic accent ) starts to occur regardless of class or geodemographic grouping across an east to west band of settlements somewhere between Southam and Banbury , positioning Coventry right at the edge of England 's phonetic crossroads . Coventry accent on television ( edit ) Dramatic representations on film have been very uneven down the years , ranging from Yorkshire sounding builders visiting the Queen Vic in EastEnders ( 1987 ) to Black Country sounding factory workers in the Jeffrey Archer adaptation ' First Among Equals ' ( 1984 ) . The BBC 's 2009 documentary The Bombing of Coventry contained useful phonetic data on the ' Coventry Accent ' in the form of interviews with Coventrians . A recent performance from the actress Becci Gemmell , playing Coventry character Joyce in the BBC drama Land Girls , also gave a more accurate phonetic representation of the accent . Honours ( edit ) A minor planet , 3009 Coventry , discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1973 , is named after the city . 2008 bomb scare ( edit ) The city was bombed many times during the Second World War by the Luftwaffe . These bombs were often abandoned if they fell in areas of little significant importance to the war effort , and continue to be found during construction work to this day . Many old bombs were found to still be viable explosive devices . On 12 March 2008 , an unexploded Second World War Luftwaffe bomb was discovered in Coventry 's city centre . Police said the device seemed genuine but it was not clear if it was live . A cordon of 500 metres ( 1,600 feet ) was enforced . In an ironic coincidence the finding of the bomb led to a performance of `` One Night in November '' , a play about the Blitz , being cancelled . A Royal Engineers bomb disposal team conducted a controlled explosion early on the morning of 13 March 2008 . See also ( edit ) Coventry Castle Grade I listed buildings in Coventry Healthcare in West Midlands Send to Coventry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas '' . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK population estimates '' . ONS . Retrieved 30 June 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Census : Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales '' . ONS . Retrieved 25 December 2012 Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ; Hartman , James ; Setter , Jane ; Jones , Daniel , eds. ( 2006 ) . Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 17th ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68086 - 8 . Jump up ^ List of English districts by population based on ONS mid-year population estimates for 2015 : Coventry is the 9th - largest city in England and the 12th - largest city in the UK proper with a 2015 population of 345,385 . This is after London ( 1st ) , Birmingham ( 2nd : 1,111,307 ) , Leeds ( 3rd : 774,060 ) , Glasgow ( Scotland ) ( 4th : 599,650 ) , Sheffield ( 5th 569,737 ) , Bradford ( 6th : 531,176 ) , Manchester ( 7th : 530,292 ) , Edinburgh ( Scotland ) ( 8th : 498,810 ) , Liverpool ( 9th : 478,580 ) , Bristol ( 10th , 449,328 ) , Cardiff ( Wales ) ( 11th : 357,160 ) , Coventry ( 12th : 345,385 ) . Jump up ^ 2015 mid-year estimates from the Office for National Statistics `` UK Population Estimates '' , ONS Jump up ^ Coventry 's beginnings in the Forest of Arden Retrieved 29 September 2008 Jump up ^ Fox 1957 , p. 3 Jump up ^ The history of Coventry Cathedral on the cathedral 's website Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 28 September 2008 Jump up ^ Home Office List of English Cities by Ancient Prescriptive Right , 1927 , cited in Beckett , JV ( 2005 ) . City status in the British Isles , 1830 -- 2002 . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5067 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Coventry : Local government and public services : Local government to 1451 '' . A History of the County of Warwick : Volume 8 : The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick . British History Online . 1969 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicoll , edited by Allardyce ( 1976 ) . Shakespeare in his own age ( Repr . ed . ) . Cambridge ( etc . ) : Cambridge university press . ISBN 9780521291293 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coventry Watch Museum Project '' . Coventry Watch Museum . Jump up ^ `` John Suddens , watchmaker '' . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY / 15 / 1940 : Germans bomb Coventry to destruction '' . BBC News Online . 15 November 1940 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Tim . `` A brief history of Coventry '' . localhistories.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lea , Robert ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Manganese Bronze : Black cabs on the road to China '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Brown , Jim ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` Promotion winners : The greatest Coventry City player ever '' . Coventry Telegraph . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club Records '' . ccfc.co.uk . Coventry City F.C. 23 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry relegated at Villa '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport. 5 May 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Highfield Road - Coventry City football Club '' . premierfootballbooks.co.uk . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur Mee , The King 's England -- Warwickshire ; Hodder & Stoughton , 1936 Jump up ^ Britten - Pears Foundation Retrieved 24 September 2009 Jump up ^ McMullen , Marion ( 23 October 2009 ) . `` Nativity movie could make Coventry a big star this Christmas '' . Coventry Telegraph . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ . http://www.transport-museum.com Jump up ^ . http://www.transport-museum.com/visiting/biffa_award_land_speed_record_exhibition.aspx Jump up ^ `` City farm shuts after cash crisis '' . BBC News Online . 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix : Architecture / Art / Regeneration '' . Black Dog Publishing . 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA set to open City Centre Store in Southampton '' . IKEA . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shopping in Coventry '' . visitcoventryandwarwickshire.co.uk . Coventry City Council . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Going underground in Coventry '' . Coventry Telegraph.net. 5 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Waddington , Jenny ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` Coventry 's new Broadgate Square to open on St George 's Day '' . Coventry Telegraph . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twin towns and cities : Volgograd , Russia '' . Coventry City Council . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Mary ( 2 August 2011 ) . `` Coventry 's twin towns '' . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coventry - Twin towns and cities '' . Coventry City Council . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Towns -- Graz Online -- English Version '' . www.graz.at . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` British towns twinned with French towns '' . Archant Community Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy , Noreen . `` Cork - International Relations '' . Cork City Council . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peace and reconciliation '' . Coventry City Council . Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry Peace Month '' . Coventry City Council . Archived from the original on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty acorns tied in a sack ... '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` extremes of temperature '' . Bablake Weather . Jump up ^ `` 2010 temperature '' . Met Office . Jump up ^ `` 2010 temperature '' . Bablake Weather . Jump up ^ `` Coventry Climate '' . BWS . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larkin around Coventry '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Belgrade Theatre . Jump up ^ Griffin , Mary ( 2014 - 04 - 11 ) . `` God - ly treats that deserve a big revival '' . birminghampost . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Arts Centre '' . 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Music Centre Facilities '' . 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Previous London Korean Film Festivals '' . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wasps confirm opening Ricoh Arena fixture '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry Bees crowned Elite League champions '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ BriSCA Formula One - The first 50 years 1954 - 2004 Keith Barber p 164 & 165 Jump up ^ 60th Season Final Fact Book - Nigel Anderson & Guy Parker Jump up ^ `` Images from the Children 's Games 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2005 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Bronze statue of Lady Godiva -- Grade II * ( 469098 ) '' . Images of England . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Godiva statue canopy comes down '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City 's Mo to speak on confidence '' . Coventry Telegraph . 18 May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Midland Air Museum - The Jet Engine '' . midlandairmuseum.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Regional Gross Value Added ( pp. 240 -- 253 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office for National Statistics ( UK ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.networkwestmidlands.com/parkandride/indexparkandride.aspx>http://www.networkwestmidlands.com/parkandride/indexparkandride.aspx Jump up ^ Coventry & Solihull Waste Disposal Company . CSWDC . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Heatline - Heatline - Coventry City Council . Coventry.gov.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry City Council leader Ann Lucas ousted in Labour Party coup '' . Coventry Telegraph . BBC . 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Mayor of Coventry '' . Coventry City Council . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Lord Mayor of Coventry '' . Coventry City Council . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bishop_of_Coventry Jump up ^ Councillors - Coventry City Council . Coventry.gov.uk ( 1 November 2016 ) . Retrieved on 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls Jump up ^ `` Area : Coventry ( Local Authority ) -- Religion , 2011 ( QS208EW ) '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UKCISA - International students in UK HE - International student statistics : UK higher education '' . ukcisa.org.uk . Jump up ^ Coventry Inspires Image Working Group . Coventryinspires.com . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Census , Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry District : Total Population '' . visionofbritain.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Subnational Population Projections , Interim 2011 - based '' . Office for National Statistics . 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK Population Estimates -- 2013 Mid Year Estimates '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK Population Estimates -- 2014 Mid Year Estimates '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Population Estimates -- 2015 Mid Year Estimates '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census , Religion Local Authorities in England and Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` What did the Vikings ever do for us ? '' . BBC News Online . 18 April 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Trugill , Peter ; Hughes , Arthur ; Watt , Dominic , eds. ( 2005 ) . English Accents : An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles . Hodder Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 88718 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Eastenders Episode Guide '' . 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Land Girls Press Pack '' . BBC News Online . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of minor planet names . Springer . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` ' World War II bomb ' found in city '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Belgrade 's air - raid drama cancelled by wartime bomb '' . Highbeam Research . Highbeam . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Controlled explosion on World War II bomb '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Coventry 's Heritage , by Levi Fox ( 1957 ) Coventry : History and Guide , by David McGrory ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 7509 - 0194 - 2 A History of Warwickshire , by Terry Slater ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 85033 - 416 - 0 The Bombing of Coventry BBC Television ( 2009 ) Further reading ( edit ) Smith , Albert & Fry ( 1991 ) . The Coventry We Have Lost . 2 vols . Berkswell : Simanda Press , 1991 , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 9513867 - 1 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 9513867 - 2 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coventry . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Coventry . Coventry City Council Coventry at DMOZ Destinations from Coventry Birmingham , Sutton Coldfield , Lichfield Bedworth , Nuneaton , Burton - on - Trent Hinckley , Leicester Balsall Common , Solihull Coventry Rugby , Lutterworth Warwick , Stratford - upon - Avon Kenilworth , Leamington Spa Daventry , Northampton Ceremonial county of West Midlands Metropolitan districts City of Birmingham City of Coventry City of Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough of Dudley Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough of Solihull Metropolitan Borough of Walsall Major settlements Aldridge Bilston Birmingham Blackheath Bloxwich Brierley Hill Brownhills Coventry Cradley Heath Darlaston Dudley Fordbridge Halesowen Oldbury Rowley Regis Smethwick Solihull Stourbridge Sutton Coldfield Tipton Walsall Wednesbury West Bromwich Willenhall Wolverhampton See also : West Midlands Rivers River Blythe River Cole River Penk River Rea Smestow Brook River Sherbourne River Sow River Sowe River Stour River Tame Canals Birmingham Canal Navigations Shropshire Union Canal Staffordshire & Worcestershire Worcester & Birmingham Topics Places Population of major settlements Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Conservation areas History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Black Country Birmingham Airport Coventry / Bedworth Urban Area Transport for West Midlands West Midlands conurbation West Midlands Combined Authority Mayor of the West Midlands Districts of the West Midlands Region Herefordshire Herefordshire Shropshire Shropshire Telford and Wrekin Staffordshire Cannock Chase East Staffordshire Lichfield Newcastle - under - Lyme South Staffordshire Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stoke - on - Trent Tamworth Warwickshire North Warwickshire Nuneaton and Bedworth Rugby Stratford - on - Avon Warwick West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Sandwell Solihull Walsall Wolverhampton Worcestershire Bromsgrove Malvern Hills Redditch Worcester Wychavon Wyre Forest Cities of the United Kingdom England Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea Northern Ireland Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry Metropolitan districts of England Districts Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Councils Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Local elections Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton VIAF : 155226218 GND : 4010659 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coventry&oldid=803400791 '' Categories : Coventry 1043 establishments in England Cities in the West Midlands ( region ) Local government in the West Midlands ( county ) Local government districts of the West Midlands ( region ) Metropolitan boroughs Populated places established in the 11th century Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles including recorded pronunciations ( UK English ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 09 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did coventry become part of west midlands	[ "Traditionally a part of Warwickshire (although it was a county in its own right for 400 years), Coventry became an independent county borough in 1889. It later became a metropolitan district of the West Midlands county under the Local Government Act (1974), even though it was entirely separate to the Birmingham conurbation area (this is why Coventry appears to unnaturally \"jut out\" into Warwickshire on political maps of the UK). In 1986, the West Midlands County Council was abolished and Coventry became administered as an effective unitary authority in its own right." ]	[ "1974" ]
-533810130914993519	History of Australia (1788–1850)	History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) - Wikipedia History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) `` Settlement of Australia '' redirects here . For the initial settlement of Australia by indigenous Australians , see History of Australian Aboriginals § Origins . For pharmaceutical Australian economic policy history , see Australian settlement . Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory European exploration ( sea ) European exploration ( land ) 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The history of Australia from 1788 -- 1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia 's history , from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney , New South Wales , who established the penal colony , the scientific exploration of the continent and later , establishment of other Australian colonies and the beginnings of representative democratic government . European colonisation created a new dominant society in Australia in place of the pre-existing population of Indigenous Australians , and socio - political debate continues in the 21st century as to whether the colonisation process should be described as settlement , invasion , or a mixture of both . Contents 1 Colonisation 1.1 Convicts and free settlers 2 Exploration 3 Growth of free settlement 3.1 Timeline 4 Economy and trade 5 Religion , education , and culture 6 Aboriginal resistance 7 Representations in literature and film 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Colonisation ( edit ) See also : Convicts in Australia The continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) in a 1796 map , which was incorporated within Asia or the ' Eastern world ' . It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system , and the fact of the British losing the Thirteen Colonies of America in the American Revolution ; however , it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone . Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years transportation , the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony . Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm . Sir Joseph Banks , the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage , recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site . Banks accepted an offer of assistance which by the American Loyalist James Matra in July 1783 . Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook . Under Banks 's guidance , he rapidly produced `` A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales '' ( 24 August 1783 ) , with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists , Chinese and South Sea Islanders ( but not convicts ) . Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784 , Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers . Matra 's plan can be seen to have `` provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales '' . A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra 's plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales . The London Chronicle of 12 October 1786 said : `` Mr. Matra , an Officer of the Treasury , who , sailing with Capt . Cook , had an opportunity of visiting Botany Bay , is the Gentleman who suggested the plan to Government of transporting convicts to that island '' . The Government also incorporated into the colonisation plan the project for settling Norfolk Island , with its attractions of timber and flax , proposed by Banks 's Royal Society colleagues , Sir John Call and Sir George Young . On 13 May 1787 , the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1,530 people ( 736 convicts , 17 convicts ' children , 211 marines , 27 marines ' wives , 14 marines ' children and about 300 officers and others ) under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Botany Bay . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Philip famously described as : `` being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ( ... ) Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security . '' Phillip named the settlement after the Home Secretary , Thomas Townshend , 1st Baron Sydney ( Viscount Sydney from 1789 ) . The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply , the rest of the ship 's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship . The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale . The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February . A map of Sydney from 1789 On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral Jean - François de La Pérouse had arrived off Botany Bay , on the latest leg of a three - year voyage that had taken them from Brest , around Cape Horn , up the coast from Chile to California , north - west to Kamchatka , south - east to Easter Island , north - west to Macao , and on to the Philippines , the Friendly Isles , Hawaii and Norfolk Island . Though amicably received , the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British , as it showed the interest of France in the new land . Nevertheless , on 2 February Lieutenant King , at Phillip 's request , paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need . The French made the same offer to the British , as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years . Neither of these offers was accepted . On 10 March the French expedition , having taken on water and wood , left Botany Bay , never to be seen again . Phillip and La Pérouse never met . La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name . Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this expedition . Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers -- most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were few and far between . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its `` passengers '' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . In 1792 , two French ships , La Recherche and L'Espérance anchored in a harbour near Tasmania 's southernmost point they called Recherche Bay . This was at a time when Britain and France were trying to be the first to discover and colonise Australia . The expedition carried scientists and cartographers , gardeners , artists and hydrographers who , variously , planted , identified , mapped , marked , recorded and documented the environment and the people of the new lands that they encountered at the behest of the fledgling Société D'Histoire Naturelle . White settlement began with a consignment of English convicts , guarded by a detachment of the Royal Marines , a number of whom subsequently stayed in the colony as settlers . Their view of the colony and their place in it was eloquently stated by Captain David Collins : `` From the disposition to crimes and the incorrigible character of the major part of the colonists , an odium was , from the first , illiberally thrown upon the settlement ; and the word `` Botany Bay '' became a term of reproach that was indiscriminately cast upon every one who resided in New South Wales . But let the reproach light upon those who have used it as such ... if the honour of having deserved well of one 's country be attainable by sacrificing good name , domestic comforts , and dearest connections in her service , the officers of this settlement have justly merited that distinction `` . Convicts and free settlers ( edit ) When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793 , she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers . They were : Thomas Rose , a farmer from Dorset , his wife and four children ; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres ; Frederic Meredith , who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius ; Thomas Webb ( who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius ) , his wife , and his nephew , Joseph Webb ; Edward Powell , who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport , and who married a free woman after his arrival . Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres ; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each . The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage , be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government , have two years ' provisions , and have grants of land free of expense . They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts , who were also to be provided with two years ' rations and one year 's clothing from the public stores . The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney , at a place named by the settlers , `` Liberty Plains '' . It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush . One in three convicts transported after 1798 was Irish , about a fifth of whom were transported in connection with the political and agrarian disturbances common in Ireland at the time . While the settlers were reasonably well - equipped , little consideration had been given to the skills required to make the colony self - supporting -- few of the first wave convicts had farming or trade experience ( nor the soldiers ) , and the lack of understanding of Australia 's seasonal patterns saw initial attempts at farming fail , leaving only what animals and birds the soldiers were able to shoot . The colony nearly starved , and Phillip was forced to send a ship to Batavia ( Jakarta ) for supplies . Some relief arrived with the Second Fleet in 1790 , but life was extremely hard for the first few years of the colony . A historical map of Australia and New Zealand 1788 -- 1911 Convicts were usually sentenced to seven or fourteen years ' penal servitude , or `` for the term of their natural lives '' . Often these sentences had been commuted from the death sentence , which was technically the punishment for a wide variety of crimes . Upon arrival in a penal colony , convicts would be assigned to various kinds of work . Those with trades were given tasks to fit their skills ( stonemasons , for example , were in very high demand ) while the unskilled were assigned to work gangs to build roads and do other such tasks . Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers , many being forced into prostitution . Where possible , convicts were assigned to free settlers who would be responsible for feeding and disciplining them ; in return for this , the settlers were granted land . This system reduced the workload on the central administration . Those convicts who were n't assigned to settlers were housed at barracks such as the Hyde Park Barracks or the Parramatta female factory . Convict discipline was harsh ; convicts who would not work or who disobeyed orders were punished by flogging , being put in stricter confinement ( e.g. leg - irons ) , or being transported to a stricter penal colony . The penal colonies at Port Arthur and Moreton Bay , for instance , were stricter than the one at Sydney , and the one at Norfolk Island was strictest of all . Convicts were assigned to work gangs to build roads , buildings , and the like . Female convicts , who made up 20 % of the convict population , were usually assigned as domestic help to soldiers . Those convicts who behaved were eventually issued with ticket of leave , which allowed them a certain degree of freedom . Those who saw out their full sentences or were granted a pardon usually remained in Australia as free settlers , and were able to take on convict servants themselves . In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW . He repeated this success in 1790 and , because of the pressing need for food production in the colony , was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales . Ruse 's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill , near Parramatta , was aptly named ' Experiment Farm ' . This was the colony 's first successful farming enterprise , and Ruse was soon joined by others . The colony began to grow enough food to support itself , and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved . The Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804 In 1804 the Castle Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped , mostly Irish convicts , although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps . On 26 January 1808 , there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur . Following this , Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony . When he arrived in 1810 , he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them . 13 May 1787 -- The 11 ships of the First Fleet leave Portsmouth under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip . Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but the fleet consisted of at least 1,350 persons of whom 780 were convicts and 570 were free men , women and children and the number included four companies of marines . About 20 % of the convicts were women and the oldest convict was 82 . About 50 % of the convicts had been tried in Middlesex and most of the rest were tried in the county assizes of Devon , Kent and Sussex 18 January 1788 -- The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was not impressed with the site , and moved the fleet to Port Jackson , landing in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 ( now celebrated as Australia Day ) April 1789 -- A suspicious outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes . Research by Michael J Bennett published in 2009 , corroborated independently by Christopher Warren in 2013 , demonstrates this outbreak was most likely deliberate . 1790 -- the Second Fleet of convicts arrives in Sydney Cove . 1791 -- Third Fleet of convicts arrives 1793 -- January : the first free settlers arrive in NSW . 1793 -- March -- April : visit of the expedition led by Alessandro Malaspina . 1825 - May : Founding of Brisbane 14 June 1825 -- the colony of Van Diemen 's Land is established in its own right ; its name is officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856 . The first settlement was made at Risdon , Tasmania on 11 September 1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers , crew , soldiers and convicts . The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804 . Lieut - Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people , including 178 convicts . ( Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria . ) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812 to 1853 and over the 50 years from 1803 -- 1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania . About 14,492 were Irish but many of them had been sentenced in English and Scottish courts . Some were also tried locally in other Australian colonies . The Indefatigable brought the first convicts direct from England on 19 October 1812 and by 1820 there were about 2,500 convicts in the colony . By the end of 1833 the number had increased to 14,900 convicts of whom 1864 were females . About 1,448 held ticket of leave , 6,573 were assigned to settlers and 275 were recorded as `` absconded or missing '' . In 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain - gangs at the penal station at Port Arthur which operated from 1830 to 1877 . Convicts were transferred to Van Diemen 's Land from Sydney and , in later years , from 1841 to 1847 , from Melbourne . Between 1826 and 1840 , there were at least 19 ship loads of convicts sent from Van Diemen 's Land to Norfolk Island and at other times they were sent from Norfolk Island to Van Diemen 's Land . 21 January 1827 -- Western Australia was established when a small British settlement was established at King George 's Sound ( Albany ) by Major Edmund Lockyer who was to provide a deterrent to the French presence in the area . On 18 June 1829 the new Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed with Captain James Stirling as the first Governor . Except for the settlement at King George 's Sound , the colony was never really a part of NSW . King George 's Sound was handed over in 1831 . In 1849 the colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement and the first convicts arrived in 1850 . Rottnest Island , off the coast of Perth , became the colony 's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders . Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in 43 ships between 1850 and 1868 . The convicts were sought by local settlers because of the shortage of labour needed to develop the region . On 9 January 1868 , Australia 's last convict ship , the Hougoumont brought its final cargo of 269 convicts . Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6 , 7 , 10 , 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75 % as opposed to 50 % for those sent to NSW and Tasmania . About a third of the convicts left the Swan River Colony after serving their time . 1835 -- the Proclamation of Governor Bourke , issued by the Colonial Office and sent to the Governor with Despatch 99 of 10 October 1835 , implements the doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based . Reinforcing the British assertion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it , it effectively quashes pre-existing treaties with Aboriginal peoples ( e.g. that signed by John Batman ) . Its publication in the Colony means that from then on , all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers . Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land , nor could an individual person acquire it , other than through distribution by the Crown . 28 December 1836 -- the British province of South Australia was established . In 1842 it became a crown colony and on 22 July 1861 its area was extended westwards to its present boundary and more area was taken from New South Wales . South Australia was never a British convict colony and between 1836 -- 1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area . 24,900 more arrived between 1841 -- 1850 . Some escaped convicts did settle in the area and no doubt a number of ex-convicts moved there from other colonies . On 4 January 1837 Governor Hindmarsh proclaimed that any offenders convicted in South Australia , and being under sentence of transportation , were to be transported to either New South Wales or Van Diemens Land , by the first opportunity . 1841 -- New Zealand is separated from New South Wales 1851 -- Victoria is separated from New South Wales ( formerly known as the Port Phillip District of NSW ) . Apart from castaways and runaway convicts in the 1790s , the first attempt at settlement was made on 13 October 1803 by Lieut . David Collins and his party of soldiers and convicts . Harsh conditions convinced him to abandon the settlement in January 1804 . He moved on to Tasmania and it was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay on 19 November 1834 and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned on 10 April 1837 . The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839 . Apart from those involved in early attempts at settlement in 1803 and 1826 , the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the `` Exiles '' and they arrived between 1844 -- 1849 . They were sometimes called the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England . Many ex-convicts and convicts on Tickets of Leave and Conditional Pardons also moved to Port Phillip from Van Diemen 's Land . 10 December 1859 -- Queensland is separated from New South Wales . In 1824 the explorer Lieut . John Oxley took a party of 30 convicts and established a penal colony at Redcliffe . Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement , this later moved to the site now called Brisbane . The name Brisbane Town was in use by 1825 and the main inhabitants in the area were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839 . Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824 -- 1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337 . The first free settlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840 . 23 December 1862 -- the area of Queensland is increased . 1863 -- control of the Northern Territory is granted to the Province ( later State ) of South Australia . In 1825 the area occupied today by Northern Territory was incorporated into the colony of New South Wales . It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas , Port Essington . Its capital city , Darwin was established in 1869 and was originally known as Palmerston . On 1 January 1911 , the Northern Territory as we know it today was separated from South Australia and became part of the Commonwealth of Australia . 1 January 1901 -- the Federation of Australian States to form the Commonwealth of Australia . 1911 -- The Federal Capital Territory is established . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia Matthew Flinders led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801 -- 2 . In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders , accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists . Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks ' Town . In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat , which they also called the Tom Thumb . During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra , which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon . They discovered and explored Port Hacking . In 1798 -- 99 , Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Van Diemen 's Land , thus proving it to be an island . Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions . In 1801 -- 02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney , by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko . Growth of free settlement ( edit ) Australian colonies in 1846 Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision - making process , but the first European - style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors -- although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony 's future . One was D'Arcy Wentworth , whose son , William Charles , went on to be an explorer , to found Australia 's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government . The other was John Macarthur , a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry , which laid the foundations of Australia 's future prosperity . Macarthur was a turbulent element : in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor , William Bligh . From about 1815 the colony , under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie , began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming . Despite the long and arduous sea voyage , settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land . From the late 1820s settlement was only authorised in the limits of location , known as the Nineteen Counties . Many settlers occupied land without authority and beyond these authorised settlement limits : they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class . As a result of opposition from the labouring and artisan classes , transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840 , although it continued in the smaller colonies of Van Diemen 's Land ( first settled in 1803 , later renamed Tasmania ) and Moreton Bay ( founded 1824 , and later renamed Queensland ) for a few years more . The Swan River Settlement ( as Western Australia was originally known ) , centred on Perth , was founded in 1829 . The colony suffered from a long - term shortage of labour , and by 1850 local capitalists had succeeded in persuading London to send convicts . ( Transportation did not end until 1868 . ) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony . The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor , appointed by the British monarch . There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run . In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military . The New South Wales Corps , which was in charge of New South Wales , became known as the `` Rum Corps '' , due to its stranglehold on the distribution of rum , which was used as a makeshift currency at the time . In New South Wales this led to the `` Rum Rebellion '' . Although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established . Men who possessed 1000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . By the mid-19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia , later fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe , the United States and the British Empire . The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . Timeline ( edit ) 1788 -- New South Wales , according to Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787 , includes `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean '' and running westward to the 135th meridian east . These islands included the current islands of New Zealand , which was administered as part of New South Wales . 1824 -- Brisbane is founded 1825 -- New South Wales 's western border is extended to 129 ° E. In the same year , Van Diemen 's Land is proclaimed . 1829 -- Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain . 1832 -- Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia . 1836 -- South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132 ° E . 1840 -- New Zealand is proclaimed . 1846 -- The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February . This was all of New South Wales north of 26 ° S. Although revoked in December 1846 , the colony did formally exist . Economy and trade ( edit ) Ships importing resources from India played a vital role in establishing Sydney . The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival . The official currency of the colonies was the British pound , but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum . During this period Australian businessmen began to prosper . For example , the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants , convict labour , and exporting native cedar back to England . Religion , education , and culture ( edit ) Lithograph of St James ' Church , Sydney c. 1836 by Robert Russell . The church , designed by Francis Greenway , still stands . Since time immemorial in Australia , indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime . The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however , came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788 . As a British colony , the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England , but one - tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic , and at least half of them were born in Ireland . A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic . Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland , so the authorities were suspicious of the minority religion for the first three decades of settlement . It was therefore the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 -- the burial of Father Louis Receveur , a Franciscan monk , who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay , while on a mission to explore the Pacific . In early colonial times , Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors . Richard Johnson , Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet , was charged by the governor , Arthur Phillip , with improving `` public morality '' in the colony , but he was also heavily involved in health and education . The Reverend Samuel Marsden ( 1765 -- 1838 ) had magisterial duties , and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts . He became known as the ' floging parson ' for the severity of his punishments Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant . The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 -- James Harold , James Dixon , and Peter O'Neill , who had been convicted for ' complicity ' in the Irish 1798 Rebellion . Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass . On 15 May 1803 , in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales . The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon 's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked . Fr Jeremiah Flynn , an Irish Cistercian , was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland , and set out from Britain for the colony , uninvited . Watched by authorities , Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London . Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 -- John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . The foundation stone for the first St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire . The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictines to lead the early Church in the Colony . The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett , the Act established legal equality for Anglicans , Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists . Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system , publishing a pamphlet , The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People , in Britain in 1837 . Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants . Watkin Tench , captain of the marines on the First Fleet and author of seminal works of Australian literature . Initially , education was informal , primarily occurring in the home . At the instigation of the then British Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , and with the patronage of King William IV , Australia 's oldest surviving independent school , The King 's School , Parramatta , was founded in 1831 as part of an effort to establish grammar schools in the colony . By 1833 , there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies . Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals . At Polding 's request , the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill , in South Australia in 1848 , the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia , Victoria , Queensland and the Northern Territory -- where they established schools and missions . Some Australian folksongs date to this period . Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench , a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788 . In 1819 , poet , explorer , journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian : A Statistical , Historical , and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen 's Land , With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America , in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales , trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts . In 1838 The Guardian : a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney . It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman . It is a Gothic romance . European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet , with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar . Two centuries later , the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Our Country 's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker : the participants were prisoners watched by sadistic guards and the leading lady was under threat of the death penalty . The play is based on Thomas Keneally 's novel The Playmaker . The Theatre Royal , Hobart , opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia . The Melbourne Athenaeum is one of the oldest public institutions in Australia , founded in 1839 and it served as library , school of arts and dance hall ( and later became Australia 's first cinema , screening The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film in 1906 ) . The Queen 's Theatre , Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland . Aboriginal resistance ( edit ) See also : Australian Frontier Wars and History of Indigenous Australians Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied , but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources , and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation . By contrast with New Zealand , where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement , no treaty was signed with Aborigines , who never authorised British colonisation . According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , in Australia during the colonial period : `` In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings . Even worse , smallpox , measles , influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally , demoralisation '' . Since the 1980s , the use of the word `` invasion '' to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial . According to Australian Henry Reynolds however , government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as `` invasion '' and `` warfare '' to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians . In his book The Other Side of the Frontier , Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare , beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth . Statue of Yagan on Heirisson Island In the early years of colonisation , David Collins , the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement , wrote of local Aborigines : While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences , they must always consider us as enemies ; and upon this principle they ( have ) made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred . In 1847 , Western Australian barrister E.W. Landor stated : `` We have seized upon the country , and shot down the inhabitants , until the survivors have found it expedient to submit to our rule . We have acted as Julius Caesar did when he took possession of Britain . '' In most cases , Reynolds says , Aborigines initially resisted British presence . In a letter to the Launceston Advertiser in 1831 , a settler wrote : We are at war with them : they look upon us as enemies -- as invaders -- as oppressors and persecutors -- they resist our invasion . They have never been subdued , therefore they are not rebellious subjects , but an injured nation , defending in their own way , their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force . Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who , in the first half of the nineteenth century , described themselves as living in fear and even in terror due to attacks by Aborigines determined to kill them or drive them off their lands . He argues that Aboriginal resistance was , in some cases at least , temporarily effective ; the Aboriginal killings of men , sheep and cattle , and burning of white homes and crops , drove some settlers to ruin . Aboriginal resistance continued well beyond the middle of the nineteenth century , and in 1881 the editor of The Queenslander wrote : During the last four or five years the human life and property destroyed by the aborigines in the North total up to a serious amount . ( ... ) ( S ) ettlement on the land , and the development of the mineral and other resources on the country , have been in a great degree prohibited by the hostility of the blacks , which still continues with undiminished spirit . Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the `` myth '' of peaceful settlement in Australia . Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence , resulting in numerous indiscriminate massacres by whites of Aboriginal men , women and children . Among the most famous massacres of the early nineteenth century were the Pinjarra massacre and the Myall Creek massacre . Famous Aborigines who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan . In Tasmania , the `` Black War '' was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century . Representations in literature and film ( edit ) Marcus Clarke 's 1874 novel , For the Term of his Natural Life , and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel . Eleanor Dark 's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy , which spans the colonisation from 1788 -- 1811 . The 1980s television drama , The Timeless Land , was based on this trilogy . D. Manning Richards . Destiny in Sydney : An epic novel of convicts , Aborigines , and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney , Australia . First book in Sydney series . Washington DC : Aries Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9845410 - 0 - 3 See also ( edit ) Europeans in Oceania European Australian Journals of the First Fleet History of Australia : History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lepailleur , François - Maurice . 1980 . Land of a Thousand Sorrows . The Australian Prison Journal 1840 -- 1842 , of the Exiled Canadien Patriote , François - Maurice Lepailleur . Trans . and edited by F. Murray Greenwood . University of British Columbia Press , Vancouver . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0123 - 9 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2001 . Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791 -- 1793 . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84932 - 6 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2003 . Citizen Labillardière -- A Naturalist 's Life in Revolution and Exploration . The Miegunyah Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85010 - 3 . Horner , Frank . 1995 . Looking for La Pérouse . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84451 - 0 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example the UK Act New South Wales Judicature Act 1823 made specific provision for administration of justice of New Zealand by the New South Wales Courts ; stating `` And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons piracies felonies robberies murders conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan Frost , `` A Fit of Absence of Mind ? The decision to colonise Botany Bay , 1779 -- 1786 '' , Botany Bay Mirages : Illusions of Convict Beginnings , Melbourne University Press , 1994 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ John Gascoigne , Science in the Service of Empire : Joseph Banks , the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution , Melbourne , Cambridge University Press , 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Harold B. Carter , `` Banks , Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition '' , in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge ( eds . ) , Interpreting Australia : British Perceptions of Australia since 1788 , London , Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies , 1988 , pp. 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Matra to Fox , 2 April 1784 . British Library , Add . Ms 47568 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 24 , no. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31. , dated and photoduplicated in Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 25 , no. 98 , Oct. 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 , pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ ' Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet ' , State Library of New South Wales , Dixon 12Library Add . MS Q522 Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 25 , no. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Melbourne , Black Inc. , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horne , Donald ( 1972 ) . The Australian People : Biography of a Nation . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 207 - 12496 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) p. 141 - 150 Jump up ^ Arthur Phillip State Library of New South Wales , p. 1 / 4 p. 2 / 4 p. 3 / 4 p. 4 / 4 . Sl.nsw.gov.au ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Hill , 1788 : The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 3 , no. 2 , 1981 , pp. 70 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay ? '' , Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , vol. 85 , pt. 2 , December 1999 , pp. 140 -- 147 . At : www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-russia/1659966-1.html Jump up ^ Biography -- Arthur Phillip -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ David Collins , An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales , London , Vol. I , 1798 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Anne Summers ( 1975 ) . Damned Whores and God 's Police . Ringwood , Victoria . pp. 270 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021832 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` First Farms '' . Discover Collections . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . 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Jump up ^ St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au . Stvincents.com.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasluck , Alexandra ( 1967 ) . `` Yagan ( -- 1833 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Turcotte , Gerry ( 1998 ) . `` Australian Gothic '' ( PDF , 12 pages ) . Faculty of Arts -- Papers . University of Wollongong . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Our Country 's Good : The Recruiting Officer . Olioweb.me.uk . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Queen 's Theatre Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... History.sa.gov.au ( 1 July 2010 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey , A Very Short History of the World , Penguin Books , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry , The Other Side of the Frontier : Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 892 - 1 Jump up ^ quoted in Reynolds ( 1999 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 163 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , Chapter 9 : `` The Killing Times '' , pp. 117 -- 133 Bibliography ( edit ) Reynolds , Henry ( 1999 ) . Why Were n't We Told ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027842 - 7 . External links ( edit ) U.S. State Department Background Note : Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Hindsight Story : The French Connection History and ideas , National Museum of Australia The Australian History page at Project Gutenberg of Australia British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . 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League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . 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Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first free settlers arrived in australia	[ "When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793, she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers. They were: Thomas Rose, a farmer from Dorset, his wife and four children; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres; Frederic Meredith, who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius; Thomas Webb (who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius), his wife, and his nephew, Joseph Webb; Edward Powell, who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport, and who married a free woman after his arrival. Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each.\n" ]	[ "16 January 1793" ]
3773870042429226564	Baby boomers	Baby boomers - wikipedia Baby boomers Jump to : navigation , search `` Baby Boomer '' redirects here . For the video game , see Baby Boomer ( video game ) . For further information , see Post -- World War II baby boom . Part of a series on Generation Lost Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends ; demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the early - to - mid 1940s and ending birth years ranging from 1960 to 1964 . The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage . Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence . As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive . One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . '' The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born roughly between 1954 and 1964 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort and the early years of Generation X . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Characteristics 2.1 Size and economic impact 2.2 Cultural identity 3 Healthcare 4 Aging and end - of - life issues 5 Impact on history and culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Definition ( edit ) United States birth rate ( births per 1,000 population ) . The segment for the years 1946 to 1964 is highlighted in red , with birth rates peaking in 1949 and dropping steadily around 1958 reaching pre-war depression era levels in 1963 . The drop in 1970 was due to excluding births to nonresidents of the United States . The phrase baby boom refers to a noticeable increase in the birth rate . The post-war population increase was first described as a `` boom '' by Sylvia F. Porter in a column in the May 4 , 1951 , edition of the New York Post , based on the increase in the population of the U.S. of 2,357,000 in 1950 . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first recorded use of `` baby boomer '' is from 1970 in an article in The Washington Post . Various authors have delimited the baby boom period differently . Landon Jones , in his book Great Expectations : America and the Baby Boom Generation ( 1980 ) , defined the span of the baby - boom generation as extending from 1943 through 1960 , when annual births increased over 4,000,000 . Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , well known for their generational theory , define the social generation of Boomers as that cohort born from 1943 to 1960 , who were too young to have any personal memory of World War II , but old enough to remember the postwar American High . In the U.S. , the generation can be segmented into two broadly defined cohorts : The Leading - Edge Baby Boomers are individuals born between 1946 and 1955 , those who came of age during the Vietnam War era . This group represents slightly more than half of the generation , or roughly 38,002,000 people of all races . The other half of the generation was born between 1956 and 1964 . Called Late Boomers , or Trailing - Edge Boomers , this second cohort includes about 37,818,000 individuals , according to Live Births by Age and Mother and Race , 1933 -- 98 , published by the Center for Disease Control 's National Center for Health Statistics . An ongoing battle for `` generational ownership '' has motivated a handful of marketing mavens and cultural commentators to coin and / or promote their own terms for sub ‐ segments of the baby - boomer generation . These monikers include , but are not limited to , `` golden boomers '' , `` generation Jones '' , `` alpha boomers '' , `` hippies '' , `` yippies '' , `` yuppies '' , `` zoomers '' , and `` cuspers . '' Advocates of these `` cultural segments '' are often zealous and overstated in their attempts to redefine generational boundaries , often claiming wide adoption and sometimes advancing self - promotional agendas . In Ontario , Canada , one attempt to define the boom came from David Foot , author of Boom , Bust and Echo : Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the 21st century ( 1997 ) . He defines a Canadian boomer as someone born from 1947 to 1966 , the years that more than 400,000 babies were born . However , he acknowledges that is a demographic definition , and that culturally it may not be as clear - cut . Doug Owram argues that the Canadian boom took place from 1943 to 1960 , but that culturally boomers everywhere were born between the late war years and about 1955 or 1956 . He notes that those born in the years before the actual boom were often the most influential people among boomers ; for example , musicians such as The Beatles , Bob Dylan , and The Rolling Stones , or writers like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg , who were either slightly or vastly older than the boomer generation . Those born in the 1960s might feel disconnected from the cultural identifiers of the earlier boomers . Bernard Salt places the Australian baby boom between 1943 and 1960 , while the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines the boom as 1946 to 1964 . Characteristics ( edit ) Size and economic impact ( edit ) 76 million American children were born between 1946 and 1964 , representing a cohort that is significant on account of its size alone . In 2004 , the British baby boomers held 80 % of the UK 's wealth and bought 80 % of all top of the range cars , 80 % of cruises and 50 % of skincare products . In addition to the size of the group , Steve Gillon has suggested that one thing that sets the baby boomers apart from other generational groups is the fact that `` almost from the time they were conceived , Boomers were dissected , analyzed , and pitched to by modern marketers , who reinforced a sense of generational distinctiveness . '' This is supported by the articles of the late 1940s identifying the increasing number of babies as an economic boom , such as a 1948 Newsweek article whose title proclaimed `` Babies Mean Business '' , or a 1948 Time magazine article called `` Baby Boom . '' The age wave theory suggests an economic slowdown when the boomers started retiring during 2007 -- 2009 . Projections for the aging U.S. workforce suggest that by 2020 , 25 % of employees will be at least 55 years old . A survey found that nearly a third of baby boomer multimillionaires polled in the United States would prefer to pass on their inheritance to charities rather than pass it down to their children . Fifty - seven percent of these boomers believed it was important for each generation to earn their own money ; fifty four percent believed it was more important to invest in their children while they were growing up . Cultural identity ( edit ) Boomers grew up at a time of dramatic social change . In the United States , that change marked the generation with a strong cultural cleavage , between the proponents of change and the more conservative individuals . Some analysts believe this cleavage played out politically since the time of the Vietnam War to the mid ‐ 2000s , to some extent defining the political landscape and division in the country . Starting in the 1980s , the boomers became more conservative , many of them regretting the cultural changes they brought in their youth . In 1993 , Time magazine reported on the religious affiliations of baby boomers . Citing Wade Clark Roof , a sociologist at the University of California at Santa Barbara , the articles stated that about 42 % of baby boomers were dropouts from formal religion , 33 % had never strayed from church , and 25 % of boomers were returning to religious practice . The boomers returning to religion were `` usually less tied to tradition and less dependable as church members than the loyalists . They are also more liberal , which deepens rifts over issues like abortion and homosexuality . '' The early and mid-boomers were coming of age at the same time across the world , so that they experienced events like Beatlemania and Woodstock , organizing against the Vietnam War , or fighting and dying in the same war . Boomers in Italy were dressing in mod clothes and `` buying the world a Coke . '' Boomers in India were seeking new philosophical discoveries . Some American boomers in Canada had found a new home after escaping the draft . Canadian Boomers were organizing support for Pierre Trudeau . It is precisely because of these experiences that many believe those born in the second half of the birth boom belong to another generation , as events that defined their coming of age have little in common with leading or core boomers . Politically , early Boomers in the United States tend to be Democrats , while later boomers tend to be Republicans . The baby boomers found that their music , most notably rock and roll , was another expression of their generational identity . Transistor radios were personal devices that allowed teenagers to listen to The Beatles , the Motown Sound , and other new musical directions and artists . In the west , baby boomers comprised the first generation to grow up with the television ; some popular Boomer - era shows included Howdy Doody , The Mickey Mouse Club , Captain Video , The Soupy Sales Show , The Brady Bunch , Gilligan 's Island , The Twilight Zone , Batman , Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In , Star Trek , The Ed Sullivan Show , All in the Family and Happy Days . In the 1985 study of U.S. generational cohorts by Schuman and Scott , a broad sample of adults was asked , `` What world events over the past 50 years were especially important to them ? '' For the baby boomers the results were : Baby Boomer cohort number one ( born 1946 -- 55 ) , the cohort who epitomized the cultural change of the sixties Memorable events : the Cold War ( and associated Red Scare ) , the Cuban Missile Crisis , assassinations of JFK , Robert Kennedy , and Martin Luther King , Jr. , political unrest , walk on the moon , risk of the draft into the Vietnam War or actual military service during the Vietnam War , anti-war protests , social experimentation , sexual freedom , drug experimentation , the Civil Rights Movement , environmental movement , women 's movement , protests and riots , and Woodstock . Key characteristics : experimental , individualism , free spirited , social cause oriented . Baby Boomer cohort number two ( born 1956 -- 64 ) Memorable events : the Cold War , the Cuban Missile Crisis and the assassinations of John F. Kennedy , Robert Kennedy , and Martin Luther King , Jr. , for those born in the first couple of years of this generation , the Vietnam War , walk on the moon , Watergate and Nixon 's resignation , lowered drinking age to 18 in many states 1970 -- 1976 ( followed by raising back to 21 in the mid-1980s as a result of congressional lobbying by Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) ) , the oil embargo , raging inflation , gasoline shortages , economic recession and lack of viable career opportunities upon graduation from high school or college , Jimmy Carter 's reimposition of registration for the draft , the Iran hostage crisis , Ronald Reagan , Live Aid Key characteristics : less optimistic , distrust of government , and general cynicism . There is often debate regarding the generational identity of those born from 1961 to 1964 . Some demographers and researchers consider these individuals to be part of the younger demographic cohort , Generation X . Healthcare ( edit ) The dense can put a strain on Medicare . According to the American Medical Student Association , the population of individuals over the age of 65 will increase by 73 percent between 2010 and 2030 , meaning one in five Americans will be a senior citizen . Aging and end - of - life issues ( edit ) See also : Aging in the American workforce As of 1998 , it was reported that , as a generation , boomers had tended to avoid discussions and planning for their demise and avoided much long - term planning . However , beginning at least as early as that year , there has been a growing dialogue on how to manage aging and end - of - life issues as the generation ages . In particular , a number of commentators have argued that Baby Boomers are in a state of denial regarding their own aging and death and are leaving an undue economic burden on their children for their retirement and care . According to the 2011 Associated Press and LifeGoesStrong.com surveys : 60 % lost value in investments because of the economic crisis 42 % are delaying retirement 25 % claim they will never retire ( currently still working ) In 2013 , the early baby boomers ( depending on birth years used ) reached a common retirement age in the United States : 67 years . Impact on history and culture ( edit ) An indication of the importance put on the impact of the boomer was the selection by TIME magazine of the Baby Boom Generation as its 1966 `` Man of the Year . '' As Claire Raines points out in Beyond Generation X , `` never before in history had youth been so idealized as they were at this moment . '' When Generation X came along it had much to live up to in according to Raines . Boomers are often associated with the counterculture of the 1960s , the civil rights movement , and the `` second - wave '' feminist cause of the 1970s . Conversely , many trended in moderate to conservative directions opposite to the counterculture , especially those making professional careers in the military ( officer and enlisted ) , law enforcement , business , blue collar trades , and Republican Party politics . They are also associated with the spending trends and narcissism of the `` Me '' generation . People often take it for granted that each succeeding generation will be `` better off '' than the one before it . When Generation X came along just after the boomers , they would be the first generation to enjoy a lesser quality of life than the generation preceding it . Baby boomers continue to have a big effect on politics , as the United States presidential election , 2016 came down to two controversial candidates in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump , both boomers , with a majority of Trump 's support coming from the Baby Boomer generation . Three American presidents were born in 1946 ; Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Donald Trump . See also ( edit ) Baby boom Me generation Generation Jones List of generations Demographics of the United States General : Population boom Strauss - Howe generational theory Generation gap Transgenerational design Nano gap Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Owram , Doug ( 1997 ) , Born at the Right Time , Toronto : Univ Of Toronto Press , p. x , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8086 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Landon ( 1980 ) , Great Expectations : America and the Baby Boom Generation , New York : Coward , McCann and Geoghegan Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 2011 ) . The Better Angels Of Our Nature . P. 524 : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Owram , Doug ( 1997 ) , Born at the Right Time , Toronto : Univ Of Toronto Press , p. xi , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8086 - 3 Jump up ^ FNP Interactive - http://www.fnpInteractive.com ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Frederick News - Post Online -- Frederick County Maryland Daily Newspaper '' . Fredericknewspost.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Noveck , Jocelyn ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) , `` In Obama , many see an end to the baby boomer era ''. ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ CDC Bottom of this page https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/vsus.htm `` Vital Statistics of the United States , 2003 , Volume I , Natality '' , Table 1 - 1 `` Live births , birth rates , and fertility rates , by race : United States , 1909 -- 2003 . '' Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest August 1951 pg. 5 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. `` baby , n . and adj . '' Jump up ^ Howe , Neil ; Strauss , William ( 1991 ) . Generations : The History of Americas Future , 1584 to 2069 . New York : William Morrow . pp. 299 -- 316 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11912 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , Brent ( 2006 ) . Marketing to Leading - Edge Baby Boomers : Perceptions , Principles , Practices , Predictions . New York : Paramount Market Publishing . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0976697351 . Jump up ^ Canada ( June 24 , 2006 ) . `` By definition : Boom , bust , X and why '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Owram , Doug ( 1997 ) , Born at the Right Time , Toronto : University Of Toronto Press , p. xiv , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8086 - 3 Jump up ^ Salt , Bernard ( 2004 ) , The Big Shift , South Yarra , Vic. : Hardie Grant Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74066 - 188 - 1 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statistics , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Australian Bureau of . `` Main Features - About this Release '' . www.abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Walker , Duncan ( Sept 16 , 2004 ) `` Live Fast , Die Old '' , BBC News site . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gillon , Steve ( 2004 ) Boomer Nation : The Largest and Richest Generation Ever , and How It Changed America , Free Press , `` Introduction '' , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2947 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Population : Babies Mean Business '' , Newsweek , August 9 , 1948 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . Archived January 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Baby Boom '' , Time , February 9 , 1948 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Economy faces bigger bust without Boomers , Reuters , Jan 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ Chosewood , L. Casey ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Safer and Healthier at Any Age : Strategies for an Aging Workforce '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Half of Baby Boomers to Leave Inheritance to Kids Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andrew ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Goodbye to all of that '' . Theatlantic.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Broder , John M. ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` Shushing the Baby Boomers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Karlyn ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) . `` As the boomers turn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ostling , Richard N. , `` The Church Search '' , April 5 , 1993 Time article retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 Jump up ^ http://www.people-press.org/2015/09/03/the-whys-and-hows-of-generations-research/ Jump up ^ Schuman , H. and Scott , J. ( 1989 ) , Generations and collective memories , American Sociological Review , vol. 54 ( 3 ) , 1989 , pp. 359 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Howe , Neil ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Generation X : Once Xtreme , Now Exhausted '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jon ( Fall 2011 ) . `` The Generation X Report : Active , Balanced , and Happy '' ( PDF ) . Longitudinal Study of American Youth -- University Of Michigan . p. 1 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Channel 's Six - Part Limited Series `` Generation X , '' Narrated by Christian Slater , Premieres Sunday , Feb. 14 , at 10 / 9c `` . Multichannel News . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Generation X Employees Struggle the Most Financially , Most Likely to Dip into Retirement Savings , According to PwC Study '' . PrincewaterhouseCoopers. 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How baby boomers will affect the health care industry in the U.S. Carrington.edu '' . carrington.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baby boomers lag in preparing funerals , estates , etc . The Business Journal of Milwaukee -- December 18 , 1998 by Robert Mullins . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Article in the New York Times , March 30 , 1998 Archived July 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Retirement ? For More Baby Boomers , The Answer Is No '' . ThirdAge Staff . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Redefining Retirement : A Much Longer Lifespan means more to Consider '' . Living Better at 50 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raines , Claire ( 1997 ) . Beyond Generation X . Crisp Publications . ISBN 978 - 1560524496 . Jump up ^ Isabel Sawhill , Ph. D ; John E. Morton ( 2007 ) . `` Economic Mobility : Is the American Dream Alive and Well ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Steuerle , Eugene ; Signe - Mary McKernan ; Caroline Ratcliffe ; Sisi Zhang ( 2013 ) . `` Lost Generations ? Wealth Building Among Young Americans '' ( PDF ) . Urban Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Economic Mobility Project Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Making less than dad did '' . CNN . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Do n't Blame Millennials for This Scarily Close Election . Blame Baby Boomers . '' . New Republic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Stephen ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Baby Boomer '' . Slate . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Betts , David ( 2013 ) . Breaking The Gaze . Kindle . ISBN 1494300079 . Cheung , Edward ( 2007 ) . Baby Boomers , Generation X and Social Cycles , Volume 1 : North American Long - waves . Longwave Press . ISBN 9781896330068 . Gibney , Bruce ( 2017 ) . A Generation of Sociopaths : How the Baby Boomers Betrayed America . Hachette Books . ISBN 978 - 0316395786 . Green , Brent ( 2006 ) . Marketing to Leading - Edge Baby Boomers : Perceptions , Principles , Practices , and Predictions . Ithaca , NY : Paramount Market Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0976697350 . Willett , David ( 2011 ) . The Pinch : How the Baby Boomers Took Their Children 's Future - and Why They Should Give It Back . Atlantic Books . ISBN 9781848872325 . Foot , David K. ( 1996 ) . Boom Bust & Echo -- How to Profit From the Coming Demographic Shift . Toronto , Canada : Macfarlane , Walter & Ross . ISBN 0 - 921912 - 97 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Booming : Living Through the Middle Ages - a New York Times series about baby boomers Baby Boomers at DMOZ Baby boomers of New Zealand and Australia http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/episodes/boomer-revolution Social generations of Western society Lost Generation Interbellum Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Time Persons of the Year 1927 -- 1950 Charles Lindbergh ( 1927 ) Walter Chrysler ( 1928 ) Owen D. Young ( 1929 ) Mohandas Gandhi ( 1930 ) Pierre Laval ( 1931 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 ) Hugh S. Johnson ( 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1934 ) Haile Selassie ( 1935 ) Wallis Simpson ( 1936 ) Chiang Kai - shek / Soong Mei - ling ( 1937 ) Adolf Hitler ( 1938 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1939 ) Winston Churchill ( 1940 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1942 ) George Marshall ( 1943 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1944 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) James F. Byrnes ( 1946 ) George Marshall ( 1947 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1948 ) Winston Churchill ( 1949 ) The American Fighting - Man ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq ( 1951 ) Elizabeth II ( 1952 ) Konrad Adenauer ( 1953 ) John Foster Dulles ( 1954 ) Harlow Curtice ( 1955 ) Hungarian Freedom Fighters ( 1956 ) Nikita Khrushchev ( 1957 ) Charles de Gaulle ( 1958 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1959 ) U.S. Scientists : George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward ( 1960 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 ) Pope John XXIII ( 1962 ) Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1964 ) William Westmoreland ( 1965 ) The Generation Twenty - Five and Under ( 1966 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1967 ) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell ( 1968 ) The Middle Americans ( 1969 ) Willy Brandt ( 1970 ) Richard Nixon ( 1971 ) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon ( 1972 ) John Sirica ( 1973 ) King Faisal ( 1974 ) American Women : Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jimmy Carter ( 1976 ) Anwar Sadat ( 1977 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1978 ) Ayatollah Khomeini ( 1979 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1980 ) Lech Wałęsa ( 1981 ) The Computer ( 1982 ) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov ( 1983 ) Peter Ueberroth ( 1984 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1985 ) Corazon Aquino ( 1986 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1987 ) The Endangered Earth ( 1988 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1990 ) Ted Turner ( 1991 ) Bill Clinton ( 1992 ) The Peacemakers : Yasser Arafat / F.W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin ( 1993 ) Pope John Paul II ( 1994 ) Newt Gingrich ( 1995 ) David Ho ( 1996 ) Andrew Grove ( 1997 ) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr ( 1998 ) Jeffrey P. Bezos ( 1999 ) George W. Bush ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rudolph Giuliani ( 2001 ) The Whistleblowers : Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins ( 2002 ) The American Soldier ( 2003 ) George W. Bush ( 2004 ) The Good Samaritans : Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates ( 2005 ) You ( 2006 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2007 ) Barack Obama ( 2008 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2009 ) Mark Zuckerberg ( 2010 ) The Protester ( 2011 ) Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Pope Francis ( 2013 ) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson - Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah ( 2014 ) Angela Merkel ( 2015 ) Donald Trump ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_boomers&oldid=802642208 '' Categories : Demographics of Canada Demographics of the United States Demographics of the United Kingdom Cultural generations Counterculture of the 1960s Demographics of Australia Demographics 20th - century births Words coined in the 1950s Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name baby boomer come from	[ "The phrase baby boom refers to a noticeable increase in the birth rate. The post-war population increase was first described as a \"boom\" by Sylvia F. Porter in a column in the May 4, 1951, edition of the New York Post, based on the increase in the population of the U.S. of 2,357,000 in 1950.[8] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first recorded use of \"baby boomer\" is from 1970 in an article in The Washington Post.[9] Various authors have delimited the baby boom period differently. Landon Jones, in his book Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation (1980), defined the span of the baby-boom generation as extending from 1943 through 1960, when annual births increased over 4,000,000. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, well known for their generational theory, define the social generation of Boomers as that cohort born from 1943 to 1960, who were too young to have any personal memory of World War II, but old enough to remember the postwar American High.[10]" ]	[ "the first recorded use of \"baby boomer\" is from 1970 in an article in The Washington Post." ]
-2886408000543855870	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Developed by Michael Davies Directed by Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) Presented by ABC : Regis Philbin Syndication : Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) No. of episodes ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) Location ( s ) New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) Running time 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) Production company ( s ) Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 , to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Core rules 1.2 Format history 1.3 Payout structure 1.4 Lifelines 1.5 Top prize winners 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Audition process 3.3 Music 3.4 Set 4 Broadcast history 4.1 ABC 4.2 Syndication 4.3 GSN 5 Special editions 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Merchandise 7.2 Disney Parks attraction 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Core rules ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if ( s ) he answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . Format history ( edit ) On the ABC versions , ten contestants competed in a preliminary `` Fastest Finger '' round for the right to play the main game on each episode . The contestants were presented with a question and a list of four answers which needed to be put in a specific order . Using keys on their podiums , each of the contestants attempted to enter the correct order in the shortest amount of time , with a maximum time limit of 20 seconds . If the main game ended and there was still time available for another game , the remaining contestants played another Fastest Finger round for a chance to play the main game . In the event of a tie between two or more contestants , those contestants played an additional Fastest Finger question to break the tie . If all contestants answered the question incorrectly , the round was repeated with another question . Fastest Finger was eliminated from the gameplay when the syndicated version premiered in 2002 . From 2008 to 2010 , time limits were used for each question . Contestants were given up to 15 seconds each for questions one through five , 30 seconds each for questions six through ten , and 45 seconds each for questions eleven through fourteen . Unused time was banked , and if the contestant reached question fifteen , he or she was given 45 seconds plus the amount of time previously banked . If the clock reached zero before a contestant could provide a final answer , the contestant was forced to walk away with the winnings they had at that point . During the clock format era , a `` Millionaire Menu '' was introduced , in which categories are revealed for each question at the beginning of the game , and are made visible to the contestant for their future reference . Some prize levels also changed at the start of season eight . Most of the episodes in season eight ( from the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten '' onward ) featured special `` Celebrity Questions '' that were mid-level in monetary value , and were provided by notable individuals whose identities were not revealed until the contestant reached their special questions . When the ninth syndicated season began on September 13 , 2010 , the format was overhauled . Ten questions were asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts which were randomized at the beginning of the game , as were the questions themselves . The difficulty of the questions was not tied to the dollar value . The dollar values for each question remained hidden until a contestant either provided a correct answer or chose to `` jump '' the question . The value of each question answered correctly was added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completed the round successfully could walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or could walk without completing the round with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . After completing round one , the contestant moved on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorized questions were played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augmented the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The shuffle format changes , including the randomization and double - round distribution of questions , were reverted for the fourteenth syndicated season . From 2011 to 2014 , certain weeks of the show were designated as `` Double Your Money '' weeks . In those , a pre-selected question in round one was designated the `` Double Money Question . '' When a contestant answered such a question correctly , the monetary value behind the question was doubled and added to his or her bank , giving him or her the possibility of adding up to $50,000 to his or her bank on a single question ; under these special rules , it was possible for a contestant to finish round one with a maximum total of $93,600 in their bank . Using Jump the Question forfeited the doubled money . In the event that a contestant leaves and very little time remains ( in the final part of an episode ) , a randomly selected audience member is given one chance to win $1,000 by answering the next question intended for the previous contestant ( or $2,000 if the next question was on a Double Money episode ) . Regardless of the outcome , the audience member receives a special prize . In seasons nine and ten , the prize was a copy of the Millionaire video game ; as of season eleven , audience members now receive 20 free playings for a Facebook game based on the show 's format . In season thirteen , which gave this game the name `` Thousandaire '' , the question the audience player faced did not come from the previous player 's stack , but was instead a separate question . Two additional audience games were also introduced and played in season thirteen : `` Team Millionaire '' , where two audience members are both presented with a single question and lock in their individual answers separately for the chance to win $500 and a bonus question with which they can double their money ; and `` Fastest Feet '' , a variation of Fastest Finger which four audience members play for the chance to split $1,000 . Payout structure ( edit ) Five different ladders have been used for a season or more over the course of the series . Question number Question value 1999 -- 2004 2004 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present $100 $500 Random value ( $100 , $500 , $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $5,000 , $7,000 , $10,000 , $15,000 , and $25,000 ) The value of each correct response accumulated through the first 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 . $500 $200 $1,000 $1,000 $300 $2,000 $2,000 $500 $3,000 $3,000 5 $1,000 $5,000 $5,000 6 $2,000 $7,500 $7,000 7 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 8 $8,000 $12,500 $20,000 9 $16,000 $15,000 $30,000 10 $32,000 $25,000 $50,000 11 $64,000 $50,000 $100,000 12 $125,000 $100,000 $250,000 13 $250,000 $500,000 14 $500,000 $1,000,000 15 $1,000,000 The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version . The third syndicated season saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level ; the last four values remained the same for round two . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained ; the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . Contestants on the current season of the syndicated show who answer one of the first five questions incorrectly receive a $1,000 consolation prize ; on the original primetime version and on the earlier seasons of the syndicated version prior to 2010 , contestants who missed one of the first five questions left with no winnings . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . They can use as many lifelines as desired per question , but each lifeline can only be used once per game . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . The show 's original three lifelines were `` 50 : 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone - a-Friend '' , which allowed the contestant to make a 30 - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provided their phone numbers in advance ) and read them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provided input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. 50 : 50 was eliminated at the end of the show 's sixth syndicated season , only to be restored in season fourteen . Phone - a-Friend was removed on the episode aired January 11 , 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using search engines and other Internet resources , unfairly privileging individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline where friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , there was a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as `` Cut the Question '' on a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 . The Super Millionaire spin - off introduced two new lifelines : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of 30 seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced 50 : 50 , and the show introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , which was like Three Wise Men but had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . The show 's lifelines sometimes used corporate sponsorship . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . During the shuffle format , the show introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which could be used twice in a single game . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , a contestant who used Jump the Question did not earn any money for the question they chose to skip ( for example , a contestant who Jumped the $100,000 question would retain his or her winnings from round one , and would then see the $250,000 question ) . This lifeline could not be used on the final $1 million question . The `` Plus One '' lifeline , introduced in season thirteen , allows a contestant to bring a companion with him or her to the podium for help in answering a question . The introduction of this lifeline reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from October 29 to November 2 , 2012 , the shuffle format used a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed at the end of the show 's thirteenth syndicated season . For the show 's fourteenth season , during a special week of college shows , players got another lifeline called `` Extra Help '' , played similarly to `` Plus One '' and allowing for another companion to help the player ; however , it could only be used after `` Plus One '' was used . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter , on the episode aired November 19 , 1999 . In 2000 , the million dollar top prize was awarded five times : to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18 , to Joe Trela on March 23 , to Bob House on June 13 , to Kim Hunt on July 6 , and to David Goodman on July 11 . In January 2001 , when no contestant had won $1 million in any show that aired over a period of five months , the top prize was then changed from a flat $1 million to an accumulating jackpot that increased by $10,000 for each episode where the top prize was not won . On April 10 , 2001 , Kevin Olmstead correctly answered the final question and won $2,180,000 , making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The top prize for correctly answering the final question returned to $1 million following Olmstead 's win and has remained unchanged since ; just five days after Olmstead 's win , the standard $1 million prize was awarded to Bernie Cullen . The last top prize winner on the original network version was Ed Toutant , on the episode aired September 7 , 2001 ; he had previously appeared on the episode aired January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was $1,860,000 , where he was ruled to have answered his $16,000 question incorrectly , but when it was discovered that there was a mistake in that question , Toutant was invited back and won the $1,860,000 jackpot . On the Super Millionaire spin - off , Robert Essig won $1,000,000 after answering the twelfth question and then walked away , not reaching the final question for $10,000,000 . On the syndicated version 's first season , two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000 : Kevin Smith on February 18 , 2003 , and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year . During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009 , Sam Murray , who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions , risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question ; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Regis Philbin , host of the original network version The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : `` I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' '' From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . Production staff ( edit ) The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons , and then as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . Production ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . Origins ( edit ) When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time nadir , as with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . Audition process ( edit ) With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . Music ( edit ) Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Broadcast history ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . On January 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . Millionaire was subsequently renewed through the 2018 -- 19 season on January 17 , 2018 . GSN ( edit ) Game Show Network ( GSN ) acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . On December 4 , 2017 , GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire ( seasons fourteen and fifteen ) , which began airing December 18 , 2017 . Special editions ( edit ) Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The first five questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) ; the remaining ten questions were worth $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , the contestant must answer the question without using any further lifelines ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 -- 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer , Harvard Law graduate , and former Jeopardy ! contestant , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , about a 1555 treatise written by Nostradamus , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . Reception ( edit ) Since its introduction to the United States , GSN credited Who Wants to Be a Millionaire with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the primetime reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire primetime on WCHS - TV8 '' . wchstv.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Network Version Rules '' . Valleycrest Productions and Buena Vista Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( TV Series ) ( 2002 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Trisha ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' to Add Celebrity Questions `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Season 13 With New Host Terry Crews to Premiere Monday , September 8 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 66 . January 11 , 2010 . Syndicated . Vieira : `` For the sake of the audience here ( in the studio ) and the audience at home , there has been a slight change in gameplay that I want to explain to you folks . On the board , we no longer have Phone - a-Friend as a lifeline . Now , I want to explain to you why . Technology has changed , as you know , over the years and we feel that it has compromised the integrity of that lifeline and the ( original ) intent ( thereof ) , because often when a contestant calls somebody , a friend at home , who do they get ? They get Mr. Internet , and we feel that it is n't fair that some people have access to a computer and some do n't , because the game is really not about that ; it 's about what 's inside somebody 's head . '' ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire . August 23 , 2004 . 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Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Holly ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Cat Deeley to present Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in the States '' . NOW . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Samantha Harris to Host Millionaire -- For a Week '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . WKOW . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jersey Journal ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Jersey City Man Wins $15,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . nj.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipeout : John Henson '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needham , Bob ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Arbor Resident Appearing on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire this Week '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Caitlin ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Gunn Takes over Millionaire '' . Lifetime . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DL Hughley , Tony Roberts , Timmy Hall and Hope Flood '' . UpOut . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shain , Michael ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Regis considering return to Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cedric The Entertainer To Succeed Meredith Vieira As Host Of Syndicated Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Who Wants To Be Millionaire ' Host Cedric The Entertainer To Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Chris Harrison Named New Host Of ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' , Replacing Terry Crews '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists of appropriate U.S. Millionaire episodes . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Meredith Vieira Show . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 8 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` ' Switch the Question ' Added as New Lifeline on ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' '' . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony buys Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? parent '' . mcvuk.com . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valleycrest Productions LTD '' . PowerProfiles . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has the First Million Dollar Question of the Season ! '' . Fox 43 Central Pennsylvania . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Just , Olivia ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Disney moves filming of ' Millionaire ' to Stamford '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Relocates to Las Vegas '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furman , Elina ; Furman , Leah ( 2000 ) . So You 'd Like to Win a Million : Facts , Trivia , and Inside Hints on Game Show Success . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312976354 . Jump up ^ Davies , Michael ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Hyperion Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780786885770 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Kathleen ( 2000 ) . Regis ! : The Unauthorized Biography . ECW Press . p. 147 . ISBN 9781550224399 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Be a Contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Claudia ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Who wants to be a game - show contestant ? '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe . August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . Syndicated . 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( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire nabs key slots in syndication '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Local Listings '' . Millionaire TV . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Millionaire re-introduces ladder format for 2015 season '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` What Millionaire Needed to Stay On The Air '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire & RightThisMinute Renewed For Syndication On ABC Stations Through 2018 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Renewed for 17th Season on ABC Stations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . August 31 , 2006 . GSN . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( Second Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Junior '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . Further reading ( edit ) Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! 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6557497383419177482	Indian Head cent	Indian Head cent - wikipedia Indian Head cent Jump to : navigation , search Indian Head cent United States Value 1 cent ( 0.01 US dollars ) Mass ( 1859 -- 1864 ) 4.67 g , ( 1864 -- 1909 ) 3.11 g Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.750 in ) Edge Plain Composition ( 1859 -- 1864 ) 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( 1864 -- 1909 ) 95 % copper , 5 % tin or zinc Years of minting 1859 -- 1909 Mint marks S. Located below the wreath on the reverse . Philadelphia Mint specimens struck without mint mark . Obverse Design Liberty with head dress . Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1859 Reverse Design Laurel wreath Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1859 Design Oak wreath and shield Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1860 The Indian Head cent , also known as an Indian Head penny , was a one - cent coin ( $0.01 ) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909 . It was designed by James Barton Longacre , the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint . From 1793 to 1857 , the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar . The discovery of gold in California caused a large inflation in prices . As gold became more abundant , the price of copper rose . Cent and half - cent manufacture was one of the only profit centers for the Mint and by 1850 the Mint began looking for alternatives . In 1857 the Mint reduced the size of the cent and changed the composition to 12 % nickel and 88 % copper ( copper - nickel ) , issuing a new design , the Flying Eagle cent . The new pieces were identical in diameter to modern cents , though thicker . This was the first use of copper - nickel by the United States . The copper - nickel made them look brighter and they began to be called `` White cent '' or `` Nicks '' . In 1858 the Flying Eagle was replaced with the Indian head design . The Flying Eagle design caused production difficulties and the Mint soon looked to replace it . Mint Director James Ross Snowden selected the Indian Head design and chose a laurel wreath for the reverse that was replaced in 1860 by an oak wreath with a shield . Cents were hoarded during the economic chaos of the American Civil War when the metal nickel was in short supply . As Mint officials saw that privately issued bronze tokens were circulating , they induced Congress to pass the Coinage Act of 1864 , authorizing a slimmer cent of bronze alloy . In the postwar period , the cent became very popular and was struck in large numbers in most years . An exception was 1877 when a poor economy and little demand for cents created one of the rarest dates in the series . With the advent of coin - operated machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , even more cents were produced , reaching 100 million for the first time in 1907 . In 1909 , the Indian Head cent was replaced by the Lincoln cent , designed by Victor D. Brenner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inception 2 Design 3 Production 3.1 Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) 3.2 Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) 3.3 Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) 4 Replacement 5 Collecting 6 References 7 External links Inception ( edit ) Main articles : Large cent and Flying Eagle cent The half - dollar - sized large cent was struck from 1793 to 1857 . That coin was intended to contain close to a cent 's worth of copper , as people expected coins to contain close to their face values in metal . Nevertheless , because of the constitutional clause making only gold and silver legal tender , the government would not accept copper cents for taxes or other payments . By the early 1850s , fluctuations in the price of copper led the Mint of the United States to seek alternatives , including reducing the size of the cent and experimenting with compositions other than pure copper . The result was the Flying Eagle cent , the same diameter as the later Lincoln cent but somewhat thicker and heavier , composed of 88 % copper and 12 % nickel . The Flying Eagle cent was struck in limited numbers as a pattern coin in 1856 , then for circulation in 1857 and 1858 . The Flying Eagle cent was issued in exchange for worn Spanish colonial silver coins , which until then had circulated widely in the United States . These `` small cents '' were also issued in exchange for the copper coins they had replaced . By 1858 , Mint authorities found the piece unsatisfactory in production . The high points on both sides of the coin ( the eagle 's head and the wreath ) opposed each other , and it was difficult to get the design to be brought out fully in the tough copper - nickel alloy . Mint Engraver James B. Longacre , designer of the Flying Eagle cent , was instructed to develop alternative designs . He produced one , showing a slimmer eagle , which would not clash as much with the reverse wreath . Although this would have cured the production problem , the design was not liked . Mint Director James Ross Snowden suggested a head of Columbus as an obverse design , but Longacre felt the public would not approve of a historic figure on an American coin . A Spanish colonial two - reales piece ( `` two bits '' ) from the Potosí Mint ( today in Bolivia ) In 1858 , the Mint tested new designs for the cent . Between 60 and 100 sets of twelve pattern coins were struck , consisting of the standard Flying Eagle obverse , a `` scrawny eagle '' pattern , and the Indian Head design , mated with four different wreaths for the reverse . Snowden would make his choice of what design would be struck in 1859 from these patterns ; the sets were also sold to collectors . The Indian Head design was apparently prepared by April , as on the twelfth of that month , a Mr. Howard wrote to Snowden that `` I have learned that a new pattern piece for the cent has been struck off at the Mint ( with ) a head resembling that of the five dollar piece and on the reverse a shield at the top of the olive and oak wreath '' , and asking to purchase a specimen . Other numismatists also sought pieces : R. Coulton Davis , a Philadelphia druggist with ties to the Mint , wrote to Snowden in June informing him of a favorable story in a Boston newspaper , and Augustus B. Sage wrote to the Mint Director the same month , asking for a specimen for himself , and one for the newly founded American Numismatic Society . According to Walter Breen , Snowden most likely chose the combination of the Indian Head and the laurel wreath as it was the lowest relief of any of the options , and could be expected to strike well . On November 4 , 1858 , Snowden wrote to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb about the Indian Head design , and two days later wrote to Longacre , informing him that it was approved . Longacre was to prepare the necessary dies for production , which was to begin on January 1 , 1859 . Design ( edit ) Longacre advocated his Indian Head design in an August 21 , 1858 , letter to Snowden : From the copper shores of Lake Superior , to the silver mountains of Potosi from the Ojibwa to the Aramanian , the feathered tiara is as characteristic of the primitive races of our hemisphere , as the turban is of the Asiatic . Nor is there anything in its decorative character , repulsive to the association of Liberty ... It is more appropriate than the Phrygian cap , the emblem rather of the emancipated slave , than of the independent freeman , of those who are able to say `` we were never in bondage to any man '' . I regard then this emblem of America as a proper and well defined portion of our national inheritance ; and having now the opportunity of consecrating it as a memorial of Liberty , ' our Liberty ' , American Liberty ; why not use it ? One more graceful can scarcely be devised . We have only to determine that it shall be appropriate , and all the world outside of us can not wrest it from us . By numismatic legend , the facial features of the goddess Liberty on the obverse of the Indian Head cent were based on the features of Longacre 's daughter Sarah ; the tale runs that she was at the mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting , and her father sketched her . However , Sarah Longacre was 30 years old and married in 1858 , not 12 as in the tale , and Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Crouching Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican . He did often sketch his elder daughter , and there are resemblances between the depictions of Sarah and the various representations of Liberty on his coins of the 1850s . These tales were apparently extant at the time , as Snowden , writing to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb in November 1858 , denied that the coin was based `` on any human features in the Longacre family '' . Lee F. McKenzie , in his 1991 article on Longacre , notes that any artist can be influenced by many things , but calls the story `` essentially false '' . Regardless of who posed for Longacre , the facial features of the `` Indian '' are essentially Caucasian , meaning that a Caucasian woman wears the headdress of a Native American man . Longacre had , in 1854 , designed the three - dollar piece with a female with similar features ( also supposedly based on the museum sculpture ) but a more fanciful headdress , and adapted that design for the gold dollar . Officials were aware of this artistic license at the time of issue ; Snowden , in his November 1858 letter to Cobb , characterizes the two earlier coins as `` the artists at the Mint evidently not realizing the absurd incongruity of placing this most masculine attribute of the warrior brave on the head of a woman '' . Longacre would not be the last to juxtapose the features of a White woman with an Indian headdress reserved for men ; Augustus Saint - Gaudens , for the Indian Head eagle ( 1907 ) , produced a similar design . Later issues depict more accurate Indians , including Bela Lyon Pratt 's Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 ) , the Buffalo nickel ( 1913 ) by James Earle Fraser , who worked from Native American models , and the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 ) , designed by Fraser and his wife Laura . Cornelius Vermeule thought the Indian Head cent was better than Longacre 's 1859 pattern half dollar . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule had mixed emotions about the Indian Head cent : `` Longacre enriched the mythology of American coinage in a pleasant if unpretentious fashion . Given his pattern half - dollar designs of 1859 as a yardstick , he could have done worse . '' In another comparison , Vermeule suggested , `` far from a major creation aesthetically or iconographically , and far less attractive to the eye than the ( flying eagle ) , the Indian head cent was at least to achieve the blessing of popular appeal . The coin became perhaps the most beloved and typically American of any piece great or small in the American series . Great art the coin was not , but it was one of the first products of the United States mints to achieve the common touch . '' Production ( edit ) Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) ( edit ) Production of the Indian Head cent for commerce began at the start of 1859 . As issued for circulation , the pieces differ in some particulars from the pattern 1858 cent of similar design ; Longacre sharpened some details . The pattern coin had the laurel leaves in the reverse wreath in bunches of five leaves ; the issued 1859 cent has them in bunches of six . Cents dated 1858 with the adopted reverse ( with six - leaf bunches ) are known , were most likely struck in 1859 , and are extremely rare . In 1860 , the reverse of the cent was changed to feature an oak wreath and a narrow shield ; such reverses are also known on 1859 - dated pieces struck as patterns . According to Richard Snow in his guidebook to Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents , this was not due to problems with the `` Laurel Wreath '' reverse design used in 1859 , as full details survive on many extant pieces . Walter Breen , however , suggested that the feathers and curls on the obverse did not strike as well as they would later , and that `` this may account for Snowden 's decision to change the design again '' . David Lange , in his history of the Mint , states that it was to give the coin , quoting Snowden , `` more National character '' . All 1859 cents and some from 1860 have the cutoff of Liberty 's bust on the obverse end with a point ; most 1860 cents and all later issues have it rounded . Tens of millions of Flying Eagle cents had been issued in exchange for the old American coppers and small Spanish silver . The Spanish silver was still flowing into the Mint in early 1859 and , at Snowden 's urging , Congress on March 3 of that year extended the redemption of these foreign coins , legal tender in the US until 1857 , for another two years . Neil Carothers , in his work on small - denomination currency , challenged this decision as unnecessary -- deprived of legal tender status , the remaining Spanish silver would have been eliminated through sales to banks for their bullion . Those who brought the old coins to the Mint received cents for them , at first Flying Eagle , and then Indian Head . In the year following the renewal , some forty million Indian Head cents were issued , meaning nearly a hundred million copper - nickel cents had entered commerce since 1857 . As the coin did not circulate in the South and West due to prejudice against base - metal money , they choked commerce . No one had to take them ; no law made them legal tender . At Snowden 's urging Congress in June 1860 ended the exchange . Nevertheless , as Snowden admitted in his annual report that year , there were too many cents in circulation . In October 1860 , The Bankers ' Magazine and Statistical Register reported that there were ten million cents in commerce in New York City above what was needed , and if anyone wished to order in bulk , they could be purchased at a discount . Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) ( edit ) The surplus of cents was relieved by the economic chaos engendered by the American Civil War , which began in 1861 . At the end of that year , the banks stopped paying out gold , which thereafter commanded a premium over paper money . These greenbacks , beginning in the following year , were issued in large quantities by the federal government . Silver vanished from commerce in June 1862 , as the price of that metal rose , leaving the cent the sole federal coin that had not entirely vanished from commerce through hoarding . The glut of cents had by then abated , as merchants had stored them away in quantity -- one New York City floor collapsed beneath the load . There were other means of making change which passed in the emergency , from postage stamps to privately issued tokens , but the public demand was for the cent -- the Philadelphia Mint struck record numbers , and set aside part of the production to be transmitted to other cities . Nevertheless , by July 1862 , the cent , in quantity , could only be purchased at a premium of 4 % in paper money in major cities in the East . The copper - nickel pieces were nicknamed `` nickels '' , or `` nicks '' . Presentation of coins in payment carried with it no obligation to make change in the same . Accordingly , with a small quantity of `` nicks '' , a shopper could make purchases with exact change , without receiving such makeshifts as merchants ' credit slips , that others might not accept at the stated value . By 1863 , The Bankers ' Magazine reported that the premium for cents in Philadelphia had risen to 20 % . Thereafter , the premium decreased as there was a flood of metal tokens issued by merchants , which were widely accepted . Other war expedients , such as fractional currency , lessened the demand for the cent by taking the place of missing silver coinage . Small quantities of cents circulated among them , though many were still hoarded . Government officials saw that the public readily accepted the merchant tokens . Many of these tokens were made of bronze , and when , in 1863 , they attempted to restore coins to circulation , the use of bronze coins , which would not contain their face values in metal , was considered . In his annual report submitted October 1 , 1863 , Lincoln Administration Mint Director James Pollock noted that `` whilst people expect a full value in their gold and silver coins , they merely want the inferior ( base metal ) money for convenience in making exact payments '' . He observed that the private cent tokens had sometimes contained as little as a fifth of a cent in metal , yet had still circulated . He proposed that the copper - nickel cent be replaced with a bronze piece of the same size . Pollock also wanted to eliminate nickel as a coinage metal ; its hard alloys destroyed dies and machinery . On December 8 , Pollock wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase , proposing a bronze cent and two - cent piece . Cent - sized Civil War token , which was issued privately as federal coinage was hoarded . On March 2 , 1864 , Pollock wrote urgently to Chase , warning him that the Mint was running out of nickel and that demand for cents was at an all - time high . He also informed the Secretary that the United States Assay Commission , composed of citizens and officials who had met the previous month to test the nation 's silver and gold coinage , had recommended the use of French bronze ( 95 % copper with the remainder tin and zinc ) as a coinage metal for the cent and a new two - cent piece . Three days later , Chase sent Pollock 's December letter and draft legislation for bronze one - and two - cent pieces to Maine Senator William P. Fessenden , chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . Fessenden took no immediate action , and on March 16 , Pollock wrote again to Chase , warning that the Mint was going to run out of nickel , much of which was imported . Chase forwarded his letter to Fessenden . Legislation was finally introduced by New Hampshire Senator Daniel Clark on March 22 ; Pollock 's letters were read and apparently influenced proceedings as the Senate passed the bill without debate . The domestic supply of nickel was at that time produced by a mine at Gap , Pennsylvania , owned by industrialist Joseph Wharton . On March 19 , Pollock wrote to Chase that they had no more nickel , nor was any available from overseas ; `` we are thus shut up to the home supply ; from the works of Mr. Wharton '' . Opposed to the removal of nickel from the cent , Wharton published a pamphlet in April 1864 proposing coinage of one - , two - , three - , five - , and ten - cent pieces of an alloy of one part nickel to three of copper , doubling the percentage of nickel used in the cent . Despite Wharton 's efforts , on April 20 , a select committee of the House of Representatives endorsed the bill . It was opposed by Pennsylvania 's Thaddeus Stevens , who represented the mining area from which Wharton extracted his nickel . Wharton had spent $200,000 to develop his mine and ore refinement machinery , Stevens related , and it was unfair to deprive him of the major use of his metal . `` Shall we destroy all this property because by coining with another metal more money may be saved to the government ? '' Besides , he argued , the copper - nickel alloy for the cent had been approved by Congress , and the new metal , which he termed `` brass '' , would show rust . He was rebutted by Iowa Congressman John A. Kasson , chairman of the House Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures , who stated that the bronze alloy did not resemble brass , and he could not support the proposition that the government is bound to purchase from a supplier because he has spent money in anticipation of sales . The legislation passed the House , and the Coinage Act of 1864 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 22 , 1864 . The legislation made base metal coins legal tender for the first time : both cents and two - cent pieces were acceptable in quantities of up to ten . The government would not , however , redeem them in bulk . The act also outlawed the private one - and two - cent tokens , and later that year Congress abolished all such issues . The legislation did not allow for the redemption of the old copper - nickel cents ; it had been drafted by Pollock , who was hoping that the seignorage income from issuing the new coins would help finance Mint operations , and he did not want it reduced by the recall of the old pieces . Wharton and his interests were appeased by the passage of a bill for a three - cent piece in 1865 and a five - cent piece in 1866 , both of his proposed alloy , out of which the `` nickel '' , as the latter coin has come to be known , is still struck . Despite this , Wharton and his nickel interests made repeated attempts to return nickel to the cent , each time failing , both as part of the deliberations over what became the Coinage Act of 1873 , and in the early 1880s . The copper - nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers . The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13 , three weeks after the passage of the Coinage Act , and they were released into circulation on May 20 . Dies prepared for copper - nickel pieces were used to strike bronze . Sometime during 1864 , Longacre sharpened his design for use in striking the softer bronze pieces , and also added his initial `` L '' . It is not known when this was done ; it may have been as early as May , with the new dies used alongside the old . These bronze pieces are often referred to as `` 1864 - L '' and `` 1864 No L '' . The `` L '' is known on 1863 - dated pieces , in both metals , and on 1864 - dated copper - nickel pieces -- some of these issues , all extremely rare , were likely struck at a later date . The bronze cent was immediately accepted by the public , and heavy production of the issue soon alleviated the shortage of cents . Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) ( edit ) Further information : Indian Head cent mintage figures The rare 1877 Indian Head cent In the postwar years , the heavy production of cents was scaled back , as hoarding ceased and some of the slack was taken up by other base - metal coins . Nevertheless , the various issues of small coins , at that time not redeemed by the government , caused another glut in commerce , which was not completely broken until the Act of March 3 , 1871 , allowed redemption of cents and other minor coins in lots of $20 or more . Pursuant to this act , over thirty million copper - nickel cents , of both the Indian Head and Flying Eagle designs , were redeemed ; the Mint melted these for recoinage . Fifty - five million bronze cents were also sold to the government ; beginning in 1874 , the Mint re-issued these in response to commercial requests for cents , lowering the demand for new coins . Drops in the price of silver brought coins of that metal , hoarded for a decade or more , back into commerce , also decreasing demand . Between 1866 and 1878 , production only occasionally exceeded ten million ; the 1877 coin , with a circulation mintage of 852,500 , is a rare date for the series . After 1881 , there were few redemptions of bronze cents , due to high demand for the denomination , though copper - nickel cents continued to be redeemed and melted . With the discontinuance of the two - cent piece and three - cent silver in 1873 , the cent and the three - cent nickel were the sole survivors of the coins valued at less than five cents . The three - cent nickel , by this time , was unpopular because of its odd denomination and ( with the return of silver coinage ) its similarity in size to the dime . A three - cent postage rate had been one of the reasons why that denomination had begun , in the 1850s ; in the early 1880s , the Post Office decreased the basic rate for letters to two cents . This change both increased demand for cents , and decreased the demand for the three - cent nickel , which was abolished in 1890 . In most years of the 1880s , there were large issues of Indian Head cents . The exception was in the mid-1880s when poor economic times led to less demand for minor coins . No cents or five - cent nickels were minted after February 1885 until near the end of 1886 . Production of undated dies into which the year of issue could be punched did continue , and during the hiatus in coin production , Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber modified the design , removing light outlines between the lettering on the obverse and the rest of the design , and making other changes . This led to two types for the 1886 Indian Head cent , which may be distinguished : on the Type I , the lowest feather on the obverse points between the I and the C in `` AMERICA '' , while on the Type II it points between the C and the final A. Snow estimates that 14 million of the mintage of 17,654,290 were Type I , as were a majority of the 4,290 proof strikings . The economic Panic of 1893 again caused a decrease in the number of cents produced , as coins accumulated in private hands were spent , creating a surplus . Aside from that , the final years of the series before its termination in 1909 were marked by large mintages , with 1907 topping the hundred million mark . A healthy economy in most years fueled demand , as did the increasing popularity of coin - operated machines , some of which could be found at penny arcades . By the early 20th century , the cent was accepted across the nation , but by law production of the cent was limited to the Philadelphia Mint . Treasury officials sought removal of this restriction , and for an increase in the annual appropriation to purchase base metals for production of the cent and nickel -- the amount expended had remained the same since 1873 , although demand for cents had greatly increased . By the Act of April 24 , 1906 , the Mint received permission to strike base metal coins at any mint , and the appropriation was quadrupled to $200,000 . Small quantities of cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint in 1908 and 1909 . Replacement ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent 1909 - S Lincoln cent Congress passed legislation in 1890 allowing the Mint to alter designs that had been in use for 25 years without the need for legislative authorization . In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit , and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist , such as sculptor Augustus Saint - Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs . At Roosevelt 's instructions , the Mint hired Saint - Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces : the double eagle ( $20 ) , eagle ( $10 ) , half eagle ( $5 ) , and quarter eagle ( $2.50 ) . As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years , they could be changed without an act of Congress , as could the Indian Head cent . Saint - Gaudens ' model for the cent obverse : Liberty with an Indian headdress added , the design was later developed for the $10 piece . Saint - Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent , but at Roosevelt 's request , developed it for the $20 piece after learning that under the 1873 act , an eagle could not appear on the cent . Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907 , Saint - Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer , and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects , including the cent . Saint - Gaudens died on August 3 , 1907 , without having submitted another design for the cent . With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908 , Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent . The centenary of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909 , and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued . Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department , proposing a Lincoln coin , and Roosevelt was interested in honoring his fellow Republican . This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition ; before the Lincoln cent , no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person ( as opposed to idealized personifications , as of `` liberty '' ) . In late 1908 , Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner , who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission . It is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the coin , but in January 1909 , Mint Director Frank A. Leach hired him to design a Lincoln cent . This went into circulation later in 1909 , putting an end to the Indian Head cent series . Collecting ( edit ) ' S ' mint mark ( designated with arrow ) on the reverse of a 1908 S Indian head penny Indian Head cents were popular among coin collectors even in the half - century when they were produced ; since then , with the growth of the hobby , interest has increased . The 1930s introduction of inexpensive coin albums to house the series and encourage collectors to seek a complete set came at a time when the bronze version of the Indian Head cent was still common in pocket change . They were not widely studied until the 1960s ; numismatic writer Tom DeLorey , in his introduction to Snow 's book , ascribes this to prejudice among numismatists who grew up with the Indian Head cent as a common circulation piece . He notes that the 1960 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins ( commonly , the Red Book ) listed only four dates for which there were varieties , one of which , the overdate 1869 / 68 was in error , as the final digit was actually over another 9 . The 2018 edition of the Red Book lists varieties for 12 dates . Like most other denominations of U.S. coins , the 1873 may be found in two varieties , depending on the appearance of the final digit of the date : the `` Close 3 '' or `` Closed 3 '' is from early dies , but after Chief Coiner A. Loudon Snowden complained that the `` 3 '' looked too much like an `` 8 '' , Chief Engraver William Barber modified his work to create the `` Open 3 '' . Some 1875 pieces have a dot appearing on the letter `` N '' in `` ONE '' on the reverse . This may have been a secret mark , added to catch a thief within the Philadelphia Mint . The Indian Head cent was struck in large quantities and most dates remain inexpensive : Yeoman lists all dates from 1900 to 1908 from Philadelphia at $2 in Good - 4 condition . The record holder for the denomination is a proof specimen of the 1864 - L , of which there were an estimated 20 struck ; it sold for $161,000 in 2012 . References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ After 1873 , called the Bureau of the Mint . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Columbus would be the first historic figure on an American coin , in 1892 with the commemorative Columbian half dollar . Jump up ^ This sale later caused Snowden difficulties . As word got around the small , scattered coin collecting community , Snowden received a small blizzard of requests for patterns ; an exasperated Mint Director wrote to one applicant , seeking a range of pieces for `` a friend '' , that he could send coins , but preferred to wait as the Mint arranged other methods of sale so that `` your friend , and all other collectors of Coins , AND THEIR NAME IS LEGION , can be supplied to their heart 's content '' . See Snow , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Snowden caused several of the patterns to be restruck . At the time , the Mint Director was seeking specimens of medals depicting George Washington to add to the Mint 's coin collection , and newly struck specimens of past coins and patterns were often exchanged for them . This caused disquiet among some collectors and dealers who saw rare pieces being devalued , but Snowden made no secret of what he was doing and was undeterred . See Snow , p. 224 . Citations Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Taxay , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Breen , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Vermeule , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Radeker , p. 1740 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 241 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 85 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 272 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Bowers , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 150 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Bureau of the Mint , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Burdette , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Burdette , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Now if Only We Could Mint Lincoln Himself '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Burdette , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. vi , 1 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , pp. 116 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 118 . Bibliography Bowers , Q. David ( 2006 ) . A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1921 - 7 . Breen , Walter ( 1988 ) . Walter Breen 's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14207 - 6 . Burdette , Roger W. ( 2007 ) . Renaissance of American Coinage , 1909 -- 1915 . Great Falls , VA : Seneca Mill Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768986 - 2 - 7 . Bureau of the Mint ( 1904 ) . Laws of the United States Relating to the Coinage . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . OCLC 8109299 . Carothers , Neil ( 1930 ) . Fractional Money : A History of Small Coins and Fractional Paper Currency of the United States . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. ( reprinted 1988 by Bowers and Merena Galleries , Inc. , Wolfeboro , NH ) . ISBN 0 - 943161 - 12 - 6 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1972 - 9 . McKenzie , Lee F. ( December 1991 ) . `` Longacre 's Influence on Numismatic Art '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1922 -- 1924 , 1979 -- 1980 . Moran , Michael F. ( 2008 ) . Striking Change : The Great Artistic Collaboration of Theodore Roosevelt and Augustus Saint - Gaudens . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2356 - 6 . Radeker , William T. ( November 1991 ) . `` Those Collectable 2 - Cent Pieces '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1739 -- 1741 , 1805 . ISSN 0029 - 6090 . Snow , Richard ( 2009 ) . A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2831 - 8 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915262 - 68 - 7 . Vermeule , Cornelius ( 1971 ) . Numismatic Art in America . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 62840 - 3 . Yeoman , R.S. ( 2017 ) . A Guide Book of United States Coins ( The Official Red Book ) ( 71st ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 4506 - 3 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last indian head penny made	[ "The Indian Head cent, also known as an Indian Head penny, was a one-cent coin ($0.01) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909. It was designed by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint." ]	[ "1909" ]
-3071480688785056577	Philippine Navy	Philippine Navy - wikipedia Philippine Navy Jump to : navigation , search naval warfare branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Navy Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas Seal of the Philippine Navy Founded May 20 , 1898 ; 120 years ago ( 1898 - 05 - 20 ) Country Philippines Type Navy Size 24,000 active personnel ( including 7,500 marines ) 15,000 Reserve Personnel Part of Armed Forces of the Philippines Headquarters Naval Station Jose Andrada , City of Manila Ships 3 frigates ( + 2 for acquisition ) 10 corvettes ( + 1 for delivery ) 2 landing platform dock 4 landing support ships 10 heavy landing crafts 35 patrol craft 9 Fast assault craft 1 oceanographic research ship Engagements Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War World War II Communist Insurgencies Moro conflict Spratly Islands Dispute Scarborough Shoal standoff Website www.navy.mil.ph Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana Chief of Staff Gen. Carlito Galvez Jr. , AFP Flag Officer in - Command VADM Robert Empedrad , PN Insignia Pennant Jack Flag Patch Aircraft flown Helicopter AgustaWestland AW109 Power , AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat , MBB Bo 105C , Robinson R22 Patrol BN - 2 Islander , Beechcraft King Air , Cessna 172 The Philippine Navy ( PN ; Filipino : Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas , Spanish : Armada de Filipinas ) is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . It has an estimated strength of 24,000 active service personnel , including the 7,500 - strong Philippine Marine Corps . It shares the responsibility of patrolling the maritime borders with the Philippine Coast Guard , its former attached unit until the latter became a separate maritime law enforcement agency on 1998 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Pre-colonial period 2.2 Foreign Occupation 2.2. 1 The Spanish Colonial Era 2.2. 2 American Colonial Period 2.2. 3 World War 2 and Japanese Occupation 2.3 Post-War and Philippine Independence 2.3. 1 AFP Restructuring and Philippine Navy Establishment 2.4 Cold War 2.4. 1 The Korean War 2.4. 2 Early Philippine - Korean Naval relationship 2.4. 3 Internal Security Focus 2.4. 4 US Military Departure from the Philippines 2.5 Contemporary Era 2.5. 1 Chinese threats to the Philippine claims in the South China Sea 2.5. 2 The AFP Modernization Efforts and the Asian Financial Crisis 2.5. 3 The Philippine - US Visiting Forces Agreement 2.5. 4 The 2012 Scarborough Shoal Incident 2.5. 5 The South China Sea Arbitration Case and Revised AFP Modernization Program 2.5. 6 US - Philippine Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement 3 Organization 3.1 Type Commands 3.1. 1 Philippine Fleet 3.1. 2 Philippine Marine Corps 3.2 Naval Operational Commands 3.3 Naval Support Commands 3.3. 1 Naval Sea Systems Command 3.3. 2 Naval Education and Training Command 3.3. 3 Naval Reserve Command 3.3. 4 Naval Combat Engineering Brigade 3.3. 5 Naval Installation Command 3.4 Naval support units 4 Equipment 4.1 Naval Vessels 4.2 Naval Aircraft 4.2. 1 Units 4.2. 2 Aircraft 5 Bases 5.1 Naval bases 5.2 Naval stations 5.3 Marine bases 6 Future of the Philippine Navy 6.1 Multi-purpose attack crafts ( MPAC ) 6.2 Multipurpose patrol vessels 6.3 Submarine 6.4 Anti-submarine helicopters 6.5 Frigates 6.6 Corvettes 6.7 Amphibious assault vehicles 6.8 Missiles and other Weapons Systems 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Mission ( edit ) `` To organize , train , equip , maintain , develop and deploy forces for prompt and sustained naval and maritime . operations in support of the Unified Commands in the accomplishment of the AFP mission '' . -- Based on the 2007 Integrity Development Review of the AFP -- Philippine Navy by the EC -- OMB Corruption Prevention Project Its powers and functions are as follows : `` To organize , train , equip , maintain and operate naval forces and naval aircraft including naval reserve units , necessary to provide water - borne support and assistance required by the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the accomplishment of its mission '' `` To assist the proper governmental agencies in the enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to navigation , immigration , customs revenue , opium , quarantine , fishing and neutrality in the territorial and contiguous waters of the Philippine Archipelago '' `` To develop , in coordination with the other major services and area commands the doctrines , procedures , and naval equipment for joint operations , and the doctrines and procedures for amphibious operations '' History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Philippines Pre-colonial period ( edit ) Further information : Military of Pre colonial Philippines Before the Spanish arrived in the Philippines the ancient peoples there were engaging in naval warfare , trade , piracy , travel and communication using balangay . A flotilla of balangay was discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan City , Agusan del Norte . A Karakowa ancient Battleship with Lantaka Cannons . Philippine ships , such as the karakao or korkoa were of excellent quality and some of them were used by the Spaniards in expeditions against rebellious tribes and Dutch and British forces . Some of the larger rowed vessels held up to a hundred rowers on each side besides a contingent of armed troops . Generally , the larger vessels held at least one lantaka at the front of the vessel or another one placed at the stern . Philippine sailing ships called praos had double sails that seemed to rise well over a hundred feet from the surface of the water . Despite their large size , these ships had double outriggers . Some of the larger sailing ships , however , did not have outriggers . Antecedent to this raids , somethime between A.D. 1174 and 1190 , a traveling Chinese government bureaucrat Chau Ju - Kua reported that a certain group of `` ferocious raiders of China 's Fukien coast '' which he called the `` Pi - sho - ye , '' believed to have lived on the southern part of Formosa . In A.D. 1273 , another work written by Ma Tuan Lin , which came to the knowledge of non-Chinese readers through a translation made by the Marquis D'Hervey de Saint - Denys , gave reference to the Pi - sho - ye raiders , thought to have originated from the southern portion of Formosa . However , the author observed that these reaiders spoke a different language and had an entirely different appearance ( presumably when compared to the inhabitants of Formosa ) . In the Battle of Manila in 1365 is an unspecified and disputed battle occurring somewhere in the vicinity of Manila between the forces of the Kingdoms in Luzon and the Empire of Majapahit . Even though the exact dates and details of this battle remain in dispute , there are claims of the conquest of the area around Saludong ( Majapahit term for Luzon and Manila ) according to the text Nagarakretagama Nevertheless , there may have been a battle for Manila that occurred during that time but it was likely a victory for Luzon 's kingdoms considering that the Kingdom of Tondo had maintained its independence and was not enslaved under another ruler . Alternatively , Luzon may have been successfully invaded but was able to regain its independence later . Foreign occupation ( edit ) The Spanish colonial era ( edit ) The Republic 's need for a naval force was first provided for by Filipino revolutionaries when they included a provision in the Biák - na - Bató Constitution . This authorised the government to permit privateers to engage foreign enemy vessels . ( w ) hen the necessary army is organized ... for the protection of the coasts of the Philippine archipelago and its seas ; then a secretary of the navy shall be appointed and the duties of his office added to this Constitution . -- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on the Biák - na - Bató Constitution On May 1 , 1898 , the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo , which was named Magdalo . The Philippine Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Revolutionary Navy which was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards . The ships were refitted with 9 centimeter guns . The rich , namely Leon Apacible , Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio , later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage , the Taaleño , the Balayan , the Bulusan , the Taal and the Purísima Concepción . The 900 - ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet , Compania de Filipinas ( renamed as the navy flagship Filipinas ) , steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots . Naval stations were later established to serve as ships ' home bases in the following : Ports of Aparri Ports of Legaspi Ports of Balayan Ports of Calapan Ports of San Roque , Cavite On September 26 , 1898 , Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma ( a merchant ship captain ) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy , assisted by Captain Angel Pabie ( another merchant ship captain ) . After passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War ( thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy ) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías . As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans , the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated . American colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War A U.S. Navy Vought O2U Corsair floatplane flying over the Cavite Navy Yard , c. 1930 . The American colonial government in the Philippines created the Bureau of the Coast Guard and Transportation , which aimed to maintain peace and order , transport Philippine Constabulary troops throughout the archipelago , and guard against smuggling and piracy . The Americans employed many Filipino sailors in this bureau and in the Bureaus of Customs and Immigration , Island and Inter-Island Transportation , Coast and Geodetic Survey , and Lighthouses . They also reopened the former Spanish colonial Escuela Nautica de Manila , which was renamed the Philippine Nautical School , adopting the methods of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . The U.S. Naval Academy accepted its first Filipino midshipman in 1919 , and Filipinos were able to enlist in the U.S. Navy , just as they were formerly able to do in the Spanish Navy . World War 2 and Japanese occupation ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Philippines during World War II Sangley Point Cavite Navy Yard burning after a Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941 . Small - arms shells explode ( left ) and a torpedo - loaded barge ( center ) burns . Mariveles Naval Section Base was used by the US Navy 's Asiatic Fleet during the Second World War . In 1935 , the Commonwealth Government passed the National Defense Act , which aimed to ensure the security of the country . This was criticized because it placed the burden of the defense of the Philippines on ground forces , which in turn , was formed from reservists . It discounted the need for a Commonwealth air force and navy , and naval protection was provided by the United States Asiatic Fleet . `` A relatively small fleet of such vessels , ... will have distinct effect in compelling any hostile force to approach cautiously and by small detachments . '' -- Gen. Douglas MacArthur , Military Advisor to the Philippines regarding the newest Offshore Patrol ( OSP ) PT boats When World War II began , the Philippines had no significant naval forces after the United States withdrew the Asiatic Fleet following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy . The Philippines had to rely on its OSP with headquarters located at Muelle Del Codo , Port Area , Manila , composed of five high - speed Thorneycroft Coast Motor Boat ( CMB ) 55 - foot ( 17 m ) and 65 - foot ( 20 m ) PT boats , also known as Q - boats , to repel Japanese attacks from the sea . During the course of the war , the OSP were undaunted by the enemy 's superiority which they fought with zeal , courage and heroism . For its intrepid and successful missions and raids on enemy ships , the unit was dubbed the `` Mosquito Fleet '' mainly because of its minuscule size , speed and surprise , it shown its capability to attack with a deadly sting . The unit was cited for gallantry in action when its Q - boats Squadron shot three of nine Japanese dive bombers as they were flying towards shore installations in Bataan . The OSP participated in the evacuation of high Philippine and U.S. government officials from Manila to Corregidor when Manila was declared an open city . Surviving personnel of the Offshore Patrol that did n't surrender after April 9 , 1942 to the Japanese , conducted the recognized guerrilla and local military troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were hit - and - run attacks against the occupying Japanese forces until the return of U.S. Forces . By the end of the war , 66 percent of its men were awarded the Silver Star Medal and other decorations for gallantry in action . Post-war and Philippine independence ( edit ) AFP restructuring and Philippine Navy establishment ( edit ) In 1945 , after the liberation of the Philippines , the OSP was reactivated and led by Major Jose Andrada , to reorganize and rebuild from a core of surviving OSP veterans , plus additional recruits . The OSP was strengthened in 1947 after President of the Philippines Manuel Roxas issued Executive Order No. 94 . This order elevated the Patrol to a major command that was equal with the Philippine Army , Constabulary , and Air Force . The OSP was renamed the Philippine Naval Patrol , later on changed its name again to the Philippine Navy on January 5 , 1951 . The first commanding officer of the Navy , Jose Andrada , became its first Commodore and Chief . This was also the year when the naval aviation arm of the Navy was formed , now the Naval Air Group . RPS Rajah Soliman ( D - 66 ) , flagship of Philippine Navy from 1960 - 1964 BRP Datu Kalantiaw ( PS - 76 ) BRP Andres Bonifacio ( PF - 7 ) In 1950 , Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay created a marine battalion with which to carry out amphibious attacks against the Communist Hukbalahap movement . The next year , President Elpidio Quirino issued Executive Order No. 389 , re-designating the Philippine Naval Patrol as the Philippine Navy . It was to be composed of all naval and marine forces , combat vessels , auxiliary craft , naval aircraft , shore installations , and supporting units that were necessary to carry out all functions of the service . In the succeeding decades , the Philippine Navy organized the following units ( aside from the Marines ) : Naval Shore Establishment Naval Operating Forces Philippine Coast Guard Home Defense Command Military Sealift and Terminal Command Cold War ( edit ) The Korean War ( edit ) On Sunday June 25 1950 , the existence of the Republic of Korea as a democratic nation was shattered when armored and infantry elements of the North Korean People 's Army crossed the border into Seoul . The surprise attack caught off guard the Republic of Korea Armed Forces who lacked the equipment to withstand a massive communist invasion . On that same day , the United Nations Security Council Resolution Number 82 was enacted which calls for the immediate withdrawal of the belligerent forces from South Korea , after it went unheeded prompting the world body to pass UNSC Resolution number 83 calling on member countries to support militarily the ROK in deterring communist aggression . Although having its own counter insurgency problem , the Philippines became the first South East Asian country to deploy troops in support of the UN cause and the Third member of the UN Body to do so ... On September 7 1950 President Elpidio Rivera Quirino announced the historic decision of the deployment of Filipino Soldiers to the embattled republic . It fulfills the country 's obligation as a member and signatory of the United Nations and combating the spread of communism in the Asia - Pacific region . Unknown too many , the Philippine Navy ( PN ) would actively participate in the Korean conflict . The Five Landing Ship Tanks ( LST 's ) of the Service Squadron of the Philippine Navy namely RPS Cotabato ( T - 36 ) RPS Pampanga ( T - 37 ) , RPS Bulacan ( T - 38 ) , RPS Albay ( T - 39 ) and RPS Misamis Oriental ( T - 40 ) would serve as the workhorse in transporting the Filipino soldiers to and from Korea for five years . Another great significance for the service was the assignment of two Filipino Naval Officers at the Philippine Liaison Group - United Nations Command in Tokyo , Japan . Early Philippine - Korean Naval relationship ( edit ) Quite unknown on the early days of the ROK , and the formation of the Korean Naval Defense Corps to the Korean Coast Guard ( later becoming the Republic of Korea Navy ) , Filipino Naval Officers played a pivotal role as its brought in the first ships of the KCG to Korea from Subic Bay Naval Base . It was in August 1947 that then LTSG Ramon A Alcaraz PN ( PMA ' 40 ) was designated as head of mission to ferry former US and British Royal Navy Auxiliary Motor Minesweepers that would form the backbone of the Korean Fleet , wherein their ports of destination were 3 of the 7 ROK Naval bases namely Chinhae , Pusan and Seoul . Another notable skipper of one of the ships to be transferred is LT Dioscoro E Papa PN ( the Second Commandant of the Philippine Coast Guard ) . Later on , at the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 now Commander Ramon A Alcaraz would be the Service Squadron Skipper in which our Five Landing Ship Tanks ( LST 's ) served as the mainstay of the fleet in ferrying troops of the Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea ( PEFTOK ) Battalion Combat Teams . A notable naval role was the presence of then LCDR Emilio S Liwanag PN ( PMA ' 38 ) as the logistics and artillery officer of the 10TH BCT who commanded a battery of 105mm howitzers during the battle . LCDR Liwanag is a graduate of the Advanced Infantry Gunnery Course at Fort William Mckinley in 1950 days prior to his deployment to Korea . Early on , as logistics officer LCDR Liwanag was also responsible in securing from an American depot a squadron of US made M24 Chafee light tanks and heavy weapons for the tenth 's reconnaissance and heavy weapons company . Internal security focus ( edit ) During the 1960s , the Philippine Navy was one of the best - equipped navies in Southeast Asia . Many of the countries in the region gained independence between World War II and the 1960s . In 1967 , the maritime law enforcement functions of the Navy were transferred to the Philippine Coast Guard . The duties stayed with the coast guard and in the 1990s it became an independent service under the Department of Transportation and Communications . After the 1960s , the government had to shift its attention towards the Communist insurgency and this led to the strengthening of the Philippine Army and the Philippine Air Force while naval operations were confined to troop transport , naval gunfire support , and blockade . US military departure from the Philippines ( edit ) The Cold War Era has reached its endpoint as tensions between the two ideological rivals , the United States and the Soviet Union , have simmered down as a result of the dissolution of the latter and the massive change of political system among its allies . Naval Base Subic Bay ( top and mid ) and the Naval Air Station Cubi Point ( bottom ) near Olongapo City during the US military presence in the Philippines . The fate of the US military bases in the country was greatly affected by these circumstances , aside from the catastrophic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 which engulfed the installations with ash and lahar flows . The nearby Clark Air Base was eventually abandoned afterwards , while the Philippine Senate voted to reject a new treaty for Subic Naval Complex , its sister American installation in Zambales . This occurrence had effectively ended the century - old US military presence in the country , even as President Corazon Aquino tried to extend the lease agreement by calling a national referendum , leaving a security vacuum in the region and terminated the inflows of economic and military aid into the Philippines . Contemporary era ( edit ) Chinese threats to the Philippine claims in the South China Sea ( edit ) Concerns about the Chinese incursion to the sea features claimed by the Philippines and other Southeast Asian States were more pronounced at the last years of the 20th century . This was more evident after the Chinese construction of a military outpost at the Mischief Reef on 1995 . As a response , the Philippine Navy dispatched the BRP Sierra Madre and deliberately ran it aground in the Second Thomas Shoal , 5 miles near the Chinese Facility and South of the rumored oil - rich Reed Bank , which it maintains as its own station today . However it remains unable to protect other Philippine Reefs that have been reclaimed by the Chinese . The AFP Modernization efforts and the Asian financial crisis ( edit ) The importance of territorial defense capability was highlighted in the public eye on 1995 when the AFP published photographs of Chinese structures on Mischief Reef in the Spratlys . Initial attempts to improve the capabilities of the Armed Forces happened when a law was passed in the same year for the sale of redundant military installations and devote 35 percent of the proceeds for the AFP upgrades . Subsequently , the legislature passed the AFP Modernization Act . The law sought to modernize the AFP over a 15 - year period , with minimum appropriation of 10 - billion Pesos per year for the first five years , subject to increase in subsequent years of the program . The modernization fund was to be separate and distinct from the rest of the AFP budget . However , the Asian Financial Crisis struck the region on 1997 . This has greatly affected the AFP Modernization Program due to the government 's austerity measures meant to turn the economy around after suffering from losses incurred during the financial crisis . Several major ship classes acquired by the Philippine Navy thru the original AFP Modernization Program of 1995 were the Jacinto class corvette , the Tarlac class LPDs , and the Gregorio del Pilar - class frigate . The Philippine - US visiting forces agreement ( edit ) Construction of basic infrastructure projects as part of the annual Balikatan exercises . In 1998 , following the bases ' closure , the Philippines - US Visiting Forces Agreement ( VFA ) was signed which contained guidelines for the conduct and protection of American troops visiting the Philippines and stipulated the terms and conditions for the American military to enter Philippine territory . The VFA is a reciprocal agreement that also outlines the requirements for Philippine troops visiting the United States . The Visiting Forces Agreement led to the establishment of the Balikatan exercises , an annual US - Philippine military exercise , as well as a variety of other cooperative measures including the Philippine Bilateral Exercises ( PHIBLEX ) between the naval forces of the two countries . The 2012 Scarborough Shoal incident ( edit ) The next decade ushered a cordial relationship between China and its maritime neighbours including the Philippines until 2011 , when tensions have risen again after consecutive incidents occurred in the disputed territories . In 2012 , a Philippine surveillance aircraft identify Chinese fishing vessels at the - then Philippine - controlled Scarborough Shoal , causing the Philippine Navy to deploy BRP Gregorio Del Pilar to the area . In response , China sends surveillance ships to warn the Navy to leave the area , claimed by both countries , prompting a standoff . The two nations eventually agreed to withdrew their deployed vessels as the arrival of the typhoon season draws near . Following a 3 - month standoff between Philippine and Chinese vessels around Scarborough Shoal , China informs the Philippines that Chinese coast guard vessels will remain permanently on the shoal as an integral part of their ' Sansha City ' in the Woody island of the Paracels , a separate archipelago disputed by China and Vietnam . Under the control of Hainan Province . the Chinese government plans the island - city to have administrative control over a region that encompasses not only the Paracels , but Macclesfield Bank , a largely sunken atoll to the east , and the Spratly Islands to the south . The South China Sea Arbitration Case and revised AFP Modernization program ( edit ) The incidents with Chinese presence in the South China Sea prompted the Philippines to proceed with formal measures while challenging the Chinese activities in some of the sea features in the disputed island chain . Hence , the South China Sea Arbitration Case was filed by the Philippines in 2013 at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ( ITLOS ) . Reminiscent to what occurred on 1995 , the Congress passed the Revised AFP Modernization Act of 2012 , this was meant to replace the older AFP Modernization Act of 1995 signed during former Pres . Fidel V. Ramos ' term , when its 15 - year program effectivity expired in 2010 . Major naval assets programed for acquisition in this new modernization program iteration are 2 new Frigates and its shipborne AW159 anti-submarine choppers , among other equipment . US - Philippine Enhanced Defence Cooperation agreement ( edit ) On April 2014 , the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement was signed by the representatives of the Philippine and US Governments , aimed at bolstering the military allianceof both countries . The agreement allows the United States to rotate troops into the Philippines for extended stays and allows the U.S. to build and operate temporary facilities on Philippine military bases for both American and Philippine forces ' use . Both parties agreed to determine the military installations across the Philippines as covered by the pact , including the former US Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base , as well as several locations on Cebu , Luzon , and Palawan . Organization ( edit ) Philippine Navy Headquarters facade , 2013 Philippine Navy rigid hull inflatable boats perform a maritime interdiction operation exercise in Manila Bay . Philippine Navy Special Operations Group in a mission in Celebes Sea . The Philippine Navy is administered through the Department of National Defense ( DND ) . Under the AFP structure , the Chief of Staff , AFP ( CSAFP ) , a four - star general / admiral ( if the officer is a member of the Philippine Navy ) , is the most senior military officer . The senior naval officer is the Flag Officer - in - Command ( FOIC ) , usually with a rank of vice admiral . He , along with his or her air force and army counterparts , is junior only to the CSAFP . The FOIC is solely responsible for the administration and operational status of the Navy . The FOIC 's counterpart in the U.S. Navy is the Chief of Naval Operations . Currently the navy establishment is actually composed of two type commands , the Philippine Fleet and Philippine Marine Corps ( PMC ) . It is further organized into seven naval operational commands , five naval support commands , and seven naval support units . Considering the vastness of the territorial waters that the Navy has to protect and defend , optimal deployment of naval resources is achieved through identification of suitable locations where the presence of these units are capable of delivering responsive services . The Philippine Fleet , or simply the `` Fleet '' , is under the direct command of the Commander Philippine Fleet while the marine corps is answerable to the commandant , PMC ( CPMC ) . The Flag Officer - In - Command ( FOIC ) has administrative and operational control over both commands . Type commands ( edit ) The two Type Commands of the Philippine Navy are the : Philippine Fleet Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Fleet ( edit ) The Philippine Navy has only one fleet , the Philippine Fleet . As a type command , the fleet has nine major units : Offshore Combat Force Littoral Combat Force Sealift and Amphibious Force Submarine Group Naval Air Group ( NAG ) Naval Special Operations Group ( NAVSOG ) also known as Philippine Navy SEALs Fleet Support Force ( formerly the Fleet Support Group ) Fleet Training and Doctrines Center ( FTDC ) Naval Meteorological and Oceanographic Center ( NAVMETOC ) Philippine Marine Corps ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Marine Corps The Philippine Marine Corps evolved from a company of volunteers to three Marines Brigades , eleven Marine Battalion Landing Teams , a Combat and Service Support Brigade , one Reconnaissance Battalion , Training Center , Headquarters Battalion , Marine Security Escort Group and Marine Reserve Brigades , and various support and independent units . Naval operational commands ( edit ) The seven Naval Operation Commands are as follows : Naval Forces Northern Luzon ( NAVFORNOL ) Naval Forces Southern Luzon ( NAVFORSOL ) Naval Forces West ( NAVFORWEST ) Naval Forces Central ( NAVFORCEN ) Naval Forces Western Mindanao ( NAVFORWESM ) Naval Forces Eastern Mindanao ( NAVFOREASTM ) Fleet Marine Ready Force NAVFORWEM and NAVFOREM were formed in August 2006 when Southern Command was split to allow more effective operations against Islamist and Communist rebels within the region . Naval support commands ( edit ) The five Naval Support Commands are as follows : Naval Sea Systems Command ( NSSC ) Naval Education and Training Command ( NETC ) Naval Reserve Command ( NAVRESCOM ) Naval Combat Engineering Brigade ( NCEBde ) Naval Installation Command ( NIC ) Naval Sea Systems Command ( edit ) The Naval Sea Systems Command ( NSSC ) , formerly known as Naval Support Command ( NASCOM ) , is the biggest industrial complex of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . It operates the country 's military shipyards , develops new technologies for the Navy , and conducts maintenance on all the Navy 's ships . NSSC 's principal facilities are at the offshore operating base at Muelle de Codo and at Fort San Felipe in Cavite City . Naval Education and Training Command ( edit ) The Naval Education & Training Command ( NETC ) is the Philippine Navy 's institution of learning . Its mission is to provide education and training to naval personnel so that they may be able to pursue progressive naval careers . NETC is located in Naval Station San Miguel , San Antonio , Zambales . Naval Reserve Command ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Navy Reserve Command The Naval Reserve Command ( NAVRESCOM ) organizes , trains , and keeps tabs on all naval reservists ( which includes the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps Units midshipmen and midshipwomen ) . It is responsible for recalling reservists to meet sudden spikes in military manpower demand , as for war , rebellion or natural disaster . The NAVRESCOM is presently based at Fort Santiago , Manila . It was formerly known as the Home Defense Command . Naval Combat Engineering Brigade ( edit ) The Naval Combat Engineering Brigade ( NCEBde ) , more popularly known as the Seabees , is tasked with combat engineering and amphibious construction in support of Fleet - Marine operations . It executes under combat conditions the construction of roads , bridges and other vital infrastructures ; the rehabilitation of piers , harbors and beach facilities ; and harbor clearing and salvage works . Along with the Philippine Marine Corps , the NCEBde is also charged with the manning and security of naval garrisons in shoals and islands located in the West Philippine Sea . The motto of the Seabees is `` We build , We fight ! '' Naval installation Command ( edit ) The Naval Installation Command ( NIC ) , formerly Naval Base Cavite , provides support services to the Philippine Navy and other AFP tenant units in the base complex , such as refueling , re-watering , shore power connections , berthing , ferry services , tugboat assistance , sludge disposal services and housing . Naval support units ( edit ) A Philippine Navy SWAG climbs a caving ladder aboard the logistics support vessel during a maritime interdiction operation exercise . A Philippine Naval SWAG participates in a battlefield exercise during a combat medic at Naval Base Cavite . The eight Naval Support Units are as follows : Bonifacio Naval Station Civil Military Operations Group - Philippine Navy Naval Information and Communication Technology Center Fleet - Marine Warfare Center Headquarters Philippine Navy & Headquarters Support Group Naval Intelligence and Security Force Philippine Navy Finance Center Naval Logistics Center Equipment ( edit ) Main article : List of the Philippine Navy equipment Naval vessels ( edit ) BRP Gregorio del Pilar and BRP Ramon Alcaraz berthed together at Subic Bay Port The names of commissioned ships of the Philippine Navy are prefixed with the letters `` BRP '' , designating `` Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas '' ( Ship of the Republic of the Philippines ) . The names of ships are often selected to honor important people and places . The Philippine Navy is currently operating 3 frigates , 10 corvettes , 35 patrol boats , 9 assault crafts , 16 amphibious landing ships , and 10 auxiliary ships . Naval aircraft ( edit ) The Naval Air Group comprises naval air assets . It prepares and provides these forces for naval operations with assets mainly for maritime reconnaissance and support missions . The group 's headquarters is at Danilo Atienza Air Base , Cavite City . Units ( edit ) Naval Aviation Squadron MF - 30 -- operates BN - 2A Islander and TC - 90 King Air Naval Aviation Squadron MH - 40 -- operates Bo 105C and AW109E Naval Air School Center NATS - 50 -- operates Cessna 172 and Robinson R22 Aircraft ( edit ) Similar Beechcraft King Air transferred by the JMSDF to the Naval Air Group , Philippine Navy Philippine Navy AW109 during flight operations aboard the USS Green Bay Main article : List of active military aircraft of the Philippines Beechcraft King Air - Maritime Patrol AgustaWestland AW109E -- Multi-purpose naval helicopter AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat - Anti-Submarine Warfare helicopter Britten - Norman Islander -- Maritime Patrol and as light utility transport. license production Cessna 172 -- Training aircraft MBB Bo 105C -- Utility helicopter Robinson R22 -- Training helicopter Bases ( edit ) Philippine Navy headquarters building along Roxas Boulevard , Manila . In line with HPN General Order No. 229 dated 7 July 2009 , the Philippine Navy has adopted new names for its bases and stations to pay homage to distinguished naval leaders . The new names , followed by the old names , are as follows : Naval bases ( edit ) Naval Base Heracleo Alano ( Naval Base Cavite ) - Headquarters , Philippine Fleet Naval Base Camilo Osias ( Naval Operating Base San Vicente ) , San Vicente , Santa Ana , Cagayan Naval Base Rafael Ramos ( Naval Operating Base Mactan ) , Mactan , Cebu Naval stations ( edit ) Naval Station Jose Andrada ( Fort San Antonio Abad ) , City of Manila -- Current headquarters of the Philippine Navy Naval Station Jose Francisco ( Bonifacio Naval Station ) , Fort Bonifacio , Taguig City , Metro Manila Naval Station Heracleo Alano ( Sangley Point ) , Cavite City Naval Station Pascual Ledesma ( Fort San Felipe ) , Cavite City Naval Station Ernesto Ogbinar ( Naval Station Poro Point ) , Poro Point , San Fernando , La Union -- Headquarters of NAVFORNOL Naval Station Leovigildo Gantioqui ( Naval Station San Miguel ) , San Antonio , Zambales -- Headquarters , NETC Naval Station Apolinario Jalandoon ( Naval Station Puerto Princesa ) , Puerto Princesa City , Palawan Naval Station Carlito Cunanan ( Naval Station Ulugan ) , Ulugan , Palawan Naval Station Narciso Del Rosario ( Naval Station Balabac ) , Balabac Island , Palawan Naval Station Emilio Liwanag ( Naval Station Pag - asa ) , Pag - asa , Kalayaan Islands , Palawan Naval Station Julhasan Arasain ( Naval Station Legaspi ) , Rawis , Legazpi City , Albay -- Headquarters of NAVFORSOL Naval Station Alfonso Palencia ( Naval Station Guimaras ) , Guimaras Naval Station Dioscoro Papa ( Naval Station Tacloban ) , Tacloban City , Leyte Naval Station Felix Apolinario ( Naval Station Davao ) , Panacan , Davao City -- Headquarters of NAVFOREM Naval Station Romulo Espaldon ( Naval Station Zamboanga ) , Calarian , Zamboanga City Naval Station Juan Magluyan ( Naval Operating Base Batu - Batu ) , Panglima Sugala , Tawi - Tawi Marine bases ( edit ) Marine Barracks Rudiardo Brown ( Marine Base Manila ) , Fort Bonifacio , Taguig City , Metro Manila - Headquarters , Philippine Marine Corps Marine Barracks Gregorio Lim ( Marine Base Ternate ) , Ternate , Cavite -- Marine Basic School Campus Marine Barracks Arturo Asuncion ( Marine Base Zamboanga ) , Zamboanga City Marine Barracks Domingo Deluana ( Marine Base Tawi - Tawi ) , Tawi - Tawi Camp Gen. Teodulfo Bautista , Jolo , Sulu Future of the Philippine Navy ( edit ) Main article : AFP Modernization Act The Philippine Navy , together with the entire armed forces as a whole , is embarking on its modernization program in line with the Philippine Navy Strategic Sail Plan 2020 . The following equipment listed below are either scheduled for delivery or in the planning stages for the next ' horizons ' of the AFP Modernization Program . Multi-Purpose Attack Crafts ( MPAC ) ( edit ) A MPAC Mk3 of the Philippine Navy The Philippine Navy received the first batch of three Taiwanese - built Multi-purpose Attack Craft ( MPAC ) , which are similar to the Swedish Combat Boat 90 . These were presented during the 111th anniversary of the Philippine Navy in May 2009 . These MPACs are around 15 meters long and are equipped with a water jet system . They have a maximum speed of 40 knots ( 74 km / h ) and could reach around 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ) while traveling on a transit speed of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) . They are made of welded aluminum and can carry 16 fully equipped soldiers and four crew members or a payload of two tons . The ships are armed with one 50 - caliber machine gun and two 7.62 mm machine guns . Another MPAC , with modifications as compared to the first three units , was built by local company Propmech Corporation . It was received during the 114th anniversary celebrations of the Philippine Navy on 22 May 2012 , with two more delivered on 6 August 2012 . Up to 42 units are expected to enter service in the near future . In 2013 , the PN announced that another batch of three MPACs will be procured between 2013 and 2017 An invitation to bid was released in 2014 , and it was also announced by the PN that the MPACs will be modernized , including the installation of better sensors and longer - ranged weapons like missiles . In February 2016 , the DND awarded the contract to build 3 new MPACs , which are larger than the current ones in service , to a joint venture of Philippine company Propmech Corporation and Taiwanese shipyard Lung Teh Shipbuilding Co. Ltd . A separate lot to acquire weapons systems was awarded to Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. of Israel , to supply Mini Typhoon 12.7 mm RCWS with Spike - ER surface - to - surface missiles , plus ammunition and ILS . Multi-Purpose Patrol vessels ( edit ) Media reports of the Philippine Navy 's plan to purchase three offshore patrol vessels were made , although there were initially no details available regarding their specifications . However , only two units were listed as part of the priority items in the list for purchase between 2012 and 2016 presented by the armed forces to the House of Representatives ' committee on national defense and security last 26 January 2011 . On 6 May 2011 , a solicitation notice was posted on the United States Federal Business Opportunities ( FBO ) website on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines for `` a general purpose Offshore Patrol Vessel ( OPV ) '' . Navantia submitted to Philippines the sophisticated patrol Avante 1800 to qualify for a bidding contest in 2013 . During ADAS 2016 , there was a newly revised wish list presented by the Philippine Navy wherein a sudden requirement for an Ocean Patrol Vessel was included . Based on the October 2016 AFP memorandum , the PN plans to have 6 to 9 ships of this type to replace the exact number of WW2 - era ships presently in commission . Submarine ( edit ) Reports as of May 2011 indicated that the Philippine Navy was eyeing the purchase of its first submarine not later than 2020 , although no further details were provided . The `` Philippine Fleet Desired Force Mix '' strategy concept publicly released in May 2012 indicates the requirement of at least three submarines for deterrence and undersea warfare to be available by 2020 . Navy officials are said to be looking to acquire diesel electric powered submarines in 2018 -- 2023 , or 2023 -- 2028 . Anti-submarine helicopters ( edit ) A separate requirement for two anti-submarine helicopters worth Php 5.0 billion was also announced and would be funded by the AFP Modernization Program under the Medium Term Capability Development Program ( MTCDP 2013 -- 2017 ) . On March 31 , 2014 , it was reported that the bidding for two anti-submarine helicopters worth Php5. 4 billion would start on April 24 , 2014 . AgustaWestland , which was considered the sole responsive bidder after a joint venture between Airbus Helicopters and PT Dirgantara Indonesia failed to meet the requirements during the 1st stage bidding . AgustaWestland went on to pass the 2nd stage bidding and post qualification stage , and was awarded the project by the DND by 1st quarter of 2016 . AgustaWestland offered their AW - 159 Wildcat naval helicopter . The `` Philippine Fleet Desired Force Mix '' strategy concept publicly released in May 2012 indicated the requirement of at least 18 naval helicopters embarked on frigates and corvettes for anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , over-the - horizon targeting ( OTHT ) for anti-ship missiles , and search & rescue ( SAR ) . In March 2016 , the Philippines was reported to have signed a contract to acquire 2 AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat anti-submarine helicopters . Frigates ( edit ) This requirement came out during the recent visit to Italy of a Philippine delegation led by Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin . The Philippine DND delegation signed an agreement with their Italian counterparts for possible purchase of Italian weapons systems . This visit included inspections of combat ready ships of the Maestrale and Soldati classes of the Italian Navy , which are scheduled for retirement , with the earliest possibly by 2013 . No indication of sales were made yet . During the 2012 State of the Nation Address on 23 July 2012 , the president announced that the Philippine Navy was canvassing for a frigate which would be delivered within 2013 . At a DND press conference held on 2 August 2012 , it was announced that negotiations were currently ongoing for the acquisition of 2 Maestrale - class frigates . As of December 2012 , the Italian defense minister Giampaolo di Paola confirmed that discussions were in the advanced stages . The negotiations for the Maestrale - class ships did not materialize any sale , with the Philippine government opting to buy new frigates instead . On March 3 , 2013 , it was reported by the Philippine News Agency that a South Korean defense manufacturer had talked with the Department of National Defense regarding its requirements for two brand new frigates . The company offered the Philippine Navy varieties of the Incheon - class frigates . Other countries reported to have offered new frigates were the United States , Israel , Croatia and Australia . In early October , DND announced the invitation to bid for the 2 brand - new frigates with an approved budget of Php18B . The package included a complete weapons system and must be delivered within 1,460 calendar days from the opening of the letter of credit . Pre-bidding was scheduled on October 11 and the first stage of bidding would be on October 25 . On Dec. 7 , 2013 , it was reported that four firms had qualified for the next stage of the bidding : Navantia Sepi ( RTR Ventures ) of Spain and South Korean firms STX Offshore & Shipbuilding , Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering and Hyundai Heavy Industries , Inc . It was also reported that Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers of India and STX France , SA of Europe qualified for the next stage of the bidding after the DND accepted the motions for reconsideration of the firms . The project was later on divided into two lots after consultation with the bidders . Lot 1 with an approved budget of Php 16 billion was for the acquisition of the ships ( platforms ) , guns and missile launchers . Lot 2 with an approved budget of Php 2 billion was for the acquisition of munitions , missiles , and torpedoes . After several years of processing the acquisition , a Notice of Award was issued to Hyundai Heavy Industries on August 2016 , with a contract expected to be signed very soon after . HHI previously mentioned that it was offering a derivative of their HDF - 3000 frigate design . Contract negotiations for the acquisition of the two vessels have been centered on the Philippine Navy requirement to secure not only the frigate 's `` design and technology transfers , but also training and skill sets to be applied to support a growth in Philippine shipbuilding capacity '' . This is intended to tie into the Philippine Navy Strategic Sail Plan 2020 . A contract was signed between the Department of National Defense and Hyundai Heavy Industries on October 24 , 2016 , based on the Notice of Award provided earlier . Delivery of the frigates are expected to be completed by 2020 . In addition to the new ships on bid , the navy is seeking to acquire two more frigates , probably used ones from the United States . The Philippine Navy has also shown its interest in acquiring modified Oliver Hazard Perry - class frigates from Australia , namely the Adelaide - class frigates . There are 3 remaining ships of the class on active service in the Royal Australian Navy and are due to be replaced by the newly built Hobart - class destroyers . Corvettes ( edit ) It was reported that the Philippine Navy is in the market for four anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) corvettes , each weighing at around 2,000 tonnes . IHS Jane 's reported on 8 August 2012 that the Philippine and Italian governments were in discussion for the possible purchase at least two Minerva - class corvettes . The Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of National Defense separately provided statements on an impending transfer of a Pohang - class corvette to the Philippine Navy before the end of 2014 . No specifics on the ship for transfer was released , although it was said to still be in active service as of June 2014 . After conducting the Joint Visual Inspection in Jinhae Naval Base in South Korea on April 2017 , the Philippine Navy decided to finally accept the offer made by the South Korean government to transfer 1 corvette from the Pohang - class which was identified as the ROKS Chungju ( PCC - 762 ) . The ship is expected to be in service with the Philippine Navy by 4th quarter of 2017 . The Philippine Navy is also looking to acquire used warships from friendly countries , among those being considered are the decommissioned João Coutinho - class corvettes from Portugal as part of its plans to improve and renew its fleet of aging ships at the fastest possible time . The Philippine Navy is eyeing at least two ships as an initial requirement , with a follow - on third or fourth unit being considered should funding become available . Based on the `` Philippine Fleet Desired Force Mix '' strategy concept publicly released in May 2012 , the Philippine Navy requires at least 12 corvettes for anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) and with an embarked naval helicopter to be available by 2020 . On the 28 of April 2017 , The Philippine Government officially announced that the Philippine Navy will negotiate for a Flight III Pohang - class corvette from South Korea to boost its capabilities . Amphibious assault vehicles ( edit ) In September 2013 , the DND invited bidders for the Amphibious Assault Vehicles Acquisition Project of eight brand - new units of amphibious assault vehicles ( AAV ) for the Marines with Integrated Logistics Support ( ILS ) for the Philippine Navy , amounting to Php2. 5B . Delivery is required for 850 days from the opening of the letter of credit . This acquisition is part of the PN 's MRV / SSV or `` Mother Ship '' Project , which will serve as a platform for insertion of troops in beaches in an event of military siege . By May 24 , 2014 , the DND announced that the South Korean firm of Samsung Techwin is the sole bidder for the DND - AFP 's eight brand new amphibious assault vehicles . Missiles and other weapons Systems ( edit ) To equip the various vessels and aircraft newly acquired by the navy , these weapons were obtained / ordered : Spike - ER short range surface - to - surface missiles Typhoon MLS - ER missile launchers Mini Typhoon 12.7 mm Remote Control Weapon Systems Spike NLOS surface - to - surface missiles Mistral missiles in Simbad RC system SSM - 700K Haeseong anti-ship missiles K745 Chung Sang Eo ( Blue Shark ) torpedoes TLS - TT Shipboard Triple Torpedo Launching System Gallery ( edit ) BRP Gregorio del Pilar steam in formation together with BRP Edsa during the sea phase of CARAT Philippines 2013 BRP Ramon Alcaraz ( PF - 16 ) BRP Apolinario Mabini ( PS - 36 ) at Balikatan 2010 exercises . BRP Tarlac ( LD - 601 ) , a landing platform dock , sails underway to her delivery to the Philippines BRP Bacolod City ( LC - 550 ) , lead ship of the Bacolod City class Logistics Support Vessel , with USS Essex at Balikatan in 2008 . 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Jump up ^ http://ncebde.wordpress.com/ Jump up ^ https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Japan-to-donate-5-navy-training-aircraft-to-Philippines Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Navy to equip 2 of its AgustaWestland AW109 helicopters with combat equipment '' . December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Air Forces 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Flightglobal Insight. 2014 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naval Air Group Historical Events '' . Naval Air Group Philippine Navy . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Navy Today Navy Renames Bases and Stations after Predecessors Jump up ^ `` The Navy Sail Plan '' . Manila Bulletin . 2010 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Sayaff self - destructing by yearend '' . The Philippine Star . AFP . 2009 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Teodoro tells Philippine Navy on its 111th anniversary : `` Exceed your achievements '' `` . Balita.ph. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Navy prepared to face inquiry '' . The Manila Times . 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Gazmin assures Navy of brand - new gear , assets showcased on Navy Day '' . InterAksyon.com. 2012 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Navy to receive 2 new multi-purpose attack craft '' . Philstar.com. 2012 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-Purpose Attack Craft '' . Philippine Navy - Naval Public Affairs Office . 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` PH 's new patrol boats '' . Reuters c / o Yahoo ! News . 2012 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PH Navy needs bigger warships '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine Navy needs P500B to upgrade war capability '' . Philstar.com. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Navy in the market for three more Multi-Purpose Attack Crafts '' . PTV News . 2013 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` PN to acquire 3 more multi-purpose assault vessels '' . ZamboTimes. 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation to bid Multi-Purpose Attack Craft Acquisition Project ( Lot 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . Republic of the Philippines Department of National Defense . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Navy 's 6 MPACs for upgrade -- Fabic '' . ptvnews.ph . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Filipino , Taiwanese firms to build missile platform Attack Crafts of Navy '' . Update.ph. 25 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's Rafael to supply weapons , missiles of Navy 's Attack Crafts '' . Update.ph. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Navy planning to acquire seven vessels next year '' . Philstar Online . 2010 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AFP submits P42B wish list to House defense panel '' . Malaya. 2011 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` AFP needs P42. 1 billion for security program '' . Philstar Online . 2011 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 19 -- Offshore Patrol Vessel ( OPV ) '' . Federal Business Opportunities. 2011 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Navantia ha presentado a Filipinas el sofisticado patrullero Avante 1800 para optar al concurso que convocará a final de año '' . elconfidencialdigital.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Multi-Purpose Patrol VEssel , The Philippine Navy 's Newest Horizon 2 Project '' . maxdefense.blogspot.com. 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Navy bent on buying submarine '' . ABS - CBN News . 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines eyes submarines to boost navy '' . Inquirer.net. 2011 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Parameswaran , Prashanth ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Will the Philippines Ever Realize its Submarine Dream ? '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PN to get anti-submarine chopper '' . Philippines News Agency . 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Military to buy 2 anti-submarine choppers '' . The Philippine Star . 2012 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bidding for P5. 4 - B helicopter deal set on April 24 '' . The Philippine Star . 2014 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Airshow 2016 : Philippines enters final evaluation phase for AW159 helicopters '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . 2016 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines selects Lynx Wildcat for ASW mission '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . 2016 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.mb.com.ph/brp-gregorio-velasquez-to-arrive-in-guam-on-saturday/ Jump up ^ `` Gazmin signs agreement with Italian Defense Minister '' . DND Office of Public Affairs . 2012 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` FULL TEXT : English translation of State of the Nation Address 2012 '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines mulling purchase of Italian frigates '' . Interaksyon.com. 2012 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Navy buying 2 Italian warships '' . ABS-CBNNews.com. 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kington , Tom ( 2012 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Q and A with Giampaolo di Paola '' . DefenseNews . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` No more second frigates for PN - DND official '' . Philippine News Agency . 2013 - 02 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nepomuceno , Priam F. ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) . `` South Korean defense manufacturer signifies interest to provide DND 's frigate requirements '' . Philippines News Agency . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nepomuceno , Priam F. ( PNA ) ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Only brand new ships for Philippine Navy upgrade : DND official '' . InterAksyon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Camille Diola ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) . `` DND opens bidding for new P18 - B warships '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Alexis Romero ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) . `` 4 firms qualify for P18 - B Navy frigate bidding '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Camille Diola ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) . `` DND admits Indian , French shipbuilders to frigate program '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ridzwan Rahmat ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Hyundai wins USD337 million frigate contract from Philippine Navy '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grevatt , Jon ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` PH looks to secure anti-piracy platforms '' . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly . 53 ( 40 ) : 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Philippines seeks US ships to counter China '' . Al Jazeera. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Adelaide - Class Frigates : Best and Last CHance for the Philippine Navy to Acquire Oliver Hazard Perry Frigates '' . maxdefense.blogspot.com. 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Corvette and Frigate Programmes : Naval Expansion Continues '' . Asian Military Review . 18 ( 6 ) . 2010 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Michael : `` Philippines Confirms T / A-50 Purchase '' , page 4 . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly Volume 49 Issue 32 , 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea to Donate Corvette to PHL Navy before Yearend '' . Department of Foreign Affairs ( Philippines ) . 2014 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea gives Corvette to Philippine Navy '' . Inquirer.net. 2014 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seoul to donate corvette warship to Phl navy '' . The Philippine Star . 2014 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , The Philippine Navy ( and Vietnam ) Are Set to Receive a Pohang - Class Flight III Corvette Frm South Korea '' . maxdefense.blogspot.com. 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Used Warships As Stop Gap Measures to Replace World War 2 Assets of the Philippine Navy '' . maxdefense.blogspot.com. 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://maxdefense.blogspot.com/2017/04/finally-philippine-navy-is-set-to.html Jump up ^ http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2017/04/dnd-to-acquire-sk-pohang-asw-corvette.html Jump up ^ http://www.rappler.com/nation/168121-philippine-navy-pohang-class-corvette-south-korea Jump up ^ `` Amphibious Assault vehicle Acquisition Project '' ( PDF ) . Department of National Defense , Philippines . 2013 - 09 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` DND invites bidders for 8 Amphibious Assault Vehicles '' . AFPModernization.blogspot.com. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Samsung Techwin sole bidder for 8 amphibious assault vehicles '' . angmalaya.net . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Bibliography Philippine Navy . ( 1998 ) . Tides of change . Manila : Philippine Navy . Philippine Navy . ( 2007 ) . The Philippine Navy Strategic Sail Plan 2020 Book 1 2007 . Manila : Philippine Navy Philippine Navy . ( 2014 ) . `` Rough Deck Log : 2014 Philippine Navy Anniversary Issue : To The Shores of Pusan : Combat Service Support and Escort Operations of the Philippine Navy in the Korean War ( 1950 - 1953 ) '' by CDR Mark R Condeno External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navy of the Philippines . Philippine Navy Official Web Site AFP Armaments Upgrade Forum Armed Forces of the Philippines Forum Philippine Naval Forces Recognition Guide - Opus224 's Unofficial Philippine Defense Page ( 2004 -- unmaintained page ) Commissioned ships of the Philippine Navy Frigates Gregorio del Pilar class Gregorio del Pilar Ramon Alcaraz Andres Bonifacio Corvettes Rizal class Quezon Rizal Miguel Malvar class Miguel Malvar Magat Salamat Sultan Kudarat Cebu Pangasinan Jacinto class Emilio Jacinto Apolinario Mabini Artemio Ricarte Coastal patrol vessels General Mariano Alvarez class General Mariano Alvarez Coastal patrol craft Kagitingan class Bagong Lakas Bagong Silang Tomas Batillo class Boni Serrano Bienvenido Salting Salvador Abcede Nicolas Mahusay Dionisio Ojeda Emilio Liwanag Conrado Yap class Teodorico Dominado Jr . Leopoldo Regis Alberto Navarette class Alberto Navarette Abraham Campo Jose Andrada class Jose Andrada Enrique Jurado Alfredo Peckson Simeon Castro Carlos Albert Heracleo Alano Liberato Picar Hilario Ruiz Rafael Pargas Nestor Reinoso Dioscoro Papa Ismael Lomibao Leovigildo Gantioqui Federico Martir Filipino Flojo Anastacio Cacayorin Manuel Gomez Teotimo Figoracion Jose Loor Sr . Juan Magluyan Florencio Inigo Felix Apolinario Multipurpose attack craft BA - 482 BA - 483 BA - 484 BA - 485 BA - 486 BA - 487 Minor patrol craft DF - 300 DF - 301 DF - 303 DF - 317 DF - 320 DF - 321 DF - 322 DF - 323 DF - 333 DF - 336 DF - 338 DF - 339 DF - 348 DF - 349 DF - 350 DF - 351 DF - 352 DF - 353 DF - 354 Amphibious warfare ships Tarlac class Tarlac Davao del Sur Bacolod City class Bacolod City Dagupan City LST - 1 / LST - 542 class Laguna Benguet Tagbanua - class Tagbanua Ivatan - class Ivatan Batak Waray Iwak Agta Tausug - class Tausug LCU Mk. 6 - class Subanon Bagobo Manobo Auxiliary ships Gregorio Velasquez - class Gregorio Velasquez Lake Caliraya - class Lake Caliraya Lake Buluan - class Lake Buluan Lake Mainit - class Lake Buhi Lake Taal FS - 381 - class Mangyan Fort San Antonio - class Fort San Antonio Fort Abad Ang Pangulo - class Ang Pangulo Philippine Department of National Defense Executive departments of the Philippines Sub-agencies Armed Forces of the Philippines Government Arsenal National Defense College of the Philippines Philippine Veterans Affairs Office Office of Civil Defense National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council National Service Reserve Corps AFP Service Branches Air Force Army Navy AFP Sub-branches Philippine Navy ( Marines ) AFP Reserve Units AFP Reserve Command Air Force Reserve Command Army Reserve Command Naval Reserve Command AFP Former Units and War - time attached Units Constabulary ( Home Defense Command ) Coast Guard ( Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary ) Attached Philippine Military Academy National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council Presidential Security Group Armed Forces Radio See also : list of Ministries of Defense by country Military of the Philippines Armed Forces of the Philippines General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command ( GHQ - HSC ) Presidential Security Group ( PSG ) Philippine Military Academy ( PMA ) Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College ( AFPCGSC ) Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command ( AFPRESCOM ) Northern Luzon Command ( NOLCOM ) Southern Luzon Command ( SOLCOM ) National Capital Region Command ( NCRCOM ) Central Command ( CENTCOM ) Western Command ( WESCOM ) Eastern Mindanao Command ( EASTMINCOM ) Western Mindanao Command ( WESTMINCOM ) Army Army Reserve Command ( ARESCOM ) Air Force Philippine Air Force Reserve Command PAF Air Education and Training Command Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Navy Reserve Command Coast Guard Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary Wars and conflicts Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War World War II Operation Enduring Freedom See also : Reserve Officers ' Training Corps Militaries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Royal Brunei Armed Forces Royal Brunei Land Forces Royal Brunei Air Force Royal Brunei Navy Royal Cambodian Armed Forces Royal Cambodian Army Royal Cambodian Air Force Royal Cambodian Navy Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia Indonesian National Armed Forces Indonesian Army Indonesian Air Force Indonesian Navy ( Indonesian Marine Corps ) Lao People 's Armed Forces Lao People 's Army Lao People 's Liberation Army Air Force Lao People 's Navy Malaysian Armed Forces Malaysian Army Royal Malaysian Air Force Royal Malaysian Navy Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Myanmar Armed Forces Myanmar Army Myanmar Air Force Myanmar Navy Myanmar Police Force Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Army Philippine Air Force Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Singapore Armed Forces Singapore Army Republic of Singapore Air Force Republic of Singapore Navy Royal Thai Armed Forces Royal Thai Army Royal Thai Air Force Royal Thai Navy Royal Thai Marine Corps Vietnam People 's Armed Forces Vietnam People 's Ground Force Vietnam People 's Air Force Vietnam People 's Navy Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Coast Guard ASEAN member states Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Navy&oldid=843127930 '' Categories : Department of National Defense ( Philippines ) Philippine Navy Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2008 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with short description Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 02 : 07 . 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About Wikipedia	list of flag officer in command philippine navy	[ "\n\nPhilippine Navy\n\n\nHukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas\n\n\n\nSeal of the Philippine Navy\n\n\n\nFounded\nMay 20, 1898; 120 years ago (1898-05-20)[1]\n\n\nCountry\n Philippines\n\n\nType\nNavy\n\n\nSize\n24,000 active personnel (including 7,500 marines)[2]\n15,000 Reserve Personnel\n\n\nPart of\nArmed Forces of the Philippines\n\n\nHeadquarters\nNaval Station Jose Andrada, City of Manila\n\n\nShips\n3 frigates (+2 for acquisition)\n10 corvettes (+1 for delivery)\n2 landing platform dock\n4 landing support ships\n10 heavy landing crafts\n35 patrol craft\n9 Fast assault craft\n1 oceanographic research ship\n\n\nEngagements\nPhilippine Revolution\nSpanish–American War\nPhilippine–American War\nWorld War II\nCommunist Insurgencies\nMoro conflict\nSpratly Islands Dispute\nScarborough Shoal standoff\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.navy.mil.ph\n\n\nCommanders\n\n\nCommander-in-Chief\nPresident Rodrigo Roa Duterte\n\n\nSecretary of National Defense\nDelfin Lorenzana\n\n\nChief of Staff\nGen. Carlito Galvez Jr., AFP\n\n\nFlag Officer in-Command\nVADM Robert Empedrad , PN\n\n\nInsignia\n\n\nPennant\n\n\n\nJack\n\n\n\nFlag\n\n\n\nPatch\n\n\n\nAircraft flown\n\n\nHelicopter\nAgustaWestland AW109 Power, AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat, MBB Bo 105C, Robinson R22\n\n\nPatrol\nBN-2 Islander, Beechcraft King Air, Cessna 172\n\n" ]	[ "VADM Robert Empedrad , PN" ]
1551303963793545695	Crust (geology)	Crust ( geology ) - wikipedia Crust ( geology ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 05 : 42 , 28 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 05 : 42 , 28 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Geologic provinces of the World ( USGS ) Shield Platform Orogen Basin Large igneous province Extended crust Oceanic crust : 0 -- 20 Ma 20 -- 65 Ma > 65 Ma In geology , the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet , dwarf planet or natural satellite , which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle . The crusts of Earth , the Moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Io , and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes , and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles . The Earth 's crust is composed of distinctly different continental crust and oceanic crust , which have different chemical compositions and physical properties , and which were formed by different geological processes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earth 's crust 1.1 Composition 2 Moon 's crust 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Earth 's crust The internal structure of Earth The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous , metamorphic , and sedimentary rocks . The crust is underlain by the mantle . The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite , a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust . The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity , a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity . The crust occupies less than 1 % of Earth 's volume . The crust of the Earth is of two distinctive types : oceanic and continental . The oceanic crust is 5 km ( 3 mi ) to 10 km ( 6 mi ) thick and is composed primarily of basalt , diabase , and gabbro . The continental crust is typically from 30 km ( 20 mi ) to 50 km ( 30 mi ) thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust . Some of these less dense rocks , such as granite , are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust . Both the continental and oceanic crust `` float '' on the mantle . Because the continental crust is thicker , it extends both to greater elevations and greater depth than the oceanic crust . The slightly lower density of felsic continental rock compared to basaltic oceanic rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust . As the top of the continental crust reaches elevations higher than that of the oceanic , water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust . Because of the change in velocity of seismic waves it is believed that beneath continents at a certain depth continental crust ( sial ) becomes close in its physical properties to oceanic crust ( sima ) , and the transition zone is referred to as the Conrad discontinuity . The temperature of the crust increases with depth , reaching values typically in the range from about 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) to 400 ° C ( 752 ° F ) at the boundary with the underlying mantle . The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere . Because of convection in the underlying plastic ( although non-molten ) upper mantle and asthenosphere , the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move . The temperature increases by as much as 30 ° C ( 54 ° F ) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust , but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust . Plates in the crust of Earth Partly by analogy to what is known about the Moon , Earth is considered to have differentiated from an aggregate of planetesimals into its core , mantle and crust within about 100 million years of the formation of the planet , 4.6 billion years ago . The primordial crust was very thin and was probably recycled by much more vigorous plate tectonics and destroyed by significant asteroid impacts , which were much more common in the early stages of the solar system . Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust , but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200 million years . In contrast , the bulk of the continental crust is much older . The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28 billion years and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia , in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield , and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield . Some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane . The average age of the current Earth 's continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years . Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons . Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction . Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny ; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia , Pangaea and Gondwana . The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts , and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle . Composition Main articles : Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust and Goldschmidt classification Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number . The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are not the heaviest , but are rather the siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements . These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into Earth 's core . Their abundance in meteoroid materials is higher . Additionally , tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides . The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite . The most abundant minerals in Earth 's continental crust are feldspars , which make up about 41 % of the crust by weight , followed by quartz at 12 % , and pyroxenes at 11 % . Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle . Although the continental crust comprises only about 0.6 weight percent of the silicate on Earth , it contains 20 % to 70 % of the incompatible elements . Most Abundant Elements of Earth 's Crust Approximate % by weight O 46.6 Si 27.7 Al 8.1 Fe 5.0 Ca 3.6 Na 2.8 K 2.6 Mg 1.5 Oxide Percent SiO 60.6 Al O 15.9 CaO 6.4 MgO 4.7 Na O 3.1 Fe as FeO 6.7 K O 1.8 TiO 0.7 P O 0.1 All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1 % . Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g / cm and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g / cm . Moon 's crust Main article : Geology of the Moon A theoretical protoplanet named `` Theia '' is thought to have collided with the forming Earth , and part of the material ejected into space by the collision accreted to form the Moon . As the Moon formed , the outer part of it is thought to have been molten , a `` lunar magma ocean . '' Plagioclase feldspar crystallized in large amounts from this magma ocean and floated toward the surface . The cumulate rocks form much of the crust . The upper part of the crust probably averages about 88 % plagioclase ( near the lower limit of 90 % defined for anorthosite ) : the lower part of the crust may contain a higher percentage of ferromagnesian minerals such as the pyroxenes and olivine , but even that lower part probably averages about 78 % plagioclase . The underlying mantle is denser and olivine - rich . The thickness of the crust ranges between about 20 and 120 km . Crust on the far side of the Moon averages about 12 km thicker than that on the near side . Estimates of average thickness fall in the range from about 50 to 60 km . Most of this plagioclase - rich crust formed shortly after formation of the moon , between about 4.5 and 4.3 billion years ago . Perhaps 10 % or less of the crust consists of igneous rock added after the formation of the initial plagioclase - rich material . The best - characterized and most voluminous of these later additions are the mare basalts formed between about 3.9 and 3.2 billion years ago . Minor volcanism continued after 3.2 billion years , perhaps as recently as 1 billion years ago . There is no evidence of plate tectonics . Study of the Moon has established that a crust can form on a rocky planetary body significantly smaller than Earth . Although the radius of the Moon is only about a quarter that of Earth , the lunar crust has a significantly greater average thickness . This thick crust formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon . Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago , but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust . See also Eduction Notes Jump up ^ Robinson , Eugene C. ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Interior of the Earth '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Structure of the Earth . The Encyclopedia of Earth . March 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Earth . Channel4.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Team finds Earth 's ' oldest rocks ' '' . BBC News . 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ P.J. Patchett and S.D. Samson , 2003 , Ages and Growth of the Continental Crust from Radiogenic Isotopes . In The Crust ( ed . R.L. Rudnick ) volume 3 , pp. 321 -- 348 of Treatise on Geochemistry ( eds . H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian ) , Elsevier - Pergamon , Oxford ISBN 0 - 08 - 043751 - 6 Jump up ^ A.I.S. Kemp and C.J. Hawkesworth , 2003 , Granitic Perspectives on the Generation and Secular Evolution of the Continental Crust . In The Crust ( ed . R.L. Rudnick ) volume 3 , pp. 349 -- 410 of Treatise on Geochemistry ( eds . H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian ) , Elsevier - Pergamon , Oxford ISBN 0 - 08 - 043751 - 6 Jump up ^ R.L. Rudnick and S. Gao , 2003 , Composition of the Continental Crust . In The Crust ( ed . R.L. Rudnick ) volume 3 , pp. 1 -- 64 of Treatise on Geochemistry ( eds . H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian ) , Elsevier - Pergamon , Oxford ISBN 0 - 08 - 043751 - 6 Jump up ^ Anderson , Robert S. ; Anderson , Suzanne P. ( 2010 ) . Geomorphology : The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes . Cambridge University Press . p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Structure and composition of the Earth '' . Australian Museum Online . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wieczorek , M.A. & Zuber , M.T. ( 2001 ) , `` The composition and origin of the lunar crust : Constraints from central peaks and crustal thickness modeling '' , Geophysical Research Letters , 28 ( 21 ) : 4023 -- 4026 , Bibcode : 2001GeoRL ... 28.4023 W , doi : 10.1029 / 2001GL012918 Jump up ^ Herald Hiesinger and James W. Head III ( 2006 ) . `` New views of Lunar geoscience : An introduction and overview '' ( PDF ) . Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry. 60 : 1 -- 81 . doi : 10.2138 / rmg. 2006.60. 1 . References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Condie , Kent C. ( 1989 ) . `` Origin of the Earth 's Crust '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology ( Global and Planetary Change Section ) . 75 : 57 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 ( 89 ) 90184 - 3 . External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth USGS Crustal Thickness Map `` Crust of the Earth '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . ( hide ) Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Authority control GND : 4015169 - 4 NDL : 00573002 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crust_(geology)&oldid=797607709 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 05 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are two types of crust on the earths surface	[ "In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crusts of Earth, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes, and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles. The Earth's crust is composed of distinctly different continental crust and oceanic crust, which have different chemical compositions and physical properties, and which were formed by different geological processes.", "In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crusts of Earth, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes, and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles. The Earth's crust is composed of distinctly different continental crust and oceanic crust, which have different chemical compositions and physical properties, and which were formed by different geological processes." ]	[ "continental", "oceanic" ]
8406235307258037763	Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway	Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway - wikipedia Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Jump to : navigation , search Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Genre Entertainment Created by Ant & Dec Directed by Carol Preston Chris Power Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Starring Kirsty Gallacher Ashley Roberts Stephen Mulhern Scarlett Moffatt Voices of Mitch Johnson Marc Silk Lorraine Ashdown Noddy Holder Murray Walker John Helm Clive Tyldesley Opening theme Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway by Will Slater Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 15 No. of episodes 104 ( + 1 Christmas special ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Siobhan Greene Becca Walker Pete Ogden Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Producer ( s ) Richard Berkshire Laura Gallen Iona McKenzie Ruth Breading Lily Evans Ben Aston Mike Spencer Sarah Webber Patrick Carr Saul Fearnley Tom Locking Location ( s ) The London Studios ( 2002 − 2018 ) MV Britannia ( 2016 ) Walt Disney World ( 2017 ) Universal Orlando ( 2018 ) Running time 60 -- 90 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2003 − 2005 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 ) ITV Studios & Gallowgate ( 2007 − 2009 ) ITV Studios & Mitre Television ( 2013 − ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Original release 8 April 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 08 ) -- 21 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 21 ) ( Series 1 − 9 ) 23 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) -- present ( present ) ( Series 10 -- ) Chronology Related shows Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris External links Website Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ( referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT ) is a British television variety show , presented by Ant & Dec , both of whom also act as the show 's executive producers , and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002 . Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows , most notably Noel 's House Party and Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush , while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past , such as Opportunity Knocks . The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts , and for a competition in each series between the two presenters . An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod , iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013 . In the 2017 season , after Anthony McPartlin was arrested for drink driving , the show was presented by Declan Donnelly , Stephen Mulhern and Scarlett Moffatt . Despite the programme enduring a three - year hiatus between 2010 -- 2012 , while its presenters worked on other projects , it was an immense success for the broadcaster since its launch . Over the course of its history , it earned notable awards , including Best Presenters at the 18th National Television Awards on 23 January 2013 , and the BAFTA for Entertainment Programme , alongside the presenters winning the award for Entertainment Performance in 2014 and 2015 respectively . Since its thirteenth series in 2016 , the show has aired its series finale outside of the UK - in 2017 , Saturday Night Takeaway became the first UK show to be aired live from Walt Disney World , which it repeated again in 2018 for its series finale being aired live from Universal Orlando . On 3 March 2018 , the show celebrated its 100th episode , while the penultimate episode of the fifteenth series on 31 March was the final one to be aired from The London Studios , before the studio 's closure for redevelopment as had been announced in February 2017 . Starting from the sixteenth series , the programme will be aired from the newly redeveloped Television Centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Segments 1.2 Discontinued segments 2 Transmissions 3 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... 4 Ant & Dec Takeaway on Tour 5 Marketing 6 International versions 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Initial Saturday Night Takeaway logo , used from 8 June 2002 until 21 March 2009 and for the 100th episode on 3 March 2018 . The general set up for each episode is a selection of segments consisting of specially crafted games , comedy / entertainment films , participation by either a studio audience member , or unsuspecting viewer / public member , and a show finale consisting of a performance by a musician , dance group , singer , or group performers . Episodes of Saturday Night Takeaway are broadcast live during the weekend , during a prime time slot on Saturday evenings for the entire run of a series . Each episode is introduced with a line - up of what segments will be featured during its broadcast , along with an introduction of the hosts themselves - from the seventh series onwards , this responsibility was given to a special celebrity announcer , who would not only give an introduction of themselves and the hosts , but would also state what viewers would expect in the show for that episode , along with an update on what was still to come before each commercial break in the programme . In the majority of episodes , the opening titles are preceded by a cold open scene involving the hosts performing a comedy sketch , similar to the cold openings of US light entertainment programme Saturday Night Live and usually with celebrity guests for the episode , which ended with them or the celebrities saying - `` Roll the titles ! '' Segments ( edit ) Throughout the show 's history , the programme has featured a variety of different segments , some based on notable elements in Saturday night TV . However , Saturday Night Takeaway features a regular selection of segments that it uses frequently in the majority of its episodes . These segments include : An Audience Member 's Game - Played at the beginning of an episode , the segment focuses on the presenters initially picking on certain audience members over something embarrassing about them . However , the last person picked takes part in a specially themed game just for them , in which they receive a prize regardless of the outcome . Research for the game usually is done by the production team , via input from relations and close friends who nominated the participant for this . Ant vs. Dec - Played throughout a series , the presenters compete against each other in a number of themed challenges , in which neither presenter knows what each challenge is about . The winner of the game earns a point , and at the end of the series , the winner is the one to have the highest score ; the loser is forced to undertake a forfeit during the series finale . The segment originally was designed as a surprise challenge for the two presenters , entitled `` What 's Next '' , in which neither pair knew what the challenge was , but had to work together to complete it . Between the eighth and ninth series , the presenters were joined by a team of celebrities who partook in the games . The segment is joined by a co-presenter , who gives out the rules and relay the results of the challenge , and is sometimes joined by a commentator during the challenge . Ant & Dec Undercover - The presenters pull a prank on a selected celebrity , involving scripted scenes , such as a situation going wrong for their target . The prank would sometimes include the pair being on scene with their target , but in specially made disguises . The footage is shown with the celebrity in question present in the studio to watch it and to display their reactions towards what occurred when it was filmed . The segment was introduced in the second series , dropped after the fifth series , and then revived for the tenth series onwards . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Out of Me Ear ! - Similar to `` Undercover '' and introduced in the tenth series , the presenters give a celebrity a concealed ear piece , and task them with doing whatever the pair instruct them to do before unsuspecting public members . Such instructions often involving doing or saying anything bizarre , weird , or downright silly . Singalong Live - The presenters surprise three unsuspecting viewers , who become contestants in a karoake - style quiz . Each is tasked with singing a segment of a song that is being sung by its artist , whereupon they must correctly identify a word that is missing from it . If they correctly identify the missing word , the viewer wins £ 500 . The segment was first introduced in the eleventh series . Read My Lips - This segment , introduced in the fourteenth series , focuses on a contestant giving answers to questions to the guest announcer , via Skype . However , the announcer wears noise - cancelling headphones , meaning that they have to read the contestant 's lips to get the answer . If the contestant manage to get the announcer to give out three correct answers , they win a place on the series finale taking place outside of the UK . Win the Ads - Often the penultimate segment , a member of the audience is randomly selected to take part in a quiz to win a series of prizes . Prior to the show 's broadcast , an ITV programme that had been broadcast during the week is randomly selected , whereupon the adverts broadcast during its commercial break ( s ) are used to create the prizes . Before the quiz begins , the prizes are placed onto a grid , concealed and randomly rearranged , before being given a number . The contestant is then given a set amount of time to answer as many questions correctly as possible , with each correct answer allowing the contestant to pick a number as their prize at the end . After time is up , the contestant is given the option to take their prizes , or gamble for the chance of winning all the prizes if they answer correctly one final question . The segment was originally used during the first series , and featured three people competing for the chance to win up to twenty prizes , with a consolation prize of a toilet roll given to any contestant that gambled and lost . The segment did n't return until the tenth series , which retained most of the format , but in favour of just having one contestant . After the twelfth series , the format was amended again , reducing the number of prizes to sixteen and dropping the use of a consolation prize . `` End of the Show '' Show - The final segment of an episode , it focus on a big entertainment act to help finish off an episode 's broadcast . From the first series to the ninth , it was mostly a musical act - singer , pop group and so forth - performing their latest hit in the charts . When the show returned from its hiatus , the segment 's format was changed to become a musical number , which would be performed by the presenters alongside a special guest star ( s ) . Discontinued segments ( edit ) The following is a list of segments used on the programme in the course of its history , that have since been retired : Grab the Ads ( Series 1 -- 9 ) - Run for nine series , the segment focused on one randomly chosen viewer taking part in a prize give out . Viewers are initially asked to phone in for a place in the segment , with the chosen viewer receiving one of nine prizes on offer . Each prize was hidden behind a number - 1 to 9 - and whichever number was chosen was the prize that viewer got . In the first series , the format focused on the viewer picking a number from a grid upon being chosen , but for the majority of series , the number was generated through a game that was played by a different celebrity ; after the prize was revealed , the presenters would announce the viewer who had been chosen to receive it . It 's discontinuation came down to the production team opting to use the more commercial `` Win the Ads '' game when Saturday Night Takeaway returned for its tenth series . Banged Up with Beadle ( Series 1 ) - This segment functioned liked a spoof of a reality show , in which each week , a different member of the public was chosen to spend seven days locked up in a dungeon at Spitbank Fort in the Solent , with Jeremy Beadle . When they appeared live in the episode on Saturday , they were given a task , in which they won £ 5,000 if successful . The segment featured a spin - off ITV2 show of the same name , presented by Donna Air and Brendan Courtney , to rival that of Channel 4 's smash hit series Big Brother . Make Ant Laugh ( Series 1 ) - This segment focused on a contestant chosen by the show , attempting to impress Ant by making him laugh . If they succeeded , they won a trophy , otherwise they were gunged on the episode . The format was similar in nature to the Challenge Ant segment of SMTV Live . Jim Did n't Fix It ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment functioned as a spoof version of the format for Jim 'll Fix It , in which an audience member who had written to Jimmy Savile in their youth for the means to fulfil their dreams but had never been lucky to receive it , were given the chance to realise their dreams years later . Home Run ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment focused on unsuspecting members of the public being surprised by the presenters at a public location they were in , shown to viewers and the studio audience via hidden cameras set up at the location . The members selected by the show take part in a race to get back to their home immediately for a cash prize of £ 3,000 . The person ( s ) , regardless of being successful , would then be forced to read an oath in which they stated that they must never go out on Saturday nights again . The segment was briefly revived as part of the programme 's 100th episode celebrations in 2018 . Opportunity Knocks , Again ( Series 2 -- 5 ) - Based upon Opportunity Knocks , the format focused on members of the studio audience , who had previously performed on the show , to repeat their act on Saturday Night Takeaway . Saturday Cash Takeaway ( Series 3 ) - This segment focused on a member of the studio audience randomly selecting one of nine popular takeaways , each being delivered to their customers . The one chosen would then be stuffed with £ 1,000 , which the unsuspecting customer could receive , along with their food , if they answered a question correctly from their front door . Saturday Night Pub Olympics ( Series 4 ) - This segment focused the production team selecting a random pub across the country , in which a number of unsuspecting customers visiting it would be invited to take part in a series of sporting events , dubbed the `` Saturday Night Pub Olympics '' . The members taking part , are split into two teams , and face other against each other in three different events , with Dickie Davies providing commentary on proceedings . Beat the Boys ( Series 5 -- 8 ) - This segment focused on the presenters competing against a pair of celebrities in a specially themed time - trail event . Each pair would drive around a specially created course in a specific type of vehicle , and attempt to set a fast lap time . For each episode that the segment was featured in , the course included a specially designed set of obstacles that both pairs had to complete correctly ; any not completed correctly would incur a ten - second penalty to the pair 's lap time . Jiggy Bank ( Series 6 -- 7 ) - This segment focused on a studio audience member being randomly chosen to take part in a special game with a cash prize . The game focused on them riding a robotic pig , like a rodeo , and holding for as long as possible , with their time affecting the amount of money they won . A maximum of £ 5,000 was on offer , and any money not won went into a jackpot for `` Grab the Ads '' . The Mouse Trap ( Series 8 -- 9 ) - This segment focused on a viewer being randomly picked to take part in a special game . The chosen viewer is given one minute to collect as much cheese from a specially created maze as they could possibly get and escape the maze before time ran out . Each piece of cheese collected was worth £ 1,000 , with a total of five pieces to collect . If the contestant failed to get out of the maze in time , they would lose and be locked in the maze by `` Tiddles the Takeaway Cat '' . Escape from Takeaway Prison ( Series 9 ) - This segment focused on twenty celebrities being imprisoned in a fictional prison of the show , in which they competed against each other in a series of games , to win their freedom . A Ticket To Slide ( Series 12 ) - This segment focused on the presenters choosing a random member of the public to take part in a special game , in which they , along with their friends and family , had to collect keys while travelling down an inflatable slide . If enough keys were collected , the contestant would win tickets for a vacation to New York . Little Ant & Dec ( Series 1 − 14 ) - Two young `` look - alikes '' of the presenters , nicknamed `` Little Ant '' and `` Little Dec '' , meet with celebrities and ask them blunt questions regarding various subjects , which sometimes bamboozled the interviewee into giving some surprisingly straight answers . From its introduction in the second series to the end of the sixth series , the look - alikes were played by James Pallister and Dylan McKenna - Redshaw . When the segment was revived for the tenth series onwards , both Pallister and McKenna - Redshaw were too old to resume their roles , leading to them being replaced by Neil Overend and Haydn Reid . The segment was dropped after the fourteenth series , when the production team decided that both Overend and Reid were too old to continue in these roles and should be allowed to focus on their education . In for a Penny ( Series 14 - 15 ) - Hosted by Stephen Mulhern and pre-recorded before an episode , this segment focuses on members of public being approached by Mulhern and taking part in a special gameshow , so long as they can provide a penny . Each contestant takes part in five rounds - four focusing on different challenges , and the final focusing on stopping at a selected number of seconds ( i.e. stopping between 9 - 10 seconds ) - and should they complete all five , they win £ 1,000 , otherwise the game ends . At the end of Series 15 , ITV confirmed that the segment would be spun - off as its own show . Transmissions ( edit ) Main article : List of Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes Series Episodes Start Date End Date Ave . viewers ( millions ) 6 8 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 08 ) 13 July 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) 4.76 11 11 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) 23 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) 7.91 6 13 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 13 ) 17 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 17 ) 7.86 6 2 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) 6 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) 7.97 5 10 12 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) 16 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 16 ) 7.68 Special 24 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 24 ) 6.22 6 6 16 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 16 ) 21 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 21 ) 7.22 7 6 8 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 08 ) 13 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 13 ) 6.25 8 6 16 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 16 ) 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) 7.27 9 6 14 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 14 ) 21 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) 6.63 10 7 23 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 6 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 7.82 11 7 22 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 5 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 7.61 12 7 21 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) 4 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 6.91 13 7 20 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 2 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) 7.71 14 7 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 8 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 7.94 15 6 24 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 8.43 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... ( edit ) During the thirteenth series , the show aired a mini-serial of a spoof `` whodunnit '' , comedy drama , starring Ant & Dec . Entitled `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' , the serial focused on the pair becoming caught up in a mystery surrounding an incident at Cowell 's birthday party , in which Cowell is mysteriously gunned down , leading to them working together to solve who did the deed . Along with themselves , the serial also featured appearances from a variety of celebrities , many of whom either worked with / had worked with the pair and / or Cowell . The format was well liked , and led to a second mini-serial being created for the fourteenth series , entitled `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' , in which the presenters became members of a special organisation called `` Honoured '' , after receiving OBEs , whereupon their first mission is to recover the crown jewels from a mysterious villain . Both mini-serial were later condensed into a special feature - length episodes under the title of Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... , and broadcast in late December 2017 . A third mini-serial was later created for the fifteenth series , entitled `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' , with the plot focusing on the presenters ' tackling their second mission for the Honoured by finding out who is kidnapping its members , including the organisations ' leader . Episodes Total No . Title Original air date `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' 23 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 23 ) `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' 30 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' TBA 2018 ( TBA 2018 ) Ant & Dec Takeaway on tour ( edit ) On 31 October 2013 , it was announced that a live tour of the show , under the title `` Takeaway on Tour '' , would be co-produced between Ant & Dec , James Grant Live , and ITV Studios . Presented by the show 's hosts , with Kim Gavin as the tour 's artistic director , it featured appearances by various celebrities and performers and a number of segments from the programme , including an appearance by Ashley Roberts as the host of the tour 's version of `` Ant vs. Dec '' . Demand for tickets was high , and led to extra dates and venues being added on 28 November 2013 , along with some shows having their dates rearranged . The tour ran for only one series of shows , between August - September 2014 across various cities in the United Kingdom , including London , Cardiff , Birmingham , Manchester , and Glasgow , and also in Dublin , Ireland . Marketing ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A board game of the show was released in 2016 , under licensing by Paul Lamond Games . International versions ( edit ) The success of Saturday Night Takeaway led to the creation of a number of international versions : A Finnish version of the programme , entitled Huuma ( Enchantment in English ) was aired on MTV3 . Premiering in March 2005 , it ran for four years before it was axed in 2009 . The show featured its own take on notable segments , such as `` Little Ant & Dec '' and `` Win the Ads '' , and featured various hosts presenting it . A Chinese version of the programme was launched on 11 January 2008 . Entitled Friday Night Takeaway ( 快乐 2008 in Chinese ) , it was broadcast on Hunan TV , and hosted by He Jiong and Ma Ke . Two German versions of the programme were created . The first version , made in 2005 , was cancelled after just one episode was shown on Sat. 1 . The second version was launched on 29 August 2008 , under the title Die Sonja & Dirk Show , and had better success . Created for RTL Television , it was hosted by Sonja Zietlow and Dirk Bach , both of whom were known for presenting the German version of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , and featured a similar format to the British original in terms of segments . The programme ran for four years before it was axed , following the death of Bach on 1 October 2012 . A Portuguese version named Sabadabadão was launched on 10 May 2014 . Broadcast on SIC , and co-produced by FremantleMedia , it was hosted by Júlia Pinheiro and João Baião , and ran for only one series of twelve episodes before it was axed . An American version of the programme was launched on 15 September 2015 . Announced the previous year on 27 October 2014 , it was entitled Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ( referred to also as Best Time Ever ) , presented by Neil Patrick Harris , and produced by NBC as part of their Tuesday night entry for 2015 -- 16 television season . The show ran for one season , ending on 3 November 2015 , before it was announced on 15 December , later that year , that it had been cancelled . A French version of the programme was launched on 11 February 2015 . Announced the previous month , it was entitled Tout Peut Arriver ( `` Anything Could Happen '' ) , aired on M6 , and hosted by Guillaume Pley and Jerome Anthony . The show performed poorly in the ratings and was cancelled after airing three episodes , the third of which was aired on W9 . In October 2015 , Australian network Seven announced plans to create an Australian version of the British original , intended to be aired on Sundays under the title of Sunday Night Takeaway . However , no further information was given after this announcement on the show 's details , including who the hosts would be . As of the beginning of 2018 , no evidence has emerged to detail the status of the programme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Ant & Dec to bring back ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' under ITV deal '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/saturday-night-takeaway/news/a854205/stephen-mulhern-saturday-night-takeaway-in-for-a-penny-own-series/ Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway to air Christmas sketches '' . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway : 2014 arena tour announced '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec announce extra ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' tour dates '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to host variety show at NBC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Cancelled by NBC ; No season Two '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ITV Studios France To Make Saturday Night Takeaway '' . ITV Studios . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Seven Upfronts 2016 : Jessica Mauboy drama , Live streaming of all channels '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Ant & Dec website Saturday Night Takeaway at itv.com Saturday Night Takeaway at stv.tv Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway at UKGameshows.com Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant_%26_Dec%27s_Saturday_Night_Takeaway&oldid=843534472 '' Categories : 2000s British television series 2010s British television series 2002 British television programme debuts Ant & Dec ITV game shows Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs London Weekend Television programmes Saturday media BAFTA winners ( television series ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Use British English from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ant and dec saturday night takeaway start 2018	[ "\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nStart Date\nEnd Date\nAve. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n6\n8 June 2002 (2002-06-08)\n13 July 2002 (2002-07-13)\n4.76\n\n\n2\n11\n11 January 2003 (2003-01-11)\n23 March 2003 (2003-03-23)\n7.91\n\n\n3\n6\n13 March 2004 (2004-03-13)\n17 April 2004 (2004-04-17)\n7.86\n\n\n4\n6\n2 October 2004 (2004-10-02)\n6 November 2004 (2004-11-06)\n7.97\n\n\n5\n10\n12 February 2005 (2005-02-12)\n16 April 2005 (2005-04-16)\n7.68\n\n\nSpecial\n24 December 2005 (2005-12-24)\n6.22\n\n\n6\n6\n16 September 2006 (2006-09-16)\n21 October 2006 (2006-10-21)\n7.22\n\n\n7\n6\n8 September 2007 (2007-09-08)\n13 October 2007 (2007-10-13)\n6.25\n\n\n8\n6\n16 February 2008 (2008-02-16)\n23 March 2008 (2008-03-23)\n7.27\n\n\n9\n6\n14 February 2009 (2009-02-14)\n21 March 2009 (2009-03-21)\n6.63\n\n\n10\n7\n23 February 2013 (2013-02-23)\n6 April 2013 (2013-04-06)\n7.82\n\n\n11\n7\n22 February 2014 (2014-02-22)\n5 April 2014 (2014-04-05)\n7.61\n\n\n12\n7\n21 February 2015 (2015-02-21)\n4 April 2015 (2015-04-04)\n6.91\n\n\n13\n7\n20 February 2016 (2016-02-20)\n2 April 2016 (2016-04-02)\n7.71\n\n\n14\n7\n25 February 2017 (2017-02-25)\n8 April 2017 (2017-04-08)\n7.94\n\n\n15\n6\n24 February 2018 (2018-02-24)\n7 April 2018 (2018-04-07)\n8.43\n\n" ]	[ "24 February 2018" ]
-8884302802446738867	Acura RDX	Acura RDX - wikipedia Acura RDX This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Acura RDX Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 2006 -- present Model years 2007 -- present Body and chassis Class Compact luxury crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Related Honda CR - V Honda Civic The Acura RDX is Acura 's first compact luxury crossover SUV , taking over from the MDX as Acura 's entry - level crossover SUV , as the MDX grew in size and price . Originally , the RDX was built upon the same platform Honda uses for their Civic and CR - V passenger cars , however starting from its third generation , the Acura RDX is built on its own platform. ( 1 ) Contents 1 First generation ( TB1 , 2007 -- 2012 ) 1.1 Engine 1.2 Drivetrain 1.3 Interior 1.4 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2013 -- 2018 ) 2.1 2016 Facelift 2.2 Marketing 2.3 Safety 3 Third generation ( 2019 -- present ) 3.1 Engine 3.2 Transmission 3.3 Safety 3.4 Production 4 Markets 4.1 North America 4.1. 1 U.S. 4.1. 2 Canada 4.2 Asia 4.2. 1 China 5 Sales 6 References 7 External links First generation ( tb1 , 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First generation 2007 Acura RDX Overview Production July 2006 -- 2012 Model years 2007 -- 2012 Assembly Marysville , Ohio , United States Marysville Auto Plant Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive , all - wheel drive ( SH - AWD ) Powertrain Engine 2.3 L K23A1 Turbo I4 Transmission 5 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 104.3 in ( 2,649 mm ) Length 2007 - 09 : 180.7 in ( 4,590 mm ) 2010 : 182.5 in ( 4,636 mm ) Width 73.6 in ( 1,869 mm ) Height 65.2 in ( 1,656 mm ) Curb weight 3,968 lb ( 1,800 kg ) Originally previewed as the Acura RD - X concept car , the production RDX had its debut at the 2006 New York Auto Show and went on sale on August 11 , 2006 . A facelifted 2010 model went on sale in August 2009 , adopting Acura 's power plenum grille seen on its sedan models . Front - wheel drive was also added . Engine ( edit ) 2007 Acura RDX The first generation RDX is powered by turbocharged gasoline engines ; at the time , this was uncommon among Honda vehicles . The 2.3 - litre straight - 4 K23A1 engine has all - aluminum construction , an i - VTEC head , and dual balance shafts . It is also one of the only four - cylinder powered luxury SUVs . Honda 's variable flow turbocharger reduces turbo lag by using a valve to narrow the exhaust passage at low rpm , increasing the velocity of the exhaust flow and keeping the turbine spinning rapidly . At higher rpm , the valve opens to allow more exhaust flow for increased boost . The engine also features a top - mounted intercooler which receives air from the grille , channeled by ducting under the hood . The Acura RDX engine is rated at 240 bhp ( 179.0 kW ; 243.3 PS ) at 6,000 rpm with a torque peak of 260 ft ⋅ lbf ( 350 N ⋅ m ) at 4,500 rpm . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) estimated fuel mileage is 19 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 23 mpg ) city and 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) highway miles per gallon . Driving style and the terrain plays an important part in this Vehicle 's fuel economy . Uphill driving , frequent lane changes and sudden accelerations can increase turbo usage to increase torque output to the SH - AWD system and thus cause much higher fuel consumption . New more recent EPA mileage estimates as of February 2007 are 17 mpg ( 14 L / 100 km ; 20 mpg ) city and 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) highway . The required fuel is premium 91 octane unleaded . Drivetrain ( edit ) The Acura RDX comes standard with a five - speed automatic transmission with Acura 's SportShift sequential manual shift capability , activated by paddles mounted on the steering wheel . The paddles can be used in Drive ( D ) to make a gear change with the transmission returning to automatic mode as soon as the vehicle resumes a steady - cruise state . The Sport ( S ) setting has higher shift points and quicker downshifts , and using a paddle in `` Sport '' immediately puts the transmission in full manual mode . The RDX also has a version of Acura 's Super Handling All - Wheel Drive ( SH - AWD ) , first seen on the flagship RL sedan . The system can vary the front / rear torque distribution from 90 / 10 to 30 / 70 , depending on whether the vehicle is accelerating , cruising , hill climbing , taking a curve , or encountering poor road conditions . When taking a curve , a pair of magnetic flux clutches in the rear differential can transfer as much as 100 % of the available rear torque to the outside wheel . That torque transfer , combined with a 1.7 % rear over-rotation of the rear wheel helps rotate the RDX through a turn . Interior ( edit ) The RDX seats five and comes standard with leather seating , a moonroof , automatic climate control , and all the expected power features . The RDX 7 - speaker audio system features an in - dash 6 - CD changer , which is capable of playing standard Audio CDs , and Data - CDs burned with either MP3 or WMA files , it also plays DVD - A type CDs . The RDX 's sound system also includes XM Satellite Radio with a complimentary 3 - month subscription . Much of the interior technology introduced in the RL sedan is found in the optional `` Technology Package '' . This package includes the latest version of Acura 's navigation system , complete with a rear view camera , XM Nav - Traffic real - time traffic monitoring , and Zagat restaurant reviews . The package also features a 10 - speaker ELS Surround audio system with DTS and Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound . The audio system plays DVD - Audio discs as well . Both stereos come with a 1 / 8 '' ( a 3.5 mm ) auxiliary input jack , which may be used to plug in external sources such as iPods . For 2007 , Acura also offered an iPod adapter for the RDX , which was wired into the glove box , and allowed the iPod to be controlled through the RDX 's sound system interface . Due to hardware incompatibilities the Honda / Acura iPod musiclink has been discontinued as of model year 2008 . 2010 + models come standard with a USB connection that interfaces with Apple iPod players and other USB mass storage devices , such as flash drives that contain MP3 , WMA6 or AAC music files while being stored in the center console . Almost all of the ELS sound system 's operations can be activated by voice command , as can most of the operations for the navigation and climate control systems . In addition , the vehicle will interact with most Bluetooth - equipped cell phones . The driver can initiate or receive calls through verbal command . During the call , the sound system will mute and channel the call through the speakers while caller and signal information is displayed on the instrument cluster . The tailgate opens over six - feet high and 60 / 40 rear seatbacks fold down for a flat cargo area . A hard cargo cover can fit flush on the floor when not needed and is reversible to carry wet or dirty cargo . The cabin includes several storage areas including a lockable center console that can hold a standard size laptop computer . The cargo hold is small size compared to most rivals and does not have the adjustable cargo tracks or a rear parcel shelf . Safety ( edit ) The Acura RDX is the second Acura vehicle to feature the Advanced Compatibility Engineering ( ACE ) body structure which is designed to absorb energy from a collision . The RDX comes standard with six airbags , including dual front airbags , front side airbags and dual side curtain airbags . The front airbags use a dual - threshold , dual - stage technology that can adjust the timing and speed of each airbag deployment depending on the degree of impact and the driver 's or front passenger 's seat belt usage . If sensors deem the front passenger too small ( less than 65 lb ( 29 kg ) ) , the front airbag is designed not to deploy . The front passenger 's side airbag is also designed to shut off if a child or small - statured adult is leaning into the airbag 's deployment path . In the event of a sufficient side impact or roll - over , the side curtain airbag deploys from above the door frames of the affected side , with coverage for both the front and rear occupants on that side , and stays inflated longer than if there were a collision . Front seats have active head restraints and their seat belts are equipped with pre-tensioners and force - limiters . As of November 2006 the RDX was crash tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , resulting in a perfect `` 5 Star '' rating for driver and passenger frontal crashes , and front and rear side impacts , along with `` 4 Stars '' for rollover . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , Highway Loss Data Institute ( IIHS - HLDI ) gave the 2007 - 12 RDX the grade of Good `` G '' for moderate overlap front test and side impact test . The grade of Marginal `` M '' was given for roof strength evaluation . Second generation ( 2013 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Second generation 2013 Acura RDX Overview Production Mar 2012 -- 2018 Model years 2013 -- 2018 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States East Liberty Auto Plant Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive , all - wheel drive Powertrain Engine 3.0 L J30Y1 V6 ( China Only ) 3.5 L J35Z2 V6 Transmission 6 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 105.7 in ( 2,685 mm ) . Length 183.7 in ( 4,666 mm ) Width 73 in ( 1,854 mm ) Height 64.2 in ( 1,631 mm ) Curb weight 3,717 lb ( 1,686 kg ) ( FWD ) 3,838 lb ( 1,741 kg ) ( AWD ) The second generation RDX was revealed during January 2012 at the North American International Auto Show going on sale in April . The turbocharged four - cylinder engine was replaced by a 3.5 - liter V6 mated to a six - speed automatic , improving gas mileage to an EPA estimated 20 / 28 / 23 mpg ( city / highway / combined ) by using variable displacement ( VCM ) . The SH - AWD system was replaced with a simpler and less costly AWD setup . 2013 Acura RDX 2016 facelift 2016 facelift A 5 - inch display , tri-angle rear - view backup camera are standard , as well as keyless entry with push button start . Also , standard Bluetooth hands - free calling and Pandora music can be streamed wirelessly into the audio system . When upgrading to the Technology package , a power tailgate is included , along with an upgraded 60 - gigabyte hard disc ( HDD ) based navigation system with 8 - inch screen , this system enables 15GB of music to be stored . In China , the RDX is offered with two engines . A 3.0 - liter SOHC V6 produces 263 hp at 6700 rpm and 220 lb. ft of torque at 4600 rpm , while the 3.5 - liter SOHC V6 produces 273 hp at 6500 rpm and 254 lb. ft at 4400 rpm . Both engine choices come with either FWD or AWD . 2016 facelift ( edit ) The refreshed 2016 RDX was introduced at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show , sales began in mid-April . The updated RDX uses a slightly more powerful revised 3.5 L SOHC V6 that produces 279 horsepower and 252 lb - ft of torque . The exterior adds LED headlamps ( low and high beams , DRL pipe and amber turn signals ) and LED taillamps . Additionally , the 2016 RDX includes several driver assists in the AcuraWatch package including Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Keeping Assist System ( LKAS ) . AWD was also updated to send up to 50 % torque to rear wheels ( on wet surfaces ) opposed to up to 25 % in the previous model . Marketing ( edit ) Acura and Marvel Entertainment , LLC , announced a joint promotional campaign with Marvel 's The Avengers movie . Throughout Marvel 's The Avengers , S.H.I.E.L.D. agents drive various Acura vehicles , including the MDX , ZDX , and TL models ; the completely redesigned 2013 RDX was to make a cameo appearance in the movie but the scene did not make it in the final movie . In addition , the Acura NSX concept convertible sports car made an appearance in the movie . Safety ( edit ) NHTSA 2014 RDX : Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover FWD : / 16.4 % Rollover AWD : / 15.5 % IIHS scores : Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2013 -- 15 ) not tested Small overlap frontal offset ( 2016 -- present ) Good Side impact Good Roof strength Good vehicle structure rated `` Good '' strength - to - weight ratio : 5.48 Third generation ( 2019 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation Overview Production May 2018 - present Model years 2019 - present Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States East Liberty Auto Plant Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive , all - wheel drive ( SH - AWD ) Powertrain Transmission 10 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm ) Length 187 in ( 4,750 mm ) Height 66 in ( 1,676 mm ) Rear End of the A-Spec package Acura debuted the 2019 RDX Prototype , on 15 January 2018 , at the North American International Auto Show . The 2019 model arrived at dealerships across North America on June 1st , 2018 . Along with the announcement of the 2019 RDX , Acura also announced that their Type - S performance series will return and bring a turbocharged V6 engine which might potentially find its way to the new RDX . From day one , there is an A-Spec trim offered which adds aggressive body modifications , metal paddle shifters , larger rims , optional red leather interior with black alcantara inserts , and a stiffer suspension setup with no additional power . A one - off RDX will make a run at Pike 's Peak in Colorado featuring a 350 hp engine . This was the first RDX , and the first Acura ever , to feature the company 's new True Touch Pad Interface infotainment system which features a 10.2 inch widescreen HD display . It is operated by a touchpad which operates differently from a traditional touchpad ( like the one found on a laptop ) . The touchpad uses something called absolute positioning which would mean that you would be touching the part of the touchpad which corresponds with the position of something on the screen . New features include magnetorheological dampers , 360 - degree surround - view exterior cameras , panoramic glass moonroof , acoustic front door glass , automotive head - up display and 4 - way power lumbar front seats , and 16 - way power front seats . Engine ( edit ) The 2019 RDX is powered by a direct - injected VTEC turbo 2.0 - liter engine , producing 272 horsepower and 280 lb - ft of torque . Transmission ( edit ) The 2019 Acura RDX is equipped with a 10 - speed automatic transmission . According to Honda this allows the RDX to take the turbocharged engine to its maximum capabilities during low - end torque , there are wheel - mounted paddle shifters . SH - AWD The 2019 Acura RDX can be had with Acura 's SH - AWD system . Acura had dropped the SH - AWD system in the second generation RDX for a non-torque vectoring AWD system . With the upgraded system 70 % of torque can be sent to the rear wheels with up to 100 % of that torque applied to either rear wheel . Safety ( edit ) Safety results have yet to be determined . Production ( edit ) Acura began producing the 2019 RDX in May 2018 at East Liberty , Ohio . Markets ( edit ) North America ( edit ) U.S. ( edit ) The 2019 RDX arrived in American dealerships on June 1 , 2018 . Canada ( edit ) The 2019 RDX arrived in Canadian dealerships on June 1 , 2018 . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) The 2019 RDX will be sold in China alongside the CDX and MDX crossovers . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year US sales 2006 9,164 2007 23,356 2008 15,845 2009 10,153 14,975 2011 15,196 2012 29,520 2013 44,750 2014 44,865 2015 51,026 2016 52,361 2017 51,295 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HDLI : Acura RDX '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acura 2013 -- It 's time to resurrect Honda 's `` A '' game `` . New Cars for 2013 . 29 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gritzinger , Bob ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Change - Up '' . Autoweek. 62 ( 9 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ 2013 Acura RDX News and Photos , Car and Driver News Online . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Honda Pilot , Acura RDX Bound for 2015 Chicago Auto Show '' . edmunds.com . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ready for Liftoff : 2016 Acura RDX Launching with More Performance , Luxury Appointments and Advanced Safety Technology than Ever Before '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.acuranews.com/channels/rdx/releases/ready-for-liftoff-2016-acura-rdx-launching-with-more-performance-luxury-appointments-and-advanced-safety-technology-than-ever-before Jump up ^ `` Acura and Marvel Entertainment Announce Exclusive Co-Promotion Campaign for Marvel 's The Avengers '' . 2012 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Acura RDX SUV FWD '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Acura RDX SUV AWD '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Acura RDX Midsize luxury SUV / 2014 Acura MDX 4 - door 4wd '' . IIHS . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nbc4i.com/news/local-news/honda-starts-production-of-2019-acura-rdx-at-east-liberty-plant/1181282672 Jump up ^ `` 2019 Acura RDX Prototype '' . Acura . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ( ... ) the Acura RDX Prototype , debuting at the 2018 North American International Auto Show on January 15 . Jump up ^ `` First in a generation : all - new 2019 Acura RDX arrives in showrooms June 1 - Automotive World '' . www.automotiveworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kristen . `` Acura Is Bringing Back The Type - S Performance Line '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Acura RDX Gets 350 HP for Pikes Peak Hill Climb '' . motortrend.com. 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acura Has Finally Made an Easy - to - Use Infotainment System '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Acura RDX Build & Price '' . Acura.com . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.autoblog.com/2018/05/16/2019-acura-rdx-production-ohio/ Jump up ^ `` American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Acura Announces December and Year - End Sales Results '' ( Press release ) . Prnewswire.com. 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets 3rd Straight Annual Sales Record with Best - Ever December for Trucks '' . Acura . 3 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . RDX ended 2017 with 51,295 sales for the year ( . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acura RDX . Official website Official Acura News Acura , a division of Honda , road car timeline , 1986 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Entry - level luxury car Sedan EL EL CSX ILX Integra Integra Integra TSX TSX Coupé Integra Integra Integra RSX Mid-size luxury car Sedan Vigor TL TL TL TL TLX Coupé Legend Legend CL CL Full - size luxury car Legend Legend RL RL RLX Crossover CDX RDX RDX MDX MDX MDX ZDX SUV SLX Sports car NSX NSX Note Vehicle sold only in Canada . Acura A division of Honda Current models Cars ILX TLX / TLX - L RLX NSX SUVs / Crossovers CDX MDX RDX Historic models CL CSX EL Integra Legend NSX RL RSX SLX TL TSX ZDX Vigor Racing cars ARX - 01 ARX - 02a Concept cars Advanced Sports Car Concept NSX Concept Precision Concept SUV - X Concept People John Mendel ( V.P. ) Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acura_RDX&oldid=855838600 '' Categories : Acura vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Luxury sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Cars introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 05 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did the acura rdx body style change	[ "The refreshed 2016 RDX was introduced at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show,[5] sales began in mid-April.[6] The updated RDX uses a slightly more powerful revised 3.5L SOHC V6 that produces 279 horsepower and 252 lb-ft of torque. The exterior adds LED headlamps (low and high beams, DRL pipe and amber turn signals) and LED taillamps. Additionally, the 2016 RDX includes several driver assists in the AcuraWatch package including Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS).[7] AWD was also updated to send up to 50% torque to rear wheels (on wet surfaces) opposed to up to 25% in the previous model.\n" ]	[ "2015" ]
-8871524576182967059	London water supply infrastructure	London water supply infrastructure - wikipedia London water supply infrastructure Jump to : navigation , search London 's water supply infrastructure has developed over the centuries in line with the expansion of London . For much of London 's history , private companies supplied fresh water to various parts of London from wells , the River Thames and in the three centuries after the construction in 1613 of the New River , the River Lea , which has springs that divert alongside Hertford at an elevation of 40 metres AOD . Further demand prompted new conduits and sources , particularly in the 150 years to 1900 as the Agricultural and Industrial Revolution caused a boom in London 's population and housing . A crisis point was reached in the mid 19th century with biology proving outbreaks of cholera and other disease arose from commercial extraction of water from the Tideway , where the city once had its main filter beds and purification buildings . The Metropolis Water Act 1852 allowed all water extractors three years to find wells or non-tidal sources . London 's water businesses ( known also as undertakings ) nationalised as the Metropolitan Water Board and then re-privatised . The population of Greater London is currently supplied by four private companies : Thames Water , Affinity Water , Essex and Suffolk Water and Sutton and East Surrey Water . Most of the four companies ' non-tidal Thames and Lea sites have current works for supplying domestic drinking water , drawing on rainwater across the Thames Basin . They have been supplemented in the 21st century by a slightly costlier extraction process operated most in drier seasons from the Tideway at Beckton . Pipes of a total length of greater than 13,000 miles are under the city 's streets and pumping stations , testing and access stations provide for a relatively consistent and uniform supply of water which is highly regulated by water regulations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early London water supply 2 Sixteenth century 3 Seventeenth century 4 Eighteenth century 5 Nineteenth century 5.1 New companies 5.2 Expansion 5.3 Metropolis Water Act 6 Twentieth century 7 Present day 7.1 Water Treatment Works 7.2 Pumping stations 7.3 Access 7.4 Storage 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early London water supply ( edit ) Until the late 16th century , London citizens relied on the River Thames , its tributaries , or one of around a dozen natural springs for their water supplies . In 1247 work began on building the Great Conduit from the spring at Tyburn . This was a lead pipe which led via Charing Cross , Strand , Fleet Street and Ludgate to a large cistern or tank in Cheapside . The city authorities appointed keepers of the conduits who controlled access so that users such as brewers , cooks and fishmongers would pay for the water they used . Wealthy Londoners living near the conduit pipe could obtain permission for a connection to their homes , but this did not prevent unauthorised tapping of conduits . Otherwise - particularly for households which could not take a gravity - feed - water from the conduits was provided to individual households by water carriers or `` cobs '' . Records of frequent drownings indicate that many poorer citizens collected water from the Thames or nearby streams running into the Thames . The Grand Conduit system was extended over the centuries and in the 15th century was supplemented by a conduit from springs at Paddington , and another at Highgate which supplied Cripplegate . Sixteenth century ( edit ) In 1582 , Dutchman Peter Morice ( died 1588 ) developed one of the first pumped water supply systems for the City of London , powered by undershot waterwheels housed in the northernmost arches of London Bridge spanning the River Thames . The machinery was largely destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 but replacements engineered by his grandson remained under the bridge until the early 19th century , before the New London Bridge was erected in the 1830s . Seventeenth century ( edit ) Richard Blome 's map of London ( 1673 ) . The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate . Hugh Myddleton was the driving force behind the construction of the New River , the engineering project that brought fresh water from Hertford , Hertfordshire to 17th century London . After the initial project encountered financial difficulties , Myddleton helped fund the project through to completion . The New River was constructed between 1609 and 1613 ( being officially opened on 29 September that year ) , 38 miles ( 60 km ) long . It starts at an elevation of 40 metres . It was not initially a financial success , and cost Myddleton substantial sums , although in 1612 he was successful in securing monetary assistance from King James I . The New River Company became one of the largest private water companies , supplying the City of London and other central areas . The construction of London 's current water distribution infrastructure dates back to the Great Fire of London in 1666 , which destroyed most of the city 's previous water infrastructure , most of which was made of wood and lead . One waterworks not affected by the fire was at Shadwell by the Thames which dated from 1660 . The city 's water supply and distribution infrastructure has been continuously updated and upgraded since then . Eighteenth century ( edit ) Chelsea Waterworks , 1752 . Two Newcomen beam engines pumped Thames water from a canal to reservoirs at Green Park and Hyde Park . The Chelsea Waterworks Company was established in 1723 `` for the better supplying the City and Liberties of Westminster and parts adjacent with water '' . The company received a Royal Charter on 8 March 1723 . The company created extensive ponds in the area bordering Chelsea and Pimlico using water from the tidal Thames . Waterworks were established in East London , at West Ham in 1743 and at Lea Bridge before 1767 . The Borough Waterworks Company was formed in 1770 , originally supplying water to a brewery and the surrounding area , which spanned the distance between London and Southwark Bridges . The adjacent area was supplied by the London Bridge Waterworks Company . The Lambeth Waterworks Company was founded in 1785 to supply water to south and west London . It was established on the south bank of the River Thames close to the present site of Hungerford Bridge where the Royal Festival Hall now stands . The first water intake of the company was on the south side of the river and supplied directly from the river . After complaints that the water was foul , the intake was moved to the middle of the river . Nineteenth century ( edit ) New companies ( edit ) London as engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton As London spread in the 19th century , new facilities were needed to service the increasing population in newly developed areas . Several new water supply companies were established leading to an arrangement of up to nine private water companies each with a geographic monopoly . The Lambeth Waterworks company expanded in 1802 to supply Kennington and about this time replaced its wooden pipes with iron ones . The South London Waterworks Company was established by private act of parliament in 1805 . The company extracted water from the Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge . The West Middlesex Waterworks Company was founded in 1806 to supply water to the Marylebone and Paddington areas of London . In 1808 the company installed cast iron pipes to supply water from its intakes at Hammersmith . The East London Waterworks Company was founded by Act of Parliament in 1806 , and also acquired existing waterworks at Shadwell , Lea Bridge and West Ham . The Grand Junction Waterworks Company was created in 1811 to take advantage of a clause in the Grand Junction Canal Company 's Act which allowed them to supply water brought by the canal from the River Colne and River Brent , and from a reservoir in the north - west Middlesex supplied by land drainage . It was thought that these waters would be better than those of the Thames , but in fact they were found to be of poor quality and insufficient to meet demand . After trying to resolve these problems the company resorted to taking their supply from the River Thames at a point near Chelsea Hospital Expansion ( edit ) Standpipe Tower at Brentford Although the legislation that established the London water companies intended that they would compete for customers , in 1815 the East London company drew up a legal agreement with the New River Company defining a boundary between their areas of supply . The London Bridge Waterworks Company was dissolved in 1822 , and its water supply licence was purchased by the New River Company . Later that same year , the Borough Waterworks Company purchased the London Bridge licence from the New River Company , and it was renamed the Southwark Water Company . The company extracted water from the River Thames using steam engines to pump it to a cistern at the top of a 60 - foot - high ( 18 m ) tower . The West Middlesex Waterworks Company established a 3.5 million gallon reservoir at Campden Hill near Notting Hill . In 1825 the company built a new reservoir at Barrow Hill next to Primrose Hill in North London . In 1825 , the ponds of the Chelsea Waterwork Company were used as the basis of the Grosvenor Canal which was opened to traffic that year . By this time there were complaints about the quality of the water that the company was drawing from the River Thames , and in 1829 , under engineer James Simpson the Chelsea Waterworks Company became the first in the country to install a slow sand filtration system to purify the water . In 1829 , the East London Waterworks Company moved their source of water further up river to Lea Bridge as a result of pollution caused by population growth . Clean water was now abstracted from the natural channel which had been by - passed by the Hackney Cut , to a new reservoir at Old Ford . In 1830 the company gained a lease on the existing reservoir at Clapton . In 1832 the Lambeth Waterworks Company built a reservoir at Streatham Hill , and in 1834 obtained an Act of Parliament to extend its area of supply . In the same year , the Company purchased 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) of land in Brixton and built a reservoir and works on Brixton Hill adjacent to Brixton Prison . In 1833 the South London Waterworks Company was supplying 12,046 houses with approximately 12,000 gallons of water . In 1834 , the company was renamed the Vauxhall Water Company . The Grand Junction Waterworks Company built a pumping station near Kew Bridge at Brentford in 1838 to house its new steam pump and two similar pumps purchased from Boulton , Watt and Company in 1820 . The water was taken from the middle of the river and pumped into filtering reservoirs and to a 200 ft ( 61 m ) high water tower to provide gravity feed to the area . A six to seven mile ( 11 km ) main took the water to a reservoir on Campden Hill near Notting Hill capable of containing 6 million gallons . In 1841 the East London Waterworks Company was supplying 36,916 houses . On 10 January 1845 the Southwark Waterworks Company and the Vauxhall Waterworks Company submitted a memorandum to the Health of Towns Commissioners proposing amalgamation . A consequent bill successfully passed through parliament , and the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was formed later that year . The area supplied by the SVWC was centred on the Borough of Southwark , reaching east to Rotherhithe , south to Camberwell and in the west including Battersea and parts of Clapham and Lambeth . The amalgamated company established waterworks at Battersea Fields with two depositing reservoirs with a capacity of 32 million gallons ; and two filtering reservoirs holding 11 million gallons . In 1850 the company 's treated water was described by the microbiologist Arthur Hassall as `` the most disgusting which I have ever examined '' . In 1845 the limits of supply of the East London Waterworks Company were described as `` all those portions of the Metropolis , and its suburbs , which lie to the east of the city , Shoreditch , the Kingsland Road , and Dalston ; extending their mains even across the river Lea into Essex , as far as West Ham . '' The water supplied by the company was taken from the Lea , with waterworks on 30 acres ( 0.12 km ) of land at Old Ford . Metropolis water Act ( edit ) The waterworks buildings at Hampton The companies often provided inadequate quantities of water which was often contaminated , as was famously discovered by John Snow during the 1854 cholera epidemic . Population growth in London had been very rapid ( more than doubling between 1800 and 1850 ) without an increase in infrastructure investment . The Metropolis Water Act 1852 was enacted in order to `` make provision for securing the supply to the Metropolis of pure and wholesome water . '' Under the Act , it became unlawful for any water company to extract water for domestic use from the tidal reaches of the Thames after 31 August 1855 , and from 31 December 1855 all such water was required to be `` effectually filtered '' . The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was formed , water filtration was made compulsory , and new water intakes on the Thames were established above Teddington Lock . The Chelsea Waterworks Company and the Lambeth Waterworks Company , who shared the services of James Simpson , established the reservoirs and filtration plants at Seething Wells along part of the riverside of Thames Ditton and Surbiton . The Chelsea 's former central site was taken over by railway companies to make space for Victoria Station . The ' Grand Junction ' , ' West Middlesex ' and ' Southwark and Vauxhall ' Waterworks Companies built the works above Molesey Lock at Hampton designed by Joseph Quick . The Stain Hill Reservoirs and Sunnyside Reservoir were constructed in Hampton by the SVWC in 1855 , with a 36 - inch ( 910 mm ) diameter main to Battersea . A third reservoir was opened later in the year between Nunhead Cemetery and Peckham Rye . The Coppermill , Walthamstow In the mid 19th century the East London Waterworks Company purchased the Coppermill at Walthamstow and modified it to drive a water pump to assist in the building of reservoirs on nearby marshland in the Lea Valley . The company built a series of reservoirs which were High Maynard Reservoir , Low Maynard Reservoir , five linked numbered reservoirs making the Walthamstow Reservoirs , the East Warwick Reservoir and the West Warwick Reservoir . In 1872 the Lambeth Waterworks Company moved upstream on the Thames to Molesey , followed by the Chelsea Waterworks Company . They built the Molesey Reservoirs there in 1872 . The East London Waterworks Company replaced their reservoir at Clapton by a reservoir at Stamford Hill in 1891 . In 1897 the New River Company started developing the treatment works spanning Kempton Park and Hanworth to supply more water than their facilities at Cricklewood drawing on the River Brent . In 1898 the SVWC started work on the Bessborough Reservoir and the Knight Reservoir across the Thames from Hampton at Molesey . By 1903 the SVWC supplied a population of 860,173 in 128,871 houses of which 122,728 ( 95.3 % ) had a constant supply . The Lambeth Waterworks company started work on Island Barn Reservoir at Molesey in 1900 . Twentieth century ( edit ) The private water companies were nationalised at the beginning of the 20th century . The Metropolis Water Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7 , c. 41 ) created the Metropolitan Water Board . It was founded in 1903 and as originally constituted in the Act had 67 members ; 65 of these were nominated by local authorities , who appointed a paid chairman and vice-chairman . The board compulsorily acquired the following water companies : The New River Company The East London Waterworks Company The Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company The West Middlesex Waterworks Company The Lambeth Waterworks Company The Chelsea Waterworks Company The Grand Junction Waterworks Company The Staines Reservoirs Joint Committee The Kent Waterworks Company Also acquired at no cost were the water undertakings of Tottenham and Enfield Urban District Councils . The supply pipes stretch a similar distance to sewerage pipes which extend 13,000 miles in Greater London . Water extract plant buildings at Hythe End The MWB opened the East London Waterworks reservoirs Banbury Reservoir and Lockwood Reservoir , and the Bessborough Reservoir , Knight Reservoir and Island Barn Reservoirs at Molesey . It also opened the Kempton Park Reservoirs in around 1907 . In 1910 , extraction facilities were opened at Hythe End and the Staines Reservoir Aqueduct was built to supply water to Hampton . The Metropolitan Water Board Railway was opened in 1916 to carry coal from the river at Hampton to Kempton Park . An engine house with powerful steam engines was opened at Kempton Park in 1929 , which has now become Kempton Park Steam Engines museum . The MWB opened a succession of reservoirs - King George V Reservoir , ( Lea Valley ) in 1912 , Queen Mary Reservoir ( Ashford ) in 1925 , King George VI Reservoir ( Stanwellmoor ) in 1947 William Girling Reservoir ( Lea Valley ) in 1951 , Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir ( Molesey ) 1962 , Wraysbury Reservoir 1967 , and Queen Mother Reservoir ( Staines ) 1976 . The Metropolitan Water Board and other local Water Boards were later combined into the Thames Water Authority , which was later privatized as Thames Water , a state - regulated private company which currently provides London 's water supply . Present day ( edit ) Greater London is currently supplied by four companies : Thames Water ( 76 % of population ) , Affinity Water ( 14 % ) , Essex and Suffolk Water ( 6.6 % ) and Sutton and East Surrey Water ( 3.7 % ) . Most of London 's water comes from non-tidal parts of the Thames and Lea , with the remainder being abstracted from underground sources . Much of the water piping in London is still cast iron piping which dates back to the nineteenth century and is slowly deteriorating . This has led to widespread criticism of Thames Water for the amount of water lost to leaks in its distribution network . As of 2007 , Thames Water is still in the process of a rolling programme of upgrading the water supply network to use modern plastic piping . A major 21st large infrastructure investment has been the creation of the Thames Water Ring Main , a `` backbone network '' for London 's water supply . This period also saw contingency planning reserve facilities used mostly in times of drought built at Beckton . This connects all the waterworks , and pumping stations . Water treatment works ( edit ) The Water treatment works on the Ring Main are : Ashford Common Kempton Park , Hanworth Walton Hampton Coppermills Water Treatment Works Pumping stations ( edit ) The pumping stations on the ring main are : Surbiton PS Merton PS Streatham PS Brixton PS Battersea PS Park Lane PS Kew PS Holland Park Avenue PS Barrow Hill PS New River Head PS Stoke Newington PS Access ( edit ) Hogsmill -- Access Raynes Park -- Access Mogden -- Access Storage ( edit ) Honor Oak -- Underground Storage Barnes -- balancing storage See also ( edit ) History of London List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association Kew Bridge Steam Museum London sewer system History of water supply and sanitation Thames Water Desalination Plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Great Conduit ( The ) in Westcheap from ' A Dictionary of London ' ( 1918 ) . Date accessed : 10 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water - related Infrastructure in Medieval London '' . waterhistory.org . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Florilegium Urbanum - The Great Conduit Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1221266 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Commemorative Stone at Chadwell Spring , Chadwell , Hertfordshire , Grade II heritage listing . Jump up ^ The London Encyclopaedia , Ben Weinreb & Christopher Hibbert , Macmillan , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 57688 - 8 Jump up ^ Royal Charters , Privy Council website Archived 2007 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : UCLA Department of Epidemiology Lambeth Waterwork history Jump up ^ UCLA Department of Epidemiology West Middlesex Waterworks history Jump up ^ Notting Hill and Bayswater , Old and New London : Volume 5 ( 1878 ) , pp. 177 - 188 . Date accessed : 22 September 2008 ^ Jump up to : Southwark & Vauxhall Water Company - Brief History during the Snow era , UCLA Department of Epidemiolgy Jump up ^ History of the Chelsea Waterworks Jump up ^ East London Waterworks Company , Brief history during the Snow era , 1813 - 1858 ( UCLA Epidemiology ) , accessed October 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Stockwell : Brixton Hill area , Survey of London : volume 26 : Lambeth : Southern area ( 1956 ) , pp. 100 - 105 . Date accessed : 22 September 2008 ^ Jump up to : Joseph Fletcher , Historical and Statistical Account of the present System of Supplying the Metropolis with Water in Journal of the Statistical Society of London , Vol. 8 , No. 2 . ( June 1845 ) , pp. 148 - 181 . ^ Jump up to : John Weale , The Pictorial Handbook of London , London , 1854 Jump up ^ An Act to make better Provision respecting the Supply of Water to the Metropolis , ( 15 & 16 Vict. C. 84 ) Jump up ^ The Coppermill Retrieved December 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hackney : Public services , A History of the County of Middlesex : Volume 10 : Hackney ( 1995 ) , pp. 108 - 15 ( British History Online ) accessed October 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Percy Ashley , The Water , Gas , and Electric Light Supply of London , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 27 , Municipal Ownership and Municipal Franchises ( January 1906 ) , pp. 20 - 36 Jump up ^ Goodman , David C. and Chant , Colin ( 1999 ) European Cities and Technology ( London : Routledge ) . Jump up ^ http://www.london.gov.uk/mqt/public/question.do?id=15326 Jump up ^ `` London 's water supply ' to dry up ' '' . BBC News . October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Milner , Mark ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` Thames Water fails to plug leaks but profits rise 31 % '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Replacing London 's Victorian water mains '' . Thames Water . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Case Study : Thames Beckton Water Projects Online . A European Water Companies combined project . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thames Water Ring Main Extensions '' . Thames Water . September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . External links ( edit ) History of Thames Water Is London water safe to drink ? Water supply and sanitation in London Companies Affinity Water Anglian Water Essex and Suffolk Water Sutton and East Surrey Water Thames Water Major infrastructure Supply infrastructure Sewerage system Northern Outfall Sewer Southern Outfall Sewer Thames Water History John Backhouse Joseph Bazalgette Edmund Colthurst Great Stink London sewerage system London water supply Metropolitan Board of Works Metropolitan Water Board Hugh Myddelton William Chadwell Mylne New River Company New River John Snow ( physician ) 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak William Webster Major projects Abingdon Reservoir Thames Tideway Scheme , including Thames Tideway Tunnel and Lee Tunnel Thames Water Desalination Plant Thames Water Ring Main Categories Thames Water Reservoirs Predecessor companies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_water_supply_infrastructure&oldid=787179430 '' Categories : London water infrastructure Thames Water Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the tap water in london come from	[ "Most of London's water comes from non-tidal parts of the Thames and Lea, with the remainder being abstracted from underground sources.[22]", "Most of London's water comes from non-tidal parts of the Thames and Lea, with the remainder being abstracted from underground sources.[22]" ]	[ "non-tidal parts of the Thames and Lea", "abstracted from underground sources" ]
-3703222607022183417	Vertebral column	Vertebral column - wikipedia Vertebral column Jump to : navigation , search `` Spine ( anatomy ) '' redirects here . For other uses , see Spine . Vertebral column The human vertebral column and its regions Vertebral column of a goat Details Identifiers Latin Columna vertebralis Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The vertebral column , also known as the backbone or spine , is part of the axial skeleton . The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate , in which the notochord ( a flexible rod of uniform composition ) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bones -- vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs . The vertebral column houses the spinal canal , a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord . There are about 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column . The human vertebral column is one of the most - studied examples . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrae 1.2 Shape 1.3 Surfaces 1.4 Ligaments 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Spinal cord 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Disease 3.2 Curvature 3.3 Anatomical landmarks 4 Other animals 4.1 Variations in vertebrae 4.2 Regional vertebrae 4.3 Fish and amphibians 4.4 Other vertebrates 4.5 Dinosaurs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) In humans vertebral column there are normally thirty - three vertebrae ; the upper twenty - four are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs , and the lower nine are fused in adults , five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx or tailbone . The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine . There are seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae . The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same . The number of those in the cervical region however is only rarely changed . There are ligaments extending the length of the column at the front and the back , and in between the vertebrae joining the spinous processes , the transverse processes and the vertebral laminae . Vertebrae ( edit ) Main article : Vertebra Numbering order of the vertebrae of the human spinal column The vertebrae in the human vertebral column are divided into different regions , which correspond to the curves of the spinal column . The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine . Vertebrae in these regions are essentially alike , with minor variation . These regions are called the cervical spine , thoracic spine , lumbar spine , sacrum and coccyx . There are seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae . The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same . The number of those in the cervical region however is only rarely changed . The vertebrae of the cervical , thoracic and lumbar spines are independent bones , and generally quite similar . The vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently . Two special vertebrae are the atlas and axis , on which the head rests . Anatomy of a vertebra A typical vertebra consists of two parts : the vertebral body and the vertebral arch . The vertebral arch is posterior , meaning it faces the back of a person . Together , these enclose the vertebral foramen , which contains the spinal cord . Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine , and the sacrum and coccyx are fused , they do not contain a central foramen . The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae , and supports seven processes , four articular , two transverse , and one spinous , the latter also being known as the neural spine . Two transverse processes and one spinous process are posterior to ( behind ) the vertebral body . The spinous process comes out the back , one transverse process comes out the left , and one on the right . The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin . Above and below each vertebra are joints called facet joints . These restrict the range of movement possible , and are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis . In between each pair of vertebrae are two small holes called intervertebral foramina . The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes . Individual vertebrae are named according to their region and position . From top to bottom , the vertebrae are : Cervical spine : 7 vertebrae ( C1 -- C7 ) Thoracic spine : 12 vertebrae ( T1 -- T12 ) Lumbar spine : 5 vertebrae ( L1 -- L5 ) Sacrum : 5 ( fused ) vertebrae ( S1 -- S5 ) Coccyx : 4 ( 3 -- 5 ) ( fused ) vertebrae ( Tailbone ) Shape ( edit ) The upper cervical spine has a curve , convex forward , that begins at the axis ( second cervical vertebra ) at the apex of the odontoid process or dens , and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra ; it is the least marked of all the curves . This inward curve is known as a lordotic curve . A thoracic spine X-ray of a 57 - year - old male . The thoracic curve , concave forward , begins at the middle of the second and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra . Its most prominent point behind corresponds to the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra . This curve is known as a kyphotic curve . The lumbar curve is more marked in the female than in the male ; it begins at the middle of the last thoracic vertebra , and ends at the sacrovertebral angle . It is convex anteriorly , the convexity of the lower three vertebrae being much greater than that of the upper two . This curve is described as a lordotic curve . The sacral curve begins at the sacrovertebral articulation , and ends at the point of the coccyx ; its concavity is directed downward and forward as a kyphotic curve . The thoracic and sacral kyphotic curves are termed primary curves , because they are present in the fetus . The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory or secondary , and are developed after birth . The cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head ( at three or four months ) and to sit upright ( at nine months ) . The lumbar curve forms later from twelve to eighteen months , when the child begins to walk . Surfaces ( edit ) Anterior surface When viewed from in front , the width of the bodies of the vertebrae is seen to increase from the second cervical to the first thoracic ; there is then a slight diminution in the next three vertebrae ; below this there is again a gradual and progressive increase in width as low as the sacrovertebral angle . From this point there is a rapid diminution , to the apex of the coccyx . Posterior surface From behind , the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes . In the cervical region ( with the exception of the second and seventh vertebrae ) these are short , horizontal and bifid . In the upper part of the thoracic region they are directed obliquely downward ; in the middle they are almost vertical , and in the lower part they are nearly horizontal . In the lumbar region they are nearly horizontal . The spinous processes are separated by considerable intervals in the lumbar region , by narrower intervals in the neck , and are closely approximated in the middle of the thoracic region . Occasionally one of these processes deviates a little from the median line -- which can sometimes be indicative of a fracture or a displacement of the spine . On either side of the spinous processes is the vertebral groove formed by the laminae in the cervical and lumbar regions , where it is shallow , and by the laminae and transverse processes in the thoracic region , where it is deep and broad ; these grooves lodge the deep muscles of the back . Lateral to the spinous processes are the articular processes , and still more laterally the transverse processes . In the thoracic region , the transverse processes stand backward , on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cervical and lumbar regions . In the cervical region , the transverse processes are placed in front of the articular processes , lateral to the pedicles and between the intervertebral foramina . In the thoracic region they are posterior to the pedicles , intervertebral foramina , and articular processes . In the lumbar region they are in front of the articular processes , but behind the intervertebral foramina . Lateral surfaces The sides of the vertebral column are separated from the posterior surface by the articular processes in the cervical and thoracic regions , and by the transverse processes in the lumbar region . In the thoracic region , the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae are marked in the back by the facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs . More posteriorly are the intervertebral foramina , formed by the juxtaposition of the vertebral notches , oval in shape , smallest in the cervical and upper part of the thoracic regions , and gradually increasing in size to the last lumbar . They transmit the special spinal nerves and are situated between the transverse processes in the cervical region , and in front of them in the thoracic and lumbar regions . Ligaments ( edit ) There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae in the column , and in the column 's movement . The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments extend the length of the vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies . The interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes of the vertebrae . The supraspinous ligament extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes , from the sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra . From there it is continuous with the nuchal ligament . Development ( edit ) The striking segmented pattern of the spine is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo . Somite formation begins around the third week when the embryo begins gastrulation and continues until around 52 somites are formed . The somites are spheres , formed from the paraxial mesoderm that lies at the sides of the neural tube and they contain the precursors of spinal bone , the vertebrae ribs and some of the skull , as well as muscle , ligaments and skin . Somitogenesis and the subsequent distribution of somites is controlled by a clock and wavefront model acting in cells of the paraxial mesoderm . Soon after their formation , sclerotomes , which give rise to some of the bone of the skull , the vertebrae and ribs , migrate , leaving the remainder of the somite now termed a dermamyotome behind . This then splits to give the myotomes which will form the muscles and dermatomes which will form the skin of the back . Sclerotomes become subdivided into an anterior and a posterior compartment . This subdivision plays a key role in the definitive patterning of vertebrae that form when the posterior part of one somite fuses to the anterior part of the consecutive somite during a process termed resegmentation . Disruption of the somitogenesis process in humans results in diseases such as congenital scoliosis . So far , the human homologues of three genes associated to the mouse segmentation clock , ( MESP2 , DLL3 and LFNG ) , have been shown to be mutated in cases of congenital scoliosis , suggesting that the mechanisms involved in vertebral segmentation are conserved across vertebrates . In humans the first four somites are incorporated in the base of the occipital bone of the skull and the next 33 somites will form the vertebrae , ribs , muscles , ligaments and skin . The remaining posterior somites degenerate . During the fourth week of embryogenesis , the sclerotomes shift their position to surround the spinal cord and the notochord . This column of tissue has a segmented appearance , with alternating areas of dense and less dense areas . As the sclerotome develops , it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body . Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes . The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into the intervertebral discs . The notochord disappears in the sclerotome ( vertebral body ) segments , but persists in the region of the intervertebral discs as the nucleus pulposus . The nucleus pulposus and the fibers of the anulus fibrosus make up the intervertebral disc . The primary curves ( thoracic and sacral curvatures ) form during fetal development . The secondary curves develop after birth . The cervical curvature forms as a result of lifting the head and the lumbar curvature forms as a result of walking . Function ( edit ) Spinal cord ( edit ) The spinal cord nested in the vertebral column . Main article : Spinal cord The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal canal , formed from a central hole within each vertebra . The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system that supplies nerves and receives information from the peripheral nervous system within the body . The spinal cord consists of grey and white matter and a central cavity , the central canal . Adjacent to each vertebra emerge spinal nerves . The spinal nerves provide sympathetic nervous supply to the body , with nerves emerging forming the sympathetic trunk and the splanchnic nerves . The spinal canal follows the different curves of the column ; it is large and triangular in those parts of the column which enjoy the greatest freedom of movement , such as the cervical and lumbar regions ; and is small and rounded in the thoracic region , where motion is more limited . The spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris and cauda equina . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Spina bifida is a congenital disorder in which there is a defective closure of the vertebral arch . Sometimes the spinal meninges and also the spinal cord can protrude through this , and this is called Spina bifida cystica . Where the condition does not involve this protrusion it is known as Spina bifida occulta . Sometimes all of the vertebral arches may remain incomplete . Another , though rare , congenital disease is Klippel - Feil syndrome which is the fusion of any two of the cervical vertebrae . Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra and retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebra to a degree less than a dislocation . Spinal disc herniation , more commonly called a `` slipped disc '' , is the result of a tear in the outer ring ( anulus fibrosus ) of the intervertebral disc , which lets some of the soft gel - like material , the nucleus pulposus , bulge out in a hernia . Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal which can occur in any region of the spine though less commonly in the thoracic region . The stenosis can constrict the spinal canal giving rise to a neurological deficit . Pain at the coccyx ( tailbone ) is known as coccydynia . Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that causes changes in its function , either temporary or permanent . Curvature ( edit ) Excessive or abnormal spinal curvature is classed as a spinal disease or dorsopathy and includes the following abnormal curvatures : Kyphosis is an exaggerated kyphotic ( concave ) curvature in the thoracic region , also called hyperkyphosis . This produces the so - called `` humpback '' or `` dowager 's hump '' , a condition commonly resulting from osteoporosis . Lordosis as an exaggerated lordotic ( convex ) curvature of the lumbar region , is known as lumbar hyperlordosis and also as `` swayback '' . Temporary lordosis is common during pregnancy . Scoliosis , lateral curvature , is the most common abnormal curvature , occurring in 0.5 % of the population . It is more common among females and may result from unequal growth of the two sides of one or more vertebrae , so that they do not fuse properly . It can also be caused by pulmonary atelectasis ( partial or complete deflation of one or more lobes of the lungs ) as observed in asthma or pneumothorax . Kyphoscoliosis , a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis . Anatomical landmarks ( edit ) Surface projections of organs of the torso . The transpyloric line is seen at L1 Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy , with reference points are taken from the middle of the vertebral body . This provides anatomical landmarks that can be used to guide procedures such as a lumbar puncture and also as vertical reference points to describe the locations of other parts of human anatomy , such as the positions of organs . Other animals ( edit ) Variations in vertebrae ( edit ) The general structure of vertebrae in other animals is largely the same as in humans . Individual vertebrae are composed of a centrum ( body ) , arches protruding from the top and bottom of the centrum , and various processes projecting from the centrum and / or arches . An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch , while the haemal arch or chevron is found underneath the centrum in the caudal ( tail ) vertebrae of fish , most reptiles , some birds , some dinosaurs and some mammals with long tails . The vertebral processes can either give the structure rigidity , help them articulate with ribs , or serve as muscle attachment points . Common types are transverse process , diapophyses , parapophyses , and zygapophyses ( both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses ) . The centrum of the vertebra can be classified based on the fusion of its elements . In temnospondyls , bones such as the spinous process , the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum are separate ossifications . Fused elements , however , classify a vertebra as having holospondyly . A vertebra can also be described in terms of the shape of the ends of the centrum . Centra with flat ends are acoelous , like those in mammals . These flat ends of the centra are especially good at supporting and distributing compressive forces . Amphicoelous vertebra have centra with both ends concave . This shape is common in fish , where most motion is limited . Amphicoelous centra often are integrated with a full notochord . Procoelous vertebrae are anteriorly concave and posteriorly convex . They are found in frogs and modern reptiles . Opisthocoelous vertebrae are the opposite , possessing anterior convexity and posterior concavity . They are found in salamanders , and in some non-avian dinosaurs . Heterocoelous vertebrae have saddle - shaped articular surfaces . This type of configuration is seen in turtles that retract their necks , and birds , because it permits extensive lateral and vertical flexion motion without stretching the nerve cord too extensively or wringing it about its long axis . In horses , the Arabian ( breed ) can have one less vertebrae and pair of ribs . This anomaly disappears in foals that are the product of an Arabian and another breed of horse . Regional vertebrae ( edit ) Vertebrae are defined by the regions of the vertebral column that they occur in , as in humans . Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area . With the exception of the two sloth genera ( Choloepus and Bradypus ) and the manatee genus , ( Trichechus ) , all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae . In other vertebrates , the number of cervical vertebrae can range from a single vertebra in amphibians , to as many as 25 in swans or 76 in the extinct plesiosaur Elasmosaurus . The dorsal vertebrae range from the bottom of the neck to the top of the pelvis . Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae , while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae . The sacral vertebrae are those in the pelvic region , and range from one in amphibians , to two in most birds and modern reptiles , or up to three to five in mammals . When multiple sacral vertebrae are fused into a single structure , it is called the sacrum . The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral , lumbar , and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra , as well as the pelvic girdle . Caudal vertebrae compose the tail , and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds , or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees ( and humans ) . Fish and amphibians ( edit ) A vertebra ( diameter 5 mm ) of a small ray - finned fish See also : Fish anatomy § Vertebrae The vertebrae of lobe - finned fishes consist of three discrete bony elements . The vertebral arch surrounds the spinal cord , and is of broadly similar form to that found in most other vertebrates . Just beneath the arch lies a small plate - like pleurocentrum , which protects the upper surface of the notochord , and below that , a larger arch - shaped intercentrum to protect the lower border . Both of these structures are embedded within a single cylindrical mass of cartilage . A similar arrangement was found in the primitive Labyrinthodonts , but in the evolutionary line that led to reptiles ( and hence , also to mammals and birds ) , the intercentrum became partially or wholly replaced by an enlarged pleurocentrum , which in turn became the bony vertebral body . In most ray - finned fishes , including all teleosts , these two structures are fused with , and embedded within , a solid piece of bone superficially resembling the vertebral body of mammals . In living amphibians , there is simply a cylindrical piece of bone below the vertebral arch , with no trace of the separate elements present in the early tetrapods . In cartilaginous fish , such as sharks , the vertebrae consist of two cartilaginous tubes . The upper tube is formed from the vertebral arches , but also includes additional cartilaginous structures filling in the gaps between the vertebrae , and so enclosing the spinal cord in an essentially continuous sheath . The lower tube surrounds the notochord , and has a complex structure , often including multiple layers of calcification . Lampreys have vertebral arches , but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates . Even the arches are discontinuous , consisting of separate pieces of arch - shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body , changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region . Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column , and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates , but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail . Other vertebrates ( edit ) Vertebral anatomy of a human spine The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in mammals , reptiles , and birds . The shape of the vertebral body does , however , vary somewhat between different groups . In mammals , such as humans , it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces , while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of the next vertebral body fits . Even these patterns are only generalisations , however , and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species . Some unusual variations include the saddle - shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of geckos and tuataras , containing a remnant of the notochord . Reptiles often retain the primitive intercentra , which are present as small crescent - shaped bony elements lying between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae ; similar structures are often found in the caudal vertebrae of mammals . In the tail , these are attached to chevron - shaped bones called haemal arches , which attach below the base of the spine , and help to support the musculature . These latter bones are probably homologous with the ventral ribs of fish . The number of vertebrae in the spines of reptiles is highly variable , and may be several hundred in some species of snake . In birds , there is a variable number of cervical vertebrae , which often form the only truly flexible part of the spine . The thoracic vertebrae are partially fused , providing a solid brace for the wings during flight . The sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar vertebrae , and some thoracic and caudal vertebrae , to form a single structure , the synsacrum , which is thus of greater relative length than the sacrum of mammals . In living birds , the remaining caudal vertebrae are fused into a further bone , the pygostyle , for attachment of the tail feathers . Aside from the tail , the number of vertebrae in mammals is generally fairly constant . There are almost always seven cervical vertebrae ( sloths and manatees are among the few exceptions ) , followed by around twenty or so further vertebrae , divided between the thoracic and lumbar forms , depending on the number of ribs . There are generally three to five vertebrae with the sacrum , and anything up to fifty caudal vertebrae . Dinosaurs ( edit ) The vertebral column in dinosaurs consists of the cervical ( neck ) , dorsal ( back ) , sacral ( hips ) , and caudal ( tail ) vertebrae . Saurischian dinosaur vertebrae sometimes possess features known as pleurocoels , which are hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae , perforated to create an entrance into the air chambers within the vertebrae , which served to decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength . These pleurocoels were filled with air sacs , which would have further decreased weight . In sauropod dinosaurs , the largest known land vertebrates , pleurocoels and air sacs may have reduced the animal 's weight by over a ton in some instances , a handy evolutionary adaption in animals that grew to over 30 metres in length . In many hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs , the caudal vertebrae were reinforced by ossified tendons . The presence of three or more sacral vertebrae , in association with the hip bones , is one of the defining characteristics of dinosaurs . The occipital condyle is a structure on the posterior part of a dinosaur 's skull which articulates with the first cervical vertebra . See also ( edit ) Anatomy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertebral column . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Low back pain Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis Neutral spine References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertebral column . Jump up ^ Liem , Karel F. ; Warren Franklin Walker ( 2001 ) . Functional anatomy of the vertebrates : an evolutionary perspective . Harcourt College Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 022369 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Krogh ( 2010 ) , Biology : A Guide to the Natural World , Benjamin - Cummings Publishing Company , p. 333 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 61655 - 5 Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Henry ( 1977 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . New York : Crown Publishers , Inc. p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Nigel Palastanga ; Roger W. Soames ( 2012 ) . Churchill Livingstone , ed . Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function . Jump up ^ `` interspinal ligament '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students ( Pbk . ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Somites , Spinal Ganglia , and Centra Archived July 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1748 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Patel , R ; Appannagari , A ; Whang , P.G. ( May 2008 ) . `` Coccydynia '' . Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine . 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 223 -- 226 . doi : 10.1007 / s12178 - 008 - 9028 - 1 . PMC 2682410 . PMID 19468909 . Jump up ^ Edwards , The Arabian , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ `` Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution : Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long ( or Short ) Necks '' . May 6th 2011 . Science Daily . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Frietson Galis ( 1999 ) . `` Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae ? Developmental constraints , Hox genes and Cancer '' ( PDF ) . Journal of experimental zoology. 285 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 010X ( 19990415 ) 285 : 1 < 19 : : AID - JEZ3 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - Z . PMID 10327647 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 161 -- 170 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Martin , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs . Second Edition . Oxford , Blackwell Publishing . pg. 299 - 300 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3413 - 5 . GND : 4066363 - 2 NDL : 00570591 External links ( edit ) Look up backbone or spine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Vertebral column basics Spinal Term Glossary VIRTUAL Spine - online learning resource Bones of torso Vertebrae General structure Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens Thoracic vertebrae Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae Processes accessory mammillary Sacrum Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus Coccyx none Thorax Rib cage Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head Sternum Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic inlet Thoracic outlet Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle Spinal nerves Cervical C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital -- C1 Greater occipital -- C2 Third occipital -- C3 Thoracic T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial -- T2 Thoraco - abdominal nerves -- T7 -- T11 Subcostal -- T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1 -- L3 Sacral S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve Spinal disease ( M40 -- M54 , 720 -- 724 , 737 ) Deforming Spinal curvature Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Other Scheuermann 's disease Torticollis Spondylopathy inflammatory Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Discitis Spondylodiscitis Pott disease non inflammatory Spondylosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Retrolisthesis Spinal stenosis Facet syndrome Back pain Neck pain Upper back pain Low back pain Coccydynia Sciatica Radiculopathy Intervertebral disc disorder Schmorl 's nodes Degenerative disc disease Spinal disc herniation Facet joint arthrosis Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebral_column&oldid=829622651 '' Categories : Bones of the vertebral column Vertebrate anatomy Skeletal system Bones of the thorax Irregular bones Human back Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 19 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	division of the back contains the neck vertebrae	[ "Vertebrae are defined by the regions of the vertebral column that they occur in, as in humans. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. With the exception of the two sloth genera (Choloepus and Bradypus) and the manatee genus, (Trichechus),[13] all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae.[14] In other vertebrates, the number of cervical vertebrae can range from a single vertebra in amphibians, to as many as 25 in swans or 76 in the extinct plesiosaur Elasmosaurus. The dorsal vertebrae range from the bottom of the neck to the top of the pelvis. Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. The sacral vertebrae are those in the pelvic region, and range from one in amphibians, to two in most birds and modern reptiles, or up to three to five in mammals. When multiple sacral vertebrae are fused into a single structure, it is called the sacrum. The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral, lumbar, and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra, as well as the pelvic girdle. Caudal vertebrae compose the tail, and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds, or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees (and humans)." ]	[ "Cervical vertebrae" ]
376321246942423050	Armenian presidential election, 2018	Armenian presidential election , 2018 - wikipedia Armenian presidential election , 2018 Armenian presidential election , 2018 ← 2013 2 March 2018 2025 → 105 voters : All deputies of the National Assembly 79 votes needed to win Candidate Armen Sarkissian Party Independent Electoral vote 90 Percentage 85.71 % Nominators Republican Party of Armenia , Armenian Revolutionary Federation President before election Serzh Sargsyan Republican Party Elected President Armen Sarkissian Independent Presidential elections were held in Armenia on 2 March 2018 . As a result of the 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum , this was the first time in Armenia 's history when the president was elected by the National Assembly instead of popular vote . Another outcome of the referendum was that the newly elected president will perform a ceremonial role as the country is currently transitioning from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary republic . Incumbent president Serzh Sargsyan was barred by the Constitution of Armenia from running for a third consecutive term . Armen Sarkissian ran unopposed due to no other party nominating a candidate and easily won the election in the first round with 90 electoral votes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Eligibility 3 Candidates 4 Results 5 References Background ( edit ) In accordance with Article 124 of the amended Constitution , a non-partisan president will be elected for a seven - year , non-renewable term . In accordance with Article 125 , the candidate that receives at least three fourths of votes of the total number of Deputies of the National Assembly will be elected President of the Republic of Armenia . If the President is not elected , a second round is held wherein all candidates who took part in the first round may participate . In the second round , the candidate that receives at least three fifths of votes of the total number of Deputies will be elected as President of the Republic . If President is still not elected , a third round of elections will be held wherein the two candidates who received a greater number of votes in the second round may participate . In the third round , the candidate who receives the majority of votes of the total number of Deputies will be elected . According to Article 125 of the constitution , at least one fourth of the total number of Deputies of the National Assembly shall have the right to nominate a candidate for President . This means that at least 27 members of parliament must back the respective candidate in order for that candidate to be officially nominated . Thus , in the case of a wide consensus , a candidate may very well run unopposed since minority parties with less than 27 members in the National Assembly will not be able to nominate a candidate . Eligibility ( edit ) According to the amended Constitution , everyone who has reached the age of forty , held citizenship of only Armenia for the preceding six years and permanently resided in Armenia for the preceding six years , has the right of suffrage , and speaks the Armenian language may be elected as President of the Republic . Candidates ( edit ) President Serzh Sargsyan on 18 January recommended the candidacy of Armen Sarkissian , the current Armenian ambassador to the United Kingdom , for president to be supported by the ruling Republican Party . Sargsyan stressed the necessity for the presidential candidate to have wide support in the National Assembly when elected . On 16 February , Armen Sarkissian officially accepted the Sargsyan 's offer to become the Republican Party 's candidate for president . The ruling coalition , which consists of the Republican Party of Armenia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , officially nominated Armen Sarkissian for president on 23 February . On 24 February , the Prosperous Armenia party , which is in opposition , signalled that it would vote for the ruling coalition 's candidate . This means that the only party left that did not nominate a candidate was the Way Out Alliance . As a party or coalition must have the support of at least one fourth of the deputies in the National Assembly , the Way Out Alliance were not able to nominate a candidate as they only had nine deputies in the National Assembly . Sarkissian will take up office on April 9 , 2018 . Candidates Candidates are nominated by political parties in the National Assembly . All candidates must be non-partisan . Armen Sarkissian Supported by : Republican Party of Armenia , Armenian Revolutionary Federation , Prosperous Armenia Ambassador of Armenia to the United Kingdom Results ( edit ) Candidate First round Votes % Armen Sarkissian 90 90.00 Against 10 10.00 Invalid / blank votes - Total 101 96.19 Eligible Voters 105 100 Source : Tert.am References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Armen Sarkisian ( No Relation ) Elected Next Armenian President '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RIAC report : Armenia and Azerbaijani 2018 presidential elections to renew contradictions on Karabakh '' . news.am . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hairenik ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Elections in Armenia Explained : New Rules , New Voting , New Powers '' . The Armenian Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ruling party may put forward current president for position of Prime Minister '' . JAMnews. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ LLC , Helix Consulting . `` Constitution of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia ( the official site ) '' . www.president.am . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ LLC , Helix Consulting . `` Constitution of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia ( the official site ) '' . www.president.am . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ Jump up ^ LLC , Helix Consulting . `` Constitution of the Republic of Armenia - Library - The President of the Republic of Armenia ( the official site ) '' . www.president.am . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ruling Coalition Nominates Armen Sarkissian 's Candidacy for President of Armenia - Armenian News By MassisPost '' . Armenian News By MassisPost. 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tsarukyan '' parliament faction to vote for Armen Sarkissian 's candidacy as next President of Armenia `` . news.am . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Armenia lawmakers elect president as leader eyes ' super ' powers - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 2018 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . hide Elections and referendums in Armenia Presidential elections 1991 1998 2003 2008 2013 Parliamentary elections 1919 1995 1999 2003 2007 2012 2017 Next Local elections 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Referendums 1991 1995 2003 2005 2015 Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of Armenia hide Armenian presidential elections Direct elections 1991 1998 2003 2008 2013 Indirect elections 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_presidential_election,_2018&oldid=845055769 '' Categories : 2018 elections in Asia 2018 elections in Europe 2018 in Armenia One - party elections Presidential elections in Armenia March 2018 events in Europe March 2018 events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Ελληνικά فارسی Français Հայերեն ქართული Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia	who has been elected as the new president of republic of armenia	[ "Presidential elections were held in Armenia on 2 March 2018.[1] As a result of the 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum, this was the first time in Armenia's history when the president was elected by the National Assembly instead of popular vote.[2] Another outcome of the referendum was that the newly elected president will perform a ceremonial role as the country is currently transitioning from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary republic.[3] Incumbent president Serzh Sargsyan was barred by the Constitution of Armenia from running for a third consecutive term.[4] Armen Sarkissian ran unopposed due to no other party nominating a candidate and easily won the election in the first round with 90 electoral votes.[1]" ]	[ "Armen Sarkissian" ]
1031269957054547192	United States at the Olympics	United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search United States at the Olympics Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 1,127 905 795 2,827 Summer appearances 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second highest result . The United States has topped the gold medal count ( as the medals are listed on the IOC website , and internationally by tradition ) at seventeen Summer Olympics , the most of any nation , and one Winter Olympics . The United States holds the record both for the most medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics and the most gold medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions , more than any other country , and is planning to host the ninth : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo Future event 2024 Paris Future event 2028 Los Angeles Future event Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13 5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing Future event Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis 21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6 9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total * 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1 , 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total * 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10 , 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Flagbearers ( edit ) See also : List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall , Sr . Swimming 1980 Moscow USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing ( team manager ) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` United States '' . Sports-Reference.com . United States at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . 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South Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington ( state ) Wyoming Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Major team sports American football Baseball Basketball Ice hockey Lacrosse Soccer Softball Major individual sports Athletics Boxing Golf Horse racing Thoroughbred Harness Steeplechase Mixed martial arts Motorsport Swimming Tennis Winter sports skeleton skiing Minor sports Australian rules football Badminton Bodybuilding Cricket Cycling Fishing Futsal Field hockey Gaelic football Gymnastics Ice skating Judo Karate Netball Polo Roller derby Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Volleyball Wrestling International sporting competitions World Baseball Classic Basketball World Cup Cricket World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup Maccabiah Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Deaflympics Rugby League World Cup Rugby World Cup Universiade United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee History Major professional sports leagues Women 's sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_at_the_Olympics&oldid=830612127 '' Categories : United States at the Olympics National sports teams of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 22 : 08 . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time the winter olympics was held in the united states	[ "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "2002" ]
7910021246907159589	Uranium mining in the United States	Uranium mining in the United States - wikipedia Uranium mining in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Map of US Uranium Districts ( 1979 ) . Production of uranium in the United States , 1949 -- 2011 Uranium imported into the United States , 1949 -- 2011 Price of uranium concentrate , 1981 -- 2011 Uranium mining in the United States produced 3,303,977 pounds ( 1,498,659 kg ) of U O ( 1271 tonnes of uranium ) in 2015 , 32 % lower than 2014 's production of 4,891,332 pounds ( 2,218,671 kg ) of U O ( 1881 tonnes of uranium ) and the lowest US annual production since 2005 . The 2015 production represents 7 % of the anticipated uranium market requirements of the US 's nuclear power reactors for the year . Production came from one conventional uranium mill in Utah , and six in - situ leach operations : four in Wyoming , one in Texas and one in Nebraska . While uranium is used primarily for nuclear power , uranium mining had its roots in the production of uranium - bearing ore in 1898 with the mining of carnotite - bearing sandstones of the Colorado Plateau in the 1950s saw a boom in uranium mining in the western U.S. , spurred by the fortunes made by prospectors such as Charlie Steen . The United States was the world 's leading producer of uranium from 1953 until 1980 . In 1960 annual U.S. production peaked at 17,055 metric tons U O. Until the early 1980s , there were active uranium mines in Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington and Wyoming . Price declines in the late 1970s and early 1980s forced the closure of numerous mines . Most uranium ore in the United States comes from deposits in sandstone , which tend to be of lower grade than those of Australia and Canada . Because of the lower grade , many uranium deposits in the United States became uneconomic when the price of uranium declined sharply in the late 1970s . By 2001 , there were only three operating uranium mines ( all in - situ leaching operations ) in the United States . Annual production reached a low of 779 metric tons of uranium oxide in 2003 , but then more than doubled in three years to 1672 metric tons in 2006 , from 10 mines . The U.S. DOE 's Energy Information Administration reported that 90 % of U.S. uranium production in 2006 came from in - situ leaching . The average spot price of uranium oxide ( U O ) increased from $7.92 per pound in 2001 to $39.48 per pound ( $87.04 / kg ) in 2006 . In 2011 the United States mined 9 % of the uranium consumed by its nuclear power plants . The remainder was imported , principally from Russia and Kazakhstan ( 38 % ) , Canada , and Australia . Although uranium production has declined to low levels , the United States has the fourth - largest uranium resource in the world , behind Australia , Canada , and Kazakhstan . United States uranium reserves are strongly dependent on price . At $50 per pound U O , reserves are estimated to be 539 million pounds ; however , at a price of $100 per pound , reserves are an estimated 1227 million pounds . Rising uranium prices since 2001 have increased interest in uranium mining in Arizona , Colorado , Texas and Utah . The states with the largest known uranium ore reserves ( not counting byproduct uranium from phosphate ) are ( in order ) Wyoming , New Mexico , and Colorado . The radiation hazards of uranium mining and milling were not appreciated in the early years , resulting in workers being exposed to high levels of radiation . Inhalation of radon gas caused sharp increases in lung cancers among underground uranium miners employed in the 1940s and 1950s . In 1950 , the US Public Health service began a comprehensive study of uranium miners , leading to the first publication of a statistical correlation between cancer and uranium mining , released in 1962 . In 1969 , the federal government regulated the standard amount of radon in mines . In 1990 , Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act ( RECA ) , granting reparations for those affected by mining . Out of 50 present and former uranium milling sites in 12 states , 24 have been abandoned , and are the responsibility of the US Department of Energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 By state 1.1 Alabama 1.2 Alaska 1.3 Arizona 1.4 California 1.5 Colorado 1.6 Florida 1.7 Idaho 1.8 Nebraska 1.9 Nevada 1.10 New Jersey 1.11 New Mexico 1.12 North Dakota 1.13 Oklahoma 1.14 Oregon 1.15 Pennsylvania 1.16 South Dakota 1.17 Texas 1.18 Utah 1.19 Virginia 1.20 Washington 1.21 Wyoming 2 Health and environmental issues 2.1 Uranium mining , milling and the American Southwest 2.2 Uranium mining , milling and the Navajo people 3 See also 4 References 5 External links By state ( edit ) A billet of highly enriched uranium . Alabama ( edit ) Uranium in Alabama is found in the Coosa Block of the Northern Alabama Piedmont . Metamorphic uranium occurrences have been found in the Higgins Ferry Group in Coosa and Clay Counties . Some exploration has been done , but no economic deposits have been found to date . Alaska ( edit ) Uranium was discovered at the Ross - Adams deposit in 1955 by an airborne gamma radiation survey . The deposit is at Bokan Mountain on Prince of Wales Island . The principal ore mineral was uranothorite , which occurred in veinlets in granite . Accessory minerals were primarily hematite and calcite , with lesser amounts of fluorite , pyrite , galena , quartz , and rare earth minerals . The first mining was done in 1957 , when ore was removed from an open pit 25 to 75 feet ( 8 to 23 m ) wide , 370 feet ( 110 m ) long , and 30 feet ( 9 m ) deep . Additional mining took place in 1959 -- 1964 and 1970 -- 1971 A total of 1.3 million pounds ( 590 t ) of uranium were produced , with all of the milling taking place in Washington and Utah . There is a firm looking at the potential of reopening the mine . Arizona ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in Arizona Uranium mining in Arizona has taken place since 1918 . Prior to the uranium boom of the late 1940s , uranium in Arizona was a byproduct of vanadium mining of the mineral carnotite . California ( edit ) Uranium was discovered in 1954 in the Sierra Nevada of Kern County , along the Kern River about 30 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of Bakersfield . Two mines , the Kergon mine and the Miracle mine , made small shipments in 1954 and 1955 . Uranium occurs as uraninite and autunite in shear zones in granodiorite . Accessory minerals include fluorite and the molybdenum minerals ilsemanite and jordisite . Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in Colorado The first uranium identified in the US was pitchblende from the Wood gold mine at Central City , Colorado in 1871 . Uranium mining in southwest Colorado goes back to 1898 . The Uravan district of Colorado and Utah supplied about half the world 's radium from 1910 to 1922 , and vanadium and uranium were byproducts . The last producing uranium mine in the state , the Topaz Mine , part of the Sunday Complex near Uravan , Colorado , was closed down on March 18 , 2009 by then owner Denison Mines due to depressed uranium prices . Florida ( edit ) The Central Florida ( Bone Valley ) phosphorite deposits are considered to contain the largest known uranium resource ( one million metric tons of uranium oxide ) in North America ( but note that resources are not the same as ore reserves ) . Uranium has been produced as a byproduct of phosphate mining and the production of phosphoric acid fertilizer . The uranium is contained in the phosphate minerals francolite , crandallite , millisite , wavellite , and vivianite , found in Miocene and Pliocene sediments of the Bone Valley Formation . The average uranium content is 0.009 % , which is considered to be low grade . Concentrations of uranium in this type of deposit typically grade to 0.01 -- 0.015 % U O. Recovery process costs are estimated at $22 to $54 per pound of U O ; higher than the market price of uranium during the 25 - year period spanning the 1980s through the early first decade of the 21st century . Consequently , uranium recovery from Florida phosphate ceased in 1998 . Idaho ( edit ) From 1955 to 1960 , uranium was extracted from placer black sand deposits derived from the Idaho Batholith in southwest Idaho . The deposits were mined for uranium , thorium , and rare earths . Uranium and thorium were in the monazite grains ; rare earths were in columbite and euxenite . Production was 365,000 pounds ( 165 metric tons ) of U O . Uranium was mined at the Stanley district in Custer County , Idaho from 1957 to 1962 . Deposits occur as veins in granite of the Cretaceous Idaho Batholith , and in strataform deposits in possibly Paleocene arkosic conglomerates and sandstones between the underlying Idaho Batholith and overlying Challis Volcanic Group ( Eocene ) . The USGS has estimated production to be less than 170,000 pounds ( 78 metric tons ) of U O . Nebraska ( edit ) Ion exchange resin beads The only operating uranium mine in Nebraska is the Crow Butte mine , operated by Cameco . The mine is five miles ( 8 km ) southeast of Crawford in Dawes County , western Nebraska . The roll - front deposit in the Oligocene Chadron formation was discovered in 1980 by Wyoming Fuel Co . Commercial operation began in 1991 . Uranium is mined by in - situ leaching which involves the extraction y boreholes of uranium - bearing ( U O ) water , which is then filtered through resin beads . Through an ion exchange process , the resin beads attract uranium from the solution . Uranium loaded resins are then transported to a processing plant , where U O is separated from the resin beads and yellowcake is produced . The resin beads are returned to the ion exchange facility where they are reused . Nevada ( edit ) There is no current uranium production from Nevada . The largest past - producer was the Apex mine ( also called Rundberg or Early Day mine ) , three miles south of Austin , in Lander County . Discovered in September 1953 , it was first mined as a silver deposit and produced 45 metric tons of U O ( 80 % of Nevada 's historical production ) from 1954 until 1966 , from a small open pit and from underground . Ore was shipped to Utah and to Lakeview , Oregon for processing . Uranium occurs as the secondary minerals autunite and meta - autunite after uraninite and coffinite in fractured Cambrian metamorphosed shales and quartzite , at or near the contact with Jurassic porphyritic quartz monzonite . The Apex - Lowboy deposit has an inferred resource of 615,000 metric tons at a grade of 0.07 % U O . The McDermitt Caldera in Humboldt County was the site of intensive uranium exploration in the late 1970s . In 2006 and 2007 , Western Uranium Corporation drilled exploratory boreholes in the Kings Valley area . New Jersey ( edit ) A uranium exploration project in northern New Jersey was halted in 1980 when the local government passed an ordinance preventing uranium mining . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in New Mexico New Mexico was a significant uranium producer since the discovery of uranium by Navajo sheepherder Paddy Martinez in 1950 . Uranium in New Mexico is almost all in the Grants mineral belt , along the south margin of the San Juan Basin in McKinley and Cibola counties , in the northwest part of the state . No mining has been done since 2002 , even though the state has second - largest known uranium ore reserves in the US . North Dakota ( edit ) Some lignite coal in southwest North Dakota contains economic quantities of uranium . From 1965 to 1967 Union Carbide operated a mill near Belfield in Stark County to burn uraniferous lignite and extract uranium from the ash . The plant produced about 150 metric tons of U O before shutting down . Oklahoma ( edit ) A small amount of uranium ore was mined in the mid-1950s from a surface exposure at Cement in Caddo County . The uranium occurred as carnotite and tyuyamunite in fracture fillings in the Rush Springs Sandstone over the Cement anticline , where the sandstone is bleached . The mined area was 150 feet ( 46 m ) long , 3 to 5 feet ( 0.9 to 1.5 m ) wide , and extended 3 to 5 feet ( 0.9 to 1.5 m ) below ground surface . Oregon ( edit ) Uranium was discovered in Oregon in 1955 , 20 miles northwest of Lakeview in Lake County . The White King mine and the Lucky Lass mine shipped uranium from 1955 until 1965 . At the White King mine , uranium was mined by both underground and open - pit methods from a low - temperature hydrothermal deposit in Pliocene volcanic rocks , associated with opal , realgar , stibnite , cinnabar , and pyrite . At the Lucky Lass mine ore was mined from an open pit . Uranium occurs in uraninite and autunite in lenses near or in a fault zone in tuffs . A minor amount of uranium was mined in 1960 from a deposit at Bear Creek Butte in Crook County . The uranium was present as autunite at the contact between a rhyolite dike and tuffs of the Oligocene - Miocene John Day Formation . The McDermitt Caldera in Malheur County was the site of intense uranium exploration in the late 1970s . Portland - based Oregon Energy is currently planning development of the Aurora deposit , near McDermitt . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The uranium mineral autunite was reported in 1874 near the town of Mauch Chunk ( present - day Jim Thorpe ) in Carbon County , eastern Pennsylvania . A small amount of test mining was done in 1953 at the Mount Pisgah deposit near Jim Thorpe . The uranium at the Mount Pisgah deposit is primarily in an unidentified black mineral in pods and rolls in the basal conglomerate of the Mauch Chunk Formation ( Mississippian ) . Also present are the secondary uranium and uranium - vanadium minerals carnotite , tyuyamunite , liebigite , uranophane , and betauranophane . South Dakota ( edit ) Uranium was discovered near Edgemont , South Dakota in 1951 , quickly followed by mining . The uranium occurs in Cretaceous sandstones of the Inyan Kara group , where it outcrops along the southern edge of the Black Hills in Fall River County , South Dakota . Minerals in unoxidized sandstone are uraninite and coffinite ; minerals in oxidized zones include carnotite and tyuyamunite . An airborne gamma radiation survey flown by the US Atomic Energy Commission in 1954 discovered high radiation readings over the Cave Hills area in Harding County , in the northwest corner of the state . High winds blew the reconnaissance flight off their planned survey route over the Slim Buttes twenty miles southeast of the North Cave Hills . Claims were immediately staked over uranium - bearing lignite beds in the area . The lignite was strip - mined , probably starting that same year , and continuing until the mines closed in 1964 . No uranium is currently mined in South Dakota . In January 2007 Powertech Uranium Corporation received a state permit to drill boreholes to evaluate their Dewey - Burdock project , in Custer and Fall River counties northwest of Edgemont . Previous work at the property in the early 1980s defined a resource of 10 million pounds ( 4500 metric tons ) of uranium , of which 5 million pounds ( 2300 metric tons ) were estimated recoverable by conventional underground mining . Powertech hoped to bring the property into production as an in - situ leaching mine in 2009 . A campaign has been underway to halt any effort to mine uranium in the Black Hills because of its effect on Native American and wildlife populations , as well as the effects of mining on the water table and local ranchers . Indigenous leaders and anti-nuclear activists began organizing around this issue in the 1970s and there are still efforts underway to prevent mining on native lands . Texas ( edit ) South Texas uranium province -- USGS . The uranium district of south Texas was discovered by accident in 1954 by an airborne gamma radiation survey looking for petroleum deposits . The coastal plain had previously been regarded as highly unfavorable for uranium deposits . The uranium occurs in roll - front type deposits in sandstones of Eocene , Oligocene and Miocene age . The deposits are distributed along about 200 miles ( 320 km ) of coastal plain , from Panna Maria in the north , south into Mexico . Uranium production began in 1958 , from open - pit and in situ leach mines . Uranium production stopped in 1999 , but restarted in 2004 . By 2006 , three mines were active : Kingsville Dome in Kleberg County , the Vasquez mine in Duval County , and the Alta Mesa mine in Brooks County . 2007 production was 1.34 million pounds ( 607 metric tons ) of U O All have since closed . Uranium Energy Corp . ( UEC ) began in - situ leach mining at its Palangana deposit ( grading . 135 % U O ) in Duval County in 2010 . Uranium loaded resins from that ion exchange facility are processed into yellowcake at the company 's Hobson processing plant . In late 2012 , UEC completed the permitting and approval process for the Goliad ISR mining and ion exchange facility in Goliad County . Utah ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in Utah Mi Vida uranium mine near Moab , Utah Mining of uranium - vanadium ore in southeast Utah goes back to the late 19th century . All of Utah 's numerous uranium mines had closed by 1991 because of low prices . In late 2006 , Denison Mines reopened the Pandora mine in the La Sal mining district , Utah 's first producing uranium mine since 1991 . On June 29 , 2012 , Energy Fuels Inc. acquired Denison 's US assets , including the White Mesa Mill . In October 2012 the only operating uranium mines in Utah , the Pandora , Beaver and Daneros mines , were all placed on standby , care and maintenance due to the depressed uranium price . The White Mesa Mill , 7 miles south of Blanding , Utah , is the only operating conventional uranium ( and vanadium ) mill in the United States . Virginia ( edit ) The largest deposit of uranium in the US is in Virginia at Coles Hill ; however , the state 's generous rainfall and occasional flooding ( in contrast with typical American uranium mines in the dry and isolated desert southwest ) have led to citizen concern about commercial - scale mining . Lawmakers in the state enacted a de facto ban on uranium mining in 1982 . A 2015 federal court case involving the owners of Coles Hill might overturn the ban . Marline Uranium Corp. announced in July 1982 that it had discovered 110 million pounds ( 50,000 metric tons ) of uranium in the Swanson / Coles Hill deposit , on land that it had leased near Chatham in Pittsylvania County . During the 1982 legislative session , the state of Virginia adopted laws to govern exploration for uranium in the Commonwealth . At the same time , the legislature imposed a moratorium on uranium mining in the state until such time that regulations to govern uranium mining could be enacted into law . In 1981 , the Virginia General Assembly approved House Joint Resolution No. 324 , which directed the Virginia Coal and Energy Commission to evaluate the effects of uranium development on the Commonwealth and its citizens . The Virginia Coal and Energy Commission is a permanent legislative commission composed of five Senators , eight Delegates , and seven citizens appointed by the Governor . The Commission completed its evaluation of uranium mining in October 1984 and concluded that the moratorium regarding uranium development could be lifted on the condition that certain specific recommendations derived from its work would be enacted into law . Union Carbide was the joint venture partner on the project with Marline until early 1984 when it dropped its option on the property due to declining uranium prices . Marline kept the project on care and maintenance until 1990 , when it dropped its remaining mineral leases and closed its local exploration office . The deposits occur as breccia - fill and veins in gneiss bordering the Triassic Danville Basin . Ore minerals are coffinite , uraninite , and uranium - bearing apatite . In October 2007 , Walter Coles , who owns the land over the Coles Hill deposit , announced that he and some other landowners had formed Virginia Uranium Inc. to mine the deposit themselves , if it can be done safely . In November 2007 , the state issued an exploration permit to Virginia Uranium , to allow drilling test holes into the deposit . Drilling began in mid-December . The state - imposed moratorium on uranium mining is still in effect . A bill proposed in the state General Assembly in January 2008 would have created a Virginia Uranium Mining Commission to determine if uranium mining could be done in a manner protective of human health and the environment , and to recommend regulatory controls . The bill passed the Democratic controlled state Senate by a vote of 36 -- 4 . However , opponents of uranium mining succeeded in stopping the bill on March 3 , 2008 , when Rules Committee of the Republican controlled House of Delegates delayed consideration of the bill until 2009 . In November 2008 , the Virginia Coal and Energy Commission voted unanimously to once again create a subcommittee to study the issue of uranium mining . In May 2009 the subcommittee approved a study of potential uranium mining and its safety and pollution issues . The study is expected to take about 18 months to complete . In February 2010 , the Commonwealth of Virginia contracted the National Research Council and Virginia Polytechnic Institute to oversee a National Research Council study of potential environmental and economic effects of uranium mining in Virginia . The National Research Council study , funded indirectly by a $1.4 million grant from Virginia Uranium to the Commonwealth , resulted in a report released in December 2011 . The report identified a range of health and environmental issues and related risks that could result from uranium mining in the Commonwealth of Virginia . The report found that although there are internationally accepted best practices to mitigate some risks , Virginia faces `` steep hurdles '' if it is to undertake uranium mining and processing within a regulatory setting that appropriately protects workers , the public , and the environment . Uranium mining and processing carries with it a range of potential health risks to the people who work in or live near uranium mining and processing facilities . Some of these health risks apply to any type of hard rock mining or other large - scale industrial activity , but others are linked to exposure to radioactive materials . In addition , uranium mining has the potential to impact water , soil , and air quality , with the degree of impact depending on site - specific conditions , how early a contaminant release is detected by monitoring systems , and the effectiveness of mitigation steps . Some of the worker and public health risks could be mitigated or better controlled through modern internationally accepted best practices , the report says . In addition , if uranium mining , processing , and reclamation were designed , constructed , operated , and monitored according to best practices , near - to - moderate - term environmental effects should be substantially reduced , the report found . However , the report noted that Virginia 's high water table and heavy rainfall differed from other parts of the United States -- typically dry , Western states -- where uranium mining has taken place . Consequently , federal agencies have little experience developing and applying laws and regulations in locations with abundant rainfall and groundwater , such as Virginia . Because of Virginia 's moratorium on uranium mining , it has not been necessary for the Commonwealth 's agencies to develop a regulatory program that is applicable to uranium mining , processing , and reclamation . The report also noted the long - term environmental risks of uranium tailings , the solid waste left after processing . Tailings disposal sites represent potential sources of contamination for thousands of years . While it is likely that tailings impoundment sites would be safe for at least 200 years if designed and built according to modern best practices , the long - term risks of radioactive contaminant release are unknown . The report 's authoring committee was not asked to recommend whether uranium mining should be permitted , or to consider the potential benefits to the state were uranium mining to be pursued . It also was not asked to compare the relative risks of uranium mining to the mining of other fuels such as coal . In October 2015 , it went before a federal judge whether the 33 - year - old ban on large - scale uranium mining in Virginia would be lifted . Washington ( edit ) Uranium was discovered at the Midnite Mine deposit on the Spokane Indian Reservation , Stevens County , north - east Washington in 1954 . The deposit was mined from an open pit 1956 -- 1962 and 1969 -- 1982 . Production through 1975 was 8 million pounds ( 3,600 metric tons ) of U O . The uranium is contained in autunite , uraninite , and coffinite , with gangue minerals pyrite and marcasite . The ore occurs as disseminations , replacements , and stockworks in Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Togo formation , in a roof pendant in Cretaceous porphyritic quartz monzonite . Western Nuclear discovered the Spokane Mountain uranium deposit in 1975 , two miles ( 3 km ) northeast of the Midnite Mine , and in a similar geologic setting . Other major Washington state uranium mines included the Sherwood mine , located five miles south of the Midnite mine , and the Daybreak mine , located six miles southeast of Elk , Washington . The Daybreak mine is recognized as the source of the finest museum - quality specimens of autunite and meta - autunite yet found . Sherwood had a co-located uranium mill , while Midnite and Daybreak ores were processed at the Dawn uranium mill , at Ford , Washington . A drum of yellowcake Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in Wyoming Wyoming once had many operating uranium mines , and has the largest known uranium ore reserves of any state in the U.S. The Wyoming uranium mining industry was hard - hit in the 1980s by the drop in the price of uranium . The uranium - mining boom town of Jeffrey City lost 95 % of its population in three years . By 2006 , the only active uranium mine in Wyoming was the Smith Ranch - Highland in - situ leaching operation in the Powder River Basin , owned by a subsidiary of Cameco . The mine produced 907 metric tons of yellowcake ( uranium concentrate ) in 2006 , making it the leading uranium producer in the United States . Health and environmental issues ( edit ) See also : Health effects of radon and Uranium mining and the Navajo people The radiation hazards of uranium mining and milling were not appreciated in the early years , resulting in workers being exposed to high levels of radiation . Inhalation of radon gas caused sharp increases in lung cancers among underground uranium miners employed in the 1940s and 1950s . Risks related to the inhalation of radon gas and the deposition of radon daughter products in the lung were discussed publicly as early as 1951 in American newspapers . The hazard was considered to be generally greater in deeper underground workings , where providing adequate ventilation and suppressing dust was more difficult . Concerns for American miners ' health were based on the observation of elevated lung cancer incidence among miners who mine uranium - bearing ore underground in Czechoslovakia and Germany . Conventional uranium ore treatment mills create radioactive waste in the form of tailings , which contain uranium , radium , and polonium . Consequently , uranium mining results in `` the unavoidable radioactive contamination of the environment by solid , liquid and gaseous wastes '' . In the 1940s and 1950s , uranium mill tailings were released with impunity into water sources , and the radium leached from these tailings contaminated thousands of miles of the Colorado River system . Between 1966 and 1971 , thousands of homes and commercial buildings in the Colorado Plateau region were `` found to contain anomalously high concentrations of radon , after being built on uranium tailings taken from piles under the authority of the Atomic Energy Commission '' . In 1950 , the US Public Health service began a comprehensive study of uranium miners , leading to the first publication of a statistical correlation between cancer and uranium mining , released in 1962 . The federal government eventually regulated the standard amount of radon in mines , setting the level at 0.3 WL on January 1 , 1969 . Out of 50 present and former uranium milling sites in 12 states , 24 have been abandoned , and are the responsibility of the US Department of Energy . Accidental releases from uranium mills include the 1979 Church Rock uranium mill spill in New Mexico , called the largest accident of nuclear - related waste in US history , and the 1986 Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release in Oklahoma . In 1990 , Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act ( RECA ) , granting reparations for those affected by mining , with amendments passed in 2000 to address criticisms with the original act . Uranium mining , milling and the American southwest ( edit ) Shiprock , New Mexico uranium mill aerial photo Moab uranium mill tailings pile Between 1949 and 1989 , over 4,000 uranium mines in the Four Corner region produced more than 225,000,000 tons of uranium ore . This activity affected a large number of Native American nations , including the Laguna , Navajo , Zuni , Southern Ute , Ute Mountain , Hopi , Acoma and other Pueblo cultures . Many of these peoples worked in the mines , mills and processing plants in New Mexico , Arizona , Utah and Colorado . These workers were not only poorly paid , they were seldom informed of dangers nor were they given appropriate protective gear . The government , mine owners , scientific , and health communities were all well aware of the hazards of working with radioactive materials at this time . Due to the Cold War demand for increasingly destructive and powerful nuclear weapons , these laborers were both exposed to and brought home large amounts of radiation in the form of dust on their clothing and skin . Epidemiologic studies of the families of these workers have shown increased incidents of radiation - induced cancers , miscarriages , cleft palates and other birth defects . The extent of these genetic effects on indigenous populations and the extent of DNA damage remains to be resolved . Uranium mining , milling and the Navajo people ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining and the Navajo people After the end of World War II , large uranium deposits were found on and near the Navajo Reservation in the Southwest , and private companies hired many Navajo employees to work the mines . Disregarding the known health risks imposed by exposure to uranium , the private companies and the United States Atomic Energy Commission failed to inform the Navajo workers about the dangers and to regulate the mining to minimize contamination . As more data was collected , they were slow to take appropriate action for the workers . Studies provided data to show that the Navajo mine workers and numerous families on the reservation have suffered high rates of disease from environmental contamination , but for decades , industry and the government failed to regulate or improve conditions , or inform workers of the dangers . As high rates of illness began to occur , workers were often unsuccessful in court cases seeking compensation , and the states at first did not officially recognize radon illness . In 1990 the US Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act , to settle such cases and provide needed compensation . In 2008 the US Congress authorized a five - year , multi-agency cleanup of uranium contamination on the Navajo Nation reservation ; identification and treatment of contaminated water and structures has been the first priority . Certain water sources have been closed , and numerous contaminated buildings have been taken down . By the summer of 2011 , EPA had nearly completed the first major project of removal of 20,000 cubic yards of contaminated earth from the Skyline Mine area . See also ( edit ) Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Botanical prospecting for uranium List of uranium projects Nuclear labor issues Nuclear power in the United States The Return of Navajo Boy , a 2000 documentary film about Navajo struggling with the legacy of uranium mining on their lands Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US uranium production falls in 2015 '' . World Nuclear News . World Nuclear Association . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Uranium Mining and Exploration '' . London : World Nuclear Association . October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Finch , Warren I. ; Butler , Arthur P. ; Armstrong , Frank C. ; Weissenborn , Albert E. ; Mortimer , H. Staatz ( 1973 ) . `` Nuclear fuels '' ( pdf ) . United States Mineral Resources . Geological Survey Professional paper 820 . U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Uranium Mining 2011 '' . World-nuclear.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration : U.S. uranium mine production and number of mines and sources , accessed 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of Energy 's Energy Information Administration data , official energy statistics from the U.S. Government Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Where our uranium comes from , 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Over 90 % of uranium purchased by U.S. commercial nuclear reactors is from outside the U.S '' . Today in Energy . Washington , DC : U.S. Energy Information Administration . 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Warren I Finch ( 2003 ) Uranium - fuel for nuclear energy 2002 , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 2179 - A . Jump up ^ See S&TR : September 2005 , How One Equation Changed the World , which discusses the progress of the HEU Purchase Agreement made between the Russian Federation and the United States in 1993 . `` Currently , Russian plants are processing about 30 metric tons of HEU per year into about 875 metric tons of LEU . This amount meets half the annual fuel requirement for U.S. nuclear power plants and provides the fuel to generate 10 percent of the electricity used in the U.S. '' Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , U.S. uranium reserves estimates , July 2010 . Jump up ^ WISE Uranium Project : New uranium mining projects -- USA , accessed 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Moran , Susan ; Raup , Anne ( 28 March 2007 ) . `` Uranium Ignites ' Gold Rush ' in the West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ J. Keller and others , Colorado , Mining Engineering , May 2006 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Roscoe , R.J. ; K. Steenland ; W.E. Halperin ; J.J. Beaumont ; R.J. Waxweiler ( 1989 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Lung cancer mortality among nonsmoking uranium miners exposed to radon daughters '' . JAMA. 262 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 633 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1989.03430050045024 . PMID 2746814 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Roscoe , R.J. ; J.A. Deddens ; A. Salvan ; T.M. Schnorr ( 1995 ) . `` Mortality among Navajo uranium miners '' . American Journal of Public Health . 85 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 540 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 85.4. 535 . PMC 1615135 . PMID 7702118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uranium Miners ' Cancer '' . Time Magazine . 1960 - 12 - 26 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Susan E , and Gary E Madsen . `` Uranium Mine Workers , Atomic Downwinders , and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act . '' In Half Lives & Half - Truths : Confronting the Radioactive Legacies of the Cold War , 117 -- 143 . Santa Fe : School For Advanced Research , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Brugge , Doug , Timothy Benally , and Esther Yazzie - Lewis . The Navajo People and Uranium Mining . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Decommissioning Title 1 Uranium Mills Summary Table Jump up ^ E.M. MacKevett Jr. ( 1963 ) Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bokan Mountain Uranium - Thorium Area , Southeastern Alaska , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1154 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Allison , Lee . `` Development of northern Arizona uranium mine planned by year - end '' . Arizona Geology . Jump up ^ E.M. MacKevett Jr. ( 1960 ) Geology and Ore Deposits of the Kern River Uranium Area , California , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1087 - F . Jump up ^ J. Burnell and others , Colorado , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Energy Fuels . `` Sunday Complex '' . Retrieved 18 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Warren I. Finch ( 1996 ) Uranium provinces of North America - their definition , distribution , and models , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 2141 . Jump up ^ Energy Information Administration ( 12 Feb. 2008 ) : 4th Quarter 2007 uranium production was 1.2 million pounds Jump up ^ Energy Information Administration : Lowman mill and disposal site Jump up ^ Bradley S. Van Gosen and others ( 2005 ) A Reconnaissance Geochemical and Mineralogical Study of the Stanley Uranium District , Custer County , Central Idaho , US Geological Survey , Scientific Investigations Report 2005 - 5264 . Jump up ^ R.M. Lyman , Wyoming , Mining Engineering , May 2005 p. 130 . Jump up ^ Geology and discovery of the Crow Butte uranium deposit , Dawes County , Nebraska Jump up ^ Bergin , Nicholas ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Company looking to expand depleted Panhandle uranium mine '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mining -- Crow Butte -- Extraction Process '' . Cameco. 2010 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( 13 Feb. 1998 ) : Crow Butte resources Inc. , Final finding of no significant impact Jump up ^ Castor , Stephen B. ; Ferdock , Gregory C. ( 2004 ) . Minerals of Nevada . Reno , NV : Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology . p. 30 . ISBN 9780874175400 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Ralph S. ( January 1960 ) . `` Oregon 's mineral industry in 1959 '' ( pdf ) . The Ore. - Bin . Portland , OR . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Plut , Frederick W. ( 1979 ) . Newman , Gary W. ; Goode , Harry D. , eds . `` Geology of the Apex Uranium Mine near Austin , Nevada '' . Basin and Range Symposium and Great Basin Field Conference . Denver CO : Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists : 413 -- 420 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Garside , Larry J. ( 1973 ) . Bulletin 81 : Radioactive Mineral Occurrences in Nevada . Reno , NV : Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology . p. 62 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nye , Thomas Spencer ( 1958 ) . Geology of the Apex Uranium Mine , Lander County , Nevada . Berkeley , CA : University of California . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Mineral Assessment Report - BMDO Planning Area ( pdf ) . Battle Mountain , NV : Bureau of Land Management . January 2012 . p. 3 - 17 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Valley , Nevada , USA '' . Vancouver , Canada : Western Uranium Corporation . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Time ( 13 Oct. 1980 ) : `` In New Jersey : a uranium boom goes bust '' , accessed 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brookins ( 1977 ) Uranium deposits of the Grants mineral belt : geochemical constraints on origin , in Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies , Denver : Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists , pp. 337 -- 352 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Belfield Ashing facility site , accessed 25 March 2009 . North Dakota Geological Survey : Uranium Jump up ^ Roy F. Allen and Richard G. Thomas , The uranium potential of diagenetically altered sandstones of the Permian Rush Springs Formation , Cement district , southwest Oklahoma , Economic Geology , Mar. -- Apr. 1984 , pp. 284 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Uranium in the Southern United States ( 1969 ) US Atomic Energy Commission , WASH1128 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Norman V. ( February 1959 ) . `` Preliminary geology of the Lakeview uranium area , Oregon '' ( pdf ) . The ORE - Bin. 21 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 16 . Retrieved 18 Oct 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Norman V. ( 1969 ) . `` Uranium '' . Mineral and Water Resources of Oregon . Bulletin 64 . Portland , OR : Department of Geology and Mineral Industries . pp. 180 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Cockle , Richard ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Malheur County targeted for gold , uranium mines '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 18 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Harry Klemic and R.C. Baker ( 1954 ) Occurrences of Uranium in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , U.S. Geological Survey , Circular 350 . Jump up ^ Harry Klemic , James C. Warren , and Alfred R. Taylor ( 1963 ) Geology and Uranium Occurrences of the Northern Half of the Leighton Pennsylvania Quadrangle and Adjoining Areas , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1138 . Jump up ^ Hart , Olin M. ( 1968 ) . `` Uranium in the Black Hills '' . Ore Deposits in the United States , 1933 -- 1967 . New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers . pp. 832 -- 837 . Jump up ^ http://jurassic2.sdgs.usd.edu/pubs/pdf/RI-079.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.deq.state.mt.us/abandonedmines/NAAMLP/AML/NAAMLP%20Papers/2006%2028th%20Annual%20NAAMLP%20Papers/Paper%205%20--%20Stone-South%20Dakota.pdf Jump up ^ Powertech Uranium Corporation Jump up ^ RSJ , 2007 RSJ , 2007 Jump up ^ PTech , 2006 Jump up ^ StockInterview.com Jump up ^ Jones , Peter M. `` Uranium mining in the Black Hills of South Dakota . '' July 19 , 2007 . Indigenous People 's Issues Today Jump up ^ White Face , Charmaine . `` Black Hills -- Powertech Exploratory Drilling . '' Aligning for Responsible Mining Jump up ^ White Face , Charmaine . `` Stop Black Hills Uranium Mining . '' January 12 , 2009 . Republic of Lakotah website : Jump up ^ South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources : In Situ Leach Mine Regulations Jump up ^ Southern Interstate Nuclear Board ( 1969 ) Uranium in the Southern United States , United States Atomic Energy Commission , p. 97 . Jump up ^ William E. Galloway ( 2007 ) Geology of Texas uranium , in Geology of the Karnes Uranium District , Texas , Austin Geological Society Field Guidebook , pp. 9 -- 19 . Jump up ^ S.J. Clift and J.R. Kyle , Texas , Mining Engineering , May 2006 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ S.J. Clift and J.R. Kyle , `` Texas , '' Mining Engineering , May 2008 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ * `` Uranium production begins , '' Mining Engineering , December 2010 . Handbook of Texas Online : Uranium Mining Jump up ^ Bon , Roger L. ; Krahule , Ken ( 2010 ) . `` Uranium '' . 2009 Summary of Mineral Activity in Utah ( Circular 111 ed . ) . Salt Lake City : Utah Geological Survey . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Fuels Inc. , 2012 Annual Information Form '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Energy Fuels to Focus on Lower Cost Uranium Production '' . Reuters. 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pistilli , Melissa . `` Uranium Outlook 2013 : Rebound on the Horizon '' . Uranium Investing News . ^ Jump up to : Associated , Press . `` Energy Fuels to buy Utah 's White Mesa uranium mill '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Ward , Terry . `` Uranium Mining Might Start in Virginia Soon '' . WHSV.com . Gray Digital Media . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Problem while searching in Ecology and Natural Resources '' . Digicoll.library.wisc.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ IAEA Conference , June 2009 , Uranium potential and socio - political environment for uranium mining in the Eastern United States with emphasis on the Coles Hill uranium deposit , IAEA - CN - 175 / 91 , PDF file , downloaded 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.geoinformatics.vt.edu/server/docs/jjerden/NA99l.htm Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ http://www.wpcva.com/articles/2007/11/28/chatham/news/news30.txt Jump up ^ http://www.wpcva.com/articles/2008/01/16/chatham/news/news31.txt Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Virginia Commission on Coal and Energy ( 6 November 2008 ) : Meeting summary , PDF file , retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Rex Springston , Richmond Times - Dispatch ( 22 May 2009 ) : Va . uranium mining study approved , accessed 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ National Research Council , http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Uranium-Mining-Virginia-Scientific-Technical/13266 Jump up ^ Non-Technical Summary , http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Uranium-Mining-Virginia-Scientific-Technical/13266 Jump up ^ `` Division on Earth and Life Studies '' . Dels.nas.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom '' . National-Academies.org. 2011 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ * WHSV - TV ( 10 Oct. 2015 ) Uranium Mining Might Start in Virginia Soon Time ( 23 February 2009 ) : In Virginia , the appeal of uranium mining Virginia Uranium Inc. website Virginia Department of Mines , Minerals , and Energy : Uranium Exploration Permit Approved MinDat.Org : Location maps -- Swanson uranium project ( Cole property ) , Pittsylvania Co. , Virginia , retrieved 6 January 2009 . Non-technical summary of the National Research Council report Uranium Mining in Virginia , retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ S.S. Sumioka ( 1991 ) Quality of Water in an Inactive Uranium Mine and its Effects on the Quality of Water in Blue Creek , Stevens County , Washington , 1984 -- 1985 , US Geological Survey , Water - resources Investigations Report 89 - 4110 . Jump up ^ J. Thomas Nash and Norman J. Lehman ( 1975 ) Geology of the Midnite Uranium Mine , Stevens County , Washington -- a Preliminary Report , US Geological Survey , Open - File Report 75 - 402 . Jump up ^ David A. Robbins , Applied geology in the discovery of the Spokane Mountain uranium deposit , Washington , Economic Geology , Dec. 1978 , pp. 1523 -- 1538 . Jump up ^ Ream , Lanny R. ( 1991 ) , `` Two Autunite Localities in Northeastern Washington , '' Rocks & Minerals Vol. 66 , No. 4 , pp. 294 -- 297 Jump up ^ W.M. Sutherland , Wyoming , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Clipping from Greeley Daily Tribune on Newspapers.com '' . Newspapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Benjamin K. Sovacool ( 2011 ) . Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power : A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy , World Scientific , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Benjamin K. Sovacool ( 2011 ) . Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power : A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy , World Scientific , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Decommissioning of U.S. Uranium Production Facilities Jump up ^ Doug Brugge , et al , `` The Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release and the Church Rock Spill '' , American Journal of Public Health , September 2007 , Vol. , 97 , No. 9 , pp. 1595 -- 1600 . Jump up ^ Frosh , Dan ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Uranium Contamination Haunts Navajo Country '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Barbara Rose ; Holly M. Barker ; Marie I. Boutte ; Susan Dawson ; Paula Garb ; Hugh Gusterson ; Joshua Levin ; Edward Liebow ; Gary E. Madsen ; David H. Price ; Kathleen Purvis - Roberts ; Theresa Satterfield ; Edith Turner ; Cynthia Werner ( 2007 ) . Half Lives & Half Truths : Confronting the Radioactive Legacies of the Cold War . Santa Fe , NM : School for Advanced Research Press . ISBN 1930618824 . Jump up ^ Brugge , Doug ; Timothy Benally , Esther Yazzie - Lewis ( 2007 ) . The Navajo People and Uranium Mining . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . ASIN 0826337791 . ISBN 0826337791 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Brugge , Doug ; Timothy Benally , Ester Yazzie Lewis . `` Uranium Mining on Navajo Indian Land '' . Partnering with Indigenous Peoples to Defend their Lands , Languages and Cultures . Cultural Survival.org . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carrie . `` Navajo Nation Opposes Uranium Mine on Sacred Site in New Mexico '' . Al Jazerra . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Laramee , Eve Andree . `` Tracking Our Nuclear Legacy : Now we are all sons of bitches '' . 2012 . WEAD : Women Environmental Artist Directory . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Uranium Mining from the Handbook of Texas Online The Return of Navajo Boy Webisodes , EPA Clean - up of uranium contamination at Navajo Reservation ( hide ) Uranium mining By country Uranium mining in Australia ( Kakadu National Park ) Uranium mining in Canada Uranium mining in Kazakhstan Uranium mining in Namibia Uranium mining in the United States ( Arizona Colorado Navajo Nation New Mexico Utah Wyoming ) Lists List of uranium mines List of countries by uranium production List of countries by uranium reserves List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia Opposition Thomas Banyacya Kevin Buzzacott Katsumi Furitsu Jim Green Jacqui Katona Scott Ludlam Yvonne Margarula Jillian Marsh Manuel Pino JoAnn Tall Sun Xiaodi Floyd Red Crow Westerman List of Nuclear - Free Future Award recipients World Uranium Hearing Other articles Uranium in the environment Uranium market Uranium mining debate Peak uranium Botanical prospecting for uranium Nuclear power in the United States Church Rock uranium mill spill Sequoyah Fuels Corporation Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act The Return of Navajo Boy Nuclear labor issues International Uranium Film Festival History of the anti-nuclear movement The Navajo People and Uranium Mining Hibakusha Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium_mining_in_the_United_States&oldid=815337757 '' Categories : Uranium mining in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Articles with dead external links from October 2012 CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 06 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is uranium found in the united states	[ "Production came from one conventional uranium mill in Utah, and six in-situ leach operations: four in Wyoming, one in Texas and one in Nebraska.[2]", "Production came from one conventional uranium mill in Utah, and six in-situ leach operations: four in Wyoming, one in Texas and one in Nebraska.[2]", "Production came from one conventional uranium mill in Utah, and six in-situ leach operations: four in Wyoming, one in Texas and one in Nebraska.[2]", "Production came from one conventional uranium mill in Utah, and six in-situ leach operations: four in Wyoming, one in Texas and one in Nebraska.[2]" ]	[ "Wyoming", "Texas", "Nebraska", "Utah" ]
267630119391417117	Greece	Greece - wikipedia Greece Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Greece ( disambiguation ) and Hellas . Hellenic Republic Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ellinikí Dimokratía ( Greek ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος '' Elefthería í Thánatos `` Freedom or Death '' Anthem : `` Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν '' Ýmnos eis tin Eleftherían `` Hymn to Liberty '' Location of Greece ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Athens 37 ° 58 ′ N 23 ° 43 ′ E / 37.967 ° N 23.717 ° E / 37.967 ; 23.717 Official language and national language Greek Religion Eastern Orthodoxy Demonym Greek Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Prokopis Pavlopoulos Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras President of the Parliament Nikos Voutsis President of the Supreme Court Vasileios Peppas Legislature Hellenic Parliament Formation of modern Greece Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire 25 March 1821 ( traditional starting date of the Greek War of Independence ) , 15 January 1822 ( official declaration in the First National Assembly at Epidaurus ) Recognized 3 February 1830 Current constitution 11 June 1975 Area Total 131,957 km ( 50,949 sq mi ) ( 95th ) Water ( % ) 0.8669 Population 2016 estimate 11,183,716 2011 census 10,816,286 ( 80th ) Density 82 / km ( 212.4 / sq mi ) ( 125th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $313.400 billion ( 57th ) Per capita $29,090 ( 47th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $221.570 billion ( 52nd ) Per capita $20,570 ( 38th ) Gini ( 2016 ) 34.3 medium 60th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.866 very high 29th Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone Eastern European Time ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) Eastern European Summer Time ( UTC + 3 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 30 ISO 3166 code GR Internet TLD . gr . ελ The . eu domain is also used , as in other European Union member states . Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country in Southern Europe , with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2016 . Athens is the nation 's capital and largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring a large number of islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , the Olympic Games , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , and Western drama . From the eighth century BC , the Greeks were organised into various independent city - states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , wherein the Greek language and culture were dominant . The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World . Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century , the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence . Greece 's rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , among the most in Europe and the world . Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high - income economy , a high quality of life , and a very high standard of living . A founding member of the United Nations , Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities ( precursor to the European Union ) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001 . It is also a member of numerous other international institutions , including the Council of Europe , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) . Greece 's unique cultural heritage , large tourism industry , prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance classify it as a middle power . It is the largest economy in the Balkans , where it is an important regional investor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient and Classical periods 2.2 Hellenistic and Roman periods ( 323 BC -- 4th century AD ) 2.3 Medieval period ( 4th century -- 1453 ) 2.4 Early modern period : Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule ( 15th century -- 1821 ) 2.5 Modern period 2.5. 1 Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 1832 ) 2.5. 2 Kingdom of Greece 2.5. 3 Expansion , disaster , and reconstruction 2.5. 4 Dictatorship , World War II , and reconstruction 2.5. 5 Third Hellenic Republic 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Islands 3.2 Climate 3.3 Ecology 4 Politics 4.1 Political parties 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Law and justice 4.4 Military 4.5 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Debt crisis ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 5.3 Agriculture 5.4 Energy 5.5 Maritime industry 5.6 Tourism 5.7 Transport 5.8 Telecommunications 5.9 Science and technology 5.10 Medical sector 6 Demographics 6.1 Cities 6.2 Functional urban areas 6.3 Religion 6.4 Languages 6.5 Migration 6.6 Education 6.7 Healthcare system 7 Culture 7.1 Visual arts 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Literature 7.5 Philosophy 7.6 Music and dances 7.7 Cuisine 7.8 Cinema 7.9 Sports 7.10 Mythology 7.11 Public holidays and festivals 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Specific 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Government 11.2 General information Etymology Main article : Name of Greece The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages , locations and cultures . The Greek name of the country is Hellas ( / ˈhɛləs / ) or Ellada ( Greek : Ελλάς or Ελλάδα ; in polytonic : Ἑλλάς ( ( eˈlas ) , Ancient Greek : ( heˈlas ) ) or Ἑλλάδα Elláda ( eˈlaða ) ) , and its official name is the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ellinikí Dimokratía ( eliniˈci ðimokraˈti. a ) ) . In English , however , the country is usually called Greece , which comes from Latin Graecia ( as used by the Romans ) and literally means ' the land of the Greeks ' . History Main article : History of Greece Ancient and classical periods Main articles : Ancient Greece and Classical Greece The entrance of the Treasury of Atreus ( 13th BC ) in Mycenae The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans , dated to 270,000 BC , is to be found in the Petralona cave , in the Greek province of Macedonia . All three stages of the stone age ( Paleolithic , Mesolithic , and Neolithic ) are represented in Greece , for example in the Franchthi Cave . Neolithic settlements in Greece , dating from the 7th millennium BC , are the oldest in Europe by several centuries , as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe . Fresco displaying the Minoan ritual of `` bull leaping '' , found in Knossos Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization , beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC , the Minoan civilization in Crete ( 2700 -- 1500 BC ) , and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland ( 1900 -- 1100 BC ) . These civilizations possessed writing , the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A , and the Mycenaeans in Linear B , an early form of Greek . The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans , but collapsed violently around 1200 BC , during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse . This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages , from which written records are absent . Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period ( 750 -- 550 BC ) The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC , the year of the first Olympic Games . The Iliad and the Odyssey , the foundational texts of Western literature , are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC . With the end of the Dark Ages , there emerged various kingdoms and city - states across the Greek peninsula , which spread to the shores of the Black Sea , Southern Italy ( `` Magna Graecia '' ) and Asia Minor . These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom , that of classical Greece , expressed in architecture , drama , science , mathematics and philosophy . In 508 BC , Cleisthenes instituted the world 's first democratic system of government in Athens . The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens , emblem of classical Greece . By 500 BC , the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia . Attempts by some of the Greek city - states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed , and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC , but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC . A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC . Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis , Plataea , and Mycale , the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time , marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories . Led by Athens and Sparta , the Greek victories in the Greco - Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history , as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as the Golden Age of Athens , the seminal period of ancient Greek development that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization . Alexander the Great , on his horse Bucephalus , whose conquests led to the Hellenistic Age . Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states . The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) , won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece . Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon , with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth ( also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League ) under the guidance of Phillip II , who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history . Map of Alexander 's short - lived empire ( 334 -- 323 BC ) . After his death the lands were divided between the Diadochi Following the assassination of Phillip II , his son Alexander III ( `` The Great '' ) assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC . Undefeated in battle , Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC . By the time of his death in 323 BC , he had created one of the largest empires in history , stretching from Greece to India . His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death , the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire , Ptolemaic Egypt , the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom , and the Indo - Greek Kingdom . Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria , Antioch , Seleucia , and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa . Although the political unity of Alexander 's empire could not be maintained , it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander . Greek science , technology , and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period . Hellenistic and Roman periods ( 323 BC -- 4th century AD ) Main articles : Hellenistic Greece and Roman Greece See also : Wars of Alexander the Great and Roman Empire After a period of confusion following Alexander 's death , the Antigonid dynasty , descended from one of Alexander 's generals , established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city - states by 276 BC . From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon . Macedon 's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece . In 146 BC , Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome , and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate . The Antikythera mechanism ( c. 100 BC ) is considered to be the first known mechanical analog computer ( National Archaeological Museum , Athens ) . The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea . Despite their military superiority , the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture , hence Horace 's famous statement : Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ( `` Greece , although captured , took its wild conqueror captive '' ) . The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil , and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles . Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus , tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed . Similarly , most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature . The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66 , and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games , despite the rules against non-Greek participation . Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks . Before becoming emperor , he served as an eponymous archon of Athens . The Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens , built in 161 AD Greek - speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries , and Christianity 's early leaders and writers ( notably St Paul ) were mostly Greek - speaking , though generally not from Greece itself . The New Testament was written in Greek , and some of its sections ( Corinthians , Thessalonians , Philippians , Revelation of St. John of Patmos ) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity . Nevertheless , much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism , and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD , when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391 -- 392 . The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393 , and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed . In Athens and rural areas , paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later . The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity , although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that . Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD . Medieval period ( 4th century -- 1453 ) Main articles : Byzantine Greece and Frankokratia See also : Byzantine Empire and Fourth Crusade The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia , Thessaloniki ( 8th century ) , an UNESCO 's World Heritage Site . The Roman Empire in the east , following the fall of the Empire in the west in the 5th century , is conventionally known as the Byzantine Empire ( but was simply called `` Roman Empire '' in its own time ) and lasted until 1453 . With its capital in Constantinople , its language and literary culture was Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian . The Byzantine ( Eastern Roman ) Empire after the death of Basil II in 1025 From the 4th century , the Empire 's Balkan territories , including Greece , suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions . The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula . Following the Slavic invasion , the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas , particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens , Corinth and Thessalonica , while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority . Outside of these areas , a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred , although on a much smaller scale than previously thought . The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again , in stages , during the 9th century . This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula , while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and the few that remained were assimilated . During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth -- much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire . The Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes , administrative centre of the Knights Hospitaller Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the `` Latins '' in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus ( a Byzantine successor state ) and French rule ( known as the Frankokratia ) , while some islands came under Venetian rule . The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire 's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula , although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century , while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control . In the 14th century , much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans . By the beginning of the 15th century , the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then - largest city , Thessaloniki , and the Peloponnese ( Despotate of the Morea ) . After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 , the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans . However , this , too , fell to the Ottomans in 1460 , completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece . With the Turkish conquest , many Byzantine Greek scholars , who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge , fled to the West , taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance . Early modern period : Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule ( 15th century -- 1821 ) Main articles : Ottoman Greece and Stato da Màr Further information : Phanariotes and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople See also : Kingdom of Candia and Ionian Islands under Venetian rule The Byzantine castle of Angelokastro successfully repulsed the Ottomans during the First Great Siege of Corfu in 1537 , the siege of 1571 , and the Second Great Siege of Corfu in 1716 , causing them to abandon their plans to conquer Corfu . While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century , Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively . The only part of the Greek - speaking world that escaped long - term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands , which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797 , then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864 . While some Greeks in the Ionian Islands and Constantinople lived in prosperity , and Greeks of Constantinople ( Phanariotes ) achieved positions of power within the Ottoman administration , much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest . Heavy taxes were enforced , and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates , effectively turning the rural Greek populations into serfs . The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire , whether ethnically Greek or not . Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam , Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire . Discrimination against Christians , particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities , led to conversions to Islam , if only superficially . In the 19th century , many `` crypto - Christians '' returned to their old religious allegiance . The White Tower of Thessaloniki , one of the best - known Ottoman structures remaining in Greece . The nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied , though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh . Some cities had governors appointed by the Sultan , while others ( like Athens ) were self - governed municipalities . Mountainous regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries . The Battle of Lepanto in 1571 prevented the Ottomans from expanding further ( near - contemporary painting by an unknown artist ) When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and enemies , Greeks usually took arms against the empire , with few exceptions . Prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821 , there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans , such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Epirus peasants ' revolts of 1600 -- 1601 ( led by the Orthodox bishop Dionysios Skylosophos ) , the Morean War of 1684 -- 1699 , and the Russian - instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 , which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests . These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed . On the other side , many Greeks were conscripted as Ottoman citizens to serve in the Ottoman army ( and especially the Ottoman navy ) , while also the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , responsible for the Orthodox , remained in general loyal to the empire . The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a `` dark age '' in Greek history , with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination . Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537 , 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans . However , in the 18th century , due to their mastery of shipping and commerce , a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class arose . These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire , establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean , the Balkans , and Western Europe . Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment , these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora . In the late 18th century , Rigas Feraios , the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state , published a series of documents relating to Greek independence , including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece , in Vienna , and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798 . Modern period Main article : History of modern Greece Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 1832 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Greek War of Independence See also : Modern Greek Enlightenment , Greek Declaration of Independence , and First Hellenic Republic The sortie ( exodus ) of Messolonghi , during the Greek War of Independence , painting by Theodoros Vryzakis . In the late eighteenth century , an increase in secular learning during the Modern Greek Enlightenment led to the revival among Greeks of the diaspora of the notion of a Greek nation tracing its existence to ancient Greece , distinct from the other Orthodox peoples , and having a right to political autonomy . One of the organizations formed in this intellectual milieu was the Filiki Eteria , a secret organization formed by merchants in Odessa in 1814 . Appropriating a long - standing tradition of Orthodox messianic prophecy aspiring to the resurrection of the eastern Roman empire and creating the impression they had the backing of Tsarist Russia , they managed amidst a crisis of Ottoman trade , from 1815 onwards , to engage traditional strata of the Greek Orthodox world in their liberal nationalist cause . The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese , the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople . The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis , but it was soon put down by the Ottomans . The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans . By the end of the month , the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa . The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete , Macedonia and Central Greece , which would soon be suppressed . Meanwhile , the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea . In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands , including Chios and Psara , committing wholesale massacres of the population . This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels . Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions , leading to two consecutive civil wars . Meanwhile , the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt , who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain . Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success : by the end of 1825 , most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control , and the city of Missolonghi -- put under siege by the Turks since April 1825 -- fell in April 1826 . Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani , he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken . After years of negotiation , three Great Powers , Russia , the United Kingdom , and France , decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece . Following news that combined Ottoman -- Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra , the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet at Navarino . After a week - long standoff , a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet . A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese , while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828 . As a result of years of negotiation , the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830 . Kingdom of Greece This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Kingdom of Greece The Entry of King Otto in Athens , painted by Peter von Hess in 1839 . In 1827 , Ioannis Kapodistrias , from Corfu , was chosen by the Third National Assembly at Troezen as the first governor of the First Hellenic Republic . Kapodistrias established a series of state , economic and military institutions . Soon tensions appeared between him and local interests . Following his assassination in 1831 and the subsequent conference a year later , the Great Powers of Britain , France and Russia installed Bavarian Prince Otto von Wittelsbach as monarch . One of his first actions was to transfer the capital from Nafplio to Athens . In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly . Due to his authoritarian rule , he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm ( William ) of Denmark , who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain . In 1877 Charilaos Trikoupis , who is credited with significant improvement of the country 's infrastructure , curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister . George I was King from 1863 to 1913 . Corruption and Trikoupis ' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy , forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country 's debtors . Another political issue in 19th - century Greece was uniquely Greek : the language question . The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic . Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek . Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa ( purified ) Greek , a form which few ordinary Greeks could read . Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language , but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts , to the extent that , when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901 , riots erupted in Athens and the government fell ( the Evangeliaka ) . This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s . The territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Greece from 1832 to 1947 . All Greeks were united , however , in their determination to liberate the Greek - speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire , regardless of the dialect they spoke . Especially in Crete , a prolonged revolt in 1866 -- 1869 had raised nationalist fervour . When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877 , Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia 's side , but Greece was too poor , and too concerned about British intervention , to officially enter the war . Nevertheless , in 1881 , Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin , while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete . Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts , and in 1897 , the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis , bowing to popular pressure , declared war on the Ottomans . In the ensuing Greco - Turkish War of 1897 , the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans . Through the intervention of the Great Powers , however , Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey , while Crete was established as an autonomous state under Prince George of Greece . With state coffers empty , fiscal policy came under International Financial Control . In the next decade , Greek efforts were focused on the Macedonian Struggle , a state - sponsored guerilla campaign against pro-Bulgarian rebel gangs in Ottoman - ruled Macedonia , which ended inconclusively with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 . Expansion , disaster , and reconstruction See also : Balkan Wars , National Schism , Asia Minor Campaign , and Second Hellenic Republic Greek military formation in the World War I Victory Parade in Arc de Triomphe , Paris , July 1919 . Map of Greater Greece after the Treaty of Sèvres , when the Megali Idea seemed close to fulfillment , featuring Eleftherios Venizelos as its supervising genius . Amidst general dissatisfaction with the state of the nation , a group of military officers organized a coup in August 1909 and shortly thereafter called to power Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos . After winning two elections and becoming Prime Minister , Venizelos initiated wide - ranging fiscal , social , and constitutional reforms , reorganized the military , made Greece a member of the Balkan League , and led the country through the Balkan Wars . By 1913 , Greece 's territory and population had almost doubled , annexing Crete , Epirus , and Macedonia . In the following years , the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Venizelos over the country 's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country 's political scene , and divided the country into two opposing groups . During parts of World War I , Greece had two governments : A royalist pro-German one in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Entente one in Thessaloniki . The two governments were united in 1917 , when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Entente . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor , a region with a large native Greek population at the time , but was defeated in the Greco - Turkish War of 1919 -- 1922 , contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks . These events overlapped , with both happening during the Greek genocide ( 1914 -- 1922 ) , a period during which , according to various sources , Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks . The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent , and expanded , in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey . The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war . The following era was marked by instability , as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society . Cappadocian Greeks , Pontian Greeks , and non-Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well . Some of the refugees could not speak the language , and were from what had been unfamiliar environments to mainland Greeks , such as in the case of the Cappadocians and non-Greeks . The refugees also made a dramatic post-war population boost , as the number of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece 's prior population . Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor , the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared . In 1935 , a royalist general - turned - politician Georgios Kondylis took power after a coup d'état and abolished the republic , holding a rigged referendum , after which King George II returned to Greece and was restored to the throne . Dictatorship , World War II , and reconstruction See also : 4th of August Regime , Greco - Italian War , Battle of Greece , Axis occupation of Greece , Greek Civil War , and Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 An agreement between Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas and the head of state George II followed in 1936 , which installed Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime , inaugurating a period of authoritarian rule that would last , with short breaks , until 1974 . Although a dictatorship , Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis . Greek troops during the Italian Spring Offensive ( 1941 ) in the Greco - Italian War . Greece 's victory against Fascist Italy , gave the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land in World War II . On 28 October 1940 , Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece , but the Greek administration refused , and , in the following Greco - Italian War , Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania , giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land . The Greek struggle and victory against the Italians received exuberant praise at the time . Most prominent is the quote attributed to Winston Churchill : `` Hence we will not say that Greeks fight like heroes , but we will say that heroes fight like Greeks . '' French general Charles de Gaulle was among those who praised the fierceness of the Greek resistance . In an official notice released to coincide with the Greek national celebration of the Day of Independence , De Gaulle expressed his admiration for the Greek resistance : In the name of the captured yet still alive French people , France wants to send her greetings to the Greek people who are fighting for their freedom . The 25 March 1941 finds Greece in the peak of their heroic struggle and in the top of their glory . Since the Battle of Salamis , Greece had not achieved the greatness and the glory which today holds . The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece , despite the fierce Greek resistance , particularly in the Battle of the Metaxas Line . Adolf Hitler himself recognised the bravery and the courage of the Greek army , stating in his address to the Reichstag on 11 December 1941 , that : `` Historical justice obliges me to state that of the enemies who took up positions against us , the Greek soldier particularly fought with the highest courage . He capitulated only when further resistance had become impossible and useless . '' Guerillas of EAM - ELAS resistance organization The Nazis proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki , while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany 's partners , Fascist Italy and Bulgaria . The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population . Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941 -- 1942 , tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators , the country 's economy was ruined , and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps . The Greek Resistance , one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe , fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators . The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities , mass executions , and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals . In the course of the concerted anti-guerilla campaign , hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless . In total , the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks , the Bulgarians 40,000 , and the Italians 9,000 . People in Athens celebrate the liberation from the Axis powers , October 1944 . Postwar Greece would soon experience a civil war and political polarization . Following liberation and the Allied victory over the Axis , Greece annexed the Dodecanese Islands from Italy and regained Western Thrace from Bulgaria . The country almost immediately descended into a bloody civil war between communist forces and the anti-communist Greek government , which lasted until 1949 with the latter 's victory . The conflict , considered one of the earliest struggles of the Cold War , resulted in further economic devastation , mass population displacement and severe political polarisation for the next thirty years . Although the post-war decades were characterized by social strife and widespread marginalisation of the left in political and social spheres , Greece nonetheless experienced rapid economic growth and recovery , propelled in part by the U.S. - administered Marshall Plan . In 1952 , Greece joined NATO , reinforcing its membership in the Western Bloc of the Cold War . King Constantine II 's dismissal of George Papandreou 's centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence , which culminated in a coup d'état on 21 April 1967 by the Regime of the Colonels . Under the junta , civil rights were suspended , political repression was intensified , and human rights abuses , including state - sanctioned torture , were rampant . Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in 1972 . The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November 1973 is claimed to have sent shockwaves through the regime , and a counter-coup overthrew Georgios Papadopoulos to establish brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as leader . On 20 July 1974 , Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus in response to a Greek - backed Cypriot coup , triggering a political crisis that led to the regime 's collapse . Third Hellenic Republic This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Third Hellenic Republic The former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self - exile since 1963 , marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era . The first multiparty elections since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising . A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy . Signing at Zappeion of the documents for the accession of Greece to the European Communities in 1979 . Meanwhile , Andreas Papandreou , George Papandreou 's son , founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement ( PASOK ) in response to Karamanlis 's conservative New Democracy party , with the two political formations dominating in government over the next four decades . Greece rejoined NATO in 1980 . Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities ( subsequently subsumed by the European Union ) on 1 January 1981 , ushering in a period of sustained growth . Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure , as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism , shipping , and a fast - growing service sector raised the country 's standard of living to unprecedented levels . Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999 , leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey 's bid for EU membership . The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens . More recently , Greece has suffered greatly from the late - 2000s recession and has been central to the related European sovereign debt crisis . Due to the adoption of the euro , when Greece experienced financial crisis , it could no longer devalue its currency to regain competitiveness . Youth unemployment was especially high during the 2000s . The Greek government - debt crisis , and subsequent austerity policies , have resulted in protests . Geography and climate Main article : Geography of Greece Albania Rep. Macedonia Bulgaria Turkey Greece ATHENS Thessaloniki Kavala Kozani Serres Florina Thasos Alexandroupoli Samothrace Corfu Igoumenitsa Larissa Volos Lamia Agrinio Ioannina Arta Chalcis Patras Corinth Nafplion Sparta Kalamata Piraeus Eleusina Laurium Heraklion Chania Macedonia Thrace Epirus ) Thessaly ) Euboea ) Central Greece ) Peloponnese ) Mt . Olympus Lefkada Kefalonia Zakynthos Lemnos Lesbos Chios Samos Andros Tinos Mykonos Icaria Patmos Naxos Milos Santorini Kos Rhodes Karpathos Megisti Kassos Kythira Gavdos Aegean ) Sea ) Sea of Crete ) Myrtoan ) Sea ) Ionian ) Sea ) Mediterranean ) Sea ) Crete ) Aegean ) Islands ) Cyclades ) Dodecanese ) Ionian ) Islands ) Navagio ( shipwreck ) bay , Zakynthos island Volcanic tephra at Sarakiniko Beach , Milos island Located in Southern Europe , Greece is a transcontinental country that consists of a mountainous , peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans , ending at the Peloponnese peninsula ( separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth ) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands , Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) ; its land boundary is 1,160 km ( 721 mi ) . The country lies approximately between latitudes 34 ° and 42 ° N , and longitudes 19 ° and 30 ° E , with the extreme points being : North : Ormenio village South : Gavdos island East : Strongyli ( Kastelorizo , Megisti ) island West : Othonoi island Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills , making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe . Mount Olympus , the mythical abode of the Greek Gods , culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) , the highest in the country . Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range . The Pindus , a continuation of the Dinaric Alps , reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m ( 8,652 ft ) at Mt . Smolikas ( the second - highest in Greece ) and historically has been a significant barrier to east - west travel . The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese , crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean , in the island of Crete where it eventually ends . The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland . Pindus is characterized by its high , steep peaks , often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes . The spectacular Vikos Gorge , part of the Vikos - Aoos National Park in the Pindus range , is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world . Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars , atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries . Northeastern Greece features another high - altitude mountain range , the Rhodope range , spreading across the region of East Macedonia and Thrace ; this area is covered with vast , thick , ancient forests , including the famous Dadia forest in the Evros regional unit , in the far northeast of the country . Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly , Central Macedonia and Thrace . They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country . Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the loggerhead sea turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece , while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear , the Eurasian lynx , the roe deer and the wild goat . Islands Main article : List of islands of Greece Greece features a vast number of islands , between 1,200 and 6,000 , depending on the definition , 227 of which are inhabited . Crete is the largest and most populous island ; Euboea , separated from the mainland by the 60m - wide Euripus Strait , is the second largest , followed by Lesbos and Rhodes . The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : the Argo - Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea . Climate This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Climate of Greece A view of Mount Olympus , the highest mountain in Greece and mythical abode of the Gods of Olympus The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean , featuring mild , wet winters and hot , dry summers . This climate occurs at all coastal locations , including Athens , the Cyclades , the Dodecanese , Crete , the Peloponnese , the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region . The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country , as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average ( due to greater exposure to south - westerly systems bringing in moisture ) than the areas lying to the east of the range ( due to a rain shadow effect ) . The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece ( parts of Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia ) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese -- including parts of the regional units of Achaea , Arcadia and Laconia -- feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls . The inland parts of northern Greece , in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold , damp winters and hot , dry summers with frequent thunderstorms . Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas , and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low - lying southern areas , such as Athens . Ecology Phytogeographically , Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region . According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency , the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions : the Illyrian deciduous forests , Pindus Mountains mixed forests , Balkan mixed forests , Rhodope montane mixed forests , Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests . Politics Main article : Politics of Greece The building of the Hellenic Parliament in central Athens . Count Ioannis Kapodistrias , first governor and founder of the modern Greek State Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic . The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic , who is elected by the Parliament for a five - year term . The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967 -- 1974 . It has been revised three times since , in 1986 , 2001 and 2008 . The Constitution , which consists of 120 articles , provides for a separation of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches , and grants extensive specific guarantees ( further reinforced in 2001 ) of civil liberties and social rights . Women 's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution . According to the Constitution , executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President 's duties were curtailed to a significant extent , and they are now largely ceremonial ; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister . The position of Prime Minister , Greece 's head of government , belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament . The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and , on his recommendation , appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet . Legislative powers are exercised by a 300 - member elective unicameral Parliament . Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic . Parliamentary elections are held every four years , but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet , in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance . The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier , if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence . According to a 2016 report by the OECD , Greeks display a moderate level of civic participation compared to most other developed countries ; voter turnout was 64 percent during recent elections , lower than the OECD average of 69 percent . Political parties This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Political parties of Greece Prokopis Pavlopoulos , Head of State since 2015 Since the restoration of democracy , the Greek party system has been dominated by the liberal - conservative New Democracy ( ND ) and the social - democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement ( PASOK ) . Other significant parties include the Communist Party of Greece ( KKE ) , the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) the Popular Orthodox Rally ( LAOS ) and the Popular Association -- Golden Dawn . PASOK and ND largely alternated in power until the outbreak of the government - debt crisis in 2009 . Since then , the two major parties , New Democracy and PASOK , have seen a sharp decline in popularity . In November 2011 , the two major parties joined the smaller Popular Orthodox Rally in a grand coalition , pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president Lucas Papademos . Panos Kammenos voted against this government and he split off from ND forming the right - wing populist Independent Greeks . The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012 . The power of the traditional Greek political parties , PASOK and New Democracy , declined from 43 % to 13 % and from 33 % to 18 % , respectively , due to their support for austerity measures . The leftist party SYRIZA became the second major party , with an increase from 4 % to 16 % . No party could form a sustainable government , which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012 . The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy ( 29 % ) , PASOK ( 12 % ) and Democratic Left ( 6 % ) parties . Alexis Tsipras led Syriza to victory in the general election held on 25 January 2015 , falling short of an outright majority in Parliament by just two seats . The following morning , Tsipras reached an agreement with Independent Greeks party to form a coalition , and he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece . Tsipras called snap elections in August 2015 , resigning from his post , which led to a month - long caretaker administration headed by judge Vassiliki Thanou - Christophilou , Greece 's first female prime minister . In the September 2015 general election , Tsipras led Syriza to another victory , winning 145 out of 300 seats and re-forming the coalition with the Independent Greeks . Foreign Relations Main article : Foreign relations of Greece Representation through : embassy -- embassy in another country general consulate -- liaison office -- no representation -- Greece Greece 's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its head , the Minister for Foreign Affairs . The current minister is Nikos Kotzias . According to the official website , the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations ; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad ; the promotion of Greek culture ; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora ; and the promotion of international cooperation . Additionally , due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa , Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans , the Mediterranean , and the Middle East . The Ministry identifies three issues of particular importance to the Greek state : Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace ; the Cyprus dispute ; and the Macedonia naming dispute with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece 's largest and second-most - populous region , also called Macedonia . Greece is a member of numerous international organizations , including the Council of Europe , the European Union , the Union for the Mediterranean , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the Organisation internationale de la francophonie and the United Nations , of which it is a founding member . Law and justice Main articles : Judicial system of Greece and Law enforcement in Greece A courthouse in Nafplio The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts : the Court of Cassation ( Άρειος Πάγος ) , the Council of State ( Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας ) and the Court of Auditors ( Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο ) . The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts , which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts , which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities . The Hellenic Police ( Greek : Ελληνική Αστυνομία ) is the national police force of Greece . It is a very large agency with its responsibilities ranging from road traffic control to counter-terrorism . It was established in 1984 under Law 1481 / 1 - 10 - 1984 ( Government Gazette 152 A ) as the result of the fusion of the Gendarmerie ( Χωροφυλακή , Chorofylaki ) and the Cities Police ( Αστυνομία Πόλεων , Astynomia Poleon ) forces . Military This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Military of Greece The Greek - made frigate Psara used by the Hellenic Navy Boeing AH - 64A Apache used by the Hellenic Army Aviation A F - 16 Fighting Falcon , the main combat aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force , during an airshow A Leopard 2 A6 HEL of the Hellenic Army on parade in Athens The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defense General Staff ( Greek : Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας -- ΓΕΕΘΑ ) , with civilian authority vested in the Ministry of National Defence . It consists of three branches : Hellenic Army ( Ellinikos Stratos , ES ) Hellenic Navy ( Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko , EPN ) Hellenic Air Force ( Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia , EPA ) Moreover , Greece maintains the Hellenic Coast Guard for law enforcement at sea , search and rescue , and port operations . Though it can support the navy during wartime , it resides under the authority of the Ministry of Shipping . Greek military personnel total 367,450 , of whom 142,950 are active and 220,500 are reserve . Greece ranks 15th in the world in the number of citizens serving in the armed forces , due largely to compulsory military service for males between the ages of 19 and 45 ( females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military ) . Mandatory military service is one year for the Army and nine months for the Navy and Air Force . Additionally , Greek males between the ages of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part - time in the National Guard . However , as the military has sought to become a completely professional force , the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely . As a member of NATO , the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance , although its involvement in NATO missions is minimal . Greece spends over 7 billion USD annually on its military , or 2.3 percent of GDP , the 24th - highest in the world in absolute terms , the seventh - highest on a per capita basis , and the second - highest in NATO after the United States . Moreover , Greece is one of only five NATO countries to meet or surpass the minimum defence spending target of 2 percent of GDP . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Greece Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011 , Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities . The 54 old prefectures and prefecture - level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions . Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis . There is also one autonomous area , Mount Athos ( Greek : Agio Oros , `` Holy Mountain '' ) , which borders the region of Central Macedonia . No . Region Capital Area ( km2 ) Area ( sq. mi . ) Population GDP ( bn ) Attica Athens 3,808.10 1,470.32 3,828,434 € 103.334 Central Greece Lamia 15,549.31 6,003.62 547,390 € 12.530 Central Macedonia Thessaloniki 18,810.52 7,262.78 1,882,108 € 34.458 Crete Heraklion 8,259 3,189 623,065 € 12.854 5 East Macedonia and Thrace Komotini 14,157.76 5,466.34 608,182 € 9.054 6 Epirus Ioannina 9,203.22 3,553.38 336,856 € 5.827 7 Ionian Islands Corfu 2,306.94 890.71 207,855 € 4.464 8 North Aegean Mytilene 3,835.91 1,481.05 199,231 € 3.579 9 Peloponnese Tripoli 15,489.96 5,980.71 577,903 € 11.230 10 South Aegean Ermoupoli 5,285.99 2,040.93 309,015 € 7.816 11 Thessaly Larissa 14,036.64 5,419.58 732,762 € 12.905 12 West Greece Patras 11,350.18 4,382.33 679,796 € 12.122 13 West Macedonia Kozani 9,451 3,649 283,689 € 5.564 No . Autonomous state Capital Area ( km2 ) Area ( sq. mi . ) Population GDP ( bn ) ( 14 ) Mount Athos Karyes 390 151 1,830 N / A Economy Main articles : Economy of Greece and List of Greek subdivisions by GDP Introduction The main building of the Bank of Greece in Athens . Thessaloniki , the capital of Macedonia , important financial and industrial center of Northern Greece . Graphical depiction of Greece 's product exports in 2012 in 28 color - coded categories According to World Bank statistics for the year 2013 , the economy of Greece is the 43rd largest by nominal gross domestic product at $242 billion and 52nd largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) at $284 billion . Additionally , Greece is the 15th largest economy in the 27 - member European Union . In terms of per capita income , Greece is ranked 38th or 40th in the world at $21,910 and $25,705 for nominal GDP and PPP respectively . The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high - income . Greece is a developed country with a high standard of living and a high ranking in the Human Development Index . Its economy mainly comprises the service sector ( 85.0 % ) and industry ( 12.0 % ) , while agriculture makes up 3.0 % of the national economic output . Important Greek industries include tourism ( with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009 , it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization ) and merchant shipping ( at 16.2 % of the world 's total capacity , the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world ) , while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer ( including fisheries ) within the union . With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined , Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans , and an important regional investor . Greece is the number - two foreign investor of capital in Albania , the number - three foreign investor in Bulgaria , at the top - three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia . Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis . The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries . Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( BSEC ) . In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed , and the process was completed in 1982 . Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000 , and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro . Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization , and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013 . Debt crisis ( 2010 -- 2015 ) See also : Greek government - debt crisis Greek public debt 1999 -- 2010 compared with Eurozone average By the end of 2009 , as a result of a combination of international and local factors the Greek economy faced its most - severe crisis since the restoration of democracy in 1974 as the Greek government revised its deficit from an estimated 6 % to 12.7 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . In early 2010 , it was revealed that through the assistance of Goldman Sachs , JPMorgan Chase and numerous other banks , financial products were developed which enabled the governments of Greece , Italy and many other European countries to hide their borrowing . Dozens of similar agreements were concluded across Europe whereby banks supplied cash in advance in exchange for future payments by the governments involved ; in turn , the liabilities of the involved countries were `` kept off the books '' . According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as `` swaps '' and consequently did not get registered as debt . As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives , a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that `` The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps , '' and `` In previous years , Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank . '' These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means , while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union . In May 2010 , the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6 % which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7 % and the United Kingdom third with 12.6 % . Public debt was forecast , according to some estimates , to hit 120 % of GDP during 2010 . As a consequence , there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece 's ability to repay its sovereign debt . To avert such a default , in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries , and the IMF , agreed to a rescue package which involved giving Greece an immediate € 45 billion in loans , with more funds to follow , totaling € 110 billion . To secure the funding , Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control . In 2011 , it became apparent that the bail - out would be insufficient and a second bail - out amounting to € 130 billion ( $ 173 billion ) was agreed in 2012 , subject to strict conditions , including financial reforms and further austerity measures . As part of the deal , there was to be a 53 % reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece . Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013 . In April 2014 , Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold € 3 billion worth of five - year government bonds at a yield of 4.95 % . Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014 , and was the Eurozone 's fastest - growing economy in the third quarter . Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in Greece Sun - drying of Zante currant on Zakynthos In 2010 , Greece was the European Union 's largest producer of cotton ( 183,800 tons ) and pistachios ( 8,000 tons ) and ranked second in the production of rice ( 229,500 tons ) and olives ( 147,500 tons ) , third in the production of figs ( 11,000 tons ) , almonds ( 44,000 tons ) , tomatoes ( 1,400,000 tons ) , and watermelons ( 578,400 tons ) and fourth in the production of tobacco ( 22,000 tons ) . Agriculture contributes 3.8 % of the country 's GDP and employs 12.4 % of the country 's labor force . Greece is a major beneficiary of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union . As a result of the country 's entry to the European Community , much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and agricultural output increased . Between 2000 and 2007 organic farming in Greece increased by 885 % , the highest change percentage in the EU . Energy Main article : Energy in Greece Agios Dimitrios Power Plant Solar - power generation potential in Greece Prinos oil field near Kavala Electricity production in Greece is dominated by the state - owned Public Power Corporation ( known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ , or in English DEI ) . In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6 % of all electric energy demand in Greece , while the number fell to 77.3 % in 2010 . Almost half ( 48 % ) of DEI 's power output is generated using lignite , a drop from the 51.6 % in 2009 . Twelve percent of Greece 's electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants and another 20 % from natural gas . Between 2009 and 2010 , independent companies ' energy production increased by 56 % , from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010 . In 2012 , renewable energy accounted for 13.8 % of the country 's total energy consumption , a rise from the 10.6 % it accounted for in 2011 , a figure almost equal to the EU average of 14.1 % in 2012 . 10 % of the country 's renewable energy comes from solar power , while most comes from biomass and waste recycling . In line with the European Commission 's Directive on Renewable Energy , Greece aims to get 18 % of its energy from renewable sources by 2020 . In 2013 , according to the independent power transmission operator in Greece ( ΑΔΜΗΕ ) more than 20 % of the electricity in Greece has been produced from renewable energy sources and hydroelectric powerplants . This percentage in April reached 42 % . Greece currently does not have any nuclear power plants in operation ; however , in 2009 the Academy of Athens suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin . Maritime industry Main articles : Greek shipping and List of ports in Greece See also : Economy of Greece '' Maritime industry Greece controls 16.2 % of the world 's total merchant fleet , making it the largest in the world . Greece is ranked in the top 5 for all kinds of ships , including first for tankers and bulk carriers . The shipping industry has been a key element of Greek economic activity since ancient times . Shipping remains one of the country 's most important industries , accounting for 4.5 percent of GDP , employing about 160,000 people ( 4 percent of the workforce ) , and representing a third of the trade deficit . According to a 2011 report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , the Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world at 16.2 percent of total global capacity , up from 15.96 percent in 2010 but below the peak of 18.2 percent in 2006 . The country 's merchant fleet ranks first in total tonnage ( 202 million dwt ) , fourth in total number of ships ( at 3,150 ) , first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers , fourth in the number of containers , and fifth in other ships . However , today 's fleet roster is smaller than an all - time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s . Additionally , the total number of ships flying a Greek flag ( includes non-Greek fleets ) is 1,517 , or 5.3 percent of the world 's dwt ( ranked fifth globally ) . During the 1960s , the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled , primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates , Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos . The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s . Greece has a significant shipbuilding and ship maintenance industry . The six shipyards around the port of Piraeus are among the largest in Europe . In recent years , Greece has also become a leader in the construction and maintenance of luxury yachts . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Greece Panorama of Santorini , popular tourist destination Tourism has been a key element of the economic activity in the country and one of the country 's most important sectors , contributing 18 % of the gross domestic product . Greece welcomed over 28 million visitors in 2016 , which is an increase from the 26.5 million tourists it welcomed in 2015 and the 19.5 million in 2009 , and the 17.7 million tourists in 2007 , making Greece one of the most visited countries in Europe in the recent years . The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent , numbering 12.7 million , while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom , ( 2.6 million ) , followed closely by those from Germany ( 2.3 million ) . In 2010 , the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia , with 18 % of the country 's total tourist flow ( amounting to 3.6 million tourists ) , followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million . Northern Greece is the country 's most - visited geographical region , with 6.5 million tourists , while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million . In 2010 , Lonely Planet ranked Greece 's northern and second - largest city of Thessaloniki as the world 's fifth - best party town worldwide , comparable to other cities such as Dubai and Montreal . In 2011 , Santorini was voted as `` The World 's Best Island '' in Travel + Leisure . Its neighboring island Mykonos , came in fifth in the European category . Panoramic view of the old Corfu City , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , as seen from the Old Fortress . The Bay of Garitsa is to the left and the port of Corfu is just visible on the top right . Spianada Square is in the foreground . Transport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Transport in Greece The Rio -- Antirrio bridge ( Charilaos Trikoupis ) connects mainland Greece to the Peloponnese . Since the 1980s , the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized . Important works include the A2 ( Egnatia Odos ) motorway , that connects northwestern Greece ( Igoumenitsa ) with northern Greece ( Thessaloniki ) and northeastern Greece ( Kipoi ) ; the Rio -- Antirrio bridge , the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe ( 2,250 m ( 7,382 ft ) long ) , connecting the Peloponnese ( Rio , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Patras ) with Aetolia - Akarnania ( Antirrio ) in western Greece . Also completed are the A5 ( Ionia Odos ) motorway that connects northwestern Greece ( Ioannina ) with western Greece ( Antirrio ) ; the last sections of the A1 motorway , connecting Athens to Thessaloniki and Evzonoi in northern Greece ; as well as the A8 motorway ( part of the Olympia Odos ) in Peloponnese , connecting Athens to Patras . The remaining section of Olympia Odos , connecting Patras with Pyrgos , is under planning . Other important projects that are currently underway , include the construction of the Thessaloniki Metro . The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe , such as the Athens International Airport , the privately run A6 ( Attiki Odos ) motorway network and the expanded Athens Metro system . Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines , Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines . Maritime connections have been improved with modern high - speed craft , including hydrofoils and catamarans . Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries , but they too have also been expanded , with new suburban / commuter rail connections , serviced by Proastiakos around Athens , towards its airport , Kiato and Chalkida ; around Thessaloniki , towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa ; and around Patras . A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established , while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) network is underway . International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe , the Balkans and Turkey . Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in Greece OTE headquarters in Athens Modern digital information and communication networks reach all areas . There are over 35,000 km ( 21,748 mi ) of fiber optics and an extensive open - wire network . Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece : there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011 , translating to 20 % broadband penetration . According to 2017 data , around 82 % of the general population used the internet regularly . Internet cafés that provide net access , office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country , while mobile internet on 3G and 4G - LTE cellphone networks and Wi - Fi connections can be found almost everywhere . 3G / 4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years . Based on 2016 data 70 % of Greek internet users have access via 3G / 4G mobile . The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure . Science and Technology Main article : List of Greek inventions and discoveries Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing , implementing and supervising national research and technological policy . In 2003 , public spending on research and development ( R&D ) was 456.37 million euros , a 12.6 percent increase from 2002 . Total R&D spending ( both public and private ) as a percentage of GDP has more than doubled since 1989 , from 0.38 percent to 0.83 percent as of 2014 . Although R&D spending in Greece remains lower than the EU average of 1.93 percent , between 1990 and 1998 , total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third - highest increase in Europe , after Finland and Ireland . Because of its strategic location , qualified workforce , and political and economic stability , many multinational companies such as Ericsson , Siemens , Motorola , Coca - Cola , and Tesla have their regional research and development headquarters in Greece . Laboratory of ion accelerator , National Centre of Scientific Research `` Demokritos '' Greece has several major technology parks with incubator facilities , including the Science and Technology Park of Crete ( Heraklion ) , the Thessaloniki Technology Park , the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park , the Science and Technology Park of Epirus ( Ioannina ) . Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) since 2005 . Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s . In 1994 , Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement . Having formally applied for full membership in 2003 , Greece became the ESA 's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005 . Greece participates in the ESA 's telecommunication and technology activities , and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative . The National Centre of Scientific Research `` Demokritos '' was founded in 1959 . The original objective of the center was the advancement of nuclear research and technology . Today , its activities cover several fields of science and engineering . Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world , while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide ; many leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty . Georgios Papanikolaou , a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Georgios Papanikolaou ( inventor of the Pap test ) , mathematician Constantin Carathéodory ( known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture ) , astronomer E.M. Antoniadi , archaeologists Ioannis Svoronos , Valerios Stais , Spyridon Marinatos , Manolis Andronikos ( discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina ) , Indologist Dimitrios Galanos , botanist Theodoros G. Orphanides , such as Michael Dertouzos , Nicholas Negroponte , John Argyris , John Iliopoulos ( 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles ) , Joseph Sifakis ( 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science ) , Christos Papadimitriou ( 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize ) , Mihalis Yannakakis ( 2005 Knuth Prize ) and physicist Dimitri Nanopoulos . Medical sector The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates is considered the `` father of western medicine '' , who laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine . Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath for physicians , which is still relevant and in use today , and was the first to categorize illnesses as acute , chronic , endemic and epidemic , and use terms such as , `` exacerbation , relapse , resolution , crisis , paroxysm , peak , and convalescence '' . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages , the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe , although it continued uninterrupted in the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire . Today the country is a medical services centre and an evolving destination of medical tourism . Notable modern Greek physicians include Andreas Anagnostakis , Panayotis Potagos , Constantin von Economo , Georg N. Koskinas , Grigoris Lambrakis , Amalia Fleming , Benediktos Adamantiades , Petros Kokkalis , Dimitrios Trichopoulos , while the most known worldwide is Georgios Papanikolaou , inventor also of the `` Pap test '' . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Greece Hermoupolis , on the island of Syros , is the capital of the Cyclades . According to the official statistical body of Greece , the Hellenic Statistical Authority ( ELSTAT ) , the country 's total population in 2011 was 10,816,286 . The birth rate in 2003 stood at 9.5 per 1,000 inhabitants , significantly lower than the rate of 14.5 per 1,000 in 1981 . At the same time , the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003 . Estimates from 2016 show the birth rate decreasing further still to 8.5 per 1,000 and mortality climbing to 11.2 per 1,000 . Greek society has changed rapidly over the last several decades , coinciding with the wider European trend of declining fertility and rapid aging . The fertility rate of 1.41 is below replacement levels and is one of the lowest in the world , subsequently leading to an increase in the median age to 44.2 years , the seventh - highest in the world . In 2001 , 16.71 percent of the population were 65 years old and older , 68.12 percent between the ages of 15 and 64 years old , and 15.18 percent were 14 years old and younger . By 2016 , the proportion of the population age 65 and older rose to 20.68 percent , while those age 14 and younger declined to slightly below 14 percent . Marriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002 , only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004 . Moreover , divorce rates have seen an increase from 191.2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004 . As a result of these trends , the average Greek household is smaller and older than in previous generations . Cities See also : List of cities in Greece Almost two - thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas . Greece 's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of Athens and Thessaloniki , which is commonly referred to in Greek as the `` συμπρωτεύουσα '' ( lit . `` co-capital '' ) , with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively . Other prominent cities with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants include those of Patras , Heraklion , Larissa , Volos , Rhodes , Ioannina , Agrinio , Chania , and Chalcis . The table below lists the largest cities in Greece , by population contained in their respective contiguous built up urban areas , which are either made up of many municipalities , evident in the cases of Athens and Thessaloniki , or are contained within a larger single municipality , case evident in most of the smaller cities of the country . The results come from the preliminary figures of the population census that took place in Greece in May 2011 . Largest cities or towns in Greece Hellenic Statistical Authority 2011 census Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Athens Thessaloniki Athens Attica 3,090,508 11 Chalcis Central Greece 102,223 Patras Heraklion Thessaloniki Central Macedonia 788,952 12 Katerini Central Macedonia 85,851 Patras Western Greece 213,984 13 Trikala Thessaly 81,355 Heraklion Crete 173,993 14 Serres Central Macedonia 76,816 5 Larissa Thessaly 162,591 15 Lamia Central Greece 75,315 6 Volos Thessaly 144,449 16 Alexandroupoli Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 72,959 7 Rhodes South Aegean 115,490 17 Kozani Western Macedonia 71,388 8 Ioannina Epirus 112,486 18 Kavala Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 70,501 9 Chania Crete 108,310 19 Kalamata Peloponnese 69,849 10 Agrinio Western Greece 106,053 20 Veria Central Macedonia 66,547 Functional urban areas Functional urban areas Population 2011 Athens ( Metro ) 3,828,434 Thessaloniki ( Metro ) 973,997 Patras 217,555 Heraklion 211,370 Larissa 195,120 Volos 137,630 Ioannina 132,979 Religion Main articles : Religion in Greece , Greek Orthodox Church , and Church of Greece See also : Hellenismos , Ancient Greek religion , and Romaniote Jews Our Lady of Tinos , the major Marian shrine in Greece . Monastery of Saint John the Theologian in Patmos , where the Book of Revelation was written The Greek Constitution recognizes Eastern Orthodoxy as the `` prevailing '' faith of the country , while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all . The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation . According to the U.S. State Department , an estimated 97 % of Greek citizens identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox , belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church , which uses the Byzantine rite and the Greek language , the original language of the New Testament . The administration of the Greek territory is shared between the Church of Greece and the Patriarchate of Constantinople . In a Eurostat -- Eurobarometer 2010 poll , 79 % of Greek citizens responded that they `` believe there is a God '' . According to other sources , 15.8 % of Greeks describe themselves as `` very religious '' , which is the highest among all European countries . The survey also found that just 3.5 % never attend a church , compared to 4.9 % in Poland and 59.1 % in the Czech Republic . Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority , which is mostly located in Thrace , range around 100,000 , ( about 1 % of the population ) . Some of the Albanian immigrants to Greece come from a nominally Muslim background , although most are secular in orientation . Following the 1919 -- 1922 Greco - Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne , Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity . About 500,000 Muslims from Greece , predominantly those defined as Turks , but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia , were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey . However , many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in Central Macedonia and were defined as Christian Orthodox Caucasus Greeks arrived from the former Russian Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange . Religiosity in Greece ( 2015 ) Eastern Orthodoxy ( 90 % ) Other Christians ( excluding Catholics ) ( 3 % ) Irreligion ( 4 % ) Islam ( 2 % ) Other religions ( including Catholics ) ( 1 % ) Judaism has been present in Greece for more than 2,000 years . The ancient community of Greek Jews are called Romaniotes , while the Sephardi Jews were once a prominent community in the city of Thessaloniki , numbering some 80,000 , or more than half of the population , by 1900 . However , after the German occupation of Greece and the Holocaust during World War II , is estimated to number around 5,500 people . Ritual performed by Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes , an organization preserving Hellenic Paganism , the Ancient Greek Religion . The Roman Catholic community is estimated to be around 250,000 of which 50,000 are Greek citizens . Their community is nominally separate from the smaller Greek Byzantine Catholic Church , which recognizes the primacy of the Pope but maintains the liturgy of the Byzantine Rite. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers . Protestants , including the Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches , stand at about 30,000 . Other Christian minorities , such as Assemblies of God , International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and various Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church total about 12,000 members . The independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches . There are no official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost , but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000 . The Jehovah 's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members . In recent years there has been a small - scale revival of the ancient Greek religion , with estimates of 2,000 active practitioners and an additional 100,000 `` sympathisers '' . Languages This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Greek language , Languages of Greece , and Minorities in Greece The distribution of major contemporary Greek dialects . The first textual evidence of the Greek language dates back to 15th century BC and the Linear B script which is associated with the Mycenaean Civilization . Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and beyond during Classical Antiquity , and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire . During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question , on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa , created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language , or the Dimotiki , the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people . The dispute was finally resolved in 1976 , when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language , and Katharevousa fell to disuse . Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms , with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language . Among the Greek - speaking population , speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group . The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well , but is endangered and is barely spoken now . Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani , traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece . The Tsakonian language , a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Koine Greek , is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese . Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek . Today , Greek is the dominant language throughout the country . The Muslim minority in Thrace , which amounts to approximately 0.95 % of the total population , consists of speakers of Turkish , Bulgarian ( Pomaks ) and Romani . Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country . Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country . Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek - speaking majority . Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction . This goes for the Arvanites , an Albanian - speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens , and for the Aromanians and Moglenites , also known as Vlachs , whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece . Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks and are today all at least bilingual in Greek . Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic -- speaking groups , locally known as Slavomacedonian - speaking , most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks . It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923 , Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers . The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino ( Judeo - Spanish ) , today maintained only by a few thousand speakers . Other notable minority languages include Armenian , Georgian , and the Greco - Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums , a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s . Migration Main articles : Greek Diaspora and Immigration to Greece A map of the fifty countries with the largest Greek diaspora communities . Throughout the 20th century , millions of Greeks migrated to the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , and Germany , creating a large Greek diaspora . Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s , but until the beginning of the 1990s , the main influx was that of returning Greek migrants or of Pontic Greeks and others from Russia , Georgia , Turkey the Czech Republic , and elsewhere in the former Soviet Bloc . A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship , constituting around 7 % of total population . Of the non-citizen residents , 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status . The majority come from Eastern European countries : Albania ( 56 % ) , Bulgaria ( 5 % ) and Romania ( 3 % ) , while migrants from the former Soviet Union ( Georgia , Russia , Ukraine , Moldova , etc . ) comprise 10 % of the total . Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus . In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000 . The 2011 census recorded 9,903,268 Greek citizens ( 91 , 56 % ) , 480,824 Albanian citizens ( 4 , 44 % ) , 75,915 Bulgarian citizens ( 0 , 7 % ) , 46,523 Romanian citizenship ( 0 , 43 % ) , 34,177 Pakistani citizens ( 0 , 32 % ) , 27,400 Georgian citizens ( 0 , 25 % ) and 247,090 people had other or unidentified citizenship ( 2 , 3 % ) . 189,000 people of the total population of Albanian citizens were reported in 2008 as ethnic Greeks from Southern Albania , in the historical region of Northern Epirus . The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are the larger urban centers , especially the Municipality of Athens , with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17 % of the local population , and then Thessaloniki , with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7 % of the local population . There is also a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and the former Soviet Union . Greece , together with Italy and Spain , is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU . Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey ( mainly Lesbos , Chios , Kos , and Samos ) . In 2012 , the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan , followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis . In 2015 , arrivals of refugees by sea had increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war . There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece , an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014 , of which the Syrians represent almost 45 % . The majority of refugees and migrants use Greece as a transit country , while their intended destinations are northern European Nations such as Austria , Germany and Sweden . Education This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Education in Greece The Academy of Athens is Greece 's national academy and the highest research establishment in the country . The Ionian Academy in Corfu , the first academic institution of modern Greece . Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia ( education ) , which was upheld as one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world . The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city 's fall to the Ottomans in 1453 . The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe 's first secular institution of higher learning , and by some measures was the world 's first university . Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools ( Δημοτικό Σχολείο , Dimotikó Scholeio ) and gymnasium ( Γυμνάσιο ) . Nursery schools ( Παιδικός σταθμός , Paidikós Stathmós ) are popular but not compulsory . Kindergartens ( Νηπιαγωγείο , Nipiagogeío ) are now compulsory for any child above four years of age . Children start primary school aged six and remain there for six years . Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and lasts for three years . Greece 's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types : unified upper secondary schools ( Γενικό Λύκειο , Genikό Lykeiό ) and technical -- vocational educational schools ( Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια , `` TEE '' ) . Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes ( Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης , `` IEK '' ) which provide a formal but unclassified level of education . As they can accept both Gymnasio ( lower secondary school ) and Lykeio ( upper secondary school ) graduates , these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education . According to the Framework Law ( 3549 / 2007 ) , Public higher education `` Highest Educational Institutions '' ( Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα , Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata , `` ΑΕΙ '' ) consists of two parallel sectors : the University sector ( Universities , Polytechnics , Fine Arts Schools , the Open University ) and the Technological sector ( Technological Education Institutions ( TEI ) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education ) . There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration ( 2 to 3 years ) which operate under the authority of other Ministries . Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio . Additionally , students over twenty - two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery . The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean . The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens , primary , and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning . There are also specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical , theological , and physical education . Seventy - two percent of Greek adults aged 25 - 64 have completed upper secondary education , which is slightly less than the OECD average of 74 percent . The average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy , maths and science in the OECD 's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) . This score is lower than the OECD average of 486 . On average , girls outperformed boys by 15 points , much more than the average OECD gap of two points . Healthcare system Main article : Health care in Greece Greece has universal health care . In a 2000 World Health Organization report , its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed . In a 2013 Save the Children report , Greece was ranked the 19th best country ( out of 176 countries surveyed ) for the state of mothers and newborn babies . In 2010 , there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country , but on 1 July 2011 , the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds , as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards . Greece 's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6 % in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report , just above the OECD average of 9.5 % . The country has the largest number of doctors - to - population ratio of any OECD country . Life expectancy in Greece is 80.3 years , above the OECD average of 79.5 , and among the highest in the world . The island of Icaria has the highest percentage of 90 - year - olds in the world ; approximately 33 % of the islanders make it to 90 ( and beyond ) . Blue Zones author Dan Buettner wrote an article in The New York Times about the longevity of Icarians under the title `` The Island Where People Forget to Die '' . The 2011 OECD report showed that Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members . The country 's obesity rate is 18.1 % , which is above the OECD average of 15.1 % , but considerably lower than the American rate of 27.7 % . In 2008 , Greece had the highest rate of perceived good health in the OECD , at 98.5 % . Infant mortality , with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births , was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9 . Culture Main articles : Culture of Greece , Greeks , and List of Greeks The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus , still used for theatrical plays . The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years , beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece , through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation , the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire . Other cultures and nations , such as the Latin and Frankish states , the Ottoman Empire , the Venetian Republic , the Genoese Republic , and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture , although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single , cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture . Adamantios Korais , key figure of the modern Greek Enlightenment and with significant influence on the modern Greek language In ancient times , Greece was the birthplace of Western culture . Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people , trial by jury , and equality under the law . The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought , including biology , geometry , history , philosophy , physics and mathematics . They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry , history , tragedy , and comedy . In their pursuit of order and proportion , the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art . Visual Arts This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Greek art , Byzantine art , and Modern Greek art Artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek Cycladic and the Minoan civilizations , both of which were influenced by local traditions and the art of ancient Egypt . There were several interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece . Due to their technical differences , they underwent somewhat differentiated developments . Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record . The most respected form of art , according to authors like Pliny or Pausanias , were individual , mobile paintings on wooden boards , technically described as panel paintings . Also , the tradition of wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the Minoan and Mycenaean Bronze Age , with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like Knossos , Tiryns and Mycenae . Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully . This aspect of Greek stonework is described as polychrome . Ancient Greek sculpture was composed almost entirely of marble or bronze ; with cast bronze becoming the favoured medium for major works by the early 5th century . Both marble and bronze are fortunately easy to form and very durable . Chryselephantine sculptures , used for temple cult images and luxury works , used gold , most often in leaf form and ivory for all or parts ( faces and hands ) of the figure , and probably gems and other materials , but were much less common , and only fragments have survived . By the early 19th century , the systematic excavation of ancient Greek sites had brought forth a plethora of sculptures with traces of notably multicolored surfaces . It was not until published findings by German archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann in the late 20th century , that the painting of ancient Greek sculptures became an established fact . The art production continued also during the Byzantine era . The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its `` abstract , '' or anti-naturalistic character . If classical art was marked by the attempt to create representations that mimicked reality as closely as possible , Byzantine art seems to have abandoned this attempt in favor of a more symbolic approach . The Byzantine painting concentrated mainly on icons and hagiographies . The Macedonian art ( Byzantine ) was the artistic expression of Macedonian Renaissance , a label sometimes used to describe the period of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire ( 867 -- 1056 ) , especially the 10th century , which some scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into Christian artwork . Post Byzantine art schools include the Cretan School and Heptanese School . The first artistic movement in the Greek Kingdom can be considered the Greek academic art of the 19th century ( Munich School ) . Notable modern Greek painters include Nikolaos Gyzis , Georgios Jakobides , Theodoros Vryzakis , Nikiforos Lytras , Konstantinos Volanakis , Nikos Engonopoulos and Yannis Tsarouchis , while some notable sculptors are Pavlos Prosalentis , Ioannis Kossos , Leonidas Drosis , Georgios Bonanos and Yannoulis Chalepas . Nike by Paeonius at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia ( 5th BC ) The Lion of Amphipolis , erected in 4th BC in honour of Laomedon of Mytilene , admiral of Alexander the Great The Stag Hunt Mosaic at the Archaeological Museum of Pella ( 3rd BC ) Byzantine mosaics of Hosios Loukas ( 11th century ) , artistic example of the Macedonian Renaissance Statue of Andreas Miaoulis in Ermoupoli by Georgios Bonanos Architecture This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Ancient Greek architecture , Byzantine architecture , and Modern Greek architecture The architecture of ancient Greece was produced by the ancient Greeks ( Hellenes ) , whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland , the Aegean Islands and their colonies , for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD , with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC . The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders : the Doric Order , the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order , was to have profound effect on Western architecture of later periods . Byzantine architecture is the architecture promoted by the Byzantine Empire , also known as the Eastern Roman Empire , which dominated Greece and the Greek speaking world during the Middle Ages . The empire endured for more than a millennium , dramatically influencing Medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East , and becoming the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse . Traditional styled white houses in Naxos , Cyclades After the Greek Independence , the modern Greek architects tried to combine traditional Greek and Byzantine elements and motives with the western European movements and styles . Patras was the first city of the modern Greek state to develop a city plan . In January 1829 , Stamatis Voulgaris , a Greek engineer of the French army , presented the plan of the new city to the Governor Kapodistrias , who approved it . Voulgaris applied the orthogonal rule in the urban complex of Patras . Two special genres can be considered the Cycladic architecture , featuring white - coloured houses , in the Cyclades and the Epirotic architecture in the region of Epirus . After the establishment of the Greek Kingdom , the architecture of Athens and other cities was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture . For Athens , the first King of Greece , Otto of Greece , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state . As for Thessaloniki , after the fire of 1917 , the government ordered for a new city plan under the supervision of Ernest Hébrard . Other modern Greek architects include Anastasios Metaxas , Panagis Kalkos , Ernst Ziller , Dimitris Pikionis and Georges Candilis . Theatre This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Theatre of ancient Greece and Modern Greek theatre Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù , the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera , `` The Parliamentary Candidate '' of Spyridon Xyndas , based on an exclusively Greek libretto was performed . Theatre in its western form was born in Greece . The city - state of Classical Athens , which became a significant cultural , political , and military power during this period , was its centre , where it was institutionalised as part of a festival called the Dionysia , which honoured the god Dionysus . Tragedy ( late 6th century BC ) , comedy ( 486 BC ) , and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there . During the Byzantine period , the theatrical art was heavily declined . According to Marios Ploritis , the only form survived was the folk theatre ( Mimos and Pantomimos ) , despite the hostility of the official state . Later , during the Ottoman period , the main theatrical folk art was the Karagiozis . The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre , took place in the Venetian Crete . Significal dramatists include Vitsentzos Kornaros and Georgios Chortatzis . The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence , in the early 19th century , and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama , such as the Italian opera . The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera , Spyridon Xyndas ' The Parliamentary Candidate ( based on an exclusively Greek libretto ) was performed . During the late 19th and early 20th century , the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues , musical comedies , operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras , Dionysios Lavrangas , Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others . Nikos Kazantzakis , notable novelist and playwright The National Theatre of Greece was opened in 1900 as Royal Theatre . Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include Gregorios Xenopoulos , Nikos Kazantzakis , Pantelis Horn , Alekos Sakellarios and Iakovos Kambanelis , while notable actors include Cybele Andrianou , Marika Kotopouli , Aimilios Veakis , Orestis Makris , Katina Paxinou , Manos Katrakis and Dimitris Horn . Significant directors include Dimitris Rontiris , Alexis Minotis and Karolos Koun . Literature This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Greek literature , Byzantine literature , and Modern Greek literature Bust of Homer in Ios , deathplace of the poet . Greek literature can be divided into three main categories : Ancient , Byzantine and modern Greek literature . At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer : the Iliad and the Odyssey . Though dates of composition vary , these works were fixed around 800 BC or after . In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent . Lyrical poetry , odes , pastorals , elegies , epigrams ; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy ; historiography , rhetorical treatises , philosophical dialectics , and philosophical treatises all arose in this period . The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar . The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama . Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age , only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived : those of Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides . The surviving plays by Aristophanes are also a treasure trove of comic presentation , while Herodotus and Thucydides are two of the most influential historians in this period . The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works of the three great philosophers . Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing , Medieval and early Modern Greek , and it is the expression of the intellectual life of the Byzantine Greeks during the Christian Middle Ages . Although popular Byzantine literature and early Modern Greek literature both began in the 11th century , the two are indistinguishable . Constantine P. Cavafy , whose work was inspired mainly by the Hellenistic past , while Odysseas Elytis ( centre ) and Giorgos Seferis ( right ) were representatives of the Generation of the ' 30s and Nobel laureates in Literature . Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek , emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century . The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature . It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros ( 1553 -- 1613 ) . Later , during the period of Greek enlightenment ( Diafotismos ) , writers such as Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios prepared with their works the Greek Revolution ( 1821 -- 1830 ) . Leading figures of modern Greek literature include Dionysios Solomos , Andreas Kalvos , Angelos Sikelianos , Emmanuel Rhoides , Demetrius Vikelas , Kostis Palamas , Penelope Delta , Yannis Ritsos , Alexandros Papadiamantis , Nikos Kazantzakis , Andreas Embeirikos , Kostas Karyotakis , Gregorios Xenopoulos , Constantine P. Cavafy , Nikos Kavvadias , Kostas Varnalis and Kiki Dimoula . Two Greek authors have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature : George Seferis in 1963 and Odysseas Elytis in 1979 . Philosophy Main articles : Ancient Greek philosophy and Modern Greek Enlightenment Statue of Plato , Athens . `` The safest general characterisation of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato . '' ( Alfred North Whitehead , Process and Reality , 1929 ) . Most western philosophical traditions began in Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC . The first philosophers are called `` Presocratics , '' which designates that they came before Socrates , whose contributions mark a turning point in western thought . The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of their original writings survive , in some cases merely a single sentence . A new period of philosophy started with Socrates . Like the Sophists , he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged , and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting - point . Aspects of Socrates were first united from Plato , who also combined with them many of the principles established by earlier philosophers , and developed the whole of this material into the unity of a comprehensive system . Aristotle of Stagira , the most important disciple of Plato , shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity . But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra - sensual standpoint of the forms , his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience . Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism , Epicureanism , Skepticism and Neoplatonism . Byzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire , especially between the 8th and 15th centuries . It was characterised by a Christian world - view , but one which could draw ideas directly from the Greek texts of Plato , Aristotle , and the Neoplatonists . On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople , Gemistus Pletho tried to restore the use of the term `` Hellene '' and advocated the return to the Olympian Gods of the ancient world . After 1453 a number of Greek Byzantine scholars who fled to western Europe contributed to the Renaissance . In modern period , Diafotismos ( Greek : Διαφωτισμός , `` enlightenment '' , `` illumination '' ) was the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment and its philosophical and political ideas . Some notable representatives were Adamantios Korais , Rigas Feraios and Theophilos Kairis . Other modern era Greek philosophers or political scientists include Cornelius Castoriadis , Nicos Poulantzas and Christos Yannaras . Music and dances This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Music of Greece Cretan dancers of traditional folk music Rebetes in Karaiskaki , Piraeus ( 1933 ) . Left Markos Vamvakaris with bouzouki . Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed - gender choruses performed for entertainment , celebration and spiritual reasons . Instruments during that period included the double - reed aulos and the plucked string instrument , the lyre , especially the special kind called a kithara . Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times . Boys were taught music from the age of six . Later influences from the Roman Empire , Middle East , and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music . While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West , the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change . Therefore , Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment . As a result , and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters ( such as Manouel Gazis , Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis ) , Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art . However , this method which kept music away from polyphony , along with centuries of continuous culture , enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection . Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant ; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power . Along with the Byzantine ( Church ) chant and music , the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song ( Demotiko ) which is divided into two cycles , the akritic and klephtic . The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites ( frontier guards ) of the Byzantine empire , the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas . The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence . The klephtic cycle , together with historical songs , paraloghes ( narrative song or ballad ) , love songs , mantinades , wedding songs , songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks . There is a unity between the Greek people 's struggles for freedom , their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death . Mikis Theodorakis is one of the most popular and significant Greek songwriters The Heptanesean kantádhes ( καντάδες ' serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα ) became the forerunners of the Greek modern urban popular song , influencing its development to a considerable degree . For the first part of the next century , several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style . The most successful songs during the period 1870 -- 1930 were the so - called Athenian serenades , and the songs performed on stage ( επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια ' theatrical revue songs ' ) in revue , operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens ' theater scene . Rebetiko , initially a music associated with the lower classes , later ( and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey ) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished , sometimes to the point of unrecognizability . It was the base of the later laïkó ( song of the people ) . The leading performers of the genre include Vassilis Tsitsanis , Grigoris Bithikotsis , Stelios Kazantzidis , George Dalaras , Haris Alexiou and Glykeria . Regarding the classical music , it was through the Ionian islands ( which were under western rule and influence ) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks . The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music ( Heptanesean or Ionian School , Greek : Επτανησιακή Σχολή ) , established in 1815 . Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros , Spyridon Xyndas , Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer . Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music . In the 20th century , Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music , with figures such as Iannis Xenakis , Nikos Skalkottas , and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence . At the same time , composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis , Manos Hatzidakis , Eleni Karaindrou , Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music , which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek , Serpico , Never on Sunday , America America , Eternity and a Day , Chariots of Fire , Blade Runner , among others . Greek American composers known for their film scores include also Yanni and Basil Poledouris . Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas , Nana Mouskouri , Mario Frangoulis , Leonidas Kavakos , Dimitris Sgouros and others . During the dictatorship of the Colonels , the music of Mikis Theodorakis was banned by the junta and the composer was jailed , internally exiled , and put in a concentration camp , before finally being allowed to leave Greece due to international reaction to his detention . Released during the junta years , Anthrope Agapa , ti Fotia Stamata ( Make Love , Stop the Gunfire ) , by the pop group Poll is considered the first anti-war protest song in the history of Greek rock . The song was echoing the hippie slogan Make love , not war and was inspired directly by the Vietnam War , becoming a `` smash hit '' in Greece . Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest . In 2005 , Greece won with the song `` My Number One '' , performed by Greek - Swedish singer Elena Paparizou . The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium , Bulgaria , Hungary , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Albania , Cyprus , Serbia & Montenegro , Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece . The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi , with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas . Cuisine Main articles : Greek cuisine and Greek wine Classic Greek salad Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet , which is epitomized by dishes of Crete . Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka , pastitsio , classic Greek salad , fasolada , spanakopita and souvlaki . Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia ( a thick purée of walnuts , almonds , crushed garlic and olive oil ) , lentil soup , retsina ( white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin ) and pasteli ( candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey ) . Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki , grilled octopus and small fish , feta cheese , dolmades ( rice , currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves ) , various pulses , olives and cheese . Olive oil is added to almost every dish . Some sweet desserts include melomakarona , diples and galaktoboureko , and drinks such as ouzo , metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina . Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island . It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines : oregano , mint , garlic , onion , dill and bay laurel leaves . Other common herbs and spices include basil , thyme and fennel seed . Many Greek recipes , especially in the northern parts of the country , use `` sweet '' spices in combination with meat , for example cinnamon and cloves in stews . Greek taverna Spanakopita Retsina Assyrtiko grapes Cinema This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Greek cinema Aliki Vougiouklaki during a visit to Israel , 1964 Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 , but the first actual cine - theatre was opened in 1907 in Athens . In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began . Golfo ( Γκόλφω ) , a well known traditional love story , is considered the first Greek feature film , although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this . In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe ( Δάφνις και Χλόη ) , containing one of the first nude scene in the history of European cinema ; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad . In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls . Theodoros Angelopoulos , winner of the Palme d'Or in 1998 , notable director in the history of the European cinema The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a `` golden age '' of Greek cinema . Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim : George Tzavellas , Irene Papas , Melina Mercouri , Mihalis Kakogiannis , Alekos Sakellarios , Nikos Tsiforos , Iakovos Kambanelis , Katina Paxinou , Nikos Koundouros , Ellie Lambeti and others . More than sixty films per year were made , with the majority having film noir elements . Some notable films include The Drunkard ( 1950 , directed by George Tzavellas ) , The Counterfeit Coin ( 1955 , by Giorgos Tzavellas ) , Πικρό Ψωμί ( 1951 , by Grigoris Grigoriou ) , O Drakos ( 1956 , by Nikos Koundouros ) , Stella ( 1955 , directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis ) , Woe to the Young ( 1961 , by Alekos Sakellarios ) , Glory Sky ( 1962 , by Takis Kanellopoulos ) and The Red Lanterns ( 1963 , by Vasilis Georgiadis ) Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations . Finos Film also contributed in this period with movies such as Λατέρνα , Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο , Madalena , I theia ap ' to Chicago , Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more . During the 1970s and 1980s , Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies . His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival . There are also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora , such as the Greek - French Costa - Gavras and the Greek - Americans Elia Kazan , John Cassavetes and Alexander Payne . Sports Main article : Sports in Greece Spyridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon ; 1896 Summer Olympics . Angelos Charisteas scoring Greece 's winning goal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games , first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice , the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics . During the parade of nations Greece is always called first , as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics . The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games , one of only four countries to have done so . Having won a total of 110 medals ( 30 gold , 42 silver and 38 bronze ) , Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all - time Summer Olympic medal count . Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics , when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals . The Greek national football team , ranking 12th in the world in 2014 ( and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011 ) , were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport . The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country , comprising sixteen teams . The most successful are Olympiacos , Panathinaikos , AEK Athens , PAOK , Larissa and Aris Thessaloniki . The Greek national basketball team has a decades - long tradition of excellence in the sport , being considered among the world 's top basketball powers . As of 2012 , it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe . They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005 , and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships , taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship , after a 101 -- 95 win against Team USA in the tournament 's semifinal . The domestic top basketball league , A1 Ethniki , is composed of fourteen teams . The most successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos , Olympiacos , Aris Thessaloniki , AEK Athens and P.A.O.K . Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years , having won 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988 , while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period . Besides the 9 Euroleagues , Greek basketball teams ( Panathinaikos , Olympiacos , Aris Thessaloniki , AEK Athens , P.A.O.K , Maroussi ) have won 3 Triple Crowns , 5 Saporta Cups , 2 Korać Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup . After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team , Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball . The Greek national basketball team in 2008 . Twice European champions ( 1987 and 2005 ) and second in the world in 2006 The Greece women 's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world , becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship . They also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships . The Greece men 's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005 , after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada . The domestic top water polo leagues , Greek Men 's Water Polo League and Greek Women 's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo , as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions . In men 's European competitions , Olympiacos has won the Champions League , the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002 becoming the first club in water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year ( National championship , National cup , Champions League and European Super Cup ) , while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup in 1997 . In women 's European competitions , Greek water polo teams ( NC Vouliagmeni , Glyfada NSC , Olympiacos , Ethnikos Piraeus ) are amongst the most successful in European water polο , having won 4 LEN Champions Cups , 3 LEN Trophies and 2 European Supercups . The Greek men 's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals , one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the Men 's European Volleyball League , a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship . The Greek league , the A1 Ethniki , is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have had significant success in European competitions . Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles ; they have won two CEV Cups , they have been CEV Champions League runners - up twice and they have played in 12 Final Fours in the European competitions , making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe . Iraklis have also seen significant success in European competitions , having been three times runners - up of the CEV Champions League . In handball , AC Diomidis Argous is the only Greek club to have won a European Cup . Apart from these , cricket is relatively popular in Corfu . Mythology Main article : Greek mythology Zeus was the King of the ancient Greek dodekatheon . The numerous gods of the ancient Greek religion as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek epics ( The Odyssey and The Iliad ) and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology . Apart from serving a religious function , the mythology of the ancient Greek world also served a cosmological role as it was meant to try to explain how the world was formed and operated . The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon , or the Twelve Gods , who lived on the top of Mount Olympus . The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus , the king of the gods , who was married to Hera , who was also Zeus 's sister . The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Ares , Poseidon , Athena , Demeter , Dionysus , Apollo , Artemis , Aphrodite , Hephaestus and Hermes . Apart from these twelve gods , Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs , such as nymphs and other magical creatures . Public holidays and festivals Main article : Public holidays in Greece Procession in honor of the Assumption of Virgin Mary ( 15 August ) According to Greek law , every Sunday of the year is a public holiday . Since the late ' 70s , Saturday also is a non school and not working day . In addition , there are four mandatory official public holidays : 25 March ( Greek Independence Day ) , Easter Monday , 15 August ( Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin ) , and 25 December ( Christmas ) . 1 May ( Labour Day ) and 28 October ( Ohi Day ) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off . There are , however , more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional . The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades , giving a total of eleven national holidays each year . In addition to the national holidays , there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide , but only by a specific professional group or a local community . For example , many municipalities have a `` Patron Saint '' parallel to `` Name Days '' , or a `` Liberation Day '' . On such days it is customary for schools to take the day off . Notable festivals , beyond the religious fests , include Patras Carnival , Athens Festival and various local wine festivals . The city of Thessaloniki is also home of a number of festivals and events . The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe . See also Greece portal Ancient Greece portal Europe portal European Union portal United Nations portal NATO portal Outline of Greece Outline of ancient Greece Index of Greece - related articles Notes Jump up ^ See : Jump up ^ See : Jump up ^ On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus ; Greece rejoined NATO in 1980 . Jump up ^ See : Jump up ^ For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system see Pappas 2003 , pp. 90 -- 114 , who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order , namely , a predominant - party system ( from 1952 to 1963 ) , a system of polarised pluralism ( between 1963 and 1981 ) , and a two - party system ( since 1981 ) . References Specific Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Απογραφή Πληθυσμού -- Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός ( Results of Population - Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country ) ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population '' ( PDF ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . 28 December 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/GRC/%7Cwork=World Economic Outlook Database , January 2018 publisher = International Monetary Fund accessdate = December 2017 location = Washington , D.C. date = 5 January 2018 ) ) Jump up ^ Monetary Fund GDP statistics around the world Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund GDP statistics around the world Jump up ^ Monetary Fund GDP statistics around the world Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income -- EU - SILC survey '' . Luxembourg : Eurostat. 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Human Development Index and its components '' . Human Development Reports . Stockholm : United Nations Development Programme. 21 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ricardo Duchesne ( 7 February 2011 ) . The Uniqueness of Western Civilization . BRILL . p. 297 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 19248 - 4 . The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the `` cradle '' of the West is endless ; two more examples are Charles Freeman 's The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World ( 1999 ) and Bruce Thornton 's Greek Ways : How the Greeks Created Western Civilization ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Chiara Bottici ; Benoît Challand ( 11 January 2013 ) . The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 95119 - 0 . The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curicula as to be taken for granted . Jump up ^ William J. Broad ( 2007 ) . The Oracle : Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303859 - 7 . In 1979 , a friend of de Boer 's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece -- the cradle of Western civilization , a fresh example of tectonic forces at ... Jump up ^ Carol Strickland ( 2007 ) . The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature : A Crash Course in Words & Pictures . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4860 - 8 . Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers -- the Tigris , Euphrates , and Nile -- the true cradle of Western literature is Athens . As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says , `` We are all Greeks . '' Jump up ^ `` Greece during the Byzantine period ( c . AD 300 -- c. 1453 ) , Population and languages , Emerging Greek identity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Online Edition . Jump up ^ `` Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List ( 17 ) '' . Unesco . Jump up ^ `` The Strategic Importance of Greece '' . geopoliticalfutures.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Geopolitics of Greece : `` One can not afford anymore to manage the Greek crisis without due consideration of its geopolitical consequences '' `` . janelanaweb.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO '' . atlanticcouncil.org . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Geopolitical Importance of Greece through the Ages '' . academia.edu . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Greece in the Geostrategic Chessboard of Natural Gas '' . naturalgasworld.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Geopolitical Consequences Of ' Grexit ' Would Be Huge '' . bmiresearch.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece can still be a geopolitical asset for the EU '' . europesworld.org . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece and NATO : a long lasting relationship '' . nato.int . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Pyatt 's Remarks at the `` Foreign Policy under Austerity '' Book Panel `` . athens.usembassy.gov . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Giannēs Koliopoulos ; Thanos M. Veremis ( 30 October 2002 ) . Greece : The Modern Sequel , from 1831 to the Present . NYU Press . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4767 - 4 . Jump up ^ Katalin Miklóssy ; Pekka Korhonen ( 13 September 2010 ) . The East and the Idea of Europe . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 2531 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hermann Bengtson ( 1975 ) . Introduction to Ancient History . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03150 - 0 . Thus a land like ancient Hellas , by its division into many geographic units , separated from one another mostly by mountains , seems almost predestined for political fragmentation . Historically the extensive division of Greece was a blessing ... Jump up ^ Charles Antaki ; Susan Condor ( 5 March 2014 ) . Rhetoric , Ideology and Social Psychology : Essays in Honour of Michael Billig . Routledge . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 73350 - 5 . In late eighteenth century , European thought `` discovered '' that ancient Hellas was ridden by a fundamental duality : the Hellas of Apollo , of `` light '' , `` beauty '' , `` reason '' , `` democracy '' and `` law '' stood against the Hellas of Dionysus , of `` darkness '' , ... ^ Jump up to : Eugene N. Borza ( 1992 ) . In the Shadow of Olympus : The Emergence of Macedon . Princeton University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00880 - 9 . Jump up ^ Douka , K. ; Perles , C. ; Valladas , H. ; Vanhaeren , M. ; Hedges , R.E.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Franchthi Cave revisited : the age of the Aurignacian in south - eastern Europe '' . Antiquity Magazine : 1133 . Jump up ^ Perlès , Catherine ( 2001 ) . The Early Neolithic in Greece : The First Farming Communities in Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Slomp , Hans ( 30 September 2011 ) . Europe , A Political Profile : An American Companion to European Politics : An American Companion to European Politics . ABC - CLIO . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39182 - 8 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Greek Culture and Democracy . As the cradle of European civilization , Greece long ago discovered the value and beauty of the individual human being . Around 500 BC , Greece Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W ; Kyle Crossley , Pamela ; Headrick , Daniel R ; Johnson , Lyman L ; Hirsch , Steven W ( 21 February 2007 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History to 1550 . Cengage . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 77150 - 9 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . The emergence of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete and the Mycenaean civilization of Greece is another ... was home to the first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies Jump up ^ Pomeroy , Sarah B ( 1999 ) . Ancient Greece : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509742 - 9 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Written by four leading authorities on the classical world , here is a new history of ancient Greece that dynamically presents a generation of new scholarship on the birthplace of Western civilization . ^ Jump up to : Frucht , Richard C ( 31 December 2004 ) . Eastern Europe : An Introduction to the People , Lands , and Culture . ABC - CLIO . p. 847 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 800 - 6 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter - gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years ... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe 's first civilization , Minoan Crete Jump up ^ Sansone , David ( 2011 ) . Ancient Greek civilization . Wiley . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish . September 2009 . p. 1458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7902 - 4 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations , the Minoan civilization of Crete , which developed around 2000 BC , and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland , which emerged about 400 years later . The ancient Minoan Jump up ^ Drews , Robert ( 1995 ) . The End of the Bronze Age : Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca . 1200 BC . Princeton University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Short , John R ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Urban Geography . Routledge . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Vidal - Naquet , Pierre . Le monde d'Homère ( The World of Homer ) , Perrin ( 2000 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ D.C.H. Rieu 's introduction to The Odyssey ( Penguin , 2003 ) , p. xi . Jump up ^ Dunn , John ( 1994 ) . Democracy : the unfinished journey 508 BC -- 1993 AD . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 827934 - 5 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert W ( 2007 ) . Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24562 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman , Ian Worthington . `` A companion to Ancient Macedonia '' John Wiley & Sons , 2011 . ISBN 144435163X pp 135 -- 138 , p 343 Jump up ^ Barry Strauss ( 16 August 2005 ) . The Battle of Salamis : The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece -- and Western Civilization . Simon and Schuster . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7453 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ian Morris ( December 2005 ) . `` The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University . Jump up ^ John Ferguson . `` Hellenistic Age : Ancient Greek history '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kosso , Cynthia ; Scott , Anne ( 2009 ) . The Nature and Function of Water , Baths , Bathing , and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance . Brill . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson ( 2005 ) . Western Civilization . I : To 1715 . Thomson Wadsworth . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 64603 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Flower , Harriet , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Roman Republic . pp. 248 , 258 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Antigonid dynasty '' . Britannica ( online ed . ) . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Allen Mason ; et al. ( 2003 ) . A history of the Roman people . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 038480 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zoch , Paul ( 2000 ) . Ancient Rome : An Introductory History . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3287 - 7 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2003 ) . Backgrounds of Early Christianity . pp. 617 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2221 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dunstan , William ( 2011 ) . Ancient Rome . p. 500 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6834 - 1 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Milburn , Robert ( 1992 ) . Early Christian Art and Architecture . p. 158 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gerard Friell ; Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams ; Stephen Williams ( 8 August 2005 ) . Theodosius : The Empire at Bay . Routledge . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 78262 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tony Perrottet ( 8 June 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : James Allan Stewart Evans ( January 2005 ) . The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 65 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32582 - 3 . Jump up ^ J.F. Haldon ( 1990 ) . Byzantium in the Seventh Century : The Transformation of a Culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Makrides , Nikolaos ( 2009 ) . Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches : A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present . NYU Press . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9568 - 2 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925246 - 6 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fine 1991 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fine 1991 , pp. 63 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Gregory , TE ( 2010 ) . A History of Byzantium . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 169 . It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic `` invasions '' were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier , although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors , including the Byzantines . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece During the Byzantine Period : Byzantine recovery '' . Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Fine 1991 , pp. 79 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece During the Byzantine Period : Results of the Fourth Crusade '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece During the Byzantine Period : The islands '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece During the Byzantine Period : Serbian and Ottoman advances '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece During the Byzantine Period : The Peloponnese advances '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Norwich , John Julius ( 1997 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . Vintage Books . p. xxi . ISBN 0 - 679 - 77269 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nondas Stamatopoulos ( 1993 ) . Old Corfu : history and culture . N. Stamatopoulos . pp. 164 -- 165 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Again , during the first great siege of Corfu by the Turks in 1537 , Angelocastro ... and After a siege lasting a year the invaders were finally driven away by the defenders of the fortress who were helped by the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages . In 1571 , when they once more invaded Corfu , the Turks again unsuccessfully attacked , Angelocastro , where 4,000 people had taken refuge . During the second great siege of the city by the Turks in 1716 , Angelokastro once again served Jump up ^ Clogg 1992 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Clogg , 1992 & page 23 . Jump up ^ Kourvetaris , George ; Dobratz , Betty ( 1987 ) . A profile of modern Greece : in search of identity . Clarendon Press . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Clogg 1992 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Clogg 1992 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Lyn ( 1968 ) . Greece and the Greeks . T Nelson . p. 124 . , 221 pp . Jump up ^ Stokes , Jamie ; Gorman , Anthony ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East . Infobase . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2676 - 0 . Jump up ^ Clogg 1992 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Clogg 1992 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Katsiaridi - Hering , Olga ( 2009 ) . `` La famiglia nell'economia europea , secc . XIII - XVIII '' . Atti della `` quarantesima Settimana di studi , '' 6 -- 10 Aprile 2008 . Istituto internazionale di storia economica F. Datini . Simonetta Cavaciocchi . Firenze University Press . p. 410 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 910 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hatzopoulos 2009 , pp. 81 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hatzopoulos 2009 . For the crisis of maritime trade from 1815 onwards , see Kremmydas 1977 and Kremmydas 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , D . The Greek War of Independence : The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation . Overlook Press , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 58567 - 172 - X , pp. 235 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` Otto : King of Greece '' . Online Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Gibney , Randall Hansen . ( 2005 ) . Immigration and Asylum : from 1900 to the Present , Volume 3 . ABC - CLIO . p. 377 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 796 - 9 . The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I. 2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention . According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements , the Greeks who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 ( Ladas I932 , 438 -- 439 ) , but using the same source Eddy 1931 , 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece . Jump up ^ Sofos , Spyros A. ; Özkirimli , Umut ( 2008 ) . Tormented by History : Nationalism in Greece and Turkey . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 899 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament '' . News.AM . , containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , NJ : Gorgias Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rummel , RJ ( 1998 ) . `` The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective '' . Idea Journal of Social Issues . 3 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Annette Grossbongardt ( 28 November 2006 ) . `` Christians in Turkey : The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ Howland , Charles P. `` Greece and Her Refugees '' , Foreign Affairs , The Council on Foreign Relations . July 1926 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Fleischer ( 2006 ) . `` Authoritarian Rule in Greece ( 1936 -- 1974 ) and Its Heritage '' . Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe : Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century . New York / Oxford : Berghahn . p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Pilavios , Konstantinos ( Director ) ; Tomai , Fotini ( Texts & Presentation ) ( 25 October 2010 ) . The Heroes Fight like Greeks -- Greece during the Second World War ( in Greek ) . Athens : Service of Diplomatic and Historical Archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Event occurs at 51 sec . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fafalios and Hadjipateras , p. 157 Jump up ^ Hitler , Adolf ( 11 December 1941 ) . Address to the Reichstag . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Greek history since World War I '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Mazower ( 2001 ) , p. 155 Jump up ^ Knopp ( 2009 ) , p. 193 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1994 ) . World Orders , Old And New . Pluto Press London . Jump up ^ Mazower , Mark . After the War was Over . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 51 , Figure 2.3 `` Numeracy in selected Balkan and Caucasus countries '' , based on data from Crayen and Baten ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 50718 - 0 . Jump up ^ History , Editorial Consultant : Adam Hart - Davis . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85613 - 062 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Greece '' . European Union . Retrieved 7 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 50718 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES : Working Paper No. 48 '' ( PDF ) . UN. 2006 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Chrēstos G. Kollias ; Gülay Günlük - Şenesen ; Gülden Ayman ( 2003 ) . Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century : Conflict Or Cooperation : a Political Economy Perspective . Nova Publishers . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 753 - 0 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Greece 's Strategic Position In The Balkans And Eastern Mediterranean Greece is located at the crossroads of three continents ( Europe , Asia and Africa ) . It is an integral part of the Balkans ( where it is the only country that is a member of the ... ) Jump up ^ Christina Bratt Paulston ; Scott F. Kiesling ; Elizabeth S. Rangel ( 13 February 2012 ) . The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication . John Wiley & Sons . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6272 - 2 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Introduction Greece and Turkey are situated at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa , and their inhabitants have had a long history of cultural interaction even though their languages are neither genetically nor typologically ... Jump up ^ Caralampo Focas ( 2004 ) . Transport Issues And Problems In Southeastern Europe . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1970 - 3 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Greece itself shows a special geopolitical importance as it is situated at the crossroads of three continents -- Europe , Asia and Africa -- and can be therefore considered as a natural bridge between Europe and the Middle East Jump up ^ Centre for Economic Policy Research ( Great Britain ) ( 2005 ) . European Migration : What Do We Know ? . Oxford University Press . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925735 - 5 . Introduction Migration movements from and to , or via Greece , are an age - old phenomenon . Situated at the crossroads of three continents ( Europe , Asia , and Africa ) , Greece has been , at different historical times , both a labour ... Jump up ^ Sladjana Petkovic ; Howard Williamson ( 21 July 2015 ) . Youth policy in Greece : Council of Europe international review . Council of Europe . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 871 - 8181 - 7 . As reports from the GSY ( 2007 ) show , young people have the opportunity to become acquainted with many diverse civilisations and cultures , through Greece 's strategic location at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . Accordingly , many ... Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book -- Field Listing : : Coastline '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympus the First National Park '' . Management Agency of Olympus National Park . 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 : Special 50th Anniversary Edition . Guinness World Records . 2004 . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892051 - 22 - 6 . Jump up ^ Marker , Sherry ; Bowman , John ; Kerasiotis , Peter ; Sarna , Heidi ( 2010 ) . Frommer 's Greek Islands . John Wiley & Sons . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 52664 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syntagma '' ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dagtoglou 1991 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Venizelos 2002 , pp. 131 -- 32 , 165 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Mavrias 2002 , pp. 477 -- 78 , 486 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` OECD Better Life Index - Greece '' . w.oecdbetterlifeindex.org . OECD . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση '' ( Political climate & governance ) ( PDF ) . GR : VPRC. 22 December 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση '' ( Political conjuncture & governance ) ( PDF ) . VPRC . GR. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Πανελλαδικη Ερευνα για την ET3 '' ( PDF ) . To The Point . GR. 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ερευνα της Pulse RC για το Ποντικι '' ( PDF ) . GR : Pulse RC . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 -- via Ek logika . Jump up ^ `` Πολιτικό Βαρόμετρο 99 '' ( Political barometer ) ( PDF ) . Public Issue . Ek logika. 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Papademos named as new Greek prime minister '' . BBC News . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Αρχές του Εξωτερικού ( Missions Abroad ) '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mission and Competences '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Thanos Veremēs ( 1997 ) The Military in Greek Politics `` Black Rose Books '' Jump up ^ `` Regional Policy '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foreign Policy Issues '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Law 1481 / 1 October 1984 , Official Journal of the Hellenic Republic , A-152 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Greece '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Judy . `` EU and NATO Look on at Greece 's Pampered Armed Forces '' . Carnegie Europe . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Πίνακας 1 : Προσωρινά αποτελέσματα του Μόνιμου Πληθυσμού της Ελλάδος '' ( PDF ) . National Statistical Service . 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regional gross domestic product ( million EUR ) , by NUTS 2 regions '' . Eurostat. 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2013 '' . World Bank . 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2013 , PPP '' . World Bank . 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product at market prices ( tec00001 ) '' . Eurostat . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Groups and Aggregates Information '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . April 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix B : International Organizations and Groups '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country and Lending Groups - Data '' . World Bank . Archived from the original on 18 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WEO Groups and Aggregates Information '' . World Economic Outlook Database . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country and Lending Groups '' . Washington , D.C. : World Bank . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ The world 's best countries : 2010 index , Newsweek . Accessed on line 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The lottery of life '' . London : The Economist. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Human Development Index and its components '' . Human Development Report 2014 . New York : United Nations Development Programme. 24 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Added Value by Industry ( A17 ; Years 2000 -- 2011 ) '' . Piraeus : Hellenic Statistical Authority . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNWTO World Tourism Barometer '' ( PDF ) . United Nations World Tourism Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Maritime Transport 2011 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Likmeta , Besar ; BIRN , Gjirokastra ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Albania Eyes New Markets as Greek Crisis Hits Home Businesses affected by the economic downturn in Greece are seeking new markets in the West , hoping that a cheap and qualified labour force will draw fresh clients '' . Balkan Insight . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Greece is the Balkan region 's largest economy and has been an important investor in Southeast Europe over the past decade ^ Jump up to : Keridis , Dimitris ( 3 March 2006 ) . `` Greece and the Balkans : From Stabilization to Growth '' ( lecture ) . Montreal , QC , CA : Hellenic Studies Unit at Concordia University . Greece has a larger economy than all the Balkan countries combined . Greece is also an important regional investor Jump up ^ Prof. Nicholas Economides Stern School of Business , New York University & Haas School of Business , UC Berkeley . `` The Greek and EU Crisis for non-economists '' ( PDF ) . Largest economy than all rest of Balkans combined CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Imogen Bell ( 2002 ) . Central and South - Eastern Europe : 2003 . Routledge . p. 282 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 136 - 0 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . show that Greece has become the largest investor into Macedonia ( FYRM ) , while Greek companies such as OTE have also developed strong presences in countries of the former Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries . Jump up ^ Mustafa Aydin ; Kostas Ifantis ( 28 February 2004 ) . Turkish - Greek Relations : The Security Dilemma in the Aegean . Taylor & Francis . pp. 266 -- 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50191 - 7 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . second largest investor of foreign capital in Albania , and the third largest foreign investor in Bulgaria . Greece is the most important trading partner of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ( 9 August 2012 ) . Western Europe 2012 . Stryker Post . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61048 - 898 - 3 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Greeks are already among the three largest investors in Bulgaria , Romania and Serbia , and overall Greek investment in the ... Its banking sector represents 16 % of banking activities in the region , and Greek banks open a new branch in a Balkan country almost weekly . Jump up ^ `` Fixed Euro conversion rates '' . European Central Bank . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Matthew ( 2011 ) . Bust : Greece , the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis . Hobeken , New Jersey : Bloomberg Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 97611 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 's Sovereign - Debt Crunch : A Very European Crisis '' . The Economist. 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rehn : No Other State Will Need a Bail - Out '' . EU Observer . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece Paid Goldman $300 Million To Help It Hide Its Ballooning Debts '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ LOUISE STORY ; LANDON THOMAS Jr ; NELSON D. SCHWARTZ ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Global Business : Wall St. Helped to Mask Debt Fueling Europe 's Crisis '' . The New York Times . In dozens of deals across the Continent , banks provided cash upfront in return for government payments in the future , with those liabilities then left off the books . Greece , for example , traded away the rights to airport fees and lottery proceeds in years to come . Jump up ^ Nicholas Dunbar ; Elisa Martinuzzi ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Goldman Secret Greece Loan Shows Two Sinners as Client Unravels '' . Bloomberg L.P. Greece actually executed the swap transactions to reduce its debt - to - gross - domestic - product ratio because all member states were required by the Maastricht Treaty to show an improvement in their public finances , '' Laffan said in an e-mail . `` The swaps were one of several techniques that many European governments used to meet the terms of the treaty . '' Jump up ^ Edmund Conway Economics ( 15 February 2010 ) . `` Did Goldman Sachs help Britain hide its debts too ? '' . The Telegraph . London . One of the more intriguing lines from that latter piece says : `` Instruments developed by Goldman Sachs , JPMorgan Chase and a wide range of other banks enabled politicians to mask additional borrowing in Greece , Italy and possibly elsewhere . '' So , the obvious question goes , what about the UK ? Did Britain hide its debts ? Was Goldman Sachs involved ? Should we panic ? Jump up ^ Elena Moya ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Banks that inflated Greek debt should be investigated , EU urges '' . The Guardian . `` These instruments were not invented by Greece , nor did investment banks discover them just for Greece , '' said Christophoros Sardelis , who was chief of Greece 's debt management agency when the contracts were conducted with Goldman Sachs. Such contracts were also used by other European countries until Eurostat , the EU 's statistic agency , stopped accepting them later in the decade . Eurostat has also asked Athens to clarify the contracts . ^ Jump up to : Beat Balzli ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Greek Debt Crisis : How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . This credit disguised as a swap did n't show up in the Greek debt statistics . Eurostat 's reporting rules do n't comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives . `` The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps , '' says a German derivatives dealer . In previous years , Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ; Thomas Jr , Landon ; Schwartz , Nelson D. ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` Wall St. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe 's Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens , Workers Strike '' . Bloomberg L.P. 22 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Britain 's Deficit Third Worst in the World , Table '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Melander , Ingrid ; Papchristou , Harry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Greek Debt To Reach 120.8 Pct of GDP in ' 10 -- Draft '' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thesing , Gabi ; Krause - Jackson , Flavia ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` Greece Faces ' Unprecedented ' Cuts as $159 B Rescue Nears '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerin Hope ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` EU Puts Positive Spin on Greek Rescue '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Newman , Rick ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece '' . US News . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Greek debt '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bensasson , Marcus ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Greece exited recession in second quarter , says EU Commission '' . Kathimerini . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greek growth rates put Germany , eurozone to shame '' . MarketWatch. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crops products ( excluding fruits and vegetables ) ( annual data ) '' . Eurostat . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fruits and vegetables ( annual data ) '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Power Corporation S.A. Financial Report ( January 1 , 2010 -- December 31 , 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Public Power Corporation of Greece . 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy '' . Invest in Greece Agency . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption % '' . Eurostat. 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sustainable development in the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Renewable energy -- Targets by 2020 '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Πορίσματα της Ομάδας Εργασίας της Επιτροπής Ενέργειας της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών επί του θέματος `` Πυρηνική Ενέργεια και Ενεργειακές Ανάγκες της Ελλάδος '' '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Athens . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Polemis , Spyros M. `` The History of Greek Shipping '' . greece.org . Retrieved 9 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Press release ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Greek Shipping Is Modernized To Remain a Global Leader and Expand Its Contribution to the Greek Economy '' . National Bank of Greece . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Maritime Transport 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Maritime Transport 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner , Year - End 2006 '' . U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics . 2001 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Engber , Daniel ( 17 August 2005 ) . `` So Many Greek Shipping Magnates ... '' Slate . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Jill Dubois ; Xenia Skoura ; Olga Gratsaniti ( 2003 ) . Greece . Marshall Cavendish . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1499 - 5 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Greek ships make up 70 percent of the European Union 's total merchant fleet . Greece has a large shipbuilding and ship refitting industry . Its six shipyards near Piraeus are among the biggest in Europe . As Greek ships primarily transport ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` For a Sustainable Tourism Industry '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` `` Έσπασε τα κοντέρ '' ο ελληνικός τουρισμός το 2016 `` . Newsbeast.gr. 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments -- regional -- annual data '' . Eurostat. 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 02 . Αφίξεις αλλοδαπών από το εξωτερικό κατά υπηκοότητα και μέσο ταξιδίου ( Δεκέμβριος 2007 ) '' ( 02 . Arrivals of foreigners from abroad by nationality and means of travel ( December 2007 ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . Hellenic National Statistics Agency . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate party cities '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Best Awards -- Islands '' . Travel + Leisure . Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Το 20 % του πληθυσμού πλησιάζει η διείσδυση της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα ( 20 % of the population approaching broadband penetration in Greece ) ( in Greek ) . in.gr. 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Το 81 , 8 των Ελληνων σερφαρει στο ιντερνετ '' ( 81.8 % of Greeks surf the Internet ) . Kathimerini.gr . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Free WiFi Internet in the Greek Islands '' . Open Journey. 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICT Development Index ( IDI ) , 2010 and 2008 '' ( PDF ) . The United Nations Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred . `` Tesla is building an electric motor R&D group in Greece to tap into strong local electrical engineering talent '' . ttps://electrek.co . Electrek . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State '' . ESA. 22 March 2005 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School enrollment , tertiary ( % gross ) - Country Ranking '' . www.indexmundi.com . Index Mundi . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` University reforms in Greece face student protests '' . The Economist. 6 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Grammaticos PC , Diamantis A ( 2008 ) . `` Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine , Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus '' . Hell J Nucl Med. 11 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 4 . PMID 18392218 . Jump up ^ The father of modern medicine : the first research of the physical factor of tetanus Archived 18 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding H. ( 1966 ) . History of Medicine . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Martí - Ibáñez , Félix ( 1961 ) . A Prelude to Medical History . New York City : MD Publications , Inc. p. 90 . Library of Congress ID : 61 - 11617 . Jump up ^ `` ELITOUR : Πρωταγωνιστής και όχι ουραγός η Ελλάδα στον Ιατρικό Τουρισμό '' . Iatronet.gr . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elitour - Greek Medical Tourism Council '' . Elitour.org . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece in Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Coccossis ; Yannis Psycharis ( 2008 ) . Regional analysis and policy : the Greek experience . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Athena 2001 Census '' . National Statistical Service of Greece . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Πίνακας 1 : Προσωρινά αποτελέσματα του Μόνιμου Πληθυσμού της Ελλάδος ' '' ( PDF ) . National Statistical Service of Greece : Ανακοίνωση προσωρινών αποτελεσμάτων Απογραφής Πληθυσμού 2011 , 22 Ιουλίου 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population on 1 January by age groups and sex -- functional urban areas '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Greece '' . Hellenic Resources Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Greece '' . International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . United States Department of State , Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Special Eurobarometer , biotechnology ; Fieldwork : January -- February 2010 '' ( PDF ) . October 2010 . p. 204 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dagens ESS : Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk '' ( Today ESS : Religiosity and church visits ) ( in Norwegian ) . Forskning. 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ktistakis , Ioannis ; Sitaropoulos , Nicholas ( 22 June 2004 ) . `` Executive Summary Discrimination on the Grounds of Religion and Belief Greece '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Greece '' . United States Department of State . 26 August 2005 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey -- Population '' . Countrystudies.us . US : Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe '' . Pew Research Center . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Greece '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Leustean , Lucian N. ( 2014 ) . `` Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty - First Century : an Overview '' in Lucian N. Leustean ( editor ) , Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty - First Century , pp. 1 - 20 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 68490 - 3 , pp 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ '' . Pentecost . Archived from the original on 16 December 2004 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christianity Ministries '' ( in Greek ) . christianity.gr . Archived from the original on 30 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ελευθέρα Αποστολική Εκκλησία της Πεντηκοστής ( Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost ) ( in Greek ) . egolpio.com . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' ( PDF ) . Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , Inc. 2014 . pp. 178 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Newstatesman -- The ancient gods of Greece are not extinct Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Modern Athenians fight for the right to worship the ancient Greek gods '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Helena Smith on why some Greeks are worshipping the ancient gods '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Languages of Greece '' . Ethnologue . Summer institute of Linguistics . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Le ( slavo ) macédonien / bulgare en Grèce '' . Euromosaic . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce '' . Euromosaic . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Le valaque / aromoune - aroumane en Grèce '' . Euromosaic . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Turkish language in education in Greece '' . Mercator - Education : European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Trudgill 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Rights Group , Greece , Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ( along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention ) '' . Greek Helsinki Monitor. 8 September 1999 . Jump up ^ Roudometof , Victor ; Robertson , Roland ( 2001 ) . Nationalism , Globalization , and Orthodoxy -- The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31949 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Triandafyllidou , Anna . `` Migration and Migration Policy in Greece '' . Critical Review and Policy Recommendations . Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy . No. 3 , April 2009 Jump up ^ Kasimis , Charalambos ; Kassimi , Chryssa ( June 2004 ) . `` Greece : A History of Migration '' . Migration Information Source . Jump up ^ Managing Migration : The Promise of Cooperation . By Philip L. Martin , Susan Forbes Martin , Patrick Weil Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Greek National Statistics Agency . 23 August 2013 . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In crisis , Greece rounds up immigrants -- Associated Press '' . London : The Guardian . 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Refugees / Migrants Emergency Response -- Mediterranean , Greece '' . UNHCR. 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Migration to Europe explained in seven charts '' . BBC News . 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2017B . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ( 24 December 2015 ) . `` This migrant crisis is different from all others '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2017B . ^ Jump up to : `` Jerome Bump , University of Constantinople '' . The Origin of Universities . University of Texas at Austin . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Tatakes , Vasileios N. ; Moutafakis , Nicholas J. ( 2003 ) . Byzantine Philosophy . Hackett Publishing . p. 189 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 563 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Better Life Index - Greece '' . http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org . OECD . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Health Systems : Improving Performance '' ( PDF ) . World Health Report . World Health Organization . 2000 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Mothers 2013 '' . Save the Children . 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Προταση Λειτουργικων Αναδιαταξεων Μοναδων Υγειασ Εσυ ( Proposals for functional rearrangements of the NHS health units ) ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . Ethnos. 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Does Greece Compare '' ( PDF ) . Health Data . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Island Where People Live Longer '' . NPR. 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Buettner and a team of demographers work with census data to identify blue zones around the world . They found Icaria had the highest percentage of 90 - year - olds anywhere on the planet -- nearly 1 out of 3 people make it to their 90s . Jump up ^ DAN BUETTNER ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` The Island Where People Forget to Die '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Perceived Health Status '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mazlish , Bruce . Civilization And Its Contents . Stanford University Press , 2004 . p. 3 . Web . 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Myres , John . Herodotus , Father of History . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1953 . Web . 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Copleston , Frederick . History of Philosophy , Volume 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas Heath ( 1981 ) . A History of Greek Mathematics . Courier Dover Publications . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24073 - 2 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Krentz , Ph. D. , W.R. Grey Professor of History , Davidson College . `` Greece , Ancient . '' World Book Advanced . World Book , 2012 . Web . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt the Birthplace of Greek Decorative Art '' . www.digital.library.upenn.edu . Jump up ^ Gurewitsch , Matthew ( July 2008 ) . `` True Colors '' . Smithsonian : 66 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Παύλος Κυριαζής , `` Σταμάτης Βούλγαρης . Ο αγωνιστής , ο πολεοδόμος , ο άνθρωπος '' , στο : Συλλογικό , Πρώτοι Έλληνες τεχνικοί επιστήμονες περιόδου απελευθέρωσης , εκδ . Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδος , Αθήνα , 1976 , σελ. 158 Jump up ^ `` 23 Best Examples of Cycladic Architecture '' . 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture of Epirus , Greece - Greeka.com '' . Jump up ^ Brockett , Oscar G. ( 1991 ) History of the Theatre ( sixth edition ) . Boston ; London : Allyn & Bacon . Jump up ^ `` Culture e-Magazine -- Free eBooks -- WebTV '' Τo Θέατρο στο Βυζάντιο και την Οθωμανική περίοδο `` . 24grammata.com. 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ΓΝΩΡΙΣΤΕ ΜΑΣ - Εθνικό Θέατρο '' . www.n-t.gr . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - `` Greek literature : Byzantine literature '' Jump up ^ `` The Modern Greek language in its relation to Ancient Greek '' , E.M. Geldart Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greek Philosophy '' . Internet encyclopedia of philosophy . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Hischak ( 16 April 2015 ) . The Encyclopedia of Film Composers . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 664 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 4550 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Kostas Tournas '' . europopmusic.eu . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Kostis Kornetis ( 30 November 2013 ) . Children of the Dictatorship : Student Resistance , Cultural Politics and the ' Long 1960s ' in Greece . Berghahn Books . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78238 - 001 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , Sari ( 22 October 2010 ) . Food , Cuisine , and Cultural Competency for Culinary , Hospitality , and Nutrition Professionals . Jones & Bartlett . pp. 147 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 5965 - 0 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Rankings '' . FIFA . July 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 July 2004 ) . `` Greece Win Euro 2004 '' . News . BBC . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Men after Olympic Games : Tournament Men ( 2008 ) '' . International Basketball Federation . August 2008 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Simon ( 26 September 2005 ) . `` Greece Tops Germany for Euro Title '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Όταν η Ευρώπη υποκλίθηκε στον Ολυμπιακό ( in Greek ) . onsports.gr . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Σαν σήμερα κοκκίνησε τον Δούναβη , Πρωταθλητής Ευρώπης στο πόλο ο Θρύλος ( in Greek ) . newsnow.gr . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Έγραψε ιστορία ο Θρύλος ( in Greek ) . sport.gr . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Διεθνές Φεστιβάλ Κινηματογράφου Θεσσαλονίκης -- Προφίλ ( Thessaloniki International Film Festival -- Profile ) ( in Greek ) . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Greece `` Minorities in Greece -- Historical Issues and New Perspectives '' . History and Culture of South Eastern Europe . An Annual Journal . München ( Slavica ) 2003 . The Constitution of Greece ( PDF ) . Paparrigopoulos , Xenophon ; Vassilouni , Stavroula ( translators ) . Athens : Hellenic Parliament . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 960 - 560 - 073 - 0 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Clogg , Richard ( 1992 ) . A Concise History of Greece ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37228 - 3 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . , 257 pp . Clogg , Richard ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ) . A Concise History of Greece ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00479 - 4 ... Dagtoglou , PD ( 1991 ) . `` Protection of Individual Rights '' . Constitutional Law -- Individual Rights ( in Greek ) . I. Athens - Komotini : Ant . N. Sakkoulas . Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08149 - 3 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . , 376 pp . Hatzopoulos , Marios ( 2009 ) . `` From resurrection to insurrection : ' sacred ' myths , motifs , and symbols in the Greek War of Independence '' . In Beaton , Roderick ; Ricks , David . The making of Modern Greece : Nationalism , Romanticism , and the Uses of the Past ( 1797 -- 1896 ) . Ashgate . pp. 81 -- 93 . Kalaitzidis , Akis ( 2010 ) . Europe 's Greece : A Giant in the Making . Palgrave Macmillan . , 219 pp . The impact of European Union membership on Greek politics , economics , and society . Kremmydas , Vassilis ( 1977 ) . `` Η οικονομική κρίση στον ελλαδικό χώρο στις αρχές του 19ου αιώνα και οι επιπτώσεις της στην Επανάσταση του 1821 '' ( The economic crisis in Greek lands in the beginning of 19th century and its effects on the Revolution of 1821 ) . Μνήμων ( in Greek ) . 6 : 16 -- 33 . Kremmydas , Vassilis ( 2002 ) . `` Προεπαναστατικές πραγματικότητες . Η οικονομική κρίση και η πορεία προς το Εικοσιένα '' ( Pre-revolutionary realities . The economic crisis and the course to ' 21 ) . Μνήμων ( in Greek ) . 24 : 71 -- 84 . Mavrias , Kostas G ( 2002 ) . Constitutional Law ( in Greek ) . Athens : Ant . N. Sakkoulas . ISBN 978 - 960 - 15 - 0663 - 0 . Pappas , Takis ( April 2003 ) . `` The Transformation of the Greek Party System Since 1951 '' . West European Politics . 26 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 01402380512331341121 . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Story , Louise ; Thomas , Landon Jr ; Schwartz , Nelson D ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` Wall St. Helped to Mask Debt Fueling Europe 's Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 March 2013 ... Trudgill , P ( 2000 ) . `` Greece and European Turkey : From Religious to Linguistic Identity '' . In Barbour , S ; Carmichael , C. Language and Nationalism in Europe . Oxford : Oxford University Press ... Venizelos , Evangelos ( 2002 ) . `` The Contribution of the Revision of 2001 '' . The `` Acquis '' of the Constitutional Revision ( in Greek ) . Athens : Ant . N. Sakkoulas . ISBN 978 - 960 - 15 - 0617 - 3 . 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22 Greece portal Ancient Greece portal Europe portal European Union portal United Nations portal NATO portal VIAF : 259064522 LCCN : n80046090 ISNI : 0000 0004 0555 2357 GND : 4022047 - 3 NDL : 00562473 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greece&oldid=828522059 '' Categories : Greece 1821 establishments in Europe Balkan countries Countries in Europe Member states of NATO Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations Republics Southeastern European countries States and territories established in 1821 Christian states Hidden categories : CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what three modern countries are on the northern border of greece	[ "Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a large number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft). The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.", "Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a large number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft). The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.", "Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a large number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft). The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.", "Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a large number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft). The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands." ]	[ "Albania", "Republic of Macedonia", "Bulgaria", "Turkey" ]
2749969605525323843	2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game	2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Date July 12 , 2016 Venue Petco Park City San Diego , California Managers Terry Collins ( NYM ) Ned Yost ( KC ) MVP Eric Hosmer ( KC ) Attendance 42,386 First pitch Randy Jones Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2015 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2017 → The 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 87th edition of the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The game was hosted by the San Diego Padres and was played at Petco Park on July 12 , 2016 . It was televised nationally on Fox . The American League All - Stars defeated the National League All - Stars by a score of 4 -- 2 to win home field advantage for the 2016 World Series ( which went to the Cleveland Indians ) . This was also the last time home - field advantage for the World Series was determined by the outcome of the All - Star Game . The host city was announced on January 15 , 2015 , by then - Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig . This was the third time the city of San Diego hosted the All - Star Game and the first time since 1992 . Eric Hosmer , an infielder for the Kansas City Royals , was named the 2016 All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Fan balloting 2.1 Starters 2.2 Final roster spot 3 Rosters 3.1 American League 3.2 National League 4 Game summary 4.1 Starting lineup 4.2 Line score 5 Controversies 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Host selection ( edit ) The Baltimore Orioles were also in line for hosting the game . Former Commissioner Bud Selig said that Baltimore was a prime candidate to host the event , but the Padres ended up with the game . Petco Park opened in 2004 and hosted the 2006 World Baseball Classic championship round . Because National League parks had been selected to host four straight games from 2015 -- 2018 , skipping an American League park in 2016 and 2018 in the traditional alternating system , the AL team was designated as the home team . Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting for the 2016 All - Star Game starters began online April 24 and ended on June 30 . The top vote - getters at each position ( including the designated hitter for the American League ) and the top three among outfielders , were named the starters for their respective leagues . The results were announced on July 5 . Salvador Pérez was the leading vote - getter with 4,965,838 votes . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters are finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 34th and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 5 through July 8 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Michael Saunders of the American League 's Toronto Blue Jays and Brandon Belt of the National League 's San Francisco Giants . Player Team Pos . Player Team Pos . American League National League Ian Kinsler Tigers 2B Brandon Belt Giants 1B Evan Longoria Rays 3B Ryan Braun Brewers OF Dustin Pedroia Red Sox 2B Jake Lamb Diamondbacks 3B Michael Saunders Blue Jays OF Starling Marte Pirates OF George Springer Astros OF Trevor Story Rockies SS Rosters ( edit ) American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Salvador Pérez Royals 1B Eric Hosmer Royals 2B José Altuve Astros 3B Manny Machado Orioles SS Xander Bogaerts Red Sox OF Mike Trout Angels 5 OF Jackie Bradley Jr . Red Sox OF Mookie Betts Red Sox DH David Ortiz Red Sox 10 Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Stephen Vogt Athletics Matt Wieters Orioles 1B Miguel Cabrera Tigers 11 2B Robinson Canó Mariners 7 3B Josh Donaldson Blue Jays SS Eduardo Núñez Twins SS Francisco Lindor Indians OF Carlos Beltrán Yankees 9 OF Ian Desmond Rangers OF Michael Saunders Blue Jays OF Mark Trumbo Orioles DH Edwin Encarnación Blue Jays Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Dellin Betances Yankees Brad Brach Orioles Zach Britton Orioles Álex Colomé Rays Wade Davis Royals Marco Estrada Blue Jays Cole Hamels Rangers Will Harris Astros Kelvin Herrera Royals Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 5 Corey Kluber Indians Andrew Miller Yankees José Quintana White Sox Danny Salazar Indians Chris Sale White Sox 5 Aaron Sanchez Blue Jays Steven Wright Red Sox National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Buster Posey Giants 1B Anthony Rizzo Cubs 2B Ben Zobrist Cubs 3B Kris Bryant Cubs SS Addison Russell Cubs OF Yoenis Céspedes Mets OF Dexter Fowler Cubs OF Bryce Harper Nationals Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Jonathan Lucroy Brewers Wilson Ramos Nationals 1B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 1B Wil Myers Padres 1B Brandon Belt Giants 2B Daniel Murphy Nationals 3B Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B Matt Carpenter Cardinals SS Aledmys Díaz Cardinals SS Corey Seager Dodgers OF Jay Bruce Reds OF Adam Duvall Reds OF Carlos González Rockies OF Odubel Herrera Phillies OF Starling Marte Pirates OF Marcell Ozuna Marlins Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Jake Arrieta Cubs Madison Bumgarner Giants Bartolo Colón Mets Johnny Cueto Giants Jeurys Familia Mets José Fernández Marlins Kenley Jansen Dodgers Clayton Kershaw Dodgers 6 Jon Lester Cubs Mark Melancon Pirates Drew Pomeranz Padres A.J. Ramos Marlins Fernando Rodney Marlins Max Scherzer Nationals Stephen Strasburg Nationals Noah Syndergaard Mets Julio Teherán Braves Corey Kluber was named as the roster replacement for Marco Estrada due to injury . Aledmys Díaz was named as the roster replacement for Matt Carpenter due to injury . Bartolo Colón was named as the roster replacement for Madison Bumgarner due to Bumgarner starting on Sunday . Max Scherzer was named as the roster replacement for Stephen Strasburg due to Strasburg just recently coming off of the DL . Carlos González was named starter in place of Dexter Fowler due to injury . Jay Bruce was named as the roster replacement for Dexter Fowler . Marcell Ozuna was named starter in place of Yoenis Céspedes due to injury . Starling Marte was named as the roster replacement for Yoenis Céspedes . Drew Pomeranz was named as the roster replacement for Noah Syndergaard due to injury . Aaron Sanchez was named as the roster replacement for Craig Kimbrel due to injury . José Quintana was named as the roster replacement for Danny Salazar due to injury . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) Pre-game ceremonies at Petco Park The NL got off to a quick start against Chris Sale when Kris Bryant homered in the top of the first to give the NL a 1 -- 0 lead . In the bottom of the second inning , the AL got to Johnny Cueto when Eric Hosmer homered to left to tie the game . Two batters later , Salvador Pérez hit a two - run shot to give the AL a 3 -- 1 lead . In the bottom of the third , after walking , David Ortiz was replaced by Edwin Encarnación and left the field to a standing ovation in his final all - star game . The AL would tack on another run in this inning when Hosmer hit an RBI single off José Fernández , driving in Encarnacion to give the AL a 4 -- 1 lead . The NL shrunk the lead with an RBI single by Marcell Ozuna in the top of the fourth off Aaron Sanchez . However , this would be all the runs scored in the game , as the National League stranded 10 baserunners throughout the game . In the top of the eighth , the NL loaded the bases , but could not capitalize when Aledmys Díaz struck out looking against Will Harris to end the frame . In the ninth , Zach Britton got Nolan Arenado to ground into a double play to secure the 4 -- 2 victory for the American League . Starting lineup ( edit ) National American Order Player Team Position Order Player Team Position Ben Zobrist Cubs 2B José Altuve Astros 2B Bryce Harper Nationals RF Mike Trout Angels CF Kris Bryant Cubs 3B Manny Machado Orioles 3B Wil Myers Padres DH David Ortiz Red Sox DH 5 Buster Posey Giants 5 Xander Bogaerts Red Sox SS 6 Anthony Rizzo Cubs 1B 6 Eric Hosmer Royals 1B 7 Marcell Ozuna Marlins CF 7 Mookie Betts Red Sox RF 8 Carlos González Rockies LF 8 Salvador Pérez Royals 9 Addison Russell Cubs SS 9 Jackie Bradley Jr . Red Sox LF Johnny Cueto Giants Chris Sale White Sox Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 12 , 2016 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) Petco Park in San Diego , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Starting pitchers : NL : Johnny Cueto AL : Chris Sale WP : Corey Kluber ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Johnny Cueto ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Zach Britton ( 1 ) Home runs : NL : Kris Bryant ( 1 ) AL : Eric Hosmer , Salvador Pérez ( 1 ) Umpires : Home Plate -- Mike Winters ; First Base -- Kerwin Danley ; Second Base -- Marty Foster ; Third Base -- Bill Welke ; Left Field -- Adrian Johnson ; Right Field -- Dan Bellino ; Replay Official -- Sam Holbrook Weather : Temperature : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , clear ; Wind : 9 mph from left to right Time of Game : 3 : 05 Attendance : 42,386 Controversies ( edit ) Prior to the game , The Tenors performed the Canadian national anthem , `` O Canada '' . As in many previous years , the performance of the Canadian anthem was scheduled for a commercial break of the Fox broadcast in the U.S. prior to the singing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' by Rachel Platten , but it was carried in Canada on Sportsnet . During a solo , group member Remigio Pereira altered the lyrics to `` O Canada '' to reference the Black Lives Matter movement , singing `` We 're all brothers and sisters , all lives matter to the great '' . The English lyric normally sung at that point is `` With glowing hearts we see thee rise , the True North strong and free ; '' however the remainder of the lyrics sung were in keeping with the official bilingual ( English - French ) version . Later that evening , Pereira , a co-founder of the group , was denounced by the group as a `` lone wolf '' , leading to an announcement that he would not be performing with The Tenors until further notice . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Padres ' Petco Park selected to host ' 16 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Paradise Valley , Arizona : Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony . `` Catalyst Hosmer captures All - Star Game MVP '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Dan ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` MLB officially awards 2016 All - Star Game to Padres , not Orioles '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American League Will Be Home Team in 2016 All - Star Game '' . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` All - Star rosters packed with dynamic talent '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Belt , Saunders take Final Vote to All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . San Diego : Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MVP Hosmer , Perez lift AL to All - Star win , Series home field '' . Associated Press . San Diego : AP News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kan Diego : RoyALs power All - Star win '' . MLB.com . San Diego : Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` American League holds off National League to win All - Star Game '' . USA Today . San Diego : Gannett Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SDSU Alums to Umpire All - Star Game at Petco Park '' ( Press release ) . Times of San Diego . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lone wolf ' Tenor Remigio Pereira apologizes for altering O Canada '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The Canadian Press . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Furdyk , Brent ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Tenors ' shattered ' by ' O Canada ' controversy : ' It 's been a living nightmare ' '' . Global News . Corus Entertainment . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tenor causes stir by working ' All Lives Matter ' statement into ' O Canada ' at All - Star Game '' . ESPN News Services . San Diego : ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the All - Star Game 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game at ESPN Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . 2016 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2016 MLB draft 2016 All - Star Game Postseason 2016 World Series Fort Bragg Game Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C. : WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the all star game 2016 mlb	[ "The 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 87th edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game was hosted by the San Diego Padres and was played at Petco Park on July 12, 2016. It was televised nationally on Fox. The American League All-Stars defeated the National League All-Stars by a score of 4–2 to win home field advantage for the 2016 World Series (which went to the Cleveland Indians). This was also the last time home-field advantage for the World Series was determined by the outcome of the All-Star Game." ]	[ "American League" ]
5907595453017515658	First Battle of Panipat	First battle of Panipat - wikipedia First battle of Panipat Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Panipat Part of Mughal conquests The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm Date 21 April 1526 Location Panipat ( in present - day Haryana , India ) 29 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 58 ′ E / 29.39 ° N 76.97 ° E / 29.39 ; 76.97 Result Decisive Mughal Victory End of the Lodi dynasty Establishment of the Mughal Empire Territorial changes Delhi Sultanate annexed by the Mughals Belligerents Babur Lodi dynasty and Afghans Commanders and leaders Babur Humayun Chin Timur Khan Ustad Ali Quli Mustafa Rumi Asad Malik Hast Raja Sanghar Ali Khan Ibrahim Lodi † Vikramjit † Strength 25,000 Mughals Field artillery 100,000 100 war elephants Casualties and losses Few 15,000 -- 20,000 Campaigns of Babur 1st Samarkand 2nd Samarkand 3rd Samarkand Sar - e-Pul 4th Samarkand Akhsi Kabul Masudi Hazaras 1st India Qalat - e Ghilji 1st Turkomen Hazaras 2nd Turkomen Hazaras Ghilji 1st Kandahar 2nd Kandahar Eastern Afghanistan 2nd India Mohmand Mughal Rebellion Ab Darrah Kul Malek Ghazdewan Bajaur Pharwala Milwat Punjab Panipat Sambhal Bayana Gwalior Khanwa Chanderi Ghaghra The First Battle of Panipat , on 21 April 1526 , was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Kingdom . It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire . This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle . The battle of Panipat between the armies of Babur and Ibrahim Lodi ( 1526 ) . Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi to enter India and defeat Ibrahim Lodi . An illustration to the Vaqi ' at - i Baburi , by Deo Gujarati , c. 1590 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Battle 2.1 Advantage of cannons in the battle 2.2 Tactics 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Background ( edit ) After losing Samarkand for the second time , Babur gave attention to conquer India as he reached the banks of the Chenab in 1519 . Until 1524 , his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab , mainly to fulfil his ancestor Timur 's legacy , since it used to be part of his empire . At the time parts of north India were under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty , but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors . He received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi , Governor of Punjab and Ala - ud - Din , uncle of Ibrahim . He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim , claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne of the country , however the ambassador was detained at Lahore and released months later . Babur started for Lahore , Punjab , in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi . When Babur arrived at Lahore , the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed . In response , Babur burned Lahore for two days , then marched to Dipalpur , placing Alam Khan , another rebel uncle of Lodi 's , as governor . Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul . In response , Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi and together with about 30,000 troops , they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi . He defeated them and drove off Alam 's army and Babur realised Lodhi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab . Battle ( edit ) Hearing of the size of Ibrahim 's army , Babur secured his right flank against the city of Panipat , while digging a trench covered with tree branches to secure his left flank . In the center , he placed 700 carts tied together with ropes . Between every two carts there were breastworks for his matchlockmen . Babur also ensured there was enough space for his cavalry to charge between these carts . When Ibrahim 's army arrived , he found the approach to Babur 's army too narrow to attack . While Ibrahim redeployed his forces to allow for the narrower front , Babur quickly took advantage of the situation to flank ( tulghuma ) the Lodi army . Many of Ibrahim 's troops were unable to get into action , and fled when the battle turned against Ibrahim . Faced with musket fire , cannon fire and cavalry attacks from all sides , Ibrahim Lodi fought and died with 6,000 of his remaining troops . Advantage of cannons in the battle ( edit ) Babur 's guns proved decisive in battle , firstly because Ibrahim lacked any field artillery , but also because the sound of the cannon frightened Ibrahim 's elephants , causing them to trample his own men . Tactics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Babur introduced field guns at Panipat , 1526 New tactics introduced by Babur were the tulghuma and the araba . Tulghuma meant dividing the whole army into various units , viz . the Left , the Right and the Centre . The Left and Right divisions were further subdivided into Forward and Rear divisions . Through this a small army could be used to surround the enemy from all sides . The Centre Forward division was then provided with carts ( araba ) which were placed in rows facing the enemy and tied to each other with animal hide ropes . Behind them were placed cannons protected and supported by mantlets which could be used to easily maneuver the cannons . These two tactics made Babur 's artillery lethal . The cannons could be fired without any fear of being hit , as they were shielded by the bullock carts held in place by hide ropes . The heavy cannons could also be easily traversed onto new targets , as they could be maneuvered by the mantlets which were on wheels . Aftermath ( edit ) Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle along with 15,000 of his troops . The battle of Panipat was militarily a decisive victory . Politically it gained Babur little , and initiated a new phase of his establishment of the Mughal empire . See also ( edit ) Battle of Khanwa Second Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Ghaghra which was the last battle Babur fought in India and consolidated his empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Davis 1999 , pp. 181 , 183 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ Butalia , Romesh C. The Evolution of the Artillery in India : From the Battle of Plassey to the Revolt of 1857 , ( Allied Publishing Limited , 1998 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra , Satish . Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals , Vol. 2 , ( Har - Anand , 2009 ) , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ VD Mahajan . History of medieval India ( 10th ed . ) . S. Chand . p. 429 . ISBN 8121903645 . Jump up ^ Eraly 2007 , p. 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Chaurasia , Radhey Shyam ( 2002 ) . History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D . New Delhi : Atlantic Publ . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 8126901233 . Jump up ^ VD Mahajan . History of medieval India ( 10th ed . ) . S Chand . p. 429 . ISBN 8121903645 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2007 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2007 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Tim J. `` Battles of Panipat '' . In Mikaberidze , Alexander ( ed . ) Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World : A Historical Encyclopedia , ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) , p. 707 . Sources ( edit ) Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) , 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present , Oxford University Press , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 075 - 1 Satish Chandra . Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals , Part II . Har - Anand Publications . ISBN 9788124110669 . Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Pashtun - related topics Dynasties Lodi dynasty Suri dynasty Hotak dynasty Durrani dynasty Barakzai dynasty more Key figures Bahlul Lodi Sher Shah Suri Mirwais Hotak Ahmad Shah Khan Ahmad Shah Durrani Dost Mohammad Khan Malalai of Maiwand Saidu Baba Abdur Rahman Khan Mahmud Tarzi Soraya Tarzi Amanullah Khan Mohammed Nadir Shah Mullah Powindah Sartor Faqir Umra Khan Mirzali Khan Bacha Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai Wali Khan Zahir Shah Daoud Khan Abdul Ahad Mohmand Mohammad Najibullah Ghulam Ishaq Khan Mohammed Omar Hamid Karzai Asfandyar Wali Khan Zalmay Khalilzad Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Abdur Rab Nishtar Abdul Waheed Kakar Ayub Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Karnal Sher Khan Malala Yousafzai Culture Pashtun culture Pashtun cuisine Pashtunwali Pashto Pashtunization Pashtun dress Pashto media Pashto singers Pashtun tribes Loya jirga Adam Khan and Durkhanai Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Jirga Poets Amir Kror Suri Pir Roshan Rahman Baba Khushal Khattak Nazo Tokhi Abdul Hamid Baba Hussain Hotak Ahmad Shah Durrani Hamza Baba Ajmal Khattak Kabir Stori Ghani Khan Topics and controversies Pashtun nationalism Pashtunistan Afghan ( ethnonym ) Durand Line Bannu Resolution Khudai Khidmatgar Kalabagh Dam Taliban Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Anti-Pashtun sentiment Battles and conflicts First Battle of Panipat Battle of Gulnabad Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Attock Battle of Multan Battle of Shopian Battle of Nowshera Battle of Jamrud Siege of Malakand Anglo - Afghan Wars Battle of Maiwand Tirah Campaign Battle of Saragarhi Soviet -- Afghan War War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) War in North - West Pakistan War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Panipat&oldid=826124437 '' Categories : Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Conflicts in 1526 Battles involving the Mughal Empire Lodi dynasty Panipat History of Haryana 1526 in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 09 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first battle of panipat take place	[ "The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Kingdom. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle.[2]" ]	[ "21 April 1526" ]
4614086967202265091	Cristiano Ronaldo	Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Brazilian footballer Ronaldo . This person 's surname is Santos Aveiro , not Ronaldo . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH , ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 32 ) Place of birth Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- Real Madrid 267 ( 285 ) National team 2001 Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 145 ( 78 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18 : 10 , 23 September 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22 : 40 , 3 September 2017 ( UTC ) This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Buildings Airport renamed after Ronaldo Museu CR7 Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH , ComM ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( kɾiʃ'tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 24 trophies in his career , including five league titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues ( 372 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 107 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 29 ) , as well as the most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season ( 17 ) . He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Spain , Ronaldo has won 13 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copa del Rey titles , three Champions League titles and two UEFA Super Cups . After joining Real Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . He has scored a record 32 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player in history to reach 200 La Liga goals , which he achieved in 178 matches . In 2015 , he became the club 's all - time leading goalscorer . In 2016 , Ronaldo won his fourth Ballon d'Or by a record voting margin after sealing La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th European title , and winning Euro 2016 . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all - time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . Ronaldo made his senior international debut in August 2003 , at age 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all - time with over 140 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments . He is Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament . One of the most marketable sportsmen , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 06 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 14 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 16 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 06 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2006 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 In popular culture 6 Outside football 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Fashion 6.4 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Europe 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart ; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure , he resumed training only a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within one season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003 , when Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon . His performance impressed the Manchester United players , who urged Ferguson to sign him . Ferguson himself considered the 18 - year - old `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 06 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me . '' -- Former Manchester United player George Best on the 18 - year - old Ronaldo in 2003 Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final , he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign , the 2005 -- 06 season , scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers , Fulham , and Portsmouth . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following a training ground fight in January 2006 , the two again fought in May , with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to `` go crying to your daddy '' , a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . His first goal of the season came against his former club , Sporting , with a header in the first group match of the Champions League . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him , but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . `` Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law , who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United . '' -- Dutch player Johan Cruyff on the 23 - year - old Ronaldo , April 2008 . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May , as United claimed a second successive Premier League title . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona , United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow , where they faced Chelsea . His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . Five days later , he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season , and his first since the final against Chelsea , in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan , sending United into the quarter - finals . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . He scored twice against Arsenal , including a free kick from 39 yards , as United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' -- Ronaldo 's former manager , Alex Ferguson , following his transfer to Real Madrid Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 14 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home grounds . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game in Spain . With all that pace and power and athleticism , he is driving Real Madrid back into dominance both there and in Europe . '' -- Former Manchester United player Bobby Charlton , November 2014 During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 16 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . `` The boy lived for the game -- everything else was built to fit around it '' -- Former Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti , on Cristiano Ronaldo in June 2016 Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 - 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November 2016 , Ronaldo signed a new contract which will keep him until 2021 with Madrid . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top - scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December 2016 , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the old - style FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April 2017 , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May 2017 , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Greaves as the all - time top - scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the campaign with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his top off during his goal celebrations , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was handed a five - match ban following the game . International career 2001 -- 06 : youth level and early international career A Portuguese international , Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001 . Apart from the under - 15 team , he also represented the under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . At age 18 , Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . 2006 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic , where he was named man of the match . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances , which led to criticism from his countrymen for underperforming . He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands , where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic , scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . He was named man of the match against both opponents . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evades club teammate Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equalling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo playing in the Euro 2016 quarter - final against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . `` Cristiano is sacrificing himself , he 's working a lot for the team ; he 's not angry . When he does n't score he 's usually angry , but not now . He works a lot , also defending . You can see he 's an authentic leader . '' -- Former Portugal international Paulo Futre In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equalling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with 9 goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet ; after multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest amount of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory ; these goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at the age of 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros ; with the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . `` I admire him ( Ronaldo ) , if I had to set up a national team he would be my first pick . '' -- Pelé , in an interview with Sportsmail . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in an eventual 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which enabled Portugal to top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition ; with his 75th international goal , Cristiano Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group matches . Ronaldo left the competition early . After Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August , Cristiano Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over Faroe Islands , which enabled him to overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer of all time in international football , with 78 goals . These goals also brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , which allowed him to equal Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also made him the player to have scored the most goals in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the record of 13 goals previously set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski ; Ronaldo 's hat - trick also saw him score his 29th career World Cup qualifying goal , which made him the outright highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the outright highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing , where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , he continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited . Initially deployed as a centre - forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role , allowing him to drift into the centre at will . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , instead focusing on short - distance goalscoring . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi , and as one of the best players to ever play the game . Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to carve his name in history alongside football players such as Pelé and Diego Maradona . Ronaldo has at times been criticised for diving when tackled , about which his former Real Madrid manager José Mourinho responded : `` Cristiano is a player who does not have the culture of the swimming pool , he has no culture of simulation , he is a British - trained player , Ferguson trained . In some cases , the simulators are given more protection , and those who are honest are often the losers . I 'm not a hypocrite if I say that they ( defenders ) hit Cristiano very hard , and that the yellow cards do not arrive or are slow in coming '' . Despite his talent , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . Earlier in his career , Ronaldo had also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . In popular culture See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 . As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including e.g. sportswear ( he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics , computer video games , and much more . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , `` CR7 '' , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at his Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo and Vision Films in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum - front view In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Cristiano Ronaldo in reference to his CR7 mantle ( his initials and shirt number ) . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . Outside Football Personal life Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . `` In football I do n't have a lot of friends . People I really trust ? Not many . Most of the time I 'm alone . I consider myself an isolated person . '' -- During the filming of his authorized biography , Ronaldo admitted to often preferring solitude while working , attributing it to his autonomous way of living . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 . Ronaldo announced that he had full custody . Ronaldo has never publicly revealed the identity of his son 's mother . In June 2017 , Ronaldo confirmed on Facebook that he had become the father to twins . Philanthropy Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Fashion Ronaldo during his current tenure with Real Madrid Ronaldo is known as a fashion icon , and is a lucrative spokesperson sought after by clothing designers , health and fitness specialists , fashion magazines , perfume and cosmetics manufacturers , hair stylists , exercise promoters , and spa and recreation companies . One example is a line of fragrances called Legacy . He opened his first fashion boutique under the name `` CR7 '' ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In June 2015 , Ronaldo announced that he would be releasing his own fragrance by the end of the year , in a partnership with Eden Parfums . Controversies In 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim which he denies . As of September 2017 the court case is ongoing . In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating that the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims labelling them ' journalistic fiction ' , with the player stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed that he was aware of the legal negotiations . Career Statistics Club As of 23 September 2017 Club statistics Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 58 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 -- 5 Total 267 285 30 22 -- 89 92 13 10 399 409 Career total 490 372 59 37 12 147 108 16 11 724 532 Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup and Copa del Rey Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup and Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup ^ Jump up to : All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España International For more details on this topic , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of 3 September 2017 National team Year Apps Goals Ratio Portugal 2003 0 0.00 16 7 0.44 2005 11 0.18 2006 14 6 0.43 2007 10 5 0.50 2008 8 0.13 2009 7 0.14 11 0.27 2011 8 7 0.88 2012 13 5 0.38 2013 9 10 1.11 2014 9 5 0.55 2015 5 0.60 2016 13 13 1.00 2017 9 10 1.11 Total 145 78 0.54 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Player of the Year : 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Onze d'Or : 2008 , 2016 -- 17 Onze d'Argent : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 -- 12 Onze de Bronze : 2010 -- 11 Bravo Award : 2004 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 CNID Best Portuguese Athlete Abroad : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 IFFHS World 's Best Top Division Scorer : 2014 , 2015 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year ESM Team of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Boot : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2008 , 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Best Forward : 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Team of the Group Stage : 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League top scorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI UEFA European Championship top scorer : 2012 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Manchester United Goal of the Season : 2008 -- 09 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 FWA Footballer of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Barclays Player of the Year 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Month : November 2006 , December 2006 , January 2008 , March 2008 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Public Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Experts La Liga Best Player : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Forward : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Goal : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Fans 5 Star Player : 2014 -- 15 Trofeo EFE Best Ibero - American Soccer Player of the Spanish League : 2012 -- 13 Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano : 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga Player of the Month : November 2013 , May 2015 , May 2017 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2010 -- 11 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year : 2014 ESPY Awards Best International Athlete : 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Greatest Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Fans Favorite Player : 2013 GSA Goodwill Award : 2016 Orders Officer of the Order of Prince Henry Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 12 December 2016 World The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup : 5 goals ( shared with Lionel Messi , César Delgado and Luis Suárez ) Most international goals in a calendar year : 25 ( in 2013 , shared with Vivian Woodward and Lionel Messi ) First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons First player to score in every minute of an official football game Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different clubs ( Manchester United and Real Madrid ) Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different leagues ( England Premier League and La Liga ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 10 times ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First and only player to appear in the FIFPro World XI for two different clubs Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball . Guinness World Record for Most Liked Person on Facebook : 2015 Only player in the world who has scored in 7 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup Only player to score more than 50 goals in six different seasons ( did it consecutively ) Only player to score a hattrick in a Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup final ( 2016 ) ( shared with Pelé ) Most hat tricks in the Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( shared with Luis Suárez and Pelé ) Europe Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 372 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 139 goals First player to reach 100 career goals in European competitions ( club football ) First player to reach 100 goals in the UEFA Champions League Most goals scored in European competitions ( club football ) : 110 goals ( including UEFA Super Cup and Champions League qualifiers ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 107 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 36 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League group stage : 11 goals in 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League knockout phase : 54 goals Most UEFA Champions League goals scored in a calendar year : 16 goals in 2015 Only player to score 15 or more UEFA Champions League goals in two different seasons : in 2013 -- 14 and 2015 -- 16 The first player in the history of UEFA Champions League to score three hat - tricks in a single season : in 2015 -- 16 The first & only player to have scored two back - to - back hat - tricks in UEFA Champions League knockout phase . Most hattricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First footballer to have won the European Golden Shoe in two different leagues : English Premier League ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Spanish La Liga ( 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most career goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 9 goals , for Portugal ( shared with Michel Platini ) Only player to have scored at four UEFA European Championship finals : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Only player to have scored three or above ( goals ) at more than one UEFA European Championship finals : 3 goals in 2012 and in 2016 Most headed goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 5 Highest appearance - maker at UEFA European Championship finals : 20 appearances Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 49 goals First player to ever score 10 goals in six consecutive UEFA Champions League seasons : 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 Only player to score for two different winning teams in the European Cup Final : Manchester United ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most away goals scored in Champions League history : 42 goals Most consecutive UEFA Champions League away games scored in : 12 Most wins in the UEFA Champions League Knockout phase : 29 wins Most braces scored in the UEFA Champions League : 20 Most European Golden Shoe awards : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most UEFA Team of the Year appearances : 12 times Most consecutive appearances in the UEFA Team of the Year : 11 ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Only player to appear in more than one position in the UEFA Team of the Year . Only player to be among the finalists for all the editions of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 Fastest player to score 350 goals for one club ( 335 games ) Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most Champions League top scorer awards : 6 Only player to finish Champions League top scorer in 5 consecutive seasons ( 2012 - 2013 to 2016 - 2017 ) Only player in history to score 10 + goals in 6 UEFA Champions League seasons ( did it consecutively ) Most quarter - final goals in the UEFA Champions League : 20 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League semi-finals : 13 goals Most free kicks scored in UEFA Champions League : 12 free kick goals Most penalties scored in Champions League history : 12 penalties Most goals scored against a single opponent in the Champions League : 9 goals against Bayern Munich ( shared with Lionel Messi ) ( against Arsenal ) ) Most headed goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 18 goals Most goals scored in a single European World Cup Qualifying campaign : 14 goals ( 2018 ) ( shared with Predrag Mijatović ( 1998 ) ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 29 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 32 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 57 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Fastest La Liga player to score 200 league goals ( 178 games ) Fastest player to reach 300 official club goals Most goals scored in Madrid Derby matches : 18 First player to score in six consecutive Clásicos Best scoring start in a Spanish league season : 15 goals in eight rounds Fastest player to reach 20 league goals in one season : 12 games ( missed one game due to injury ) Only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons Most teams scored against in a season ( 2012 -- 13 ) : 19 ( shared with Ronaldo Nazário and Lionel Messi ) Most La Liga hat - tricks in a season : 8 hat - tricks ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 36 Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 407 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 285 goals Fastest player to reach 50 league goals Fastest player to reach 100 league goals Fastest player to reach 200 official goals Fastest player to reach 250 official goals Fastest player to reach 300 official goals Most goals scored in seven consecutive league matches : 15 goals First player to score in eight consecutive matchdays Most hat - tricks in Real Madrid 's history : 42 Real Madrid record goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 90 goals Real Madrid record goalscorer in European competitions : 94 goals See also List of footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry References Notes Jump up ^ Nagle , Ben ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the best player in history , claims Valencia manager Nuno ahead of Real Madrid clash '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 June 2017 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo Should Be Talked About as the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Mafham , Colin ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the undisputed greatest footballer in history ... and here 's why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid star ' worth at least £ 300m ' '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jorge Mendes said the 29 - year - old forward was the `` best player ever '' and the `` best sportsman ever '' . Delaney , Miguel ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Record - breaking Cristiano Ronaldo leads Real Madrid to their second successive Champions League title '' . The Independent . National Stadium of Wales . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo strengthened his claim to be considered the greatest player ever with two superb goals as Real defender their European title . Rice , Simon ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Jose Mourinho : ' If Lionel Messi is the best on the planet , Cristiano Ronaldo is the best in the universe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Baxter , Kevin ( 6 May 2017 ) . `` Championships give Cristiano Ronaldo the edge over Lionel Messi as the greatest of all time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received two Ballons d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 ) and two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 The Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto - Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , o menino : futebol no baptizado e no Caminho do Lombinho '' ( in Portuguese ) . Mais Futebol. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca. 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried - the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro - Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Oldfield ( 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . p. 1953 . John Blake Publishing Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Joan Laporta : Barcelona could have had Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile at world cup soccer '' . wldcup.com . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United land other Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best On Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stroll past Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hails Ronaldo debut '' . BBC Sport. 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC . 10 April 2004 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 22 January 2005 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo 's best game '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` United storm the battle of Highbury '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 January 2005 ) . `` Rooney ends Exeter dream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Rooney return proves a distraction as Fortune steals in to seize chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 - 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 1 Bolton '' . BBC . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` Manchester Utd 4 Fulham 2 : Ronaldo 's double proves decisive as Fulham fume '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo jibe left Van Nistelrooy out in cold '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Charlton '' . BBC . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` United move on without Van Nistelrooy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's dismissal stuns England '' . BBC . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wants transfer to Spain '' . BBC . 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo not for sale '' . World Soccer. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` New Ronaldo earns old - style respect with pride after a fall '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seventh heaven in Theatre of Dreams '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Watford 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` Lionised Ronaldo lights up his Lisbon homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 's Ronaldo sent off at Portsmouth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United go top '' . Sky Sports . 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo rolls over Rovers in drive to the top '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` Fulham undone by Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo seizes late gift to light up United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA Official Website. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Johan Cruyff pays Cristiano Ronaldo the ultimate compliment '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo makes Wigan suffer as champions mix business with pleasure '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Terry 's cruel slip hands Cup to United on unforgettable night '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks silence '' . Sky Sports . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Castles , Duncan ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo declares for Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real reported over Ronaldo link '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo : ' I am a slave ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I will stay at Man Utd -- Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Burton , Chris ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is sent off but United show City who are kings of Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops Ballon d'Or '' . The Independent . London . 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Inter Milan ( agg 2 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` FC Porto 0 -- 1 Man Utd ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` As gladiators clash , Messi is the champion '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . PremierLeague.com . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Quotes : `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . He is better than Kaka and better than Messi . He is streets ahead of them all . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' Sir Alex Ferguson , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ya es Real '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo now is Real ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 At Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA Official Website. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail '' . The Guardian . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record '' . 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal '' . Eurosport. 9 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Sevilla FC v Real Madrid -- Spanish Primera División '' . ESPN FC. 7 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks La Liga record as Real rout Almeria '' . CNN . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 - 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Madrid thrash Osasuna '' . CNN . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits three in Real romp '' . Eurosport. 17 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo will miss Osasuna clash '' . Inside Spanish Football . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Jose Mourinho receive bans '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid want to make Cristiano Ronaldo the highest - paid player in the world and frustrate Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs new contract '' . ESPN . 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 - 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals In One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big game and big record for Ronaldo '' . MARCA.com . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Alfredo Di Stefano 's European goals record '' . ESPN . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN.co.uk. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA Official Website. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca. 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 - 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ García , Javier ( 4 May 2014 ) . `` Cristiano 's spectacular backheel to reach 50 goals '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Charlton : `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game '' `` . MARCA.com ( English version ) . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH ^ Jump up to : `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or over Lionel Messi & Manuel Neuer '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or in the spotlight at FIFA World Football Museum '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 - 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Real Madrid 3 - 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw . '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ultimate professional and a pleasure to manage '' . The Telegraph . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . Daily Mail . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Realmadrid.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Staff ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 - Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . goal.com . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . bbc.com. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan '' . China Daily . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Get Best Out of Ronaldo '' . 4thegame.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 14 June 2004 ) . `` Greece stuns Portugal 2 -- 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I could leave United '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semifinals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . 3.08 . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid C.F. -- Official Web Site Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first to score in four European Championships '' . espnfc.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record for all - time EURO appearances '' . UEFA.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Keel , Toby ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Third place at Euro 2016 : How it works , who qualified and last 16 draw '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo has sacrificed himself for the good of the team , says Futre '' . Goal.com. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Croatia with Ricardo Quaresma goal in extra time '' . ESPN FC. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Piotr Koźmiński ; Joseph Walker ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Poland 1 - 1 Portugal '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo the first to play in three Euro semifinals '' . ESPN FC. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 - 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 - 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trehan , Dev ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets the nod from Pele ahead of Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Portugal captain Cristiano Ronaldo will not play in Sunday 's Confederations Cup third - place playoff after the team allowed him to leave camp to visit his newborn twins . Jump up ^ Kaur , Daldeep ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo leaves Portugal Confederations Cup squad to meet newborn twins for first time '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has left the Confederations Cup in Russia following the birth of his twins . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA.com. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Portugal finished their FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 campaign on a high by beating Mexico 2 - 1 after extra time in the play - off for third place at the Spartak Stadium in Moscow in front of 42,659 fans . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' . Sport media set . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . uefa.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Ronaldo now better than Messi '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo in numbers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers Of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included In The Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho insists his Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo is an honest player '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . Espn Fc. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . TIME. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . The Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . GulfNews.com. 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The two Ronnies ! Real star Ronaldo left seeing double as he unveils waxwork of himself in Madrid museum '' . Daily Mail . London . 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport to be named after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ `` O busto de Ronaldo no aeroporto faz furor '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by furor ) ( in Portuguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estive ao serviço da Seleção Nacional , como sempre acontece , de corpo e alma , mesmo sabendo que os meus dois filhos tinham nascido . '' . Facebook . Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football for Health '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes.com. 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What not to wear ... anything from footballer Ronaldo 's boutique '' . Daily Mail . 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . Daily Mail . 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Histórico de Internacionalizações of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . A UEFA Champions League winner with Real Madrid and a European champion with Portugal , Cristiano Ronaldo has claimed the 2015 / 16 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Soccer Awards 2016 : Cristiano Ronaldo named Player of the Year '' . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall of Fame '' . Globe Soccer . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : José Luis Pierrend ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` '' Onze Mondial '' Awards `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Onze de Oro award for player of the season '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ José Luis Pierrend ( 6 January 2016 ) . `` The `` Bravo '' Award `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2004 Cristiano RONALDO ( Manchester United & Portugal ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo - Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` MICHELLE BRITO RECEBEU PRÉMIO CNID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2007 -- João José ( Voleibol ) e Cristiano Ronaldo Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2008 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atletas Portugueses no estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , futebol ... Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID MEO '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID ZON SAGRES EM MADRID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ENTREGA DOS PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo ( Atleta português do estrangeiro ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2013 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo -- Futebol Jump up ^ `` Prémios CNID : os vencedores de 2015 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta português no estrangeiro -- Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , Real Madrid Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 2013 '' . iffhs.de . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO , TONI KROOS AND THE REAL MADRID CLUB HONORED IN MADRID '' . Iffhs . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO , TONI KROOS AND THE REAL MADRID CLUB HONORED IN MADRID '' . IFFHS. 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESM Team of the Season -- 2014 - 15 '' . World Soccer. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ESM Top - Elf : Ein Bayern - Star in Europas Elite . Abendzeitung ( in German ) . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Manchester United Wayne ROONEY 2 Manchester United CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito Alejandro MANSO Jump up ^ 2014 FIFA CLUB WORLD CUP STATISTICS AND LEADERS : http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/stats?competition=26&season=2014&team=0 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named # UCL forward of the season '' . UEFA.com. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Champions League team of the group stage '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . FW : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named in the Champions League team of the group stage '' . Realmadrid.com. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ goal vs FC Porto in 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League , quarter - final Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC . 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale named player of the year by football writers '' . BBC . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd dominate 20 Seasons Fantasy Teams '' . Premier League . 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano revalida el trofeo Di Stéfano '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El ' hat - trick ' del número 1 '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . CRISTIANO CONQUISTA SU TERCER TROFEO DI STÉFANO Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award from ' Marca ' '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Ronaldo picked up his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award as the best player from last term . Jump up ^ `` Premios BBVA a los mejores de noviembre '' . laliga.es ( in Spanish ) . 10 December 2013 . Sobre el terreno de juego , el futbolista más destacado del mes de noviembre ha sido Cristiano Ronaldo . Jump up ^ `` BBVA Awards : Cristiano Ronaldo chosen as Liga BBVA player of the month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ESPYs 2014 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Ordem do Infante D. Henrique -- OIH '' . Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapham , Peter Wynter Bee ; illustrated by Lucy ( 2008 ) . People of the day 3 . Woking : People of the Day Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548110 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez Star in Club World Cup Win over River '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Messi moved to five goals in the Club World Cup -- matching the all - time record held by former Monterrey striker Cesar Delgado -- and Suarez 's double means he joins them on that mark after just two appearances in the competition . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic both have this incredible stat in common ... they 've each scored in EVERY minute of a football match , with Lionel Messi close , a mere two minutes away '' . The Sun . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new record after winning same eight trophies with Manchester United and Real Madrid '' . Daily Mail . London . 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo has now won the same eight trophies with two teams '' . Global Soccer. 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball - FIFA Club World Cup '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Ryan ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Watch Cristiano Ronaldo set the record for most career goals in Europe 's top leagues '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . No player in the sport 's history has scored more in the continent 's best leagues . Jump up ^ Verschueren , Gianni ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Becomes All - Time Leading Goalscorer in Europe 's Top 6 Leagues '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo became the all - time leading goalscorer across Europe 's top six leagues on Saturday , netting his 367th goal in Real Madrid 's La Liga match against Valencia . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup '' All - time Topscorers '' rank 1 - 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League All time - Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets Champions League goals record '' . Futaa.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets two Champions League records '' . goal.com. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' Champions League 2016 / 2017 `` . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives Golden Shoe , wants to be ' best ever ' '' . ESPN . 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo : record - guzzler '' . en.as.com . Diario AS -- PRISA. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . reuters.com. 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2015 : lowdown '' . UEFA.com. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Who got the most votes ? Who has appeared for a record tenth time ? Which clubs and national teams have provided the most players to all 15 Teams of the Year . Find out here ... Cristiano Ronaldo is the first to ten selections and uniquely has appeared in more than one position : midfield ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) and up front ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Sean ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest player in Europe to score 350 goals for one club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HAT - TRICKS -- CRISTIANO RONALDO -- ALL - TIME REAL MADRID RECORD IN LA LIGA '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . CRISTIANO RONALDO 'S 32 LA LIGA HAT - TRICKS Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo fastest to 300 goals in La Liga '' . Stuff.co.nz. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first player to score in six consecutive Clasicos '' . 8 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The quickest to hit the 20 mark '' . Marca.com ( English ) . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record by scoring 30 league goals in six straight seasons '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's record - breaking run '' . fcbarcelona.com. 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 La Liga # Hat - tricks Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 33 Hattrick Untuk Madrid , Lewati Messi '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . Real Madrid C.F. 6 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest player to score 100 goals in La Liga with Real Madrid '' . Real Madrid C.F. 25 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid against Malaga '' . Real Madrid C.F. 8 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo puts Puskas in the shade '' . Marca ( English ) . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , the first Madrid player to score in eight consecutive matchdays '' . Real Madrid C.F. 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristiano Ronaldo . Wikinews has news related to : Cristiano Ronaldo Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cristiano Ronaldo Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Cristiano Ronaldo 's channel on YouTube Cristiano Ronaldo on Twitter Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos Manager : Zidane Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Awards Sporting positions Preceded by Sebastian Vettel BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2014 Succeeded by Dan Carter 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Shay Given DF : Pascal Chimbonda DF : John Terry DF : Jamie Carragher DF : William Gallas MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Joe Cole FW : Thierry Henry FW : Wayne Rooney 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Gary Neville DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Paul Scholes MF : Ryan Giggs FW : Didier Drogba FW : Dimitar Berbatov 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David James DF : Bacary Sagna DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Gaël Clichy MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Ashley Young FW : Emmanuel Adebayor FW : Fernando Torres 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Glen Johnson DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Ryan Giggs MF : Ashley Young FW : Nicolas Anelka FW : Fernando Torres 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Rui Patrício Defenders Joshua Kimmich Jérôme Boateng Pepe Raphaël Guerreiro Midfielders Toni Kroos Joe Allen Antoine Griezmann Aaron Ramsey Dimitri Payet Forward Cristiano Ronaldo Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : See also : Ballon d'Or FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi UEFA European Championship winning captains 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1968 : Eusébio 1969 : Zhekov 1970 : Müller 1971 : Skoblar 1972 : Müller 1973 : Eusébio 1974 : Yazalde 1975 : Georgescu 1976 : Kaiafas 1977 : Georgescu 1978 : Krankl 1979 : Kist 1980 : Vandenbergh 1981 : Slavkov 1982 : Kieft 1983 : Gomes 1984 : Rush 1985 : Gomes 1986 : Van Basten 1987 : Cămătaru / Polster 1988 : Çolak 1989 : Mateuţ 1990 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1991 : Pančev Unofficial 1992 : McCoist 1993 : McCoist 1994 : Taylor 1995 : Avetisyan 1996 : Endeladze ESM award 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Machlas 1999 : Jardel 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Larsson 2002 : Jardel 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry & Forlán 2006 : Toni 2007 : Totti 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : Suárez 2017 : Messi FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo UEFA European Championship top scorers 1960 : Galić , Heutte , Ivanov , Jerković & Ponedelnik ( 2 ) 1964 : Bene , Novák & Pereda ( 2 ) 1968 : Džajić ( 2 ) 1972 : G. Müller ( 4 ) 1976 : D. Müller ( 4 ) 1980 : Allofs ( 3 ) 1984 : Platini ( 9 ) 1988 : Van Basten ( 5 ) 1992 : Bergkamp , Brolin , Larsen & Riedle ( 3 ) 1996 : Shearer ( 5 ) 2000 : Kluivert & Milošević ( 5 ) 2004 : Baroš ( 5 ) 2008 : Villa ( 4 ) 2012 : Balotelli , Dzagoev , Gómez , Mandžukić , C. Ronaldo & Torres ( 3 ) 2016 : Griezmann ( 6 ) * : Golden Boot award winner ( when goals scored are tied ) FIFA Puskás Award 2009 : C. Ronaldo 2010 : Altıntop 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Stoch 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2015 : Wendell Lira 2016 : Mohd Faiz EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt VIAF : 42170021 LCCN : no2007130960 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 GND : 140422390 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) BIBSYS : 10046491 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 BNE : XX4898197 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=802039909 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links NFT template with ID same as Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many goals has cristiano ronaldo scored in his football career	[ "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾiʃ'tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time,[note 1] Ronaldo has four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards,[note 2] the most for a European player, and is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 24 trophies in his career, including five league titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues (372), the UEFA Champions League (107) and the UEFA European Championship (29), as well as the most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season (17). He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country." ]	[ "more than 600" ]
-1569030501629335044	Partition of India	Partition of India - Wikipedia Partition of India British Indian Empire in The Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1909 . British India is shaded pink , the princely states yellow . The prevailing religions of the British Indian Empire based on the Census of India , 1909 . The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions , India and Pakistan . The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India , and the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . The partition involved the division of three provinces , Assam , Bengal and the Punjab , based on district - wide Hindu or Muslim majorities . The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan became known as the Radcliffe Line . It also involved the division of the British Indian Army , the Royal Indian Navy , the Indian Civil Service , the railways , and the central treasury , between the two new dominions . The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj , as the British government there was called . The two self - governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 -- 15 August 1947 . The partition displaced over 14 million people along religious lines , creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions ; there was large - scale violence , with estimates of loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million . The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present . The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 , nor the earlier separations of Burma ( now Myanmar ) and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from the administration of British India . The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions , nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad , Junagadh , and Jammu and Kashmir , though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition . It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947 -- 1954 , nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961 . Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947 , Sikkim , Bhutan , Nepal , and the Maldives were unaffected by the partition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) 1.2 World War I , Lucknow Pact : 1914 -- 1918 1.3 Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms : 1919 1.4 Two nation theory 1.5 Muslim homeland , provincial elections , World War II , Lahore Resolution : 1930 -- 1945 1.6 1946 Election , Cabinet Mission , Direct Action Day , Plan for Partition , Independence : 1946 -- 1947 2 Geographic partition , 1947 2.1 Mountbatten Plan 2.2 Radcliffe Line 3 Independence , population transfer , and violence 3.1 Punjab 3.2 Bengal 3.3 Sindh 3.4 Delhi 3.5 Alwar and Bharatpur 3.6 Jammu and Kashmir 4 Resettlement of refugees in India : 1947 -- 1957 5 Resettlement of refugees in Pakistan : 1947 -- 1957 6 Missing persons 7 Rehabilitation of women 8 Post-Partition migration 8.1 Pakistan 8.2 India 9 Perspectives 10 Artistic depictions of the Partition 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background ( edit ) Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) 1909 Percentage of Hindus . 1909 Percentage of Muslims . 1909 Percentage of Sikhs , Buddhists and Jains . In 1905 , viceroy , Lord Curzon , in his second term , divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India , the Bengal Presidency , into the Muslim - majority province of East Bengal and Assam and the Hindu - majority province of Bengal ( present - day Indian states of West Bengal , Bihar , Jharkhand and Odisha ) . Curzon 's act , the Partition of Bengal -- which some considered administratively felicitous , and , which had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck , but never acted upon -- was to transform nationalist politics as nothing else before it . The Hindu elite of Bengal , among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants , protested fervidly . The large Bengali Hindu middle - class ( the Bhadralok ) , upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas , felt that Curzon 's act was punishment for their political assertiveness . The pervasive protests against Curzon 's decision took the form predominantly of the Swadeshi ( `` buy Indian '' ) campaign and involved a boycott of British goods . Sporadically -- but flagrantly -- the protesters also took to political violence that involved attacks on civilians . The violence , however , was not effective , as most planned attacks were either preempted by the British or failed . The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan Bande Mataram ( Bengali , lit : `` Hail to the Mother '' ) , the title of a song by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , which invoked a mother goddess , who stood variously for Bengal , India , and the Hindu goddess Kali . The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when Calcutta 's English - educated students returned home to their villages and towns . The religious stirrings of the slogan and the political outrage over the partition were combined as young men , in groups such as Jugantar , took to bombing public buildings , staging armed robberies , and assassinating British officials . Since Calcutta was the imperial capital , both the outrage and the slogan soon became nationally known . The overwhelming , but predominantly Hindu , protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear , in its wake , of reforms favouring the Hindu majority , now led the Muslim elite in India , in 1906 , to meet with the new viceroy , Lord Minto , and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims . In conjunction , they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British . This led , in December 1906 , to the founding of the All - India Muslim League in Dacca . Although Curzon , by now , had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England , the League was in favour of his partition plan . The Muslim elite 's position , which was reflected in the League 's position , had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades , beginning with the 1871 Census of British India , which had first estimated the populations in regions of Muslim majority . ( For his part , Curzon 's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census , the first comprehensive census there -- and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the 1857 Mutiny and the Second Anglo - Afghan War -- about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown . ) In the three decades since that census , Muslim leaders across northern India , had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups . The Arya Samaj , for example , had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation , but also -- distraught at the 1871 Census 's Muslim numbers -- organized `` reconversion '' events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold . In the United Provinces , Muslims became anxious when , in the late 19th century , political representation increased , giving more power to Hindus , and Hindus were politically mobilized in the Hindi - Urdu controversy and the anti-cow - killing riots of 1893 . In 1905 , when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress , and the Congress itself rallied around symbolism of Kali , Muslim fears increased . It was not lost on many Muslims , for example , that the rallying cry , `` Bande Mataram '' , had first appeared in the novel Anand Math in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors . Lastly , the Muslim elite , and among it Dacca Nawab , Khwaja Salimullah , who hosted the League 's first meeting in his mansion in Shahbag , was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power . World war I , Lucknow Pact : 1914 -- 1918 ( edit ) Indian medical orderlies attending to wounded soldiers with the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force in Mesopotamia during World War I . Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( seated in carriage , on the right , eyes downcast , with black flat - top hat ) receives a big welcome in Karachi in 1916 after his return to India from South Africa . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , seated , third from the left , was a supporter of the Lucknow Pact , which , in 1916 , ended the three - way rift between the Extremists , the Moderates and the League . World War I would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India . 1.4 million Indian and British soldiers of the British Indian Army would take part in the war and their participation would have a wider cultural fallout : news of Indian soldiers fighting and dying with British soldiers , as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia , would travel to distant corners of the world both in newsprint and by the new medium of the radio . India 's international profile would thereby rise and would continue to rise during the 1920s . It was to lead , among other things , to India , under its own name , becoming a founding member of the League of Nations in 1920 and participating , under the name , `` Les Indes Anglaises '' ( British India ) , in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp . Back in India , especially among the leaders of the Indian National Congress , it would lead to calls for greater self - government for Indians . The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League , the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey . Since the Turkish Sultan , or Khalifah , had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem , and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey , doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the `` religious neutrality '' of the British , doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911 , a decision that was seen as ill - disposed to Muslims . In the Lucknow Pact , the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self - government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters ; in return , the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council . In 1916 , the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years ; in the League itself , the pact did not have unanimous backing , having largely been negotiated by a group of `` Young Party '' Muslims from the United Provinces ( UP ) , most prominently , two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali , who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause ; however , it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement . In later years , as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded , it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal ; nonetheless , at the time , the `` Lucknow Pact '' , was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British . Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms : 1919 ( edit ) Secretary of State for India , Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact - finding trip through India the previous winter . After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain , and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian population could vote in future elections , the Government of India Act of 1919 ( also known as the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms ) was passed in December 1919 . The new Act enlarged both the provincial and Imperial legislative councils and repealed the Government of India 's recourse to the `` official majority '' in unfavorable votes . Although departments like defence , foreign affairs , criminal law , communications , and income - tax were retained by the Viceroy and the central government in New Delhi , other departments like public health , education , land - revenue , local self - government were transferred to the provinces . The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new dyarchical system , whereby some areas like education , agriculture , infrastructure development , and local self - government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures , and ultimately the Indian electorates , while others like irrigation , land - revenue , police , prisons , and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council . The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil service and the army officer corps . A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised , although , for voting at the national level , they constituted only 10 % of the total adult male population , many of whom were still illiterate . In the provincial legislatures , the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful . In particular , rural candidates , generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational , were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts . Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins , landowners , businessmen , and college graduates . The principle of `` communal representation '' , an integral part of the Minto - Morley Reforms , and more recently of the Congress - Muslim League Lucknow Pact , was reaffirmed , with seats being reserved for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo - Indians , and domiciled Europeans , in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils . The Montagu - Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power , especially at the provincial level ; however , that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters , by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures , and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control . Two nation theory ( edit ) Main article : Two - nation theory The two - nation is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion , rather than their language or ethnicity , and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations , regardless of ethnic or other commonalities . The two - nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement ( i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation - state in South Asia ) , and the partition of India in 1947 . The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was undertaken by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan . It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organizations , with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second - class citizens in India , the expulsion of all Muslims from India , establishment of a legally Hindu state in India , prohibition of conversions to Islam , and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism . The Hindu Mahasabha leader Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the first persons to demand to bifurcate India by Muslim and Non-Muslim population . He wrote in The Tribune of December 14 , 1924 : Under my scheme the Muslims will have four Muslim States : ( 1 ) The Pathan Province or the North - West Frontier ; ( 2 ) Western Punjab ( 3 ) Sindh and ( 4 ) Eastern Bengal . If there are compact Muslim communities in any other part of India , sufficiently large to form a province , they should be similarly constituted . But it should be distinctly understood that this is not a united India . It means a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and a non-Muslim India . There are varying interpretations of the two - nation theory , based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not , with radically different implications . One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy , including the right to secede , for Muslim - majority areas of the Indian subcontinent , but without any transfer of populations ( i.e. Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together ) . A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute `` two distinct , and frequently antagonistic ways of life , and that therefore they can not coexist in one nation . '' In this version , a transfer of populations ( i.e. the total removal of Hindus from Muslim - majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu - majority areas ) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that `` can not coexist in a harmonious relationship '' . Opposition to the theory has come from two sources . The first is the concept of a single Indian nation , of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities . This is a founding principle of the modern , officially secular , Republic of India . Even after the formation of Pakistan , debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in that country as well . The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation , neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent , and it is instead the relatively homogeneous provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of sovereignty ; this view has been presented by the Baloch , Sindhi , and Pashtun sub-nationalities of Pakistan and the Assamese and Punjabi sub-nationalities of India . Muslim homeland , provincial elections , World war II , Lahore Resolution : 1930 -- 1945 ( edit ) Allama Muhammad Iqbal , fifth from left , arriving at the 1930 session of the All India Muslim League , where he delivered his presidential address outlining his plan for a homeland for the Muslims of British India . Jawaharlal Nehru , Sarojini Naidu , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Congress in which Azad was elected president for the second time . Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman ( left ) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All - India Muslim League with Jinnah ( right ) presiding , and Liaquat Ali Khan centre . Although Choudhry Rahmat Ali had in 1933 produced a pamphlet , Now or never , in which the term `` Pakistan '' , `` the land of the pure '' , comprising the Punjab , North West Frontier Province ( Afghania ) , Kashmir , Sindh , and Balochistan , was coined for the first time , the pamphlet did not attract political attention . A little later , a Muslim delegation to the Parliamentary Committee on Indian Constitutional Reforms gave short shrift to the Pakistan idea , calling it `` chimerical and impracticable '' . In 1932 , the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald accepted Ambedkar 's demand for the `` Depressed Classes '' to have separate representation in the central and provincial legislatures . The Muslim League favoured the award as it had the potential to weaken the caste Hindu leadership . However Mahatma Gandhi , who was seen as a leading advocate for Dalit rights , went on a fast unto death to persuade the British to repeal the award . Ambedkar had to back down when it seemed Gandhi 's life was threatened . Two years later , the Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy , increasing the number of voters in India to 35 million . More significantly , law and order issues were for the first time devolved from British authority to provincial governments headed by Indians . This increased Muslim anxieties about eventual Hindu domination . In the Indian provincial elections , 1937 , the Muslim League turned out its best performance in Muslim - minority provinces such as the United Provinces , where it won 29 of the 64 reserved Muslim seats . However , in the Muslim - majority regions of the Punjab and Bengal regional parties outperformed the League . In the Punjab , the Unionist Part of Sikandar Hayat Khan , won the elections and formed a government , with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Shiromani Akali Dal , which lasted five years . In Bengal , the League had to share power in a coalition headed by A.K. Fazlul Huq , the leader of the Krishak Praja Party . The Congress , on the other hand , with 716 wins in the total of 1585 provincial assemblies seats , was able to form governments in 7 out of the 11 provinces of British India . In its manifesto the Congress maintained that religious issues were of lesser importance to the masses than economic and social issues , however , the election revealed that the Congress had contested just 58 out of the total 482 Muslim seats , and of these , it won in only 26 . In UP , where the Congress won , it offered to share power with the League on condition that the League stop functioning as a representative only of Muslims , which the League refused . This proved to be a mistake as it alienated the Congress further from the Muslim masses . In addition , the new UP provincial administration promulgated cow protection and the use of Hindi . The Muslim elite in UP was further alienated , when they saw chaotic scenes of the new Congress Raj , in which rural people who sometimes turned up in large numbers in Government buildings , were indistinguishable from the administrators and the law enforcement personnel . The Muslim League conducted its own investigation into the conditions of Muslims under Congress - governed provinces . The findings of such investigations increased fear among the Muslim masses of future Hindu domination . The view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress was now a part of the public discourse of Muslims . With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , the viceroy , Lord Linlithgow , declared war on India 's behalf without consulting Indian leaders , leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest . The Muslim League , which functioned under state patronage , in contrast , organized `` Deliverance Day '' , celebrations ( from Congress dominance ) and supported Britain in the war effort . When Linlithgow , met with nationalist leaders , he gave the same status to Jinnah as he did to Gandhi , and a month later described the Congress as a `` Hindu organization . '' In March 1940 , in the League 's annual three - day session in Lahore , Jinnah gave a two - hour speech in English , in which were laid out the arguments of the Two - nation theory , stating , in the words of historians Talbot and Singh , that `` Muslims and Hindus ... were irreconcilably opposed monolithic religious communities and as such no settlement could be imposed that did not satisfy the aspirations of the former . '' On the last day of its session , the League passed , what came to be known as the Lahore Resolution , sometimes also `` Pakistan Resolution '' , demanding that `` the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North - Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign . '' Though it had been founded more than three decades earlier , the League would gather support among South Asian Muslims only during the Second World War . Viceroy Linlithgow proposed in August 1940 that India be granted a Dominion status at the conclusion of the war . Having not taken the Pakistan idea seriously , Linlithgow supposed that what Jinnah actually wanted was a non-federal arrangement without Hindu domination . To allay Muslim fears of Hindu domination the ' August offer ' was accompanied with the promise that a future constitution would take the views of minorities into consideration . Neither the Congress nor Muslim League were satisfied with the offer and both rejected it in September . The Congress once again started a program of civil disobedience . In March 1942 , with the Japanese fast moving up the Malayan Peninsula after the Fall of Singapore , and with the Americans supporting independence for India , Winston Churchill , the wartime Prime Minister of Britain , sent Sir Stafford Cripps , the leader of the House of Commons , with an offer of dominion status to India at the end of the war in return for the Congress 's support for the war effort . Not wishing to lose the support of the allies they had already secured -- the Muslim League , Unionists of the Punjab , and the Princes -- the Cripps offer included a clause stating that no part of the British Indian Empire would be forced to join the post-war Dominion . The League rejected the Cripps offer , seeing this clause as insufficient in meeting the principle of Pakistan . As a result of that proviso , the proposals were also rejected by the Congress , which , since its founding as a polite group of lawyers in 1885 , saw itself as the representative of all Indians of all faiths . After the arrival in 1920 of Gandhi , the preeminent strategist of Indian nationalism , the Congress had been transformed into a mass nationalist movement of millions . In August 1942 , the Congress launched the Quit India Resolution which asked for drastic constitutional changes , which the British saw as the most serious threat to their rule since the Indian rebellion of 1857 . With their resources and attention already spread thin by a global war , the nervous British immediately jailed the Congress leaders and kept them in jail until August 1945 , whereas the Muslim League was now free for the next three years to spread its message . Consequently , the Muslim League 's ranks surged during the war , with Jinnah himself admitting , `` The war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise . '' Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader Abul Kalam Azad , and influential regional Muslim politicians such as A.K. Fazlul Huq of the leftist Krishak Praja Party in Bengal , Sikander Hyat Khan of the landlord - dominated Punjab Unionist Party , and Abd al - Ghaffar Khan of the pro-Congress Khudai Khidmatgar ( popularly , `` red shirts '' ) in the North West Frontier Province , the British were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India . The Muslim League 's demand for Pakistan pitted it against the British and Congress . 1946 election , Cabinet Mission , Direct Action day , plan for Partition , independence : 1946 -- 1947 ( edit ) Further information : Indian general election , 1945 and Indian provincial elections , 1946 Members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India meeting Muhammad Ali Jinnah . On the extreme left is Lord Pethick Lawrence ; on the extreme right , Sir Stafford Cripps . An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grand children sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey . `` The old man is dying of exhaustion . The caravan has gone on , '' wrote Bourke - White . An old Sikh man carrying his wife . Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and travelled on foot , bullock carts and trains to their promised new home . Gandhi in Bela , Bihar , after attacks on Muslims , 28 March 1947 . Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee had been deeply interested in Indian independence since the 1920s , and for years had supported independence . He now took charge of the government position and gave the issue highest priority . In January 1946 , a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services , starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain . The mutinies came to a head with mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay in February 1946 , followed by others in Calcutta , Madras , and Karachi . Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed , they had the effect of spurring the Attlee government to action . A Cabinet Mission was sent to India led by the Secretary of State for India , Lord Pethick Lawrence , which also included Sir Stafford Cripps , who had visited India four years before . The objective of the mission was to arrange for an orderly transfer to independence . In early 1946 , new elections were held in India . With the announcement of the elections the line had been drawn for Muslim voters to choose between a united Indian state or Partition . Earlier , at the end of the war in 1945 , the colonial government had announced the public trial of three senior officers of Subhas Chandra Bose 's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason . Now as the trials began , the Congress leadership , although it never supported the INA , chose to defend the accused officers . The subsequent convictions of the officers , the public outcry against the convictions , and the eventual remission of the sentences created positive propaganda for the Congress , which enabled it to win the party 's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces . The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League , however , stumbled over the issue of the partition . British rule had lost its legitimacy for most Hindus and conclusive proof of this came in the form of the 1946 elections with the Congress winning 91 percent of the vote among non-Muslim constituencies , thereby gaining a majority in the Central Legislature and forming governments in eight provinces , and becoming the legitimate successor to the British government for most Hindus . If the British intended to stay in India the acquiescence of politically active Indians to British rule would have been in doubt after these election results , although the views of many rural Indians were uncertain even at that point . The Muslim League won the majority of the Muslim vote as well as most reserved Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies and it also secured all the Muslim seats in the Central Assembly . Recovering from its performance in the 1937 elections , the Muslim League was finally able to make good on the claim that it and Jinnah alone represented India 's Muslims and Jinnah quickly interpreted this vote as a popular demand for a separate homeland ; he proclaimed : The Muslims and Hindus belong to two different religious philosophies , social customs , and literatures . They neither intermarry nor interdine ( eat ) together and , indeed , they belong to two different civilizations . However , tensions heightened while the Muslim League was unable to form ministries outside the two provinces of Sind and Bengal , with the Congress forming a ministry in the NFWP and the key Punjab province coming under a coalition ministry of the Congress , Sikhs and Unionists . The British , while not approving of a separate Muslim homeland , appreciated the simplicity of a single voice to speak on behalf of India 's Muslims . Britain had wanted India and its army to remain united for the purpose of keeping India in its system of ' imperial defence ' . With India 's two political parties unable to come to an agreement , Britain devised the Cabinet Mission Plan . Through this mission , Britain hoped to preserve the united India which they and the Congress desired , while concurrently securing the essence of Jinnah 's demand for a Pakistan through ' groupings ' . The Cabinet mission scheme encapsulated a federal arrangement consisting of three groups of provinces . Two of these groupings would consist of predominantly Muslim provinces , while the third grouping would be made up of the predominantly Hindu regions . The provinces would be autonomous but the center would retain control over defence , foreign affairs and communications . Though the proposals did not offer independent Pakistan , the Muslim League accepted the proposals . Even though the unity of India would have been preserved , the Congress leaders , especially Nehru , believed it would leave the Center weak . On 10 July 1946 Nehru gave a `` provocative speech '' , rejected the idea of grouping the provinces and `` effectively torpedoed '' both the Cabinet mission plan and the prospect of a United India . After the Cabinet Mission broke down , Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 Direct Action Day , with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India . However , on the morning of the 16th , armed Muslim gangs gathered at the Ochterlony Monument in Calcutta to hear Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , the League 's Chief Minister of Bengal , who , in the words of historian Yasmin Khan , `` if he did not explicitly incite violence certainly gave the crowd the impression that they could act with impunity , that neither the police nor the military would be called out and that the ministry would turn a blind eye to any action they unleashed in the city . '' That very evening , in Calcutta , Hindus were attacked by returning Muslim celebrants , who carried pamphlets distributed earlier which showed a clear connection between violence and the demand for Pakistan , and directly implicated the celebration of Direct Action Day with the outbreak of the cycle of violence that would later be called the `` Great Calcutta Killing of August 1946 '' . The next day , Hindus struck back and the violence continued for three days in which approximately 4,000 people died ( according to official accounts ) , Hindus and Muslims in equal numbers . Although India had had outbreaks of religious violence between Hindus and Muslims before , the Calcutta killings were the first to display elements of `` ethnic cleansing '' , in modern parlance . Violence was not confined to the public sphere , but homes were entered and destroyed and women and children were attacked . Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events , in September , a Congress - led interim government was installed , with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India 's prime minister . The communal violence spread to Bihar ( where Muslims were attacked by Hindus ) , to Noakhali in Bengal ( where Hindus were targeted by Muslims ) , to Garhmukteshwar in the United Provinces ( where Muslims were attacked by Hindus ) , and on to Rawalpindi in March 1947 in which Hindus were attacked or driven out by Muslims . The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten as India 's last viceroy , who was given the task to oversee British India 's independence by June 1948 , with the instruction to avoid partition and preserve a United India , but with adaptational authority to ensure a British withdrawal with minimal setbacks . Mountbatten hoped to revive the Cabinet Mission scheme for a federal arrangement for India . But despite his initial keenness for preserving the center the tense communal situation caused him to conclude that partition had become necessary for a quicker transfer of power . Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He had been outraged by Jinnah 's Direct Action campaign , which had provoked communal violence across India and by the viceroy 's vetoes of his home department 's plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality . Patel severely criticised the viceroy 's induction of League ministers into the government , and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British without Congress approval . Although further outraged at the League 's boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government , he was also aware that Jinnah did enjoy popular support amongst Muslims , and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu - Muslim civil war of disastrous consequences . The continuation of a divided and weak central government would in Patel 's mind , result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence . Between the months of December 1946 and January 1947 , Patel worked with civil servant V.P. Menon on the latter 's suggestion for a separate dominion of Pakistan created out of Muslim - majority provinces . Communal violence in Bengal and Punjab in January and March 1947 further convinced Patel of the soundness of partition . Patel , a fierce critic of Jinnah 's demand that the Hindu - majority areas of Punjab and Bengal be included in a Muslim state , obtained the partition of those provinces , thus blocking any possibility of their inclusion in Pakistan . Patel 's decisiveness on the partition of Punjab and Bengal had won him many supporters and admirers amongst the Indian public , which had tired of the League 's tactics , but he was criticised by Gandhi , Nehru , secular Muslims and socialists for a perceived eagerness to do so . When Lord Louis Mountbatten formally proposed the plan on 3 June 1947 , Patel gave his approval and lobbied Nehru and other Congress leaders to accept the proposal . Knowing Gandhi 's deep anguish regarding proposals of partition , Patel engaged him in frank discussion in private meetings over the perceived practical unworkability of any Congress - League coalition , the rising violence and the threat of civil war . At the All India Congress Committee meeting called to vote on the proposal , Patel said : I fully appreciate the fears of our brothers from ( the Muslim - majority areas ) . Nobody likes the division of India and my heart is heavy . But the choice is between one division and many divisions . We must face facts . We can not give way to emotionalism and sentimentality . The Working Committee has not acted out of fear . But I am afraid of one thing , that all our toil and hard work of these many years might go waste or prove unfruitful . My nine months in office has completely disillusioned me regarding the supposed merits of the Cabinet Mission Plan . Except for a few honorable exceptions , Muslim officials from the top down to the chaprasis ( peons or servants ) are working for the League . The communal veto given to the League in the Mission Plan would have blocked India 's progress at every stage . Whether we like it or not , de facto Pakistan already exists in the Punjab and Bengal . Under the circumstances I would prefer a de jure Pakistan , which may make the League more responsible . Freedom is coming . We have 75 to 80 percent of India , which we can make strong with our own genius . The League can develop the rest of the country . Following Gandhi 's denial but Congress ' approval of the plan , Patel represented India on the Partition Council , where he oversaw the division of public assets , and selected the Indian council of ministers with Nehru . However , neither he nor any other Indian leader had foreseen the intense violence and population transfer that would take place with partition . Late in 1946 , the Labour government in Britain , its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II , decided to end British rule of India , and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948 . However , with the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence , the new viceroy , Louis Mountbatten , advanced the date for the transfer of power , allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence . In June 1947 , the nationalist leaders , including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress , Jinnah representing the Muslim League , B.R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community , and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs , agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines in stark opposition to Gandhi 's views . The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan ; the plan included a partition of the Muslim - majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal . The communal violence that accompanied the announcement of the Radcliffe Line , the line of partition , was even more horrific . Describing the violence that accompanied the Partition of India , historians Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh write : There are numerous eyewitness accounts of the maiming and mutilation of victims . The catalogue of horrors includes the disembowelling of pregnant women , the slamming of babies ' heads against brick walls , the cutting off of victims limbs and genitalia and the displaying of heads and corpses . While previous communal riots had been deadly , the scale and level of brutality during the Partition massacres was unprecedented . Although some scholars question the use of the term ' genocide ' with respect to the Partition massacres , much of the violence was manifested with genocidal tendencies . It was designed to cleanse an existing generation and prevent its future reproduction . '' On 14 August 1947 , the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being , with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi . The following day , 15 August 1947 , India , now a smaller Union of India , became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi , and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of prime minister , and the viceroy , Louis Mountbatten , staying on as its first Governor General ; Gandhi , however , remained in Bengal , preferring instead to work with the new refugees from the partitioned subcontinent . Geographic Partition , 1947 ( edit ) Mountbatten plan ( edit ) Mountbatten with a countdown calendar to the Transfer of Power in the background The actual division of British India between the two new dominions was accomplished according to what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan . It was announced at a press conference by Mountbatten on 3 June 1947 , when the date of independence was also announced -- 15 August 1947 . The plan 's main points were : Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims in Punjab and Bengal legislative assemblies would meet and vote for partition . If a simple majority of either group wanted partition , then these provinces would be divided . Sind and Baluchistan were to make their own decision . The fate of North West Frontier Province and Sylhet district of Assam was to be decided by a referendum . India would be independent by 15 August 1947 . The separate independence of Bengal was ruled out . A boundary commission to be set up in case of partition . The Indian political leaders accepted the Plan on 2 June . It did not deal with the question of the princely states , but on 3 June Mountbatten advised them against remaining independent and urged them to join one of the two new dominions . The Muslim League 's demands for a separate state were thus conceded . The Congress ' position on unity was also taken into account while making Pakistan as small as possible . Mountbatten 's formula was to divide India and at the same time retain maximum possible unity . Abul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots , to which Mountbatten replied : At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance . I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot . I am a soldier and not a civilian . Once partition is accepted in principle , I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country . If there should be the slightest agitation , I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud . Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the `` glaring '' `` failure of the government machinery '' . On 3 June 1947 , the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working Committee . Boloji states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension , while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat ( day of silence ) . Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition , to which Gandhi wrote the reply : `` Have I ever opposed you ? '' Within British India , the border between India and Pakistan ( the Radcliffe Line ) was determined by a British Government - commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister , Sir Cyril Radcliffe . Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves , East Pakistan ( today Bangladesh ) and West Pakistan , separated geographically by India . India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India , and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas . On 18 July 1947 , the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act that finalized the arrangements for partition and abandoned British suzerainty over the princely states , of which there were several hundred , leaving them free to choose whether to accede to one of the new dominions . The Government of India Act 1935 was adapted to provide a legal framework for the new dominions . Following its creation as a new country in August 1947 , Pakistan applied for membership of the United Nations and was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947 . The Dominion of India continued to have the existing seat as India had been a founding member of the United Nations since 1945 . Radcliffe Line ( edit ) Further information : Radcliffe Line A map of the Punjab region c. 1947 . The Punjab -- the region of the five rivers east of Indus : Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej -- consists of interfluvial doabs , or tracts of land lying between two confluent rivers . These are the Sind - Sagar doab ( between Indus and Jhelum ) , the Jech doab ( Jhelum / Chenab ) , the Rechna doab ( Chenab / Ravi ) , the Bari doab ( Ravi / Beas ) , and the Bist doab ( Beas / Sutlej ) ( see map on the right ) . In early 1947 , in the months leading up to the deliberations of the Punjab Boundary Commission , the main disputed areas appeared to be in the Bari and Bist doabs , although some areas in the Rechna doab were claimed by the Congress and Sikhs . In the Bari doab , the districts of Gurdaspur , Amritsar , Lahore , and Montgomery were all disputed . All districts ( other than Amritsar , which was 46.5 % Muslim ) had Muslim majorities ; albeit , in Gurdaspur , the Muslim majority , at 51.1 % , was slender . At a smaller area - scale , only three tehsils ( sub-units of a district ) in the Bari doab had non-Muslim majorities . These were : Pathankot ( in the extreme north of Gurdaspur , which was not in dispute ) , and Amritsar and Tarn Taran in Amritsar district . In addition , there were four Muslim - majority tehsils east of Beas - Sutlej ( with two where Muslims outnumbered Hindus and Sikhs together ) . Before the Boundary Commission began formal hearings , governments were set up for the East and the West Punjab regions . Their territories were provisionally divided by `` notional division '' based on simple district majorities . In both the Punjab and Bengal , the Boundary Commission consisted of two Muslim and two non-Muslim judges with Sir Cyril Radcliffe as a common chairman . The mission of the Punjab commission was worded generally as : `` To demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab , on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims . In doing so , it will take into account other factors . '' Each side ( the Muslims and the Congress / Sikhs ) presented its claim through counsel with no liberty to bargain . The judges too had no mandate to compromise and on all major issues they `` divided two and two , leaving Sir Cyril Radcliffe the invidious task of making the actual decisions . '' Independence , population transfer , and violence ( edit ) Train to Pakistan being given an honour - guard send - off . New Delhi railway station , 1947 Rural Sikhs in a long oxcart train headed towards India . 1947 . Two men carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin. 1947 . A refugee train on its way to Punjab , Pakistan Massive population exchanges occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the Partition . `` The population of undivided India in 1947 was approx 390 million . After partition , there were 330 million people in India , 30 million in West Pakistan , and 30 million people in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . '' Once the lines were established , about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority . The 1951 Census of Pakistan identified the number of displaced persons in Pakistan at 7,226,600 , presumably all Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India . Similarly , the 1951 Census of India enumerated 7,295,870 displaced persons , apparently all Hindus and Sikhs who had moved to India from Pakistan immediately after the Partition . The two numbers add up to 14.5 million . Since both censuses were held about 3.6 years after the Partition , the enumeration included net population increase after the mass migration . About 11.2 million ( 77.4 % of the displaced persons ) were in the west , with the Punjab accounting for most of it : 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan , and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India ; thus the net migration in the west from India to West Pakistan ( now Pakistan ) was 1.8 million . The remaining 3.3 million ( 22.6 % of the displaced persons ) were in the east : 2.6 million moved from East Pakistan to India and 0.7 million moved from India to East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) ; thus net migration in the east was 1.9 million into India . There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning . Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in . However , an exception was made for Punjab where transfer of populations were organised because of the communal violence affecting the province . This did not apply to other provinces . Punjab ( edit ) A refugee special train at Ambala Station during partition of India The Partition of British India split the former British province of Punjab between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan 's Punjab province ; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India 's East Punjab state ( later divided into Punjab , Haryana and Himachal Pradesh ) . Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west , and many Muslims lived in the east , and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence . Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide . The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude , and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border . Estimates of the number of deaths vary , with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000 . Virtually no Muslim survived in East Punjab ( except in Malerkotla ) and virtually no Hindu or Sikh survived in West Punjab . Lawrence James observed that ' Sir Francis Mudie , the governor of West Punjab , estimated that 500,000 Muslims died trying to enter his province , while the British high commissioner in Karachi put the full total at 800,000 ... This makes nonsense of the claim by Mountbatten and his partisans that only 200,000 were killed : ( James 1998 : 636 ) `` . According to political scientist Ishtiaq Ahmed , `` in March 1947 the Muslims started large - scale violence , mainly against Sikhs but also against Hindus , in the Muslim - majority districts of northern Punjab . Yet at the end of that year more Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs together in West Punjab . '' Nehru wrote to Gandhi on 22 August that up to then , twice as many Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs in West Punjab . Bengal ( edit ) Main article : Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) The province of Bengal was divided into the two separate entities of West Bengal , awarded to the Dominion of India , and East Bengal , awarded to the Dominion of Pakistan . East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan in 1955 , and later became the independent nation of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 . While the Muslim majority districts of Murshidabad and Malda were given to India , the Hindu majority district of Khulna and the Buddhist majority , but sparsely populated , Chittagong Hill Tracts were given to Pakistan by the Radcliffe award . Thousands of Hindus , located in the districts of East Bengal which were awarded to Pakistan , found themselves being attacked and this religious persecution forced hundreds of thousands of Hindus from East Bengal to seek refuge in India . The huge influx of Hindu refugees into Calcutta affected the demographics of the city . Many Muslims left the city for East Pakistan and some of their homes and properties were occupied by the refugee families . Sindh ( edit ) Most of Sindh 's prosperous middle class at the time of Partition was Hindu . At the time of Partition there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis , though most were concentrated in cities such as Hyderabad , Karachi , Shikarpur , and Sukkur . Hundreds of Hindus residing in Sindh were forced to migrate . Some anti-Hindu violence in Sindh was precipitated by the arrival of Muslim refugees from India with minimal local Muslim support for the rioters . Sindhi Hindus faced low scale rioting unlike the Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs who had to migrate from West Punjab . On 6 December 1947 , communal violence broke out in Ajmer in India , precipitated by an argument between Sindhi Hindu refugees and local Muslims in the Dargah Bazaar . Violence in Ajmer again broke out in the middle of December with stabbings , looting and arson resulting in mostly Muslim casualties . Many Muslims fled across the Thar Desert to Sindh in Pakistan . This sparked further anti-Hindu riots in Hyderabad , Sindh . On 6 January anti-Hindu riots broke out in Karachi , leading to an estimate of 1100 casualties . 776,000 Sindhi Hindus fled to India . The arrival of Sindhi Hindu refugees in North Gujarat 's town of Godhra sparked the March 1948 riots there which led to an emigration of Muslims from Godhra to Pakistan . Despite the migration , a significant Sindhi Hindu population still resides in Pakistan 's Sindh province where they number at around 2.28 million as per Pakistan 's 1998 census ; the Sindhi Hindus in India were at 2.57 million as per India 's 2001 Census . Some bordering districts in Sindh had a Hindu majority like Tharparkar District , Umerkot , Mirpurkhas , Sanghar and Badin , but their population is decreasing and they consider themselves a minority in decline . In fact , only Umerkot still has a majority of Hindus in the district . The Sindhi community did not face large scale violence , but felt deprivation of homeland and culture . Delhi ( edit ) A crowd of Muslims at the Old Fort ( Purana Qila ) in Delhi , which had been converted into a vast camp for Muslim refugees waiting to be transported to Pakistan . Manchester Guardian , 27 September 1947 . For centuries Delhi had been the capital of the Mughal Empire and of previous Turkic Muslim rulers of North India . The series of Islamic rulers keeping Delhi as a stronghold of their empires left a vast array of Islamic architecture in Delhi and a strong Islamic culture permeated the city . The 1941 Census listed Delhi 's population as being 33.22 % Muslim . However thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Punjab poured into the city . This created an atmosphere of upheavals as anti-Muslim pogroms rocked the historical stronghold of Indo - Islamic culture and politics . Pakistani diplomat in Delhi , Hussain , alleged that the Indian government was intent on eliminating Delhi 's Muslim population or was indifferent to their fate . He reported that Army troops openly gunned down innocent Muslims . Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru estimated 1000 casualties in the city . However other sources claimed that the casualty rate had been 20 times higher . Gyanendra Pandey 's more recent account of the Delhi violence puts the figure of Muslim casualties in Delhi as being between 20,000 -- 25,000 . Tens of thousands of Muslims were driven to refugee camps regardless of their political affiliations and numerous historic sites in Delhi such as the Purana Qila , Idgah and Nizamuddin were transformed into refugee camps . At the culmination of the tensions in Delhi 330,000 Muslims were forced to flee the city to Pakistan . The 1951 Census registered a drop of the Muslim population in the city from 33.22 % in 1941 to 5.33 % in 1951 . Alwar and Bharatpur ( edit ) Alwar and Bharatpur were two princely states of Rajputana ( modern day Rajasthan ) which were the scene of a bloody confrontation between the dominant , land - holding community of Hindu Jats and the cultivating community of Muslim Meos from May 1947 onwards . Well - organised bands of Hindu Jats , Ahirs and Gujars started attacking Muslim Meos in April 1947 . By June more than fifty Muslim villages had been destroyed after attacks by all sides . The Muslim League was outraged and demanded that the Viceroy provide Muslim troops . Accusations emerged in June of the involvement of Indian State Forces from Alwar and Bharatpur in the destruction of Muslim villages both inside their states and in British India . In the wake of unprecedented violent attacks unleashed against them in 1947 , 100,000 Muslim Meos from Alwar and Bharatpur was forced to flee their homes and an estimated 30,000 Meos are said to have been massacred . On 17 November , a column of 80,000 Meo refugees went on their way to Pakistan . However , 10,000 stopped travelling due to the risk of trying to reach and settle in Pakistan . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Main article : 1947 Jammu massacres In September -- November 1947 in the Jammu region of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , a large number of Muslims were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab . The impetus for this violence was partly provided by the influx of a large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees since March 1947 , who brought with them `` harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities '' , to Jammu from West Punjab . The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs , aided and abetted by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh . Observers state that Hari Singh 's aim was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population , in order to ensure a Hindu majority in the region . Resettlement of refugees in India : 1947 -- 1957 ( edit ) According to the 1951 Census of India , 2 % of India 's population were refugees ( 1.3 % from West Pakistan and 0.7 % from East Pakistan ) . Delhi received the largest number of refugees for a single city -- the population of Delhi grew rapidly in 1947 from under 1 million ( 917,939 ) to a little less than 2 million ( 1,744,072 ) during the period 1941 -- 1951 . The refugees were housed in various historical and military locations such as the Purana Qila , Red Fort , and military barracks in Kingsway Camp ( around the present Delhi University ) . The latter became the site of one of the largest refugee camps in northern India with more than 35,000 refugees at any given time besides Kurukshetra camp near Panipat . The camp sites were later converted into permanent housing through extensive building projects undertaken by the Government of India from 1948 onwards . A number of housing colonies in Delhi came up around this period like Lajpat Nagar , Rajinder Nagar , Nizamuddin East , Punjabi Bagh , Rehgar Pura , Jangpura and Kingsway Camp . A number of schemes such as the provision of education , employment opportunities , and easy loans to start businesses were provided for the refugees at the all - India level . Many Sikhs and Hindu Punjabis came from West Punjab and settled in East Punjab ( which then also included Haryana and Himachal Pradesh ) and Delhi . Hindus fleeing from East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) settled across Eastern India and Northeastern India , many ending up in neighbouring Indian states such as West Bengal , Assam , and Tripura . Some migrants were sent to the Andaman islands where Bengalis today form the largest linguistic group . Sindhi Hindus settled predominantly in Gujarat , Maharashtra and Rajasthan . Some , however , settled further afield in Madhya Pradesh . A new township was established for Sindhi Hindu refugees in Maharashtra . The Governor - General of India , Sir Rajagopalachari , laid the foundation for this township and named it Ulhasnagar ( namely ' city of joy ' ) . Resettlement of refugees in Pakistan : 1947 -- 1957 ( edit ) The 1951 Census of Pakistan recorded that the largest number of Muslim refugees came from the East Punjab and nearby Rajputana states ( Alwar and Bharatpur ) . They were a number of 5,783,100 and constituted 80.1 % of Pakistan 's total refugee population . This was the effect of the retributive ethnic cleansing on both sides of the Punjab where the Muslim population of East Punjab was forcibly expelled like the Hindu / Sikh population in West Punjab . Migration from other regions of India were as follows : Bihar , West Bengal and Orissa , 700,300 or 9.8 % ; UP and Delhi 464,200 or 2.4 % ; Gujarat and Bombay , 160,400 or 2.2 % ; Bhopal and Hyderabad 95,200 or 1.2 % ; and Madras and Mysore 18,000 or 0.2 % . So far as their settlement in Pakistan is concerned , 97.4 % of the refugees from East Punjab and its contiguous areas went to West Punjab ; 95.9 % from Bihar , West Bengal and Orissa to the erstwhile East Pakistan ; 95.5 % from UP and Delhi to West Pakistan , mainly Karachi and Sind ; 97.2 % from Bhopal and Hyderabad to West Pakistan , mainly Karachi ; and 98.9 % from Bombay and Gujarat to West Pakistan , largely to Karachi ; and 98.9 % from Madras and Mysore went to West Pakistan , mainly Karachi . West Punjab received the largest number of refugees ( 73.1 % ) , mainly from East Punjab and its contiguous areas . East Bengal received the second largest number of refugees , 699,100 , who constituted 9.7 % of the total Muslim refugee population in Pakistan . 66.69 % of the refugees in East Bengal originated from West Bengal , 14.50 % from Bihar and 11.84 % from Assam . Karachi received 8.5 % of the total migrant population while Sind received 7.6 % . NWFP and Baluchistan received the lowest number of migrants . NWFP received 51,100 migrants ( 0.7 % of the migrant population ) while Baluchistan received 28,000 ( 0.4 % of the migrant population ) . The Government undertook a census of refugees in West Punjab in 1948 , which displayed their place of origin in India . Data on the Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Districts of East Punjab and Neighbouring Regions Places show Number Amritsar ( East Punjab ) 741,444 Jalandhar ( East Punjab ) 520,189 Gurdaspur ( East Punjab ) 499,793 Hoshiarpur ( East Punjab ) 384,448 Karnal ( East Punjab ) 306,509 Hissar ( East Punjab ) 287,479 Ludhiana ( East Punjab ) 255,864 Ambala ( East Punjab ) 222,939 Gurgaon ( East Punjab ) 80,537 Rohtak ( East Punjab ) 172,640 Delhi 91,185 Kangra ( East Punjab ) 33,826 United Provinces 28,363 Shimla ( East Punjab ) 11,300 Data on the Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Princely states in East Punjab and Rajputana Name show Number Patiala ( East Punjab ) 308,948 Alwar ( Rajputana ) 191,567 Kapurthala ( East Punjab ) 172,079 Faridkot ( East Punjab ) 66,596 Bharatpur ( Rajputana ) 43,614 Nabha ( East Punjab ) 43,538 Jind ( East Punjab ) 41,696 Together other small states 39,322 Missing persons ( edit ) A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of the Punjab , using the data provided by the 1931 and 1951 Census has led to an estimate of 1.26 million missing Muslims who left western India but did not reach Pakistan . The corresponding number of missing Hindus / Sikhs along the western border is estimated to be approximately 0.84 million . This puts the total of missing people , due to Partition - related migration along the Punjab border , to around 2.23 million . Another study of the demographic consequences of partition in the Punjab region using the 1931 , 1941 and 1951 censuses concluded that between 2.3 and 3.2 million people went missing in the Punjab . Rehabilitation of women ( edit ) See also : Violence against women during the partition of India Both sides promised each other that they would try to restore women abducted and raped during the riots . The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted , and the Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted during riots . By 1949 , there were governmental claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan . By 1954 , there were 20,728 Muslim women recovered from India and 9,032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan . Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to go back to India , fearing that they would never be accepted by their family , a fear mirrored by Muslim women . Post-partition migration ( edit ) Pakistan ( edit ) Even after the 1951 Census many Muslim families from India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s . According to historian Omar Khalidi the Indian Muslim migration to West Pakistan between December 1947 and December 1971 was from U.P. , Delhi , Gujarat , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu and Kerala . The next stage of migration , which lasted between 1973 and the 1990s , was when the migration of Indian Muslims to Pakistan was reduced to its lowest levels since 1947 . The primary destination for these migrants was Karachi and other urban centers in Sindh . In 1959 , the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) published a report stating that from 1951 to 1956 , a total of 650,000 Muslims from India relocated to West Pakistan . However , Visaria ( 1969 ) raised doubts about the authenticity of the claims about Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan , since the 1961 Census of Pakistan did not corroborate these figures . However , the 1961 Census of Pakistan did incorporate a statement suggesting that there had been a migration of 800,000 people from India to Pakistan throughout the previous decade . Of those who had left for Pakistan , most never came back . Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan declined drastically in the 1970s , a trend noticed by the Pakistani authorities . On June 1995 , Pakistan 's interior minister , Naseerullah Babar , informed the National Assembly that between the period of 1973 -- 1994 , as many as 800,000 visitors came from India on valid travel documents . Of these only 3,393 stayed . In a related trend , intermarriages between Indian and Pakistani Muslims have declined sharply . According to a November 1995 statement of Riaz Khokhar , the Pakistani High Commissioner in New Delhi , the number of cross-border marriages has declined from 40,000 a year in the 1950s and 1960s to barely 300 annually . In the aftermath of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , 3,500 Muslim families migrated from the Indian part of the Thar Desert to the Pakistani section of the Thar Desert . 400 families were settled in Nagar after the 1965 war and an additional 3000 settled in the Chachro taluka in Sind province of West Pakistan . The government of Pakistan provided each family with 12 acres of land . According to government records this land totalled 42,000 acres . The 1951 census in Pakistan recorded 671,000 refugees in East Pakistan , the majority of which came from West Bengal . The rest were from Bihar . According to the ILO in the period 1951 -- 1956 , half a million Indian Muslims migrated to East Pakistan . By 1961 the numbers reached 850,000 . In the aftermath of the riots in Ranchi and Jamshedpur , Biharis continued to migrate to East Pakistan well into the late sixties and added up to around a million . Crude estimates suggest that about 1.5 million Muslims migrated from West Bengal and Bihar to East Bengal in the two decades after partition . India ( edit ) Due to religious persecution in Pakistan , Hindus continue to flee to India . Most of them tend to settle in the state of Rajasthan in India . According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data , just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013 . In May 2014 , a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz ( PML - N ) , Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani , revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year . Since India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention it refuses to recognise Pakistani Hindu migrants as refugees . The population in the Tharparkar district in the Sind province of West Pakistan was 80 % Hindu and 20 % Muslim at the time of independence in 1947 . During the Indo - Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971 , the Hindu upper castes and their retainers fled to India . This led to a massive demographic shift in the district . In 1978 India gave citizenship to 55,000 Pakistanis . By the time of the 1998 census of Pakistan , Muslims made up 64.42 % of the population and Hindus 35.58 % of the population in Tharparkar . The migration of Hindus from East Pakistan to India continued unabated after partition . The 1951 census in India recorded that 2.523 million refugees arrived from East Pakistan , of which 2.061 million migrated to West Bengal while the rest migrated to Assam , Tripura and other states . These refugees arrived in waves and did not come solely at partition . By 1973 their number reached over 6 million . The following data displays the major waves of refugees from East Pakistan and the incidents which precipitated the migrations . Year Reason show Number 1947 Partition 344,000 1948 Hyderabad annexation by India 786,000 1950 1950 Barisal Riots 1,575,000 1956 Pakistan becomes Islamic Republic 320,000 1964 Riots over Hazratbal incident 693,000 1971 Bangladesh liberation war 1,500,000 Perspectives ( edit ) Play media Refugees on train roof during Partition The Partition was a highly controversial arrangement , and remains a cause of much tension on the Indian subcontinent today . According to American scholar Allen McGrath many British leaders including the British Viceroy , Mountbatten , were unhappy over the partition of India . Lord Mountbatten of Burma had not only been accused of rushing the process through , but also is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Line in India 's favour . The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself . Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them . Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the Partition . Because independence was declared prior to the actual Partition , it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order . No large population movements were contemplated ; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border . It was a task at which both states failed . There was a complete breakdown of law and order ; many died in riots , massacre , or just from the hardships of their flight to safety . What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history . According to Richard Symonds , at the lowest estimate , half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless . However , many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground . Once in office , Mountbatten quickly became aware that if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war , which seemed increasingly likely , there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India . Law and order had broken down many times before Partition , with much bloodshed on both sides . A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy . After the Second World War , Britain had limited resources , perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order . Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances . The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run . The alternative seemed to be involvement in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out . Conservative elements in England consider the partition of India to be the moment that the British Empire ceased to be a world power , following Curzon 's dictum : `` the loss of India would mean that Britain drop straight away to a third rate power . '' Venkat Dhulipala rejects the idea that the British divide and rule policy was responsible for partition and elaborates on the perspective that Pakistan was popularly imagined as a sovereign Islamic state or a ' New Medina ' , as a potential successor to the defunct Turkish caliphate and as a leader and protector of the entire Islamic world . Islamic scholars debated over creating Pakistan and its potential to become a true Islamic state The majority of Barelvis supported the creation of Pakistan and believed that any co-operation with Hindus would be counter productive . Most Deobandis , who were led by Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani , were opposed to the creation of Pakistan and the two - nation theory . According to them Muslims and Hindus could be one nation . In their authoritative study of the partition , Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh have shown that the partition was not the inevitable end of the so - called British ' divide and rule policy ' nor was it the inevitable end of Hindu - Muslim differences . A cross-border student initiative , The History Project , was launched in 2014 to explore the differences in perception of the events during the British era which led to the partition . The project resulted in a book that explains both interpretations of the shared history in Pakistan and India . Berkeley , California based non-profit organization The 1947 Partition Archive collects oral histories from people who lived through the Partition and consolidates the interviews into an archive . In October 2016 , The Arts and Cultural Heritage Trust ( TAACHT ) of India set up what they describe as `` the world 's first Partition Museum '' at Town Hall in Amritsar ( in Punjab state ) . The Museum , which is open from Tuesday to Sunday , offers multi-media exhibits and documents that describe both the political process that led to partition and carried it forward , and video and written narratives offered by survivors of the events . Artistic depictions of the Partition ( edit ) Main article : Artistic depictions of the partition of India The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many in India and Pakistan to create literary / cinematic depictions of this event . While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration , others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border . Even now , more than 60 years after the partition , works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition . The early members of the Progressive Artist 's Group of Bombay cite `` The Partition '' of India and Pakistan as a key reason for its founding in December 1947 . They included FN Souza , MF Husain , SH Raza , SK Bakre , HA Gade and KH Ara , who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th Century . Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Bal K. Gupta 's memoirs Forgotten Atrocities ( 2012 ) , Khushwant Singh 's Train to Pakistan ( 1956 ) , several short stories such as Toba Tek Singh ( 1955 ) by Saadat Hassan Manto , Urdu poems such as Subh - e-Azadi ( Freedom 's Dawn , 1947 ) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz , Bhisham Sahni 's Tamas ( 1974 ) , Manohar Malgonkar 's A Bend in the Ganges ( 1965 ) , Chaman Nahal 's AZADI ( 1975 ) originally written in English and winner of the Sahitya Akedemi Award in India ( 1977 ) , and Bapsi Sidhwa 's Ice - Candy Man ( 1988 ) , among others . Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight 's Children ( 1980 ) , which won the Booker Prize and The Best of the Booker , wove its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947 . Freedom at Midnight ( 1975 ) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947 . There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition . Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence , partition and the aftermath include Nemai Ghosh 's Chinnamul ( Bengali ) ( 1950 ) , Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Lahore ( 1948 ) , Chhalia ( 1956 ) , Nastik ( 1953 ) . George Cukor 's Bhowani Junction ( 1956 ) , Ritwik Ghatak 's trilogy of Meghe Dhaka Tara ( Bengali ) ( 1960 ) / Komal Gandhar ( Bengali ) ( 1961 ) / Subarnarekha ( Bengali ) ( 1962 ) ; later films include Garm Hava ( 1973 ) and Tamas ( 1987 ) . From the late 1990s onwards , more films on this theme were made , including several mainstream ones , such as Earth ( 1998 ) , Train to Pakistan ( 1998 ) ( based on the aforementined book ) , Hey Ram ( 2000 ) , Gadar : Ek Prem Katha ( 2001 ) , Khamosh Pani ( 2003 ) , Pinjar ( 2003 ) , Partition ( 2007 ) , Madrasapattinam ( 2010 ) and Viceroy 's House ( 2017 ) . The biographical films Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Jinnah ( 1998 ) and Sardar ( 1993 ) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay . A Pakistani drama Daastan , based on the novel Bano , highlights the plight of Muslim girls who were abducted and raped during partition . The novel Lost Generations ( 2013 ) by Manjit Sachdeva describes the March 1947 massacre in rural areas of Rawalpindi by the Muslim League , followed by massacres on both sides of the new border in August 1947 seen through the eyes of an escaping Sikh family , their settlement and partial rehabilitation in Delhi , and ending in ruin ( including death ) , for the second time in 1984 , at the hands of mobs after a Sikh assassinated the prime minister . The 2013 Google India advertisement Reunion ( about the Partition of India ) has had a strong impact in India and Pakistan , leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries . It went viral and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013 . See also ( edit ) History portal India portal Indian independence movement portal Pakistan portal List of princely states of India Princely states of Pakistan Indian independence movement Pakistan Movement History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan History of the Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa The 1947 Partition Archive Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ British India consisted of those regions of the British Raj , or the British Indian Empire , which were directly administered by Britain ; other regions , called princely states , were ruled by native rulers called Maharajahs and Nawabs , but under the suzerainty of the British Crown Jump up ^ `` The death toll remains disputed with figures ranging from 200,000 to 2 million . '' Jump up ^ Coastal Ceylon , part of the Madras Presidency of British India from 1796 , became the separate crown colony of British Ceylon in 1802 . Burma , gradually annexed by the British during 1826 -- 86 and governed as a part of the British Indian administration until 1937 , was directly administered thereafter . Burma was granted independence on 4 January 1948 and Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . ( See History of Sri Lanka and History of Burma . ) Jump up ^ The Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim was established as a princely state after the Anglo - Sikkimese Treaty of 1861 , however , the issue of sovereignty was left undefined . In 1947 , Sikkim became an independent kingdom under the suzerainty of India and remained so until 1975 when it was absorbed into India as the 22nd state . Other Himalayan kingdoms , Nepal and Bhutan , having signed treaties with the British designating them as independent states , were not a part of British India . The Indian Ocean island of The Maldives , became a protectorate of the British crown in 1887 and gained its independence in 1965 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Partition ( n ) , 7 . b ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford English Dictionary . 2005 . The division of British India into India and Pakistan , achieved in 1947 . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan Yale University Press , 2007 ISBN 0300120788 , 9780300120783 ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Sword For Pen , Time , 12 April 1937 Jump up ^ `` Sikkim '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . `` Nepal . '' , Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . `` Bhutan . '' ^ Jump up to : Spear 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Spear 1990 , p. 176 , Stein & Arnold 2010 , p. 291 , Ludden 2002 , p. 193 , Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Ludden 2002 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Ludden 2002 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Ludden 2002 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Stein & Arnold 2010 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ludden 2002 , p. 201 ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , pp. 197 -- 198 Jump up ^ Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 : Official Report , Nombre de bations representees , p. 168 . Quote : `` 31 Nations avaient accepté l'invitation du Comité Olympique Belge : ... la Grèce -- la Hollande Les Indes Anglaises -- l'Italie -- le Japon ... '' ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , pp. 200 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , pp. 205 -- 207 Jump up ^ Robin W. Winks , Alaine M. Low ( 2001 ) , The Oxford history of the British Empire : Historiography , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924680 - 9 , ... At the heart of the two - nation theory was the belief that the Indian Muslims ' identity was defined by religion rather than language or ethnicity ... Jump up ^ Liaquat Ali Khan ( 1940 ) , Pakistan : The Heart of Asia , Thacker & Co. Ltd. , ... There is much in the Musalmans which , if they wish , can roll them into a nation . But is n't there enough that is common to both Hindus and Muslims , which if developed , is capable of molding them into one people ? Nobody can deny that there are many modes , manners , rites and customs which are common to both . Nobody can deny that there are rites , customs and usages based on religion which do divide Hindus and Muslmans . The question is , which of these should be emphasized ... Jump up ^ `` Two - Nation Theory Exists '' . Pakistan Times . Archived from the original on 11 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Holy War Against India by Conor Cruise O'Brien '' . www.theatlantic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Economic and political weekly , Volume 14 , Part 3 , Sameeksha Trust , 1979 , ... the Muslims are not Indians but foreigners or temporary guests -- without any loyalty to the country or its cultural heritage -- and should be driven out of the country ... Jump up ^ M.M. Sankhdher , K.K. Wadhwa ( 1991 ) , National unity and religious minorities , Gitanjali Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 81 - 85060 - 36 - 1 , ... In their heart of hearts , the Indian Muslims are not Indian citizens , are not Indians : they are citizens of the universal Islamic ummah , of Islamdom ... Jump up ^ Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , Sudhakar Raje ( 1989 ) , Savarkar commemoration volume , Savarkar Darshan Pratishthan , ... His historic warning against conversion and call for Shuddhi was condensed in the dictum ' Dharmantar is Rashtrantar ' ( to change one 's religion is to change one 's nationality ) ... Jump up ^ N. Chakravarty ( 1990 ) , `` Mainstream '' , Mainstream , 28 ( 32 -- 52 ) , ... ' Dharmantar is Rashtrantar ' is one of the old slogans of the VHP ... Jump up ^ http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1826/18260810.htm Jump up ^ Carlo Caldarola ( 1982 ) , Religions and societies , Asia and the Middle East , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3259 - 4 , ... Hindu and Muslim cultures constitute two distinct , and frequently antagonistic , ways of life , and that therefore they can not coexist in one nation ... Jump up ^ S. Harman ( 1977 ) , Plight of Muslims in India , DL Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9502818 - 2 - 7 , ... strongly and repeatedly pressed for the transfer of population between India and Pakistan . At the time of partition some of the two - nation theory protagonists proposed that the entire Hindu population should migrate to India and all Muslims should move over to Pakistan , leaving no Hindus in Pakistan and no Muslims in India ... Jump up ^ M.M. Sankhdher ( 1992 ) , Secularism in India , dilemmas and challenges , Deep & Deep Publication , ... The partition of the country did not take the two - nation theory to its logical conclusion , i.e. , complete transfer of populations ... Jump up ^ Rafiq Zakaria ( 2004 ) , Indian Muslims : where have they gone wrong ? , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 201 - 0 , ... As a Muslim ... Hindus and Muslims are one nation and not two ... two nations has no basis in history ... they shall continue to live together for another thousand years in united India ... Jump up ^ Pakistan Constituent Assembly ( 1953 ) , Debates : Official report , Volume 1 ; Volume 16 , Government of Pakistan Press , ... say that Hindus and Muslims are one , single nation . It is a very peculiar attitude on the part of the leader of the ppposition . In fact if his point of view was accepted , then the very justification for the existence of Pakistan would disappear ... Jump up ^ Janmahmad ( 1989 ) , Essays on Baloch national struggle in Pakistan : emergence , dimensions , repercussions , Gosha - e-Adab , ... would be completely extinct as a people without any identity . This proposition is the crux of the matter , shaping the Baloch attitude towards Pakistani politics . For Baloch to accept the British - conceived two - nation theory for the Indian Muslims ... would mean losing their Baloch identity in the process ... Jump up ^ Stephen P. Cohen ( 2004 ) , The idea of Pakistan , Brookings Institution Press , p. 212 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3 , ( In the view of G.M. Sayed , ) the two - nation theory became a trap for Sindhis -- instead of liberating Sindh , it fell under Punjabi - Mohajir domination , and until his death in 1995 he called for a separate Sindhi ' nation ' , implying a separate Sindhi country . Jump up ^ Ahmad Salim ( 1991 ) , Pashtun and Baloch history : Punjabi view , Fiction House , ... Attacking the ' two nation theory ' in Lower House on December 14 , 1947 , Ghaus Bux Bizenjo said : `` We have a distinct culture like Afghanistan and Iran , and if the mere fact that we are Muslim requires us to amalgamate with Pakistan , then Afghanistan and Iran should also be amalgamated with Pakistan ... Jump up ^ Principal Lecturer in Economics Pritam Singh ; Pritam Singh ( 19 February 2008 ) . Federalism , Nationalism and Development : India and the Punjab Economy . Routledge . pp. 137 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 04946 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pritam Singh ( 19 February 2008 ) . Federalism , Nationalism and Development : India and the Punjab Economy . Routledge . pp. 173 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 04945 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` The turning point in 1932 : on Dalit representation '' . The Hindu . 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan ( 4 July 2017 ) . The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan , New Edition . Yale University Press . pp. 18 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 23364 - 3 . Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War . The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s , an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties . Jump up ^ William Roger Louis ; Wm . Roger Louis ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez , and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . pp. 397 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 347 - 6 . He made a serious misjudgement in underestimating Muslim sentiment before the outbreak of the war . He did not take the idea of ' Pakistan ' seriously . After the adoption of the March 1940 Lahore resolution , calling for the creation of a separate state or states of Pakistan , he wrote : ' My first reaction is , I confess , that silly as the Muslim scheme for partition is , it would be a pity to throw too much cold water on it at the moment . ' Linlithgow surmised that what Jinnah feared was a federal India dominated by Hindus . Part of the purpose of the famous British ' August offer ' of 1940 was to assure the Muslims that they would be protected against a ' Hindu Raj ' as well as to hold over the discussion of the 1935 Act and a ' new constitution ' until after the war . Jump up ^ L.J. Butler ( 2002 ) . Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World . I.B. Tauris . pp. 41 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 448 - 1 . Viceroy Linlithgow 's ' August Offer ' , made in 1940 , proposed Dominion status for India after the war , and the inclusion of Indians in a larger Executive Council and a new War Advisory Council , and promised that minority views would be taken into account in future constitutional revision . This was not enough to satisfy either the Congress or the Muslim League , who both rejected the offer in September , and shortly afterwards Congress launched a fresh campaign of civil disobedience . Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , pp. 34 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 28 April 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . pp. 81 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 93570 - 8 . Provincial option , he argued , was clearly an insufficient security . An explicit acceptance of the principle of Pakistan offered the only safeguard for Muslim interests throughout India and had to be the precondition for any advance at the centre . So he exhorted all Indian Muslims to unite under his leadership to force the British and the Congress to concede ' Pakistan ' . If the real reasons for Jinnah 's rejection of the offer were rather different , it was not Jinnah but his rivals who had failed to make the point publicly . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2007 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Stein & Arnold 2010 , p. 289 : Quote : `` Gandhi was the leading genius of the later , and ultimately successful , campaign for India 's independence '' Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Khan 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Robb 2002 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Gilmartin , David ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Muslim League Appeals to the Voters of Punjab for Support of Pakistan '' . In D. Metcalf , Barbara . Islam in South Asia in Practice . Princeton University Press . pp. 410 -- . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 3138 - 5 . At the all - India level , the demand for Pakistan pitted the League against the Congress and the British . ^ Jump up to : Judd 2004 , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Barbara Metcalf ( 1 December 2012 ) . Husain Ahmad Madani : The Jihad for Islam and India 's Freedom . Oneworld Publications . pp. 107 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 210 - 6 . Jump up ^ Judd 2004 , pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Judd 2004 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Brown , Judith Margaret ( 1994 ) . Modern India : the origins of an Asian democracy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873112 - 2 . Yet these final years of the raj showed conclusively that British rule had lost legitimacy and that among the vast majority of Hindus Congress had become the raj 's legitimate successor . Tangible proof came in the 1945 - 6 elections to the central and provincial legislatures . In the former Congress won 91 per cent of the votes cast in non-Muslim constituencies ; and in the latter gained an absolute majority and became the provincial raj in eight provinces . The acquiescence of the politically aware ( though possibly not of many villagers even at this point ) would have been seriously in doubt if the British had displayed any intention of staying in India . ( pages 328 - 329 ) Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 24 September 2012 ) . A Concise History of Modern India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 53705 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burton Stein ( 4 February 2010 ) . A History of India . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 347 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2351 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 1993 ) . A New History of India . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Sugata Bose ; Ayesha Jalal ( January 2004 ) . Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Burton Stein ( 4 February 2010 ) . A History of India . John Wiley & Sons . p. 347 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2351 - 1 . His standing with the British remained high , however , for even though they no more agreed with the idea of a separate Muslim state than the Congress did , government officials appreciated the simplicity of a single negotiating voice for all of India 's Muslims . Jump up ^ Jeffery J. Roberts ( 2003 ) . The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97878 - 5 . Virtually every Briton wanted to keep India united . Many expressed moral or sentimental obligations to leave India intact , either for the inhabitants ' sake or simply as a lasting testament to the Empire . The Cabinet Defense Committee and the Chiefs of Staff , however , stressed the maintenance of a united India as vital to the defense ( and economy ) of the region . A unified India , an orderly transfer of power , and a bilateral alliance would , they argued , leave Britain 's strategic position undamaged . India 's military assets , including its seemingly limitless manpower , naval and air bases , and expanding production capabilities , would remain accessible to London . India would thus remain of crucial importance as a base , training ground , and staging area for operations from Egypt to the Far East . Jump up ^ Darwin , John ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Britain , the Commonwealth and the End of Empire '' . BBC . Retrieved Apr 10 , 2017 . But the British still hoped that a self - governing India would remain part of their system of ' imperial defence ' . For this reason , Britain was desperate to keep India ( and its army ) united . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 . By this scheme , the British hoped they could at once preserve the united India desired by the Congress , and by themselves , and at the same time , through the groups , secure the essence of Jinnah 's demand for a ' Pakistan ' . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 211 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 . Its proposal for an independent India involved a complex , three - tiered federation , whose central feature was the creation of groups of provinces . Two of these groups would comprise the Muslim majority provinces of east and west ; a third would include the Hindu majority regions of the centre and south . These groups , given responsibility for most of the functions of government , would be subordinated to a Union government , would be subordinated to a Union government controlling defence , foreign affairs and communications ... Nevertheless , the Muslim League accepted the Cabinet mission 's proposals . The ball was now in the Congress 's court . Although the grouping scheme preserved a united India , the Congress leadership , above all Jawaharlal Nehru , now slated to be Gandhi 's successor , increasingly came to the conclusion that , under the Cabinet mission proposals the Center would be too weak to achieve the goals of the Congress , which envisioned itself as successor to the Raj . Looking ahead to the future , the Congress , especially its socialist wing headed by Nehru , wanted a central government that could direct and plan for an India , free of colonialism , that might eradicate its people 's poverty and grow into an industrial power . India 's business community also supported the idea of a strong central government ... In a provocative speech on 10 July 1946 , Nehru repudiated the notion of compulsory grouping or provinces , the key to Jinnah 's Pakistan . Provinces , he said , must be free to join any group . With this speech Nehru effectively torpedoed the Cabinet mission scheme , and with it , any hope for a united India . Jump up ^ Khan 2007 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 69 : Quote : `` Despite the Muslim League 's denials , the outbreak was clearly linked with the celebration of Direction Action Day . Muslim processionists who had gone to the staging ground of the 150 - foot Ochterlony Monument on the maidan to hear the Muslim League Prime Minister Suhrawardy , attacked Hindus on their way back . They were heard shouting slogans as ' Larke Lenge Pakistan ' ( We shall win Pakistan by force ) . Violence spread to North Calcutta when Muslim crowds tried to force Hindu shopkeepers to observe the day 's strike ( hartal ) call . The circulation of pamphlets in advance of Direct Action Day demonstrated a clear connection between the use of violence and the demand for Pakistan . '' Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 67 Quote : `` The signs of ' ethnic cleansing ' are first evident in the Great Calcutta Killing of 16 -- 19 August 1946 . '' Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , p. 67 Quote : `` ( Signs of ' ethnic cleansing ' ) were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar , where there were high Muslim casualty figures , and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges - Brahmaputra delta of Bengal . With respect to the Noakhali riots , one British officer spoke of a ' determined and organised ' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus , who accounted for around a fifth of the total population . Similarly , the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947 . The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that it was impossible for communities to live together in its wake . '' Jump up ^ Ziegler , Philip ( 1985 ) . Mountbatten : The Official Biography . London : HarperCollins . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0002165433 ... Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 28 April 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . These instructions were to avoid partition and obtain an unitary government for British India and the Indian States and at the same time observe the pledges to the princes and the Muslims ; to secure agreement to the Cabinet Mission plan without coercing any of the parties ; somehow to keep the Indian army undivided , and to retain India within the Commonwealth . ( Attlee to Mountbatten , 18 March 1947 , ibid , 972 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 28 April 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . pp. 251 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . When Mountbatten arrived , it was not wholly inconceivable that a settlement on the Cabinet Mission 's terms might still be secured ... Limited bloodshed called for an united Indian army under effective control . But keeping the army intact was now inextricably linked with keeping India united . This is why Mountbatten started off by being vehemently opposed to ' abolishing the center ' . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 2009 ) . `` Partition of India : The Human Dimension '' . Cultural and Social History . 6 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 410 . Mountbatten had intended to resurrect the Cabinet Mission proposals for a federal India . British officials were unanimously pessimistic about a Pakistan state 's future economic prospects . The agreement to an Indian Union contained in the Cabinet Mission proposals had been initially accepted by the Muslim League as the grouping proposals gave considerable autonomy in the Muslim majority areas . Moreover , there was the possibility of withdrawal and thus acquiring Pakistan by the backdoor after a ten year interval . The worsening communal situation and extensive soundings with Indian political figures convinced Mountbatten within a month of his arrival that partition was , however , the only way to secure a speedy and smooth transfer of power . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 395 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. Transfer of Power in India . p. 385 . Jump up ^ Jain , Jagdish Chandra. Gandhi , the forgotten Mahatma . Mittal Publications , 1987 , p 38 . Jump up ^ Talbot & Singh 2009 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P ( 1957 ) . Transfer of Power in India . Orient Blackswan . p. 512 . ISBN 9788125008842 . Jump up ^ Sankar Ghose , Jawaharlal Nehru , a biography ( 1993 ) , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Jagmohan ( 2005 ) . Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Allied Publishers . p. 49 . ISBN 9788177648317 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Ram . Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule : Survival and Subsequent Challenges . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ray , Jayanta Kumar . India 's Foreign Relations , 1947 -- 2007 . Routledge . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Raju , Thomas G.C. ( Fall 1994 ) . `` Nations , States , and Secession : Lessons from the Former Yugoslavia '' . Mediterranean Quarterly . Duke University Press . 5 ( 4 ) : 40 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Spate 1947 , pp. 126 -- 137 Jump up ^ Cause for acceptance of refugees into European Nations by Dhruv Kharabanda ; p 4 Jump up ^ Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia . Springer Science & Business Media . 2012 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` When Muslims left Pakistan for India '' . Jump up ^ Vazira Fazila - Yacoobali Zamindar ( 2010 ) . The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia : Refugees , Boundaries , Histories . Columbia University Press . pp. 40 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13847 - 5 . Second , it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in the Punjab , ' there was likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent with a view to forcing Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan . If that happened we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx . ' The Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent . Given that Muslims in the rest of India , some 42 million , formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time , economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration . However , in the divided Punjab millions of people were already on the move , and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement . Thus , despite these important reservations , the establishment of the MEO led to an acceptance of a ' transfer of populations ' in divided Punjab to , ' to give a sense of security ' to ravaged communities on both sides . A statement of the Indian government 's position of such a transfer across divided Punjab was made in the legislature by Neogy on November 18 , 1947 . He stated that although the Indian government 's policy was ' to discourage mass migration from one province to another ' . Punjab was to be an exception . In the rest of the subcontinent migrations were not to be on a planned basis , but a matter of individual choice . This exceptional character of movements across divided Punjab needs to be emphasized , for the agreed and ' planned evacuations ' by the two governments formed the context of those displacements . Jump up ^ Peter Gatrell ( 12 September 2013 ) . The Making of the Modern Refugee . OUP Oxford . pp. 149 -- . ISBN 0 - 19 - 967416 - 7 . Notwithstanding the accumulated evidence of inter-communal tension , the signatories to the agreement that divided the Raj did not expect the transfer if power and the partition of India to be accompanied by a mass movement of population . Partition was conceived as a means of preventing migration on a large scale , because the borders would be adjusted instead . Minorities need not to be troubled by the new configuration . As Pakistan 's first Prime Minister , Liaquat Ali Khan , affirmed , ' the division of India into Pakistan and India Dominions was based on the principle that minorities will stay where they were and that the two states will afford all protection to them as citizens of the respective states ' . Jump up ^ `` The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab , 1946 -- 47 : means , methods , and purposes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 2009 ) . `` Partition of India : The Human Dimension '' . Cultural and Social History . 6 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 410 . The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute , with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ Butalia , Urvashi ( 2000 ) . The Other Side of Silence : Voices From the Partition of India . Duke University Press . Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( 2004 ) . Muslims in India Since 1947 : Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 9781134378258 . Jump up ^ `` A heritage all but erased '' . The Friday Times . 2015 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bharadwaj , Prasant ; Khwaja , Asim ; Mian , Atif ( 30 August 2008 ) . `` The Big March : Migratory Flows after the Partition of India '' ( PDF ) . Economic & Political Weekly : 43 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Ishtiaq . `` The Punjab Bloodied , Partitioned and Cleansed '' . Jump up ^ Butt , Shafiq . `` A page from history : Dr Ishtiaq underscores need to build bridges '' . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 21 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 333 . Four thousand Muslim shops and homes were destroyed in the walled area of Amritsar during a single week in March 1947 . Were these exceptions which prove the rule ? It appears that casualty figures were frequently higher when Hindus rather than Muslims were the aggressors . Jump up ^ Nisid Hajari ( 2015 ) . Midnight 's Furies : The Deadly Legacy of India 's Partition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 66921 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chatterji , Joya . The Spoils of Partition : Bengal and India , 1947 -- 1967 . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Salim , Ahmad ( 2004 ) , Partition of India : The Case of Sindh -- Migration , Violence and Peaceful Sindh ( PDF ) , Sustainable Development Policy Institute ^ Jump up to : Bhavnani , Nandita ( 2014 ) . The Making of Exile : Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India . Westland . ISBN 978 - 93 - 84030 - 33 - 9 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2000 ) . The Global World of Indian Merchants , 1750 -- 1947 . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62285 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Hindus in the World '' . Pakistan Hindu Council . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nisid Hajari ( 2015 ) . Midnight 's Furies : The Deadly Legacy of India 's Partition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 160 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 66921 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zamindar , Vazira Fazila - Yacoobali ( 2010 ) . The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia : Refugees , Boundaries , Histories . Columbia University Press . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13847 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Bulbul ( 2013 ) . Muslims In Indian Cities . HarperCollins Publishers India . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5029 - 555 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pandey , Gyanendra ( 2001 ) . Remembering Partition : Violence , Nationalism and History in India . Cambridge University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00250 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marston , Daniel ( 2014 ) . The Indian Army and the End of the Raj . Cambridge University Press . p. 306 . ISBN 9781139915762 . Jump up ^ Khan , Yasmin ( 2007 ) . The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan . Yale University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12078 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chattha , Ilyas Ahmad ( September 2009 ) , Partition and Its Aftermath : Violence , Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio - Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities , 1947 -- 1961 . University of Southampton , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . pp. 179 , 183 . Jump up ^ `` Horrors of Partition , A.G. NOORANI . '' FRONTLINE . Jump up ^ Census of India , 1941 and 1951 . Jump up ^ Kaur , Ravinder ( 2007 ) . Since 1947 : Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568377 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Chitkara , G.M. ( 1998 ) . Converts Do Not Make A Nation . APH Publishing . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 982 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Papiya ( 2001 ) . `` The Changing Discourse Of The Muhajirs '' . India International Centre Quarterly . 28 ( 3 ) : 58 . JSTOR 23005560 . ^ Jump up to : Chattha 2009 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Bharadwaj , Prasant ; Khwaja , Asim ; Mian , Atif ( 30 August 2008 ) . `` The Big March : Migratory Flows after the Partition of India '' ( PDF ) . Economic & Political Weekly : 43 . Retrieved 16 / 01 / 2016 Jump up ^ Hill , K. , Selzer , W. , Leaning , J. , Malik , S. , & Russell , S. ( 2008 ) . The Demographic Impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947 . Population Studies , 62 ( 2 ) , 155 - 170 . Jump up ^ Perspectives on Modern South Asia : A Reader in Culture , History , and ... -- Kamala Visweswara . nGoogle Books.in ( 16 May 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Borders & boundaries : women in India 's partition -- Ritu Menon , Kamla Bhasi . nGoogle Books.in ( 24 April 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Jayawardena , Kumari ; de Alwi , Malathi ( 1996 ) . Embodied violence : Communalising women 's sexuality in South Asia . Zed Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85649 - 448 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Khalidi , Omar ( Autumn 1998 ) . `` From Torrent to Trickle : Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan , 1947 -- 97 '' . Islamic Studies . Islamic Research Institute , International Islamic University , Islamabad. 37 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 52 . JSTOR 20837002 . Jump up ^ http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/ARCWP04-Karim.pdf ^ Jump up to : Hasan , Arif ; Mansoor , Raza ( 2009 ) . Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan ; Volume 15 of Rural - urban interactions and livelihood strategies working paper . IIED . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84369 - 734 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hasan , Arif ( 30 December 1987 ) . `` Comprehensive assessment of drought and famine in Sind arid ones leading to a realistic short and long - term emergency intervention plan '' ( PDF ) . p. 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hill et al , page 13 Jump up ^ Ben Whitaker , The Biharis in Bangladesh , Minority Rights Group , London , 1971 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Chatterji -- Spoils of partition . Page 166 ^ Jump up to : Rizvi , Uzair Hasan ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Hindu refugees from Pakistan encounter suspicion and indifference in India '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ Haider , Irfan ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` 5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year , NA told '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ P.N. Luthra -- Rehabilitation , page 18 - 19 Jump up ^ During Bangladesh liberation war 11 million people from both communities took shelter in India . After the war 1.5 million decided to stay . Source . Jump up ^ Stephen P. Cohen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 9761 - 6 . American scholar Allen Mcgrath Jump up ^ Allen McGrath ( 1996 ) . The Destruction of Pakistan 's Democracy . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577583 - 9 . Undivided India , their magnificent imperial trophy , was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan , and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders , Mountbatten among them . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson ( 2003 ) . Empire : how Britain made the modern world . Allen Lane . p. 349 . In particular , Mountbatten put pressure on the supposedly neutral Boundary Commissioner , Sir Cyril Radcliffe - cruelly mocked at the time by W.H. Auden - to make critical adjustments in India 's favour when drawing the frontier through the Punjab . Jump up ^ K.Z. Islam , 2002 , The Punjab Boundary Award , Inretrospect Archived 17 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Partitioning India over lunch , Memoirs of a British civil servant Christopher Beaumont . BBC News ( 10 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert , 2006 , Shameful Flight : The Last Years of the British Empire in India , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 515198 - 4 Jump up ^ Richard Symonds , 1950 , The Making of Pakistan , London , OCLC 245793264 , p 74 ^ Jump up to : Lawrence J. Butler , 2002 , Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World , p. 72 Jump up ^ Lawrence J. Butler , 2002 , Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World , p 72 Jump up ^ Ronald Hyam , Britain 's Declining Empire : The Road to Decolonisation , 1918 -- 1968 , page 113 ; Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86649 - 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lawrence James , Rise and Fall of the British Empire Jump up ^ Judd , Dennis , The Lion and the Tiger : The rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press : New York . ( 2010 ) p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was Pakistan sufficiently imagined before independence ? -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 2015 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ashraf , Ajaz . `` The Venkat Dhulipala interview : ' On the Partition issue , Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page ' '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Long , Roger D. ; Singh , Gurharpal ; Samad , Yunas ; Talbot , Ian ( 2015 ) . State and Nation - Building in Pakistan : Beyond Islam and Security . Routledge . p. 167 . ISBN 9781317448204 . In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase ( 1940 -- 7 ) , mostly under the banner of the All - India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925 . Jump up ^ John , Wilson ( 2009 ) . Pakistan : The Struggle Within . Pearson Education India . p. 87 . ISBN 9788131725047 . During the 1946 election , Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League . Jump up ^ Cesari , Jocelyne ( 2014 ) . The Awakening of Muslim Democracy : Religion , Modernity , and the State . Cambridge University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781107513297 . For example , the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus ( such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama - I - Hind ( JUH ) ) was counterproductive . Jump up ^ Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2004 ) . A History of Pakistan and Its Origins . Anthem Press . p. 224 . ISBN 9781843311492 . Believing that Islam was a universal religion , the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation . Jump up ^ Abdelhalim , Julten ( 2015 ) . Indian Muslims and Citizenship : Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life . Routledge . p. 26 . ISBN 9781317508755 . Madani ... stressed the difference between qaum , meaning a nation , hence a territorial concept , and millat , meaning an Ummah and thus a religious concept . Jump up ^ Sikka , Sonia ( 2015 ) . Living with Religious Diversity . Routledge . p. 52 . ISBN 9781317370994 . Madani makes a crucial distinction between qaum and millat . According to him , qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity , while millat refers to the cultural , social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively . Jump up ^ Jayeeta Sharma ( 2010 ) A Review of `` The Partition of India '' , History : Reviews of New Books , 39 : 1 , 26 -- 27 , DOI : 10.1080 / 03612759.2011. 520189 Jump up ^ One history , two narratives , Beena Sarwar , The News Jump up ^ `` The History Project '' . The History Project . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Partition Museum '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cleary , Joseph N. ( 3 January 2002 ) . Literature , Partition and the Nation - State : Culture and Conflict in Ireland , Israel and Palestine . Cambridge University Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65732 - 7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . The partition of India figures in a good deal of imaginative writing ... Jump up ^ `` Progressive Artists Group of Bombay : An Overview '' . Artnewsnviews.com. 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Nandi ( 1996 ) . `` Twentieth Century Hindi Literature '' . In Natarajan , Nalini . Handbook of Twentieth - Century Literatures of India . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28778 - 7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Rituparna ( 15 July 2011 ) . South Asian Partition Fiction in English : From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh . Amsterdam University Press . pp. 24 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 245 - 5 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mandal , Somdatta ( 2008 ) . `` Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films '' . In Bhatia , Nandi ; Roy , Anjali Gera . Partitioned Lives : Narratives of Home , Displacement , and Resettlement . Pearson Education India . pp. 66 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1416 - 4 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Bollywood 's India : Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India '' . Asian Affairs . 41 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 03068374.2010. 508231 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sarkar , Bhaskar ( 29 April 2009 ) . Mourning the Nation : Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition . Duke University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4411 - 7 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vishwanath , Gita ; Malik , Salma ( 2009 ) . `` Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema : a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly . XLIV ( 36 ) : 61 -- 69 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri , Anindya ( 2009 ) . `` Resisting the Resistible : Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak '' . Social Semiotics. 19 ( 4 ) : 469 -- 481 . doi : 10.1080 / 10350330903361158 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Naqvi , Sibtain ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Google can envision Pakistan - India harmony in less than 4 minutes ... can we ? '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ PTI ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Google reunion ad reignites hope for easier Indo - Pak visas '' . Deccan Chronicle . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Rhitu ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` This ad from Google India brought me to tears '' . Public Radio International , . Jump up ^ Peter , Sunny ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Google Search : Reunion Video Touches Emotions in India , Pakistan ; Goes Viral ( Watch VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Google 's India - Pak reunion ad strikes emotional chord '' . The Times of India . 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kay ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Google ad an unlikely hit in both India , Pakistan by referring to traumatic 1947 partition '' . ABC News / Associated Press . Further reading ( edit ) Textbook histories Dhulipala , Venkat. 2015 . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 10 - 705212 - 2 Bandyopādhyāẏa , Śekhara ( 2004 ) , From Plassey to partition : a history of modern India , Delhi : Orient Blackswan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 Bose , Sugata ; Jalal , Ayesha ( 2004 ) , Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political economy : second edition , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 39715 - 0 Brown , Judith Margaret ( 1994 ) , Modern India : the origins of an Asian democracy , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873112 - 2 Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1947 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Chattha , Ilyas Ahmad ( 2009 ) , Partition and Its Aftermath : Violence , Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio - Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities , 1947 -- 1961 , University of Southampton , School of Humanities , Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Judd , Denis ( 2004 ) , The lion and the tiger : the rise and fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280579 - 9 Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A history of India , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 Ludden , David ( 2002 ) , India and South Asia : a short history , Oneworld , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85168 - 237 - 9 Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) , A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 , Anthem Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 152 - 2 Metcalf , Barbara Daly ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , A concise history of modern India , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86362 - 9 Peers , Douglas M. ( 2006 ) , India under colonial rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Pearson Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31738 - 3 Robb , Peter ( 2002 ) , A History of India , Palgrave Macmillan ( published 2011 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 34549 - 2 Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , 2 , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 Stein , Burton ; Arnold , David ( 2010 ) , A History of India , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9509 - 6 Wolpert , Stanley ( 2008 ) , A new history of India , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533756 - 3 Monographs Dhulipala , Venkat. 2015 . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 10 - 705212 - 2 Ishtiaq Ahmed , Ahmed , Ishtiaq. 2011 . The Punjab Bloodied , Partitioned and Cleansed : Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First Person Account . New Delhi : RUPA Publications . 808 pages . ISBN 978 - 81 - 291 - 1862 - 2 Ansari , Sarah . 2005 . Life after Partition : Migration , Community and Strife in Sindh : 1947 -- 1962 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 597834 - X . Butalia , Urvashi. 1998 . The Other Side of Silence : Voices from the Partition of India . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . 308 pages . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2494 - 6 Bhavnani , Nandita . The Making of Exile : Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India . Westland , 2014 . Butler , Lawrence J. 2002 . Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World . London : I.B. Tauris. 256 pages . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 449 - X Chakrabarty ; Bidyut. 2004 . The Partition of Bengal and Assam : Contour of Freedom ( RoutledgeCurzon , 2004 ) online edition Chatterji , Joya. 2002 . Bengal Divided : Hindu Communalism and Partition , 1932 -- 1947 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . 323 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52328 - 1 . Chester , Lucy P. 2009 . Borders and Conflict in South Asia : The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 7899 - 6 . Daiya , Kavita. 2008 . Violent Belongings : Partition , Gender , and National Culture in Postcolonial India . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . 274 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 744 - 2 . Gilmartin , David . 1988 . Empire and Islam : Punjab and the Making of Pakistan . Berkeley : University of California Press . 258 pages . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06249 - 3 . Gossman , Partricia. 1999 . Riots and Victims : Violence and the Construction of Communal Identity Among Bengali Muslims , 1905 -- 1947 . Westview Press . 224 pages . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3625 - 2 Gupta , Bal K. 2012 `` Forgotten Atrocities : Memoirs of a Survivor of 1947 Partition of India '' . lulu.com Hansen , Anders Bjørn. 2004 . `` Partition and Genocide : Manifestation of Violence in Punjab 1937 -- 1947 '' , India Research Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87943 - 25 - 9 . Harris , Kenneth . Attlee ( 1982 ) pp 355 -- 87 Hasan , Mushirul ( 2001 ) , India 's Partition : Process , Strategy and Mobilization , New Delhi : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563504 - 3 . Herman , Arthur . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age ( 2009 ) Ikram , S.M. 1995 . Indian Muslims and Partition of India . Delhi : Atlantic . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 374 - 0 Jain , Jasbir ( 2007 ) , Reading Partition , Living Partition , Rawat , ISBN 81 - 316 - 0045 - 9 Jalal , Ayesha ( 1993 ) , The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45850 - 1 Kaur , Ravinder. 2007 . `` Since 1947 : Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi '' . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568377 - 6 . Khan , Yasmin ( 2007 ) , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12078 - 3 Khosla , G.D. Stern reckoning : a survey of the events leading up to and following the partition of India New Delhi : Oxford University Press : 358 pages Published : February 1990 ISBN 0 - 19 - 562417 - 3 Lamb , Alastair ( 1991 ) , Kashmir : A Disputed Legacy , 1846 -- 1990 , Roxford Books , ISBN 0 - 907129 - 06 - 4 Metcalf , Barbara ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( Cambridge Concise Histories ) , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 68225 - 8 Mookerjea - Leonard , Debali. ( 2017 ) . Literature , Gender , and the Trauma of Partition : The Paradox of Independence London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1138183100 . Moon , Penderel. ( 1999 ) . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol . 1256pp ) Moore , R.J. ( 1983 ) . Escape from Empire : The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem , the standard history of the British position Nair , Neeti. ( 2010 ) Changing Homelands : Hindu Politics and the Partition of India Page , David , Anita Inder Singh , Penderel Moon , G.D. Khosla , and Mushirul Hasan. 2001 . The Partition Omnibus : Prelude to Partition / the Origins of the Partition of India 1936 - 1947 / Divide and Quit / Stern Reckoning . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565850 - 7 Pal , Anadish Kumar . 2010 . World Guide to the Partition of INDIA . Kindle Edition : Amazon Digital Services . 282 KB . ASIN B0036OSCAC Pandey , Gyanendra. 2002 . Remembering Partition : : Violence , Nationalism and History in India . Cambridge University Press . 232 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00250 - 8 online edition Panigrahi ; D.N. 2004 . India 's Partition : The Story of Imperialism in Retreat London : Routledge . online edition Raja , Masood Ashraf . Constructing Pakistan : Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity , 1857 -- 1947 , Oxford 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547811 - 2 Raza , Hashim S. 1989 . Mountbatten and the partition of India . New Delhi : Atlantic . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 059 - 8 Shaikh , Farzana. 1989 . Community and Consensus in Islam : Muslim Representation in Colonial India , 1860 -- 1947 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . 272 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36328 - 4 . Singh , Jaswant. ( 2011 ) Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Talib , Gurbachan Singh , & Shromaṇī Guraduārā Prabandhaka Kameṭī. ( 1950 ) . Muslim League attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab , 1947 . Amritsar : Shiromani Gurdwara Parbankhak Committee . Talbot , Ian . 1996 . Freedom 's Cry : The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North - West India . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577657 - 7 . Talbot , Ian and Gurharpal Singh ( eds ) . 1999 . Region and Partition : Bengal , Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . 420 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 579051 - 0 . Talbot , Ian . 2002 . Khizr Tiwana : The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 579551 - 2 . Talbot , Ian . 2006 . Divided Cities : Partition and Its Aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar . Oxford and Karachi : Oxford University Press . 350 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 547226 - 8 . Wolpert , Stanley . 2006 . Shameful Flight : The Last Years of the British Empire in India . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . 272 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515198 - 4 . Talbot , Ian ; Singh , Gurharpal ( 2009 ) , The Partition of India , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85661 - 4 Wolpert , Stanley . 1984 . Jinnah of Pakistan Articles Brass , Paul . 2003 . The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab , 1946 -- 47 : means , methods , and purposes Journal of Genocide Research ( 2003 ) , 5 # 1 , 71 -- 101 Gilmartin , David ( 1998 ) . `` Partition , Pakistan , and South Asian History : In Search of a Narrative '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 57 ( 4 ) : 1068 -- 1095 . doi : 10.2307 / 2659304 . Gilmartin , David ( 1998 ) . `` A Magnificent Gift : Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process in Colonial Punjab '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 40 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 436 . JSTOR 179270 . Gupta , Bal K. `` Death of Mahatma Gandhi and Alibeg Prisoners '' www.dailyexcelsior.com Gupta , Bal K. `` Train from Pakistan '' www.nripulse.com Gupta , Bal K. `` November 25 , 1947 , Pakisatni Invasion of Mirpur '' . www.dailyexcelsior.com Jeffrey , Robin ( 1974 ) , `` The Punjab Boundary Force and the Problem of Order , August 1947 '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 8 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 520 , doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x0000562x , JSTOR 311867 Ravinder Kaur ( 2014 ) . `` Bodies of Partition : Of Widows , Residue and Other Historical Waste '' . Kaur , Ravinder. 2009 . ' Distinctive Citizenship : Refugees , Subjects and Postcolonial State in India 's Partition ' , Cultural and Social History . Kaur , Ravinder. 2008 . ' Narrative Absence : An ' untouchable ' account of India 's Partition Migration , Contributions to Indian Sociology . Kaur Ravinder. 2007 . `` India and Pakistan : Partition Lessons '' . Open Democracy . Kaur , Ravinder. 2006 . `` The Last Journey : Social Class in the Partition of India '' . Economic and Political Weekly , June 2006 . epw.org.in Khalidi , Omar ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . `` From Torrent to Trickle : Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan , 1947 -- 97 '' . Islamic Studies . 37 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 352 . Khan , Lal ( 2003 ) , Partition -- Can it be undone ? , Wellred Publications , p. 228 , ISBN 1 - 900007 - 15 - 0 Mookerjea - Leonard , Debali ( 2005 ) . `` Divided Homelands , Hostile Homes : Partition , Women and Homelessness '' . Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 40 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 154 . doi : 10.1177 / 0021989405054314 . Mookerjea - Leonard , Debali ( 2004 ) . `` Quarantined : Women and the Partition '' . Comparative Studies of South Asia , Africa and the Middle East . 24 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 50 . doi : 10.1215 / 1089201x - 24 - 1 - 35 . Morris - Jones ( 1983 ) . `` Thirty - Six Years Later : The Mixed Legacies of Mountbatten 's Transfer of Power '' . International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs ) . 59 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 628 . doi : 10.2307 / 2619473 . Noorani , A.G. ( 22 Dec 2001 -- 4 Jan 2002 ) , `` The Partition of India '' , Frontline , 18 ( 26 ) , archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 02 , retrieved 12 October 2011 Spate , O.H.K. ( 1947 ) , `` The Partition of the Punjab and of Bengal '' , The Geographical Journal , 110 ( 4 / 6 ) : 201 -- 218 , doi : 10.2307 / 1789950 Spear , Percival ( 1958 ) . `` Britain 's Transfer of Power in India '' . Pacific Affairs . 31 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 180 . doi : 10.2307 / 3035211 . Talbot , Ian ( 1994 ) . `` Planning for Pakistan : The Planning Committee of the All - India Muslim League , 1943 -- 46 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 28 ( 4 ) : 875 -- 889 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00012567 . Visaria , Pravin M ( 1969 ) . `` Migration Between India and Pakistan , 1951 -- 61 '' . Demography. 6 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 334 . doi : 10.2307 / 2060400 . Chopra , R.M. , `` The Punjab And Bengal '' , Calcutta , 1999 . Primary sources Mansergh , Nicholas , and Penderel Moon , eds . The Transfer of Power 1942 -- 47 ( 12 vol. , London : HMSO . 1970 -- 83 ) comprehensive collection of British official and private documents Moon , Penderel. ( 1998 ) Divide & Quit Narendra Singh Sarila , `` The Shadow of the Great Game : The Untold Story of India 's Partition '' , Publisher : Carroll & Graf Popularizations Collins , Larry and Dominique Lapierre : Freedom at Midnight . London : Collins , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638851 - 5 Seshadri , H.V. ( 2013 ) . The tragic story of partition . Bangalore : Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana , 2013 . Zubrzycki , John . ( 2006 ) The Last Nizam : An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback . Pan Macmillan , Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42321 - 2 . Memoirs and oral history Azad , Maulana Abul Kalam ( 2003 ) ( First published 1959 ) , India Wins Freedom : An Autobiographical Narrative , New Delhi : Orient Longman , ISBN 81 - 250 - 0514 - 5 Bonney , Richard ; Hyde , Colin ; Martin , John . `` Legacy of Partition , 1947 -- 2009 : Creating New Archives from the Memories of Leicestershire People , '' Midland History , ( Sept 2011 ) , Vol. 36 Issue 2 , pp 215 -- 224 Mountbatten , Pamela . ( 2009 ) India Remembered : A Personal Account of the Mountbattens During the Transfer of Power Historical - Fiction Mohammed , Javed : Walk to Freedom , Rumi Bookstore , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9701261 - 2 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Partition of British India . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Partition of India . 1947 Partition Archive Partition of Bengal -- Encyclopædia Britannica India Memory Project -- 1947 India Pakistan Partition The Road to Partition 1939 -- 1947 -- The National Archives INDIAN INDEPENDENCE BILL , 1947 India 's Partition : The Forgotten Story British film - maker Gurinder Chadha , director of Bend It Like Beckham and Viceroy 's House , travels from Southall to Delhi and Shimla to find out about the Partition of India -- one of the most seismic events of the 20th century . Partition saw India divided into two new nations -- Independent India and Pakistan . The split led to violence , disruption and death . Bibliographies Select Research Bibliography on the Partition of India , Compiled by Vinay Lal , Department of History , UCLA ; University of California at Los Angeles South Asian History : Colonial India -- University of California , Berkeley Collection of documents on colonial India , Independence , and Partition Indian Nationalism -- Fordham University archive of relevant public - domain documents Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Mian Muhammad Shafi Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes Kulbhushan Jadhav 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 Indian Line of Control strike 2016 - present border skirmishes Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&oldid=846224054 '' Categories : British Empire Divided regions Ethnic cleansing in Asia Forced migration History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata Independent India Partition ( politics ) Pakistan Movement August 1947 events Politically motivated migrations Two - state solution 1947 in British India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 粵語中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the name of india before partition	[ "Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas." ]	[ "British India" ]

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