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181713530898081734	Alien (film)	Alien ( film ) - wikipedia Alien ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1979 science - fiction film . For its sequel , see Aliens ( film ) . Alien Theatrical release poster by Frankfurt Gips Balkind Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Gordon Carroll David Giler Walter Hill Screenplay by Dan O'Bannon Story by Dan O'Bannon Ronald Shusett Starring Tom Skerritt Sigourney Weaver Veronica Cartwright Harry Dean Stanton John Hurt Ian Holm Yaphet Kotto Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography Derek Vanlint Edited by Terry Rawlings Peter Weatherley David Crowther Production companies 20th Century Fox Brandywine Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 25 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) September 6 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 06 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 117 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $9 -- 11 million Box office $104.9 -- 203.6 million Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . It is the first movie in what became a large Alien franchise . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and attacks the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon , drawing upon previous works of science fiction and horror , wrote the screenplay from a story he co-authored with Ronald Shusett . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions , and was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script ; Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by the Swiss artist H.R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human aspects of the film . Alien was released on May 25 , 1979 in the United States and September 6 in the United Kingdom . It was met with critical acclaim and found box office success , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , three Saturn Awards ( Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright ) , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other nominations . It has been consistently praised in the years since its release , and is considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , Alien was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the seventh - best film in the science fiction genre , and as the thirty - third greatest film of all time by Empire magazine . The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career , providing her with her first lead role . The story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic and narrative core of the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . A crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator films , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) . A prequel series includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Direction 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.6 Music 4 Design 4.1 Sets 4.2 Spaceships and planets 4.3 Creature effects 4.4 The Alien 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Home video 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequels , prequels and crossover films 7.2 Imitations 7.3 Analysis 7.4 Lasting critical praise 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The commercial space tug Nostromo is on a return trip to Earth with a seven - member crew in stasis : Captain Dallas ( Tom Skerritt ) , Executive Officer Kane ( John Hurt ) , Warrant Officer Ripley ( Sigourney Weaver ) , Navigator Lambert ( Veronica Cartwright ) , Science Officer Ash ( Ian Holm ) and two Engineers , Parker ( Yaphet Kotto ) and Brett ( Harry Dean Stanton ) . Detecting a transmission from the nearby planetoid LV - 426 , the ship 's computer , Mother , awakens the crew . Company policy requires crews to investigate such transmissions , so they land on the planetoid , sustaining damage from its atmosphere and rocky landscape . Parker and Brett repair the ship while Dallas , Kane and Lambert head out to investigate . They discover the signal comes from a derelict alien spacecraft and head inside it , losing communication with Ash . Inside , they find the remains of a large alien creature . Ripley deciphers part of the transmission , determining it 's not a distress signal , but a warning of some kind . In the spacecraft , Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of large egg - like objects . When he touches one , it opens and a creature springs out and attaches to his face through the facemask of his spacesuit . Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo . As acting senior officer , Ripley refuses to let them aboard , citing quarantine regulations , but Ash ignores Ripley and lets them in . The crew unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kane 's face , discovering that its blood is an extremely corrosive acid . It later detaches on its own and is found dead . The ship is partly repaired , and the crew lifts off . Kane awakens with some memory loss but otherwise unharmed . During a final crew meal before returning to stasis , he chokes and convulses in pain , then dies as a small alien creature bursts from his chest and escapes into the ship . The crew attempts to locate it with a tracking device and capture or kill it with nets , electric prods and flamethrowers . Brett follows the crew 's cat , Jones , into an engine room and the now fully - grown alien ( Bolaji Badejo ) attacks him and disappears with his body into an air shaft . After heated discussion , the crew decide the creature must be in the air ducts . Dallas enters the ducts , intending to force the alien into the airlock , but it ambushes him . Lambert implores the others to abandon ship and escape in its small shuttle . Now in command , Ripley explains that the shuttle will not support four people and pushes to continue with Dallas ' plan of flushing out the alien . Now with access to Mother , Ripley discovers that Ash has been secretly ordered to return the alien to the company , with the crew deemed expendable . Ripley confronts Ash and he tries to choke her to death . Parker intervenes and clubs Ash , knocking off his head and revealing him to be an android . Parker reanimates Ash 's head and they learn he was assigned to the Nostromo to ensure the creature was returned for analysis at any expense , including the crew 's lives . Ash taunts them about their chances against the `` perfect organism . '' Ripley disconnects Ash and Parker burns his smashed remains with a flamethrower . Ripley , Lambert , and Parker agree to self - destruct the Nostromo and escape in the shuttle . Parker and Lambert are killed by the alien while gathering life - support supplies . Ripley initiates the self - destruct sequence and heads with the cat to the shuttle to find the alien in her path . She retreats and attempts unsuccessfully to abort the self - destruct . She returns to the shuttle , where the alien is gone , and she narrowly escapes in the shuttle as the Nostromo explodes . As she prepares for stasis , Ripley finds the alien has stowed - away aboard the shuttle . She puts on a spacesuit and opens the shuttle 's airlock . The explosive decompression forces the alien into the airlock doorway . She shoots it with a grappling hook to propel it into space , but the gun catches as the airlock closes , tethering the alien to the shuttle . It attempts to crawl into one of the engines but Ripley fires them to blast the alien into space . After recording the voyage final log entry , she places herself and the cat into stasis for the trip home to Earth . Cast ( edit ) The principal cast members of Alien ( left to right : Holm , Stanton , Weaver , Kotto , Skerritt , Cartwright , and Hurt ) Tom Skerritt as Dallas , the captain of the Nostromo . Skerritt had been approached early in the film 's development but declined as it did not yet have a director and had a very low budget . Later , when Scott was attached as director and the budget had been doubled , Skerritt accepted the role of Dallas . Sigourney Weaver as Ripley , the warrant officer aboard the Nostromo . Weaver , who had Broadway experience but was relatively unknown in film , impressed Scott , Giler , and Hill with her audition . She was the last actor to be cast for the film , and performed most of her screen tests in - studio as the sets were being built . The role of Ripley was Weaver 's first leading role in a motion picture , and earned her nominations for a Saturn Award for Best Actress and a BAFTA award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role . Veronica Cartwright as Lambert , the Nostromo 's navigator . Cartwright had experience in horror and science fiction films , having acted as a child in The Birds ( 1963 ) and Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) . She originally read for the role of Ripley , and was not informed that she had instead been cast as Lambert until she arrived in London for wardrobe . She disliked the character 's emotional weakness , but nevertheless accepted the role : `` They convinced me that I was the audience 's fears ; I was a reflection of what the audience is feeling . '' Cartwright won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance . Harry Dean Stanton as Brett , the engineering technician . Stanton 's first words to Scott during his audition were `` I do n't like sci fi or monster movies . '' Scott was amused and convinced Stanton to take the role after reassuring him that Alien would actually be a thriller more akin to Ten Little Indians . John Hurt as Kane , the executive officer who becomes the host for the Alien . Hurt was Scott 's first choice for the role but was contracted on a film in South Africa during Alien 's filming dates , so Jon Finch was cast as Kane instead . However , Finch became ill during the first day of shooting and was diagnosed with severe diabetes , which had also exacerbated a case of bronchitis . Hurt was in London by this time , his South African project having fallen through , and he quickly replaced Finch . His performance earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . Ian Holm as Ash , the ship 's science officer who is revealed to be an android . Holm , a character actor who by 1979 had already been in twenty films , was the most experienced actor cast for Alien ( he was 46 at the time of filming ) . Yaphet Kotto as Parker , the chief engineer . Kotto , an African American , was chosen partly to add diversity to the cast and give the Nostromo crew an international flavor . Kotto was sent a script off the back of his recent success with Live and Let Die , although it took some time and deliberation between Kotto and his agent before he was offered the part . Bolaji Badejo as the Alien . Nigerian Badejo , while a 26 - year - old design student , was discovered in a bar by a member of the casting team , who put him in touch with Ridley Scott . Scott believed that Badejo , at 6 feet 10 inches ( 208 cm ) ( 7ft . inside the costume ) and with a slender frame , could portray the Alien and look as if his arms and legs were too long to be real , creating the illusion that there could not possibly be a human being inside the costume . Stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell also portrayed the Alien in some scenes . Helen Horton as the voice of Mother , the Nostromo 's computer . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon While studying cinema at the University of Southern California , Dan O'Bannon had made a science - fiction comedy film , Dark Star , with director John Carpenter and concept artist Ron Cobb . The film featured an alien created by spray - painting a beach ball ; the experience left O'Bannon `` really wanting to do an alien that looked real . '' A `` couple of years '' later he began work on a similar story that would focus more on horror . `` I knew I wanted to do a scary movie on a spaceship with a small number of astronauts '' , he later recalled , `` Dark Star as a horror movie instead of a comedy . '' Ronald Shusett , meanwhile , was working on an early version of what would eventually become Total Recall . Impressed by Dark Star , he contacted O'Bannon and the two agreed to collaborate on their projects , choosing to work on O'Bannon's film first as they believed it would be less costly to produce . O'Bannon had written 29 pages of a script titled Memory , containing what would become the opening scenes of Alien : a crew of astronauts awaken to find that their voyage has been interrupted because they are receiving a signal from a mysterious planetoid . They investigate and their ship breaks down on the surface . He did not yet , however , have a clear idea as to what the alien antagonist of the story would be . O'Bannon soon accepted an offer to work on Alejandro Jodorowsky 's adaptation of Dune , a project which took him to Paris for six months . Though the project ultimately fell through , it introduced him to several artists whose work gave him ideas for his science - fiction story including Chris Foss , H.R. Giger , and Jean `` Moebius '' Giraud . O'Bannon was impressed by Foss 's covers for science fiction books , while he found Giger 's work `` disturbing '' : `` His paintings had a profound effect on me . I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work . And so I ended up writing a script about a Giger monster . '' After the Dune project collapsed , O'Bannon returned to Los Angeles to live with Shusett and the two revived his Memory script . Shusett suggested that O'Bannon use one of his other film ideas , about gremlins infiltrating a B - 17 bomber during World War II , and set it on the spaceship as the second half of the story . The working title of the project was now Star Beast , but O'Bannon disliked this and changed it to Alien after noting the number of times that the word appeared in the script . He and Shusett liked the new title 's simplicity and its double meaning as both a noun and an adjective . Shusett came up with the idea that one of the crew members could be implanted with an alien embryo that would burst out of him ; he thought this would be an interesting plot device by which the alien could get aboard the ship . Dan ( O'Bannon ) put his finger on the problem : what has to happen next is the creature has to get on the ship in an interesting way . I have no idea how , but if we could solve that , if it ca n't be that it just snuck in , then I think the whole movie will come into place . In the middle of the night , I woke up and I said , `` Dan I think I have an idea : the alien screws one of them ( ... ) it jumps on his face and plants its seed ! '' And Dan says , oh my god , we 've got it , we 've got the whole movie . `` '' -- Screenwriter Ron Shusett In writing the script , O'Bannon drew inspiration from many previous works of science fiction and horror . He later stated that `` I did n't steal Alien from anybody . I stole it from everybody ! '' The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) inspired the idea of professional men being pursued by a deadly alien creature through a claustrophobic environment . Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) gave O'Bannon the idea of a ship being warned not to land , and then the crew being killed one by one by a mysterious creature when they defy the warning . Planet of the Vampires ( 1965 ) contains a scene in which the heroes discover a giant alien skeleton ; this influenced the Nostromo crew 's discovery of the alien creature in the derelict spacecraft . O'Bannon has also noted the influence of `` Junkyard '' ( 1953 ) , a short story by Clifford D. Simak in which a crew lands on an asteroid and discovers a chamber full of eggs . He has also cited as influences Strange Relations by Philip José Farmer ( 1960 ) , which covers alien reproduction , and various EC Comics horror titles carrying stories in which monsters eat their way out of people . With most of the plot in place , Shusett and O'Bannon presented their script to several studios , pitching it as `` Jaws in space . '' They were on the verge of signing a deal with Roger Corman 's studio when a friend offered to find them a better deal and passed the script on to Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill , who had formed a production company called Brandywine with ties to 20th Century Fox . O'Bannon and Shusett signed a deal with Brandywine , but Hill and Giler were not satisfied with the script and made numerous rewrites and revisions . This caused tension with O'Bannon and Shusett , since Hill and Giler had very little experience with science fiction ; according to Shusett , `` They were n't good at making it better , or , in fact , at not making it even worse . '' O'Bannon believed that Hill and Giler were attempting to justify taking his name off of the script and claiming his and Shusett 's work as their own . Hill and Giler did add some substantial elements to the story , however , including the android character Ash -- which O'Bannon felt was an unnecessary subplot but which Shusett later described as `` one of the best things in the movie ... That whole idea and scenario was theirs . '' Hill and Giler went through eight drafts of the script in total , concentrating largely on the Ash subplot but also making the dialogue more natural and trimming some sequences set on the alien planetoid . Despite the fact that the final shooting script was written by Hill and Giler , the Writers Guild of America awarded O'Bannon sole credit for the screenplay . Despite these rewrites , 20th Century Fox did not express confidence in financing a science - fiction film . However , after the success of Star Wars in 1977 the studio 's interest in the genre rose substantially . According to Carroll : `` When Star Wars came out and was the extraordinary hit that it was , suddenly science fiction became the hot genre . '' O'Bannon recalled that `` They wanted to follow through on Star Wars , and they wanted to follow through fast , and the only spaceship script they had sitting on their desk was Alien '' . Alien was greenlit by 20th Century Fox , with an initial budget of $4.2 million . Alien was funded by North Americans , but made by 20th Century - Fox 's British production subsidiary . Direction ( edit ) Director Ridley Scott O'Bannon had originally assumed that he would direct Alien , but 20th Century Fox instead asked Hill to direct . Hill declined due to other film commitments , as well as not being comfortable with the level of visual effects that would be required . Peter Yates , Jack Clayton , and Robert Aldrich were considered for the task , but O'Bannon , Shusett , and the Brandywine team felt that these directors would not take the film seriously and would instead treat it as a B monster movie . Giler , Hill , and Carroll had been impressed by Ridley Scott 's debut feature film The Duellists ( 1977 ) and made an offer to him to direct Alien , which Scott quickly accepted . Scott created detailed storyboards for the film in London , which impressed 20th Century Fox enough to double the film 's budget . His storyboards included designs for the spaceship and space suits , drawing on such films as 2001 : A Space Odyssey and Star Wars . However , he was keen on emphasizing horror in Alien rather than fantasy , describing the film as `` The Texas Chain Saw Massacre of science fiction '' . Giger 's Necronom IV O'Bannon introduced Scott to the artwork of H.R. Giger ; both of them felt that his painting Necronom IV was the type of representation they wanted for the film 's antagonist and began asking the studio to hire him as a designer . 20th Century Fox initially believed Giger 's work was too ghastly for audiences , but the Brandywine team were persistent and eventually won out . According to Gordon Carroll : `` The first second that Ridley saw Giger 's work , he knew that the biggest single design problem , maybe the biggest problem in the film , had been solved . '' Scott flew to Zürich to meet Giger and recruited him to work on all aspects of the Alien and its environment including the surface of the planetoid , the derelict spacecraft , and all four forms of the Alien from the egg to the adult . Casting ( edit ) Further information on individual characters : List of Alien characters Casting calls and auditions for Alien were held in both New York and London . With only seven human characters in the story , Scott sought to hire strong actors so he could focus most of his energy on the film 's visual style . He employed casting director Mary Selway , who had worked with him on The Duellists , to head the casting in the United Kingdom , while Mary Goldberg handled casting in the United States . In developing the story , O'Bannon had focused on writing the Alien first , putting off developing the other characters . He and Shusett had intentionally written all the roles generically : they made a note in the script that explicitly states `` The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women . '' This freed Scott , Selway , and Goldberg to interpret the characters as they pleased , and to cast accordingly . They wanted the Nostromo 's crew to resemble working astronauts in a realistic environment , a concept summarised as `` truckers in space '' . According to Scott , this concept was inspired partly by Star Wars , which deviated from the pristine future often depicted in science fiction films of the time . To assist the actors in preparing for their roles , Scott wrote several pages of backstory for each character explaining their histories . He filmed many of their rehearsals in order to capture spontaneity and improvisation , and tensions between some of the cast members , particularly towards the less - experienced Weaver ; this translated convincingly to film as tension between the characters . Roger Ebert notes that the actors in Alien were older than was typical in thriller films at the time , which helped make the characters more convincing : None of them were particularly young . Tom Skerritt , the captain , was 46 , Hurt was 39 but looked older , Holm was 48 , Harry Dean Stanton was 53 , Yaphet Kotto was 42 , and only Veronica Cartwright at 30 and Weaver at 29 were in the age range of the usual thriller cast . Many recent action pictures have improbably young actors cast as key roles or sidekicks , but by skewing older , Alien achieves a certain texture without even making a point of it : These are not adventurers but workers , hired by a company to return 20 million tons of ore to Earth . David McIntee , author of Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films , asserts that part of the film 's effectiveness in frightening viewers `` comes from the fact that the audience can all identify with the characters ... Everyone aboard the Nostromo is a normal , everyday , working Joe just like the rest of us . They just happen to live and work in the future . '' Filming ( edit ) Ridley Scott filming model shots of the Nostromo and its attached ore refinery . He made slow passes filming at 21⁄2 frames per second to give the models the appearance of motion . Alien was filmed over fourteen weeks from July 5 to October 21 , 1978 . Principal photography took place at Shepperton Studios near London , while model and miniature filming was done at Bray Studios in Water Oakley , Berkshire . The production schedule was short due to the film 's low budget and pressure from 20th Century Fox to finish on time . A crew of over 200 craftspeople and technicians constructed the three principal sets : the surface of the alien planetoid , and the interiors of the Nostromo and the derelict spacecraft . Art Director Les Dilley created ⁄ - scale miniatures of the planetoid 's surface and derelict spacecraft based on Giger 's designs , then made moulds and casts and scaled them up as diagrams for the wood and fiberglass forms of the sets . Tons of sand , plaster , fiberglass , rock , and gravel were shipped into the studio to sculpt a desert landscape for the planetoid 's surface , which the actors would walk across wearing space suit costumes . The suits themselves were thick , bulky , and lined with nylon , had no cooling systems and , initially , no venting for their exhaled carbon dioxide to escape . Combined with a heat wave , these conditions nearly caused the actors to pass out : nurses had to be kept on - hand with oxygen tanks . For scenes showing the exterior of the Nostromo , a 58 - foot ( 18 m ) landing leg was constructed to give a sense of the ship 's size . Ridley Scott was not convinced that it looked large enough , so he had his two young sons and the son of Derek Vanlint ( the film 's cinematographer ) stand in for the regular actors , wearing smaller space suits to make the set - pieces seem larger . The same technique was used for the scene in which the crew members encounter the dead alien creature in the derelict spacecraft . The children nearly collapsed due to the heat of the suits ; oxygen systems were eventually added to help the actors breathe . Four identical cats were used to portray Jones , the crew 's pet . During filming , Sigourney Weaver discovered that she was allergic to the combination of cat hair and the glycerin placed on the actors ' skin to make them appear sweaty . By removing the glycerin she was able to continue working with the cats . Alien originally was to conclude with the destruction of the Nostromo while Ripley escapes in the shuttle Narcissus . However , Ridley Scott conceived of a `` fourth act '' to the film in which the Alien appears on the shuttle and Ripley is forced to confront it . He pitched the idea to 20th Century Fox and negotiated an increase in the budget to film the scene over several extra days . Scott had wanted the Alien to bite off Ripley 's head and then make the final log entry in her voice , but the producers vetoed this idea as they believed the Alien should die at the end of the film . Post-production ( edit ) Editing and post-production work on Alien took roughly 20 weeks to complete . Terry Rawlings served as editor , having previously worked with Scott on editing sound for The Duellists . Scott and Rawlings edited much of the film to have a slow pace to build suspense for the more tense and frightening moments . According to Rawlings : `` I think the way we did get it right was by keeping it slow , funny enough , which is completely different from what they do today . And I think the slowness of it made the moments that you wanted people to be sort of scared ... then we could go as fast as we liked because you 've sucked people into a corner and then attacked them , so to speak . And I think that 's how it worked . '' The first cut of the film was over three hours long ; further editing trimmed the final version to just under two hours . One scene that was cut from the film occurred during Ripley 's final escape from the Nostromo : she encounters Dallas and Brett who have been partially cocooned by the Alien . O'Bannon had intended the scene to indicate that Brett was becoming an alien egg while Dallas was held nearby to be implanted by the resulting facehugger . Production Designer Michael Seymour later suggested that Dallas had `` become sort of food for the alien creature '' , while Ivor Powell suggested that `` Dallas is found in the ship as an egg , still alive . '' Scott remarked that `` they 're morphing , metamorphosing , they are changing into ... being consumed , I guess , by whatever the Alien 's organism is ... into an egg . '' The scene was cut partly because it did not look realistic enough , but also because it slowed the pace of the escape sequence . Tom Skerritt remarked that `` The picture had to have that pace . Her trying to get the hell out of there , we 're all rooting for her to get out of there , and for her to slow up and have a conversation with Dallas was not appropriate . '' The footage was included with other deleted scenes as a special feature on the Laserdisc release of Alien , and a shortened version of it was re-inserted into the 2003 Director 's Cut which was re-released in theaters and on DVD . Music ( edit ) Main article : Alien ( soundtrack ) Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for Alien . The musical score for Alien was composed by Jerry Goldsmith , conducted by Lionel Newman , and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra . Ridley Scott had originally wanted the film to be scored by Isao Tomita , but 20th Century Fox wanted a more familiar composer and Goldsmith was recommended by then - President of Fox Alan Ladd , Jr . Goldsmith wanted to create a sense of romanticism and lyrical mystery in the film 's opening scenes , which would build throughout the film to suspense and fear . Scott did not like Goldsmith 's original main title piece , however , so Goldsmith rewrote it as `` the obvious thing : weird and strange , and which everybody loved . '' Another source of tension was editor Terry Rawlings ' choice to use pieces of Goldsmith 's music from previous films , including a piece from Freud : The Secret Passion , and to use an excerpt from Howard Hanson 's Symphony No. 2 ( `` Romantic '' ) for the end credits . Scott and Rawlings had also become attached to several of the musical cues they had used for the temporary score while editing the film , and re-edited some of Goldsmith 's cues and re-scored several sequences to match these cues and even left the temporary score in place in some parts of the finished film . Goldsmith later remarked that `` you can see that I was sort of like going at opposite ends of the pole with the filmmakers . '' Nevertheless , Scott praised Goldsmith 's score as `` full of dark beauty '' and `` seriously threatening , but beautiful . '' It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album , and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music . The score has been released as a soundtrack album in several versions with different tracks and sequences . Design ( edit ) H.R. Giger , who designed and worked on the Alien and its accompanying elements Carlo Rambaldi created the mechanical head - effects for the Alien O'Bannon brought in artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss ( with whom he had worked on Dark Star and Dune , respectively ) to work on designs for the human aspects of the film such as the spaceship and space suits . Cobb created hundreds of preliminary sketches of the interiors and exteriors of the ship , which went through many design concepts and possible names such as Leviathan and Snark as the script was developed . The final name of the ship was derived from the title of Joseph Conrad 's 1904 novel Nostromo , while the escape shuttle , called Narcissus in the script , was named after Conrad 's 1897 novella The Nigger of the ' Narcissus ' . The production team particularly praised Cobb 's ability to depict the interior settings of the ship in a realistic and believable manner . Under Ridley Scott 's direction the design of the Nostromo shifted towards an 800 - foot - long ( 240 m ) tug towing a refining platform 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long and 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide . Cobb also created some conceptual drawings of the Alien , but these were not used . Moebius was attached to the project for a few days as well , and his costume renderings served as the basis for the final space suits created by costume designer John Mollo . Sets ( edit ) The sets of the Nostromo 's three decks were each created almost entirely in one piece , with each deck occupying a separate stage . The actors had to navigate through the hallways that connected the stages , adding to the film 's sense of claustrophobia and realism . The sets used large transistors and low - resolution computer screens to give the ship a `` used '' , industrial look and make it appear as though it was constructed of `` retrofitted old technology '' . Ron Cobb created industrial - style symbols and color - coded signs for various areas and aspects of the ship . The company that owns the Nostromo is not named in the film , and is referred to by the characters as `` the company '' . However , the name and logo of `` Weylan - Yutani '' appears on several set pieces and props such as computer monitors and beer cans . Cobb created the name to imply a business alliance between Britain and Japan , deriving `` Weylan '' from the British Leyland Motor Corporation and `` Yutani '' from the name of his Japanese neighbor . The 1986 sequel , Aliens , named the company as `` Weyland - Yutani '' , and it has remained a central aspect of the film franchise . Art Director Roger Christian used scrap metal and parts to create set pieces and props to save money , a technique he employed while working on Star Wars . For example , some of the Nostromo 's corridors were created from portions of scrapped bomber aircraft , and a mirror was used to create the illusion of longer corridors in the below - deck area . Special effects supervisors Brian Johnson and Nick Allder made many of the set pieces and props function , including moving chairs , computer monitors , motion trackers , and flamethrowers . H.R. Giger designed and worked on all of the alien aspects of the film , which he designed to appear organic and biomechanical in contrast to the industrial look of the Nostromo and its human elements . For the interior of the derelict spacecraft and egg chamber he used dried bones together with plaster to sculpt much of the scenery and elements . Veronica Cartwright described Giger 's sets as `` so erotic ... it 's big vaginas and penises ... the whole thing is like you 're going inside of some sort of womb or whatever ... it 's sort of visceral '' . The set with the deceased alien creature , which the production team nicknamed the `` space jockey '' , proved problematic as 20th Century Fox did not want to spend the money for such an expensive set that would only be used for one scene . Ridley Scott described the set as the cockpit or driving deck of the mysterious ship , and the production team was able to convince the studio that the scene was important to impress the audience and make them aware that this was not a B movie . To save money , only one wall of the set was created , and the `` space jockey '' sat atop a disc that could be rotated to facilitate shots from different angles in relation to the actors . Giger airbrushed the entire set and the `` space jockey '' by hand . The origin of the jockey creature was not explored in the film , but Scott later theorized that it might have been the ship 's pilot , and that the ship might have been a weapons - carrier capable of dropping alien eggs onto a planet so that the aliens could use the local lifeforms as hosts . In early versions of the script , the eggs were to be located in a separate pyramid structure which would be found later by the Nostromo crew and would contain statues and hieroglyphs depicting the alien reproductive cycle , contrasting the human , alien , and space jockey cultures . Cobb , Foss , and Giger each created concept artwork for these sequences , but they were eventually discarded due to budgetary concerns and the need to make the film shorter . Instead , the egg chamber was set inside the derelict ship and was filmed on the same set as the space - jockey scene ; the entire disc piece supporting the jockey and its chair were removed and the set was re-dressed to create the egg chamber . Light effects in the egg chamber were created by lasers borrowed from English rock band The Who . The band was testing the lasers for use in their stage show on the sound - stage next door . Spaceships and planets ( edit ) I resent films that are so shallow they rely entirely on their visual effects , and of course science fiction films are notorious for this . I 've always felt that there 's another way to do it : a lot of effort should be expended toward rendering the environment of the spaceship , or space travel , whatever the fantastic setting of your story should be -- as convincingly as possible , but always in the background . That way the story and the characters emerge and they become more real . -- Ron Cobb on his designs for Alien The spaceships and planets for the film were shot using models and miniatures . These included models of the Nostromo , its attached mineral refinery , the escape shuttle Narcissus , the alien planetoid , and the exterior and interior of the derelict spacecraft . Visual - effects supervisor Brian Johnson and supervising modelmaker Martin Bower and their team worked at Bray Studios , roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Shepperton Studios . The designs of the Nostromo and its attachments were based on combinations of Ridley Scott 's storyboards and Ron Cobb 's conceptual drawings . The basic outlines of the models were made of wood and plastic , and most of the fine details were added from model kits of warships , tanks , and World War II bombers . Three models of the Nostromo were made : a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) version for medium and long shots , a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) version for rear shots , and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) , 7 - short - ton ( 6.4 t ) rig for the undocking and planetoid surface sequences . Scott insisted on numerous changes to the models even as filming was taking place , leading to conflicts with the modeling and filming teams . The Nostromo was originally yellow , and the team filmed shots of the models for six weeks before Johnson left to work on The Empire Strikes Back . Scott then ordered it changed to gray , and the team had to begin shooting again from scratch . He asked that more and more pieces be added to the model such that the final version ( with the refinery ) required a metal framework so that it could be hoisted by a forklift . He also took a hammer and chisel to sections of the refinery , knocking off many of the spires that Bower had spent weeks creating . Scott also had disagreements with miniature - effects cinematographer Dennis Ayling over how to light the models . A separate model , approximately 40 feet ( 12 m ) long , was created for the Nostromo 's underside from which the Narcissus would detach and from which Kane 's body would be launched during the funeral scene . Bower carved Kane 's burial shroud out of wood ; it was launched through the hatch using a small catapult and filmed at high speed . The footage was slowed down in editing . Only one shot was filmed using blue - screen compositing : that of the shuttle racing past the Nostromo . The other shots were simply filmed against black backdrops , with stars added via double exposure . Though motion control photography technology was available at the time , the film 's budget would not allow for it . The team therefore used a camera with wide - angle lenses mounted on a drive mechanism to make slow passes over and around the models filming at 21⁄2 frames per second , giving them the appearance of motion . Scott added smoke and wind effects to enhance the illusion . For the scene in which the Nostromo detaches from the refinery , a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) docking arm was created using pieces from model railway kits . The Nostromo was pushed away from the refinery by a forklift covered in black velvet , causing the arm to extend out from the refinery . This created the illusion that the arm was pushing the ship forward . Shots of the ship 's exterior in which characters are seen moving around inside were filmed using larger models which contained projection screens displaying pre-recorded footage . A separate model was created for the exterior of the derelict alien spacecraft . Matte paintings were used to fill in areas of the ship 's interior as well as exterior shots of the planetoid 's surface . The surface as seen from space during the landing sequence was created by painting a globe white , then mixing chemicals and dyes onto transparencies and projecting them onto it . The planetoid was not named in the film , but some drafts of the script gave it the name Acheron after the river which in Greek mythology is described as the `` stream of woe '' ; it is a branch of the river Styx , and forms the border of Hell in Dante 's Inferno . The 1986 sequel Aliens named the planetoid as `` LV - 426 '' , and both names have been used for it in subsequent expanded - universe media such as comic books and video games . Creature effects ( edit ) The `` facehugger '' was the first creature Giger designed for the film , giving it human - like fingers and a long tail . The scene of Kane inspecting the egg was shot in post-production . A fiberglass egg was used so that actor John Hurt could shine his light on it and see movement inside , which was provided by Ridley Scott fluttering his hands inside the egg while wearing rubber gloves . The top of the egg was hydraulic , and the innards were a cow 's stomach and tripe . Test shots of the eggs were filmed using hen 's eggs , and this footage was used in early teaser trailers . For this reason the image of a hen 's egg was used on the poster , and has become emblematic of the franchise as a whole -- as opposed to the Alien egg that appears in the finished film . The `` facehugger '' and its proboscis , which was made of a sheep 's intestine , were shot out of the egg using high - pressure air hoses . The shot was reversed and slowed down in editing to prolong the effect and reveal more detail . The facehugger itself was the first creature that H.R. Giger designed for the film , going through several versions in different sizes before deciding on a small creature with humanlike fingers and a long tail . Dan O'Bannon , with help from Ron Cobb , drew his own version based on Giger 's design , which became the final version . Cobb came up with the idea that the creature could have a powerful acid for blood , a characteristic that would carry over to the adult Alien and would make it impossible for the crew to kill it by conventional means such as guns or explosives , since the acid would burn through the ship 's hull . For the scene in which the dead facehugger is examined , Scott used pieces of fish and shellfish to create its viscera . The `` chestburster '' was shoved up through the table and a false torso by a puppeteer . The scene has been recognized as one of the film 's most memorable . The design of the `` chestburster '' was inspired by Francis Bacon 's 1944 painting Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion . Giger 's original design , which was refined , resembled a plucked chicken . Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon credits his experiences with Crohn 's disease for inspiring the chest - busting scene . For the filming of the chestburster scene , the cast members knew that the creature would be bursting out of Hurt , and had seen the chestburster puppet , but they had not been told that fake blood would also be bursting out in every direction from high - pressure pumps and squibs . The scene was shot in one take using an artificial torso filled with blood and viscera , with Hurt 's head and arms coming up from underneath the table . The chestburster was shoved up through the torso by a puppeteer who held it on a stick . When the creature burst through the chest a stream of blood shot directly at Veronica Cartwright , shocking her enough that she fell over and went into hysterics . According to Tom Skerritt : `` What you saw on camera was the real response . She had no idea what the hell happened . All of a sudden this thing just came up . '' The creature then runs off - camera , an effect accomplished by cutting a slit in the table for the puppeteer 's stick to go through and passing an air hose through the puppet 's tail to make it whip about . The real - life surprise of the actors gave the scene an intense sense of realism and made it one of the film 's most memorable moments . During preview screenings the crew noticed that some viewers would move towards the back of the theater so as not to be too close to the screen during the sequence . The scene has frequently been called one of the most memorable moments in cinema history . In 2007 , Empire magazine named it as the greatest 18 - rated moment in film , ranking it above the decapitation scene in The Omen ( 1976 ) and the transformation sequence in An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) . For the scene in which Ash is revealed to be an android , a puppet was created of the character 's torso and upper body which was operated from underneath . During a preview screening of the film , this scene caused an usher to faint . In the following scene , Ash 's head is placed on a table and re-activated ; for portions of this scene , an animatronic head was made using a face cast of the actor , Ian Holm . However , the latex of the head shrank while curing and the result was not entirely convincing . For the bulk of the scene , Holm knelt under the table with his head coming up through a hole . Milk , caviar , pasta , fiber optics , and glass marbles were combined to form the android 's innards . The Alien ( edit ) Further information on the creature : Alien ( creature in Alien franchise ) Bolaji Badejo in costume as the Alien . The suit was made of latex , with the head as a separate piece housing the moving parts which controlled the second mouth . Giger made several conceptual paintings of the adult Alien before settling on the final version . He sculpted the creature 's body using plasticine , incorporating pieces such as vertebrae from snakes and cooling tubes from a Rolls - Royce . The creature 's head was manufactured separately by Carlo Rambaldi , who had worked on the aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Rambaldi followed Giger 's designs closely , making some modifications in order to incorporate the moving parts which would animate the jaw and inner mouth . A system of hinges and cables was used to operate the creature 's rigid tongue , which protruded from its mouth and featured a second mouth at its tip with its own set of movable teeth . The final head had about 900 moving parts and points of articulation . Part of a human skull was used as the `` face '' , and was hidden under the smooth , translucent cover of the head . Rambaldi 's original Alien jaw is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution , while in April 2007 the original Alien suit was sold at auction . Copious amounts of K-Y Jelly were used to simulate saliva and to give the Alien an overall slimy appearance . The creature 's vocalizations were provided by Percy Edwards , a voice artist famous for providing bird sounds for British television throughout the 1960s and 1970s as well as the whale sounds for Orca : Killer Whale ( 1977 ) . For most of the film 's scenes the Alien was portrayed by Bolaji Badejo . A latex costume was made to fit Badejo 's slender 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 208 cm ) frame by taking a full - body plaster cast . Scott later commented that the Alien `` takes on elements of the host -- in this case , a man . '' Badejo attended t'ai chi and mime classes in order to create convincing movements for the Alien . For some scenes , such as when the Alien lowers itself from the ceiling to kill Brett , the creature was portrayed by stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell -- Powell , in costume , was suspended on wires and then lowered in an unfurling motion . `` I 've never liked horror films before , because in the end it 's always been a man in a rubber suit . Well , there 's one way to deal with that . The most important thing in a film of this type is not what you see , but the effect of what you think you saw . '' -- Ridley Scott Scott chose not to show the full Alien for most of the film , keeping most of its body in shadow in order to create a sense of terror and heighten suspense . The audience could thus project their own fears into imagining what the rest of the creature might look like : `` Every movement is going to be very slow , very graceful , and the Alien will alter shape so you never really know exactly what he looks like . '' The Alien has been referred to as `` one of the most iconic movie monsters in film history '' , and its biomechanical appearance and sexual overtones have been frequently noted . Roger Ebert remarked that `` Alien uses a tricky device to keep the alien fresh throughout the movie : It evolves the nature and appearance of the creature , so we never know quite what it looks like or what it can do ... The first time we get a good look at the alien , as it bursts from the chest of poor Kane ( John Hurt ) . It is unmistakably phallic in shape , and the critic Tim Dirks mentions its ' open , dripping vaginal mouth . ' '' Marketing ( edit ) Further information : Alien ( soundtrack ) and List of Alien , Predator and Alien vs. Predator games With the film 's release , a merchandising and media campaign was launched . This included a novelization by Alan Dean Foster , in both adult and `` junior '' versions , which was adapted from the film 's shooting script . Heavy Metal magazine published a graphic novel adaptation of the film entitled Alien : The Illustrated Story , as well as a 1980 Alien calendar . Two behind - the - scenes books were released in 1979 to accompany the film . The Book of Alien contained many production photographs and details on the making of the film , while Giger 's Alien contained much of H.R. Giger 's concept artwork for the movie . A soundtrack album was released , featuring selections of Goldsmith 's score . Additionally , a single of the Main Theme was released in 1980 , and a disco single using audio excerpts from the film was released in 1979 on the UK label Bronze Records by a recording artist under the name Nostromo . A model kit of the Alien , 12 inches high , was released by the Model Products Corporation in the United States , and by Airfix in the United Kingdom . Kenner also produced a larger - scale Alien action figure , as well as a board game in which players raced to be first to reach the shuttle pod while Aliens roamed the Nostromo 's corridors and air shafts . Official Halloween costumes of the Alien were released in October 1979 . Several computer games based on the film were released , but not until several years after its theatrical run . Release ( edit ) `` It was the most incredible preview I 've ever been in . I mean , people were screaming and running out of the theater . '' -- Editor Terry Rawlings describing the film 's screening in Dallas . An initial screening of Alien for 20th Century Fox representatives in St. Louis was marred by poor sound . A subsequent screening in a newer theater in Dallas went significantly better , eliciting genuine fright from the audience . Two theatrical trailers were shown to the public . The first consisted of rapidly changing still images set to some of Jerry Goldsmith 's electronic music from Logan 's Run . The second used test footage of a hen 's egg set to part of Goldsmith 's Alien score . The film was previewed in various American cities in the spring of 1979 and was promoted with the tagline `` In space , no one can hear you scream . '' Alien was rated `` R '' in the United States , `` X '' in the United Kingdom , and `` M '' in Australia . In the UK , the British Board of Film Censors almost passed the film as an `` AA '' ( for ages 14 and over ) , although there were concerns over the prevalent sexual imagery . 20th Century Fox eventually relented in pushing for an AA certificate after deciding that an X rating would make it easier to sell as a horror film . Alien opened in American theaters on May 25 , 1979 . The film had no formal premiere , yet moviegoers lined up for blocks to see it at Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood where a number of models , sets , and props were displayed outside to promote it during its first run . Religious zealots set fire to the model of the space jockey , believing it to be the work of the devil . In the United Kingdom , Alien premiered at a gala performance at the Edinburgh Film Festival on September 1 , 1979 , before starting an exclusive run at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on September 6 , 1979 , but it did not open widely in Britain until January 13 , 1980 . Critical reception ( edit ) Critical reaction to the film was initially mixed . Some critics who were not usually favorable towards science fiction , such as Barry Norman of the BBC 's Film series , were positive about the film 's merits . Others , however , were not ; reviews by Variety , Sight and Sound , Vincent Canby and Leonard Maltin were mixed or negative . ( Maltin , however , reassessed the film upon the release of the Director 's Cut and gave Alien a positive review . ) A review by Time Out said the film was an `` empty bag of tricks whose production values and expensive trickery can not disguise imaginative poverty '' . In a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews discussing science fiction films of the 1950s and 1970s , critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert were critical of Alien . Ebert called it `` basically just an intergalactic haunted house thriller set inside a spaceship '' and one of several science fiction pictures that were `` real disappointments '' compared to Star Wars , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and 2001 : A Space Odyssey , though he did compliment the early scene of the Nostromo 's crew exploring the alien planet as showing `` real imagination '' . However , the film later made it onto Ebert 's Great Movies list , where he gave it four stars and said `` Ridley Scott 's 1979 movie is a great original . '' The film holds a 97 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 104 reviews and an average rating of 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A modern classic , Alien blends science fiction , horror and bleak poetry into a seamless whole . '' It also holds a score of 83 on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' based on 22 reviews . Box office ( edit ) The film was a commercial success , making $78,900,000 in the United States and £ 7,886,000 in the United Kingdom during its first run . It ultimately grossed $80,931,801 in the United States , while international box office figures have varied from $24,000,000 to $122,700,000 . Its total worldwide gross has been listed within the range of $104,931,801 to $203,630,630 . According to 20th Century Fox accounts , however , by April 1980 when the film had earned a reported $100 million at the box office , after advertising , distribution fees , penalties and other costs were deducted , it was still recorded as having ' lost ' $2.4 million . This was seen as an example of Hollywood creative accounting and was much criticised . However , by August , Fox had started saying the film made $4 million in profit . Accolades ( edit ) Further information : List of accolades received by Alien Alien won the 1979 Academy Award for Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Art Direction ( for Michael Seymour , Leslie Dilley , Roger Christian , and Ian Whittaker ) . It won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Ridley Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Veronica Cartwright , and was also nominated in the categories of Best Actress for Sigourney Weaver , Best Make - up for Pat Hay , Best Special Effects for Brian Johnson and Nick Allder , and Best Writing for Dan O'Bannon . It was also nominated for British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) awards for Best Costume Design for John Mollo , Best Editing for Terry Rawlings , Best Supporting Actor for John Hurt , and Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role for Sigourney Weaver . It also won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was nominated for a British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography for Derek Vanlint , as well as a Silver Seashell award for Best Cinematography and Special Effects at the San Sebastián International Film Festival . Jerry Goldsmith 's score received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album , and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music . Home video ( edit ) Alien has been released in many home video formats and packages over the years . The first of these was a seventeen - minute Super-8 version for home projectionists . It was also released on both VHS and Betamax for rental , which grossed it an additional $40,300,000 in the United States alone . Several VHS releases were subsequently issued both separately and as boxed sets . LaserDisc and Videodisc versions followed , including deleted scenes and director commentary as bonus features . A VHS box set containing Alien and its sequels Aliens and Alien 3 was released in facehugger - shaped boxes , and included some of the deleted scenes from the Laserdisc editions . When Alien Resurrection premiered in theaters , another set of the first three films was released including a Making of Alien Resurrection tape . A few months later the set was re-released with the full version of Alien Resurrection taking the place of the making - of video . Alien was released on DVD in 1999 , both separately and , as The Alien Legacy , packaged with Aliens , Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection . This set , which was also released in a VHS version , included a commentary track by Ridley Scott . The first three films of the series have also been packaged as the Alien Triple Pack . `` The traditional definition of the term ' Director 's Cut ' suggests the restoration of a director 's original vision , free of any creative limitations . It suggests that the filmmaker has finally overcome the interference of heavy - handed studio executives , and that the film has been restored to its original , untampered form . Such is not the case with Alien : The Director 's Cut . It 's a completely different beast . '' -- Ridley Scott In 2003 , 20th Century Fox was preparing the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set , which would include Alien and its three sequels . In addition , the set would also include alternate versions of all four films in the form of `` special editions '' and `` director 's cuts '' . Fox approached Ridley Scott to digitally restore and remaster Alien , and to restore several scenes which had been cut during the editing process for inclusion in an expanded version of the film . Upon viewing the expanded version , Scott felt that it was too long and chose to recut it into a more streamlined alternate version : Upon viewing the proposed expanded version of the film , I felt that the cut was simply too long and the pacing completely thrown off . After all , I cut those scenes out for a reason back in 1979 . However , in the interest of giving the fans a new experience with Alien , I figured there had to be an appropriate middle ground . I chose to go in and recut that proposed long version into a more streamlined and polished alternate version of the film . For marketing purposes , this version is being called `` The Director 's Cut . '' The `` Director 's Cut '' restored roughly four minutes of deleted footage while cutting about five minutes of other material , leaving it about a minute shorter than the theatrical cut . Many of the changes were minor , such as altered sound effects , while the restored footage included the scene in which Ripley discovers the cocooned Dallas and Brett during her escape of the Nostromo . Fox released the Director 's Cut in theaters on October 31 , 2003 . The Alien Quadrilogy box set was released December 2 , 2003 , with both versions of the film included along with a new commentary track featuring many of the film 's actors , writers , and production staff , as well as other special features and a documentary entitled The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Each film was also released separately as a DVD with both versions of the film included . Scott noted that he was very pleased with the original theatrical cut of Alien , saying that `` For all intents and purposes , I felt that the original cut of Alien was perfect . I still feel that way '' , and that the original 1979 theatrical version `` remains my version of choice '' . He has since stated that he considers both versions `` director 's cuts '' , as he feels that the 1979 version was the best he could possibly have made it at the time . The Alien Quadrilogy set earned Alien a number of new awards and nominations . It won DVDX Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary and Best Overall DVD , Classic Movie , and was also nominated for Best Behind - the - Scenes Program and Best Menu Design . It also won a Sierra Award for Best DVD , and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Collection and Golden Satellite Awards for Best DVD Extras and Best Overall DVD . In 2010 both the theatrical version and Director 's Cut of Alien were released on Blu - ray Disc , as a stand - alone release and as part of the Alien Anthology set . In 2014 , to mark the film 's 35th anniversary , a special re-release box set named Alien : 35th Anniversary Edition , containing the film on Blu - ray , a digital copy , a reprint of Alien : The Illustrated Story , and a series of collectible art cards containing artwork by H.R. Giger related to the film , was released . Also , the novelisation by Alan Dean Foster was re-printed . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels , prequels and crossover films ( edit ) Further information : Alien ( franchise ) Sigourney Weaver became the star of the Alien films , reprising her role as Ripley in three sequels between 1986 and 1997 . She did not appear in either of the Alien vs. Predator crossovers of the 2000s , but has expressed interest in doing a fifth Alien film . The success of Alien led 20th Century Fox to finance three direct sequels over the next eighteen years , each by different writers and directors . Sigourney Weaver remained the only recurring actor through all four films : the story of her character Ripley 's encounters with the Aliens became the thematic and narrative core of the series . James Cameron 's Aliens ( 1986 ) focused more on action and involved Ripley returning to the planetoid accompanied by marines to confront hordes of Aliens . David Fincher 's Alien 3 ( 1992 ) had nihilistic tones and found her on a prison planet battling another Alien , ultimately sacrificing herself to prevent her employers from acquiring the creatures . Jean - Pierre Jeunet 's Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) saw Ripley resurrected through cloning to battle more Aliens even further in the future . The success of the film series resulted in the creation of a media franchise with numerous novels , comic books , video games , toys , and other media and merchandise appearing over the years . A number of these began appearing under the Alien vs. Predator crossover imprint , which brought the Alien creatures together with the titular characters of the Predator franchise . A film series followed , with Alien vs. Predator in 2004 , and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem in 2007 . Sigourney Weaver has expressed interest in reuniting with Ridley Scott to revive her character for another Alien film . In the 2003 commentary track for the Alien DVD included in the Alien Quadrilogy set , she and Scott both speculated on the possibility , with Weaver stating : `` There is an appetite for a fifth one , which is something I never expected ... it 's really hard to come up with a fifth story that 's new and fresh ... but I have wanted to go back into space ... I think outer space adventure is a good thing for us right now , ' cause Earth is so grim ... so we 've been talking about it , but very generally . '' Scott remarked that , if the series were to continue , the most logical course would be to explore the origins of the space jockey and the Aliens . Weaver supported this idea , saying `` I think it would be great to go back , because I 'm asked that question so many times : ' Where did the Alien come from ? ' People really want to know in a very visceral way . '' David Giler said that he , Walter Hill , and Gordon Carroll , the producers of the first four films in the series , would not be willing to produce another unless it was about the Aliens ' homeworld and Weaver was on board ( despite the fact that they were among the producers of Alien vs. Predator films ) . Weaver , in turn , indicated that she would only return to the franchise if either Scott or James Cameron were to direct . Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film which would explore the origins of the creatures , but ceased work on it when he learned that Fox was pursuing Alien vs. Predator , which he felt would `` kill the validity of the franchise '' . In July 2009 , 20th Century Fox announced that Jon Spaihts had been hired to write a prequel to Alien , with Scott attached to direct . The script was subsequently re-worked by Scott and Damon Lindelof . Titled Prometheus , it went into production in May 2011 , and was released the following year . Scott said in a statement : `` While Alien was indeed the jumping - off point for this project , out of the creative process evolved a new , grand mythology and universe in which this original story takes place . The keen fan will recognize strands of Alien 's DNA , so to speak , but the ideas tackled in this film are unique , large and provocative . '' Variety reported on February 18 , 2015 that a new Alien film would be directed by Neill Blomkamp . On February 25 , it was confirmed that Sigourney Weaver would have a role in the film . Imitations ( edit ) `` The 1979 Alien is a much more cerebral movie than its sequels , with the characters ( and the audience ) genuinely engaged in curiosity about this weirdest of lifeforms ... Unfortunately , the films it influenced studied its thrills but not its thinking . '' -- Film critic Roger Ebert on Alien 's cinematic impact . Alien had both an immediate and long - term impact on the science fiction and horror genres . Shortly after its debut , Dan O'Bannon was sued by another writer named Jack Hammer for allegedly plagiarising a script entitled Black Space . However , O'Bannon was able to prove that he had written his Alien script first . In the wake of Alien 's success , a number of other filmmakers imitated or adapted some of its elements , sometimes by using `` Alien '' in titles . One of the first was The Alien Dead ( 1979 ) , which had its title changed at the last minute to cash in on Alien 's popularity . Contamination ( 1980 ) was initially going to be titled Alien 2 until 20th Century Fox 's lawyers contacted writer / director Luigi Cozzi and made him change it . The film built on Alien by having many similar creatures , which originated from large , slimy eggs , bursting from characters ' chests . An unauthorized sequel to Alien , titled Alien 2 : On Earth , was released in 1980 and included alien creatures which incubate in humans . Other science fiction films of the time that borrowed elements from Alien include Galaxy of Terror ( 1981 ) , Inseminoid ( 1981 ) , Forbidden World ( 1982 ) , Xtro ( 1982 ) , and Dead Space ( 1991 ) . The `` chestburster '' effect was parodied in Mel Brooks ' comedy Spaceballs . Near the end , in a diner , John Hurt does a cameo appearance as a customer who seems to be suffering indigestion . However , he turns out to have an `` alien '' in his gut , and moans , `` Oh , no ... not again ! '' The `` alien '' then does a song - and - dance , singing a line of `` Hello , Ma Baby '' , from the classic Warner Bros. cartoon One Froggy Evening . Analysis ( edit ) Critics have analyzed Alien 's sexual overtones . Following Barbara Creed 's analysis of the Alien creature as a representation of the `` monstrous - feminine as archaic mother '' , Ximena Gallardo C. and C. Jason Smith compared the facehugger 's attack on Kane to a male rape and the chestburster scene to a form of violent birth , noting that the Alien 's phallic head and method of killing the crew members add to the sexual imagery . Dan O'Bannon , who wrote the film 's screenplay , has argued that the scene is a metaphor for the male fear of penetration , and that the `` oral invasion '' of Kane by the facehugger functions as `` payback '' for the many horror films in which sexually vulnerable women are attacked by male monsters . McIntee claims that `` Alien is a rape movie as much as Straw Dogs ( 1971 ) or I Spit on Your Grave ( 1978 ) , or The Accused ( 1988 ) . On one level it 's about an intriguing alien threat . On one level it 's about parasitism and disease . And on the level that was most important to the writers and director , it 's about sex , and reproduction by non-consensual means . And it 's about this happening to a man . '' He notes how the film plays on men 's fear and misunderstanding of pregnancy and childbirth , while also giving women a glimpse into these fears . Film analyst Lina Badley has written that the Alien 's design , with strong Freudian sexual undertones , multiple phallic symbols , and overall feminine figure , provides an androgynous image conforming to archetypal mappings and imageries in horror films that often redraw gender lines . O'Bannon himself later described the sexual imagery in Alien as overt and intentional : `` One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex ... I said ' That 's how I 'm going to attack the audience ; I 'm going to attack them sexually . And I 'm not going to go after the women in the audience , I 'm going to attack the men . I am going to put in every image I can think of to make the men in the audience cross their legs . Homosexual oral rape , birth . The thing lays its eggs down your throat , the whole number . ' '' Some have argued the film 's narrative details and visual design were inspired by those of the 1965 Italian film Planet of the Vampires , such as a scene in which the crew discovers a ruin containing giant alien skeletons . Alien 's roots in earlier works of fiction have been analyzed and acknowledged extensively by critics . The film has been said to have much in common with B movies such as The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) , Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , It ! The Terror from Beyond Space ( 1958 ) , Night of the Blood Beast ( 1958 ) , and Queen of Blood ( 1966 ) , as well as its fellow 1970s horror films Jaws ( 1975 ) and Halloween ( 1978 ) . Literary connections have also been suggested : Philip French of the Guardian has perceived thematic parallels with Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None ( 1939 ) . Many critics have also suggested that the film derives in part from A.E. van Vogt 's The Voyage of the Space Beagle ( 1950 ) , particularly its stories `` The Black Destroyer '' , in which a cat - like alien infiltrates the ship and hunts the crew ; and `` Discord in Scarlet '' , in which an alien implants parasitic eggs inside crew members which then hatch and eat their way out . O'Bannon , however , denies that this was a source of his inspiration for Alien 's story . Van Vogt in fact initiated a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox over the similarities , but Fox settled out of court . Rick Sanchez of IGN has noted the `` striking resemblance '' of Alien to Mario Bava 's cult classic Planet of the Vampires ( 1965 ) , especially in a celebrated sequence in which the crew discovers a ruin containing the skeletal remains of long dead giant beings , and in the design and shots of the ship itself . Despite these similarities , O'Bannon and Scott both claimed in a 1979 interview that they had not seen Planet of the Vampires . Writer David McIntee has also noted similarities to the Doctor Who episode `` The Ark in Space '' ( 1975 ) , in which an insectoid queen alien lays larvae inside humans which later eat their way out , a life cycle inspired by that of the ichneumon wasp . He has also noted similarities between the first half of the film , particularly in early versions of the script , to H.P. Lovecraft 's At the Mountains of Madness , `` not in storyline , but in dread - building mystery '' , and calls the finished film `` the best Lovecraftian movie ever made , without being a Lovecraft adaptation '' , due to its similarities in tone and atmosphere to Lovecraft 's works . In 2009 , O'Bannon said the film was `` strongly influenced , tone-wise , by Lovecraft , and one of the things it proved is that you ca n't adapt Lovecraft effectively without an extremely strong visual style ... What you need is a cinematic equivalent of Lovecraft 's prose . '' H.R. Giger has said he liked O'Bannon's initial Alien storyline `` because I found it was in the vein of Lovecraft , one of my greatest sources of inspiration . '' Lasting critical praise ( edit ) Alien has continued to receive critical acclaim over the years , particularly for its realism and unique environment , and is cited one of the best films of 1979 . It has a 97 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and 83 % on Metacritic . Critical interest in the film was re-ignited with the theatrical release of the `` Director 's Cut '' in 2003 . Despite having given Alien an unfavourable review in 1980 , Roger Ebert revised his opinion in 2003 . Ebert included the film in his `` Great Movies '' column , ranking it among `` the most influential of modern action pictures '' and praising its pacing , atmosphere , and settings : One of the great strengths of Alien is its pacing . It takes its time . It waits . It allows silences ( the majestic opening shots are underscored by Jerry Goldsmith with scarcely audible , far - off metallic chatterings ) . It suggests the enormity of the crew 's discovery by building up to it with small steps : The interception of a signal ( is it a warning or an SOS ? ) . The descent to the extraterrestrial surface . The bitching by Brett and Parker , who are concerned only about collecting their shares . The masterstroke of the surface murk through which the crew members move , their helmet lights hardly penetrating the soup . The shadowy outline of the alien ship . The sight of the alien pilot , frozen in his command chair . The enormity of the discovery inside the ship ( `` It 's full of ... leathery eggs ... '' ) . McIntee praises Alien as `` possibly the definitive combination of horror thriller with science fiction trappings . '' He notes , however , that it is a horror film first and a science fiction film second , since science fiction normally explores issues of how humanity will develop under other circumstances . Alien , on the other hand , focuses on the plight of people being attacked by a monster : `` It 's set on a spaceship in the future , but it 's about people trying not to get eaten by a drooling monstrous animal . Worse , it 's about them trying not to get raped by said drooling monstrous animal . '' Along with Halloween and Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , he describes it as a prototype for the slasher film genre : `` The reason it 's such a good movie , and wowed both the critics , who normally frown on the genre , and the casual cinema - goer , is that it is a distillation of everything that scares us in the movies . '' He also describes how the film appeals to a variety of audiences : `` Fans of Hitchcockian thrillers like it because it 's moody and dark . Gorehounds like it for the chest - burster . Science fiction fans love the hard science fiction trappings and hardware . Men love the battle - for - survival element , and women love not being cast as the helpless victim . '' David Edelstein wrote , `` Alien remains the key text in the ' body horror ' subgenre that flowered ( or , depending on your viewpoint , festered ) in the seventies , and Giger 's designs covered all possible avenues of anxiety . Men traveled through vulva - like openings , got forcibly impregnated , and died giving birth to rampaging gooey vaginas dentate -- how 's that for future shock ? This was truly what David Cronenberg would call ' the new flesh , ' a dissolution of the boundaries between man and machine , machine and alien , and man and alien , with a psychosexual invasiveness that has never , thank God , been equaled . '' In 2002 , Alien was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the National Film Preservation Board of the United States , and was inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation alongside other films of 1979 including All That Jazz , Apocalypse Now , The Black Stallion , and Manhattan . In 2008 , the American Film Institute ranked Alien as the seventh - best film in the science fiction genre as part of AFI 's 10 Top 10 , a CBS television special ranking the ten greatest movies in ten classic American film genres . The ranks were based on a poll of over 1,500 film artists , critics , and historians , with Alien ranking just above Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) and just below Ridley Scott 's other science fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . The same year , Empire magazine ranked it thirty - third on its list of the five hundred greatest movies of all time , based on a poll of 10,200 readers , critics , and members of the film industry . It is seen as one of the most influential science - fiction films . See also ( edit ) Alien ( franchise ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of monster movies References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pulleine , Tim ( 1979 ) . `` Alien '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . London : British Film Institute . 46 ( 540 ) : 191 . ISSN 0027 - 0407 . p.c -- 20th Century - Fox ( London ) , A Brandywine - Ronald Shushett production ^ Jump up to : `` Alien '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Production Company : 20th Century - Fox Film Corp . Production Text : a Brandywine - Ronald Shusett production Jump up ^ `` ALIEN '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alien - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alien ( 1979 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Official documentation for the film states that the budget was $11 million , but other sources give different numbers . Sigourney Weaver has stated that it was $14 million , while Ridley Scott , Ivor Powell , and Tom Skerritt have each recalled it being closer to $8.4 million . McIntee , 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : Awards '' . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Saturn Awards '' . The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy , & Horror Films . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alien ( 1979 ) - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to the National Film Registry , Library of Congress , 1989 - 2007 '' . National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Film Preservation Board '' . National Film Preservation Board . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Sci - Fi '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire magazine . September 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` Great Movies : Alien ( 1979 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truckers in Space : Casting '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 30 . Jump up ^ Mcintee , 17 . Jump up ^ McIntee , 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Dan O'Bannon ( Writer ) , Ridley Scott ( Director ) , Sigourney Weaver ( Actor ) ( 2003 ) . Alien ( DVD ( audio commentary track ) ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . Jump up ^ Steve , Head . `` An Exclusive Interview with Yaphet Kotto . Parker talks Alien with IGNFF 's Steve Head '' . IGN Movies . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eighth Passenger : Creature Design '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien Jump up ^ Clark , Frederick S. ; Jones , Alan ( 1979 ) . `` Bolaji Bodejo : The Alien '' . Cinefantastique . Oak Park , Illinois , USA : Frederick S. Clark . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scanlon , Paul ; Michael Cross ( 1979 ) . The Book of Alien . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Beast : Developing the Story '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 20 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 21 . Jump up ^ McIntee , 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Alien Evolution ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ Alien Saga ( DVD ) . Prometheus Entertainment . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 19 . Jump up ^ Hays , Matthew ( October 23 , 2003 ) . `` A space odyssey '' . Montreal Mirror . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 24 . Jump up ^ McIntee , 25 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 26 . Jump up ^ Oliver , John ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` 10 great British sci - fi films '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Visualists : Direction and Design '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Jump up ^ McIntee , 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 27 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 14 . Jump up ^ McIntee , 22 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ridley ( 2004 ) . The Force Is With Them : The Legacy of Star Wars ( Star Wars Trilogy DVD box set , audio commentary track ) . Los Angeles : Lucasfilm Ltd. and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . Within the context of that fantasy ( George Lucas ) said people still have to wash behind their ears at night . That was another wonderful touch . It influenced me when I did Alien . I thought I better push it a bit further and make them truck drivers . ^ Jump up to : `` Fear of the Unknown : Shepperton Studios , 1978 '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 41 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 33 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Darkest Reaches : Nostromo and Alien Planet '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 35 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future Tense : Music and Editing '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 40 . Jump up ^ Alien ( Director 's Cut ) ( Alien Quadrilogy , DVD disc 1 ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . December 2 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 38 . Jump up ^ `` Symphony 2 Howard Hanson '' . Ukonline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2003 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Composers '' . Classicalcdreview.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 28 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 15 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 31 . Jump up ^ Mollo , John ; Ron Cobb . The Authorized Portfolio of Crew Insignias from the United States Commercial Spaceship Nostromo , Designs and Realizations . I wanted to imply that poor old England is back on its feet and has united with the Japanese , who have taken over the building of spaceships the same way they have now with cars and supertankers . In coming up with a strange company name I thought of British Leyland and Toyota , but we could n't use `` Leyland - Toyota '' in the film . Changing one letter gave me `` Weylan , '' and `` Yutani '' was a Japanese neighbor of mine . ^ Jump up to : Cameron , James ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Aliens ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ McIntee , 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 34 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( September 17 , 2011 ) . Alien Vault : The Definitive Story of the Making of the Film . Voyageur Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Outward Bound : Visual Effects '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 36 ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Horror ! The Horror ! Fright Flicks Finally Get Their Due '' . New York Observer . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Alien 's Chestburster Scene '' . The Guardian . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Graeme ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` John Hurt talks Harry Potter , Flamenco and Chestbursters '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alien named as top 18 - rated scene '' . BBC News . April 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Nightmare Fulfilled : Reaction to the Film '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Jump up ^ `` Buy the 1979 Original Alien Suit By H.R. Giger '' . Gadgetmadness.com. April 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McIntee , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mackinder , Adrian ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` Alien ( 1979 ) Movie Review '' . Future Movies . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Discogs Entry Nostromo - Alien Archived September 8 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Discogs.com . Retrieved on 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alien '' . Allrovi . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : BBFC classification report '' ( PDF ) . BBFC . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Derek Malcolm ( September 6 , 1979 ) . `` Something nasty lurking amid the good old Alien corn : Derek Malcolm reviews the new films in London and Edinburgh '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . British Film Institute . BFI ( Online Database ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anti Reviews on Movie - Film - Review '' . Christopher Tookey . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Rob ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Leonard Maltin Discusses 45 Years Of His Movie Guide '' . Chicagoist . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ; Walker ( editor ) , John ( 2001 ) . Halliwell 's Film & Video Guide 2001 ( 16th Edition ) . London : Harper Collins . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653219 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Invasion of the Outer Space Movies '' . Sneak Previews . Siskel&Ebert.org . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Chaz ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` Alien Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1979 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ACCOUNTANTS PUT THE BITE ON ' ALIEN ' : ' ALIEN ' : A HIT BECOMES A MISS SCHREGER , CHARLES . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) April 27 , 1980 : o1 . Jump up ^ MOVIES : ' ALIEN ' FILM EARNS PROFIT OF $4 MILLION , FOX REPORTS Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) August 10 , 1980 : r29 . ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 259 . Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` More `` Aliens '' come to VHS and DVD `` . Entertainment Weekly . EW.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( December 2 , 2003 ) . Alien Quadrilogy ( DVD booklet ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Alien Series Has A Blu - ray Release Date '' . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : 35th Anniversary Blu - ray Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . September 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fincher , David ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien 3 ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Jeunet , Jean - Pierre ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien Resurrection ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Anderson , Paul W.S. ( Director ) ( 2005 ) . Alien vs. Predator ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Strause , Colin and Greg ( Directors ) ( 2008 ) . Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ The date in which the events of Alien are set is not revealed in the film itself , but the first draft of the script gave the year as 2087 . McIntee , 23 . Jump up ^ Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien ( DVD ( audio commentary track ) ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . It 's a tough one , particularly with the success of four . I think if you close the lid it should be the end of the first chapter , and I think very simply what no one 's done is simply gone back to re-visit ' what was it ? ' No one 's ever said ' who 's the space jockey ? ' He was n't an Alien . What was that battleship ? Is it a battleship ? Is it an aircraft carrier ? Is it a bio-mechanoid weapon carrier ? ... Why did it land ? Did it crash - land , or did it settle there because it had engine trouble ? ... And how long ago ? ' Cause those eggs would sit there . Jump up ^ McIntee , 264 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric `` Quint '' ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Holy Crap ! Quint Interviews James Cameron ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` AVP Killed Alien 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' Alien ' Prequel Takes Off '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Rapace boards Ridley Scott 's Prometheus '' . Variety.com . 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San Francisco : IGN Entertainment , Inc. p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2005 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frentzen , Jeffrey . Cinefantastique , Volume 8 , Number 4 , 1979 , pp. 24 -- 25 . `` Alien : It ! The Terror from Beyond the Planet of the Vampires '' Jump up ^ Carducci , Mark Patrick and Lovell , Glenn . Cinefantastique , Volume 9 , Number 1 , 1979 , pp. 10 -- 39 . `` Making Alien : Behind The Scenes '' Jump up ^ McIntee , 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dan O'Bannon H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival 2009 Howie Award , PART 1 '' . YouTube . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levy , Frederic Albert . `` H.R. Giger - Alien Design '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . littlegiger.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 1979 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . 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Bibliography De Lauzirika , Charles ( December 2 , 2003 ) . The Beast Within : The Making of Alien ( Alien Quadrilogy disc 2 ) . O'Bannon , Dan ( Writer ) , Ronald Shusett ( Executive producer / story ) , Ron Cobb ( Conceptual artist ) , Ivor Powell ( Associate producer ) , Gordon Carroll ( Producer ) , David Giler ( Producer ) , Alan Ladd , Jr. ( former President of 20th Century Fox ) , Ridley Scott ( Director ) , H.R. Giger ( Alien designer ) , Mary Selway ( Casting : UK ) , Sigourney Weaver ( Actor : Ripley ) , Veronica Cartwright ( Actor : Lambert ) , Tom Skerritt ( Actor : Dallas ) , Harry Dean Stanton ( Actor : Brett ) , John Hurt ( Actor : Kane ) , Roger Christian ( Art Director ) , Michael Seymour ( Production Designer ) , Derek Vanlint ( Cinematographer ) , Carlo Rambaldi ( Alien head effects ) , Terry Rawlings ( Editor ) , Jerry Goldsmith ( Composer ) , Brian Johnson ( Visual Effects Supervisor ) , Martin Bower ( Supervising modelmaker ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . Further reading Anderson , Craig W. `` Alien . '' Science Fiction Films of the Seventies . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland , 1985 . Print . 217 - 224 . Bell - Meterau , Rebecca . `` Woman : The Other Alien in Alien . '' Women Worldwalkers : New Dimensions of Science Fiction and Fantasy . Ed . Weedman , Jane B. Lubbock , Tex : Texas Tech Press , 1985 . Print . 9 - 24 . Elkins , Charles , ed . `` Symposium on Alien . '' ( Jackie Byars , Jeff Gould , Peter Fitting , Judith Lowder Newton , Tony Safford , Clayton Lee ) . Science - Fiction Studies 22.3 ( Nov. 1980 ) : 278 - 304 . Gallardo C. , Ximena and C. Jason Smith ( 2004 ) . Alien Woman : The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1569 - 5 Matheson , T.J. `` Triumphant Technology and Minimal Man : The Technological Society , Science Fiction Films , and Ridley Scott 's Alien . '' Extrapolation 33 . 3 : 215 - 229 . McIntee , David ( 2005 ) . Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films . Surrey : Telos Publishing . pp. 10 -- 44 , 208 , 251 , 258 -- 260 . ISBN 1 - 903889 - 94 - 4 . Torry , Robert . `` Awakening to the Other : Feminism and the Ego - Ideal in Alien . '' Women 's Studies 23 ( 1994 ) : 343 - 363 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alien ( film ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first alien film come out	[ "Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Sigourney Weaver, Tom Skerritt, Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto. It is the first movie in what became a large Alien franchise. The film's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and attacks the crew of a spaceship. Dan O'Bannon, drawing upon previous works of science fiction and horror, wrote the screenplay from a story he co-authored with Ronald Shusett. The film was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions, and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script; Shusett was executive producer. The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human aspects of the film." ]	[ "1979" ]
-4829972042995259834	Elsa (Disney)	Elsa ( Disney ) - Wikipedia Elsa ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Elsa Frozen character First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Idina Menzel Eva Bella ( 8 years old ) Spencer Lacey Ganus ( 12 years old ) Information Title Queen of Arendelle Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Princess Anna of Arendelle ( younger sister ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of `` The Snow Queen '' , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as the princess of the fictional Scandinavian kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold - hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters . As much as Anna 's struggle is external , Elsa 's is internal . This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic , misunderstood character . Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers , who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability . Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa , especially that of her performance of the song `` Let It Go '' , with critics frequently calling her a `` powerhouse '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Abilities 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Cosplay 2.5. 4 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.1. 1 `` Let It Go '' 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) An illustration of the Snow Queen , the character Elsa is based upon . Attempts were made as early as 1937 by Walt Disney to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , `` The Snow Queen '' , into a film . The tale focuses on two children , one named Gerda , who served as the basis for Princess Anna , and the other named Kai , who is `` cursed with negativity '' after his heart is pierced with a shard of glass from an enchanted mirror and is later kidnapped by the Snow Queen . However , Disney struggled with creating a believable , multi-dimensional adaption of the fairy tale 's title character , who was intended to be a villain . In the story , she is described as `` a woman , dressed in garments of white gauze , which looked like millions of starry snow - flakes linked together . She was fair and beautiful , but made of ice -- shining and glittering ice . Still she was alive and her eyes sparkled like bright stars , but there was neither peace nor rest in their glance . '' Disney was unable to find a way to make the Snow Queen more real and eventually abandoned film plans . Several film executives later made efforts towards the project , including Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag , Glen Keane , and Dave Goetz . In 2011 , director Chris Buck began work on another attempted adaption and also faced challenges with the Snow Queen character . Producer Peter Del Vecho explained that this was primarily because she was not relatable and too isolated , having no personal connections . As a result , they could not explain her motivations . After several changes were proposed , someone on the writing team suggested making the Snow Queen Anna 's sister . `` Once we realized that these characters could be siblings and have a relationship , everything changed , '' Del Vecho relayed . The Snow Queen , now given the name Elsa , continued to be cast as a villain , and Disney released the following synopsis for Frozen in May 2013 : When Anna is cursed by her estranged sister , the cold - hearted Snow Queen , Anna 's only hope of reversing the curse is to survive a perilous but thrilling journey across an icy and unforgiving landscape . Joined by a rugged , thrill - seeking outdoorsman , his one - antlered reindeer and a hapless snowman , Anna must race against time , conquer the elements and battle an army of menacing snowmen if she ever hopes to melt her frozen heart . Earlier manuscripts included more antagonistic actions by Elsa , such as intentionally cursing Arendelle with an eternal winter . Additionally , she is shown creating an army of snowmen similar to the original Snow Queen 's army of snowflakes ; the comedic character of Olaf was at the time written as a smaller snowman who was cast out by Elsa for being too unintimidating . Within two months , however , scripts were altered to give emphasis to her lack of control over her powers . Olaf was reduced to the only snowman created by Elsa , and he instead serves as a reminder of the sisters ' childhood friendship . In the final version , Elsa creates a single giant snow creature that Olaf nicknames `` Marshmallow '' to act as a guard after being branded as a monster for her powers . According to director Jennifer Lee , the character ultimately became more of a composite of both Kai and the Snow Queen , enhancing her increasingly sympathetic portrayal . Del Vecho added , `` There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . '' Voice ( edit ) Idina Menzel provided both the singing and speaking voice of Elsa . Eva Bella and Spencer Lacey Ganus were cast to portray Elsa as a young child and as a teenager , respectively . Actress and singer Megan Mullally was originally cast to voice an adult Elsa . but was replaced by Idina Menzel , a Broadway actress and singer best known for performing as Elphaba in Wicked . Menzel already knew Kristen Bell , who voiced Anna , and had previously auditioned for a lead role in the 2010 Disney film Tangled . She was not cast for the part , but the casting director recorded her singing and later showed the recording to Frozen 's film executives . Menzel was surprised when she was subsequently asked to audition , and she received the role after reading the script out loud . In interviews , she acknowledged similarities between Elsa , her then - current role , and Elphaba , her previous role . Namely , she said , they were both very powerful and very misunderstood individuals . She further said that she related to the characters , having hidden her singing talent from her peers at school . `` I did n't want to alienate anyone , '' she explained . `` If everyone was singing along in the car to a Madonna song , I did n't join in because when we 're younger we 're afraid of sticking out or showing off , when in fact we should own those things that make us really unique . '' Director Chris Buck believed that Menzel 's vocals would help in the portrayal of the character , saying , `` Idina has a sense of vulnerability in her voice . She plays a very strong character , but someone who lives in fear -- so we needed someone who could portray both sides of the character , and Idina was just amazing . '' Menzel was unaccustomed to working with animated films and being required to portray her character 's feelings with her voice alone , though she did not find it particularly challenging . While recording , she was able to `` play '' with her voice , trying various tones to establish the ranges in Elsa 's emotions . For example , Menzel wanted there to be a difference between the ways she sounded when she was being bold and when she was angry . She would also physically restrict her hands from moving as she recorded the film 's early scenes in order to project how her character was `` so afraid to move and feel anything that it would come out and hurt people '' . During production , Menzel and Jonathan Groff , who portrays Kristoff , went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters . Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing , observed how she breathed as she sang live , and made videorecordings of her recording sessions ; they then animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing , for further realism . Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa 's most prominent song , `` Let It Go '' . According to composer Robert Lopez , Menzel 's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa 's `` low , vulnerable , fragile side '' as well as her power and self - realization . Menzel commented that it was `` an honor '' to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it . `` It 's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way , '' she explained . `` The character , what she is singing and what she is experiencing ; beautiful lyrics , beautiful melody and a little bit of me . '' Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell 's voices were . At one point during a table read , they sang a ballad ( later revealed as `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes . Subsequently , Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film . Other voices ( edit ) All over the world , Elsa was dubbed in 46 languages . Dutch singer and actress Willemijn Verkaik dubbed Elsa in Dutch ( both speaking and singing ) and German ( singing only ) , Spanish singer Gisela sang both for the Castilian Spanish and Catalan versions and French singer Anaïs Delva 's singing lines were also used in the Canadian French version . Both Anaïs Delva ( French ) and Jelena Gavrilović ( Serbian ) had originally auditioned for Anna 's role , but were eventually called back to dub Elsa instead . Just like Idina Menzel , four of Elsa 's dubbers also played the role of Elphaba in the Musical `` Wicked '' , that is : Maria Lucia Rosenberg ( Danish ) , Willemijn Verkaik ( Dutch and German ) , Mona Mor ( Hebrew ) and Hyena Park ( ko ) ( Korean ) . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( show ) Elsa 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) Canadian French Aurélie Morgane Anaïs Delva Cantonese 黃紫嫻 ( `` Wong Ji - Haan '' ; Kitty Wong ) ( zh ) 白珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) Castilian Spanish Ana Esther Alborg Gisela Catalan Mar Nicolás Gisela Croatian Kristina Krepela Nataša Mirković Czech Andrea Elsnerová ( cs ; de ) Monika Absolonová Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg Dutch Willemijn Verkaik English Idina Menzel Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) European French Anaïs Delva European Portuguese Maria Camões ( pt ) Ana Margarida Encarnação Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) Flemish Elke Buyle German Dina Kürten ( de ) Willemijn Verkaik Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) Hungarian Réka Farkasházi ( hu ) Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir Indonesian Lis Kurniasih Mikha Sherly Marpaung Italian Serena Autieri Japanese Takako Matsu Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) Korean 안소연 ( Ahn So - Yeon ) ( ko ) 박혜 나 ( Park Hyena ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) Latvian Jolanta Strikaite Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 周帅 ( Zhōu Shuài ) 胡维纳 ( `` Hú Wéi - Nà '' ; Jalane ) ( cmn ) Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 刘小芸 ( Liú Xiǎo - Yún ) 林芯儀 ( `` Lín Xīn - Yí '' ; Shennio Lin ) ( cmn ) Norwegian Lisa Stokke Polish Lidia Sadowa ( pl ) Katarzyna Łaska Romanian Adina Lucaciu Dalma Kovács Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) Serbian Jelena Gavrilović Slovak Andrea Somorovská Slovene Alenka Kozolc Gregurić Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) Swedish Annika Herlitz Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( `` Wichayanee Pia - klin '' ; Gam the Star ) ( th ) Turkish Begüm Günceler Ukrainian Аліна Проценко ( Alina Procenko ) Шаніс ( Shanis ) Vietnamese Đoàn Khánh Ái Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) Design and characterization ( edit ) Following the casting of Idina Menzel , Elsa 's characterization underwent several alterations . According to Menzel , she was originally scripted as a one - dimensional antagonist but was gradually revised as a more vulnerable , multifaceted figure . Menzel further described her character as `` extremely complicated and misunderstood '' . Director Jennifer Lee stated that Elsa is largely driven by fear throughout the film , while Menzel added that she was also struggling with her potential to be `` a strong , powerful , extraordinary woman '' . Executive producer and animator John Lasseter became very `` protective of Elsa '' and was adamant about portraying her in a more favorable , sympathetic light . Writer and director Jennifer Lee stated on Twitter that Elsa 's body language and mannerisms were `` intentional to show anxiety and depression '' . In July 2013 , Disney released images of the film 's main characters along with outlines of their roles in the story . Elsa received the following description : From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by her complexity . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . For their work on designing and animating Elsa , Unten and three other Disney Animation employees later won an award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards : Joy Johnson , character technical director ( rigging ) ; Alexander Alvarado , look development artist ( Disney 's job title for texture artists ) ; and Chad Stubblefield , modeling supervisor . FX technical director Yoo Jae - hyun worked for a year - and - a-half on creating Elsa 's ice - based special effects , including effects associated with her dress . Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings `` Let It Go '' as a pivotal point in the character 's development . The scene depicts her choice to `` let go '' of her fear of using her powers . Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said , `` Before ' Let It Go ' , Elsa is really buttoned up , her hair is up -- everything is perfect . During the song , she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes -- her hair is more wild , her gown is magical . She 's finally free -- even if she is all alone . '' Animators designed Elsa 's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis ; in the beginning , she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits . Menzel said that , after accepting her abilities , Elsa 's appearance becomes `` very vampy '' , continuing , `` She 's quite sexy for Disney , I have to say -- they 're pushing the limits there a little bit ! But there 's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and , for me , it was fun to be a blonde because I 'm not in real life . '' In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa 's physical transformation : `` ( M ) y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter ... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... ( H ) e got up and he 's like , ... ' her hair goes , and she transforms , and she struts , ' and he 's doing it . He 's acting it out . '' `` We imagined what it would be like to be chased out of the kingdom . To have to let go of everything you know and all the people you love . And yet the incredible release you 'd have to finally let go of everything you 've holding back your entire life . '' -- Kristen Anderson - Lopez on writing Elsa 's song , `` Let It Go '' , and the choice to make her a protagonist rather than a villain . The scene was also a pivotal point in the development of Elsa 's character and was initially planned to depict her becoming evil . Robert Lopez , who composed the song with his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , explained , `` Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying , ' Screw it . I 'm gon na be me . ' '' They had wanted to use the song as a way to gain a better understanding of the character and what she would be like if she was no longer living in fear , which ultimately resulted in her becoming much more complex . The final lyrics and Menzel 's `` ability to be so fragile and vulnerable and then break into this powerhouse voice '' turned the plot around and led to Elsa being revised as a `` good '' character . She initially attempts to suppress her powers in order to avoid hurting others , particularly Anna , and when she is no longer able to do so , she banishes herself from the kingdom to protect those around her . Lead writer Paul Briggs said that Anna 's support is what Elsa needs most when her secret is exposed . `` The strength of the family bond is what makes this story so powerful , '' he explained , `` because it 's her sibling who 's willing to look beyond her powers and stand between her and the world if that 's what it takes . '' Early concept art depicting a darker version of Elsa inspired by Amy Winehouse . Elsa 's appearance had to be redesigned following her transition from antagonist to protagonist . She was originally drawn in a style similar to other Disney villains , with blue skin and spiky black hair . A few months after the film 's release , visual development artist Claire Keane ( the daughter of Disney Legend Glen Keane ) published early concept art of Elsa that was modeled after the singer Amy Winehouse . At the time , she was imagined as having blue `` bouffant '' hair as well as `` a deep , soulful voice and dramatic mood swings '' . Lasseter reportedly influenced the creation of the character 's much softer final appearance , particularly in regards to her very thick platinum blonde hair , which animators found difficult to design . Art director Michael Giaimo said that while a number of strategies were proposed for Elsa 's hair , Lasseter would push the animation team to continue making improvements , saying , `` It 's not aspirational enough . We want people to feel like this hair is a beautiful statement . '' During a research trip , producers found that `` there are lots of braids '' worn by women in Norway ; they then hired a stylist from New York named `` Danilo '' who helped to create a style that would reflect that while still being `` a little different '' . A new animation program called Tonic was invented to assist with the task , and the character 's hair ultimately required 420,000 CGI threads . By contrast , Anna was given roughly 140,000 hairs while Rapunzel from Tangled had only required 27,000 CGI threads for her hair . Abilities ( edit ) Elsa 's ice castle Since Elsa is introduced as a young child at the beginning of the film , animators wanted the first glimpse of her powers to reflect her innocent and fanciful state of mind at the time . This included giving her first snowflakes a simple design . Her snow and ice patterns later become more intricate and complex when she is an adult . Co-effects supervisor Marlon West elaborated , `` When Elsa finally lets go and really starts owning her cryokinetic abilities , we wanted the ice and snow that she make to get across the idea that Elsa has now grown up and become this beautiful , elegant , confident and powerful young woman . '' Her ice castle , which she creates while singing `` Let It Go '' , was designed to illustrate the maturing of her powers as well as to be `` a manifestation of her feelings to the world '' . The palace is initially beautiful ; however , after she is made aware of the destruction she has inadvertently caused , and as she is increasingly vilified and hunted by others , it becomes darker and more distorted , with jagged icicles forming on the walls . The film 's design team was uncertain about how it should look and drew out designs for various ice castles filled with snow . Lasseter suggested basing the structure and patterns on snowflakes . For example , an enormous snowflake would serve as the foundation , and the palace would be hexagon - shaped . Lasseter also wanted snowflake patterns to influence the manner in which Elsa creates the palace . `` Snowflakes are these tiny little ice crystals that form in mid-air . And when there are changes in temperature and humidity , these snowflakes start growing in a pattern that 's known as branching and plating , '' said co-effects supervisor Dale Mayeda . `` ( Lasseter ) said ' You know , when Elsa builds her ice palace , it would be so amazing if -- every step of the way as this castle forms out of thin air -- it 's just branching and plating , branching and plating all along the way . '' Fifty animators worked on the scene in which the castle is built , and one frame required 30 hours to render . They later extended similar techniques to Elsa 's clothing . While the traditional Norwegian rosemaling was the inspiration for her costuming early in the film , her ice gown was designed similarly to her palace , with snowflakes heavily influencing the style . Her cape itself is a large snowflake . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Elsa , princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne , is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow . As a child , she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend , Princess Anna . One night , Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers . The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed . While healing Anna , the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa 's abilities will grow , becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them . While the trolls erase Anna 's memory of the incident and of her elder sister 's powers in general , Elsa is traumatized by the event . The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa 's ice powers : the castle gates are locked , Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time , she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well . Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes fearful of harming those she cares about most . Meanwhile , her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries , without success , to coax her out of her room . When the sisters grow into teenagers , the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown , leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely . Three years pass , and Elsa , now of age , is set to formally succeed her father as the monarch of Arendelle . Though she is afraid of opening the castle to the large crowds , her coronation goes on relatively peacefully . However , at the reception party , Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , whom Anna had met earlier that day . Elsa refuses to bless Hans 's offer to marry Anna ; he is someone she barely knows , prompting an argument between the two . Being so upset Elsa accidentally reveals her power . Upon the guests ' and her subjects ' horror and being accused of sorcery and called a monster , Elsa flees the castle and retreats into the icy mountains . In the process , her emotions unleash an `` eternal '' winter throughout Arendelle . While there , she decides to embrace , finally , all her powers and builds an enormous ice palace where she believes she can live freely without fear of hurting people . She also rebuilds her childhood snowman , Olaf , and unknowingly brings him to life . Anna , determined to find Elsa and bring her back , travels through the mountains , encountering Olaf and a mountain man named Kristoff . They reach the ice palace , where Anna attempts to persuade Elsa to return home and mend their relationship . When Elsa ultimately resists ( due to her memory of hurting Anna as a child with her powers resurfacing ) Anna tells her about the state that Arendelle and all its people was left in . Horrified , Elsa lashes out and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . Now even more horrified at the prospect of hurting her sister and people with her powers , Elsa forces Anna , Kristoff and Olaf out by creating a gigantic snow creature ( called Marshmallow by Olaf ) , that is a symbol of her desire to be alone so as to be able to use her powers without hurting anyone . After this , her ice castle evidently becomes darker and more grotesque , reflecting her torment and re-ignited fears . Meanwhile , Anna becomes weaker day by day and Kristoff takes her back to the trolls , who tell them that only an `` act of true love '' can save her life . Hans and a group of soldiers attack the now ugly ice palace . Elsa seizes two soldiers who attempt to assassinate her . Hans convinces her to spare them to prove that she is not a monster . However , she is knocked unconscious and taken to her castle 's dungeon . Hans visits her and urges her to end the winter ; Elsa admits that she has no idea how to do so . After he leaves , she is able to break free from the chains by freezing them and escapes the cell , though her fears trigger a massive blizzard . Anna returns to the castle , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will be the `` act of true love '' to save her . Instead , he informs her that his offer of marriage ( engagement ) had been the first step of a plot to get him the throne of Arendelle . Olaf tells Anna that Kristoff is in love with her and she believes that his kiss will cure her . They rush to find Kristoff . Hans confronts Elsa and tells her that she has killed Anna . Devastated , Elsa collapses and the blizzard stops suddenly . Hans approaches her and swings his sword to kill her , but Anna turns away from an approaching Kristoff with her last bit of strength and blocks Hans ' attack as she freezes solid . Moments later , Anna begins to thaw , as her choice to save her sister rather than herself constituted the necessary `` act of true love '' . Elsa realizes that love is the key to controlling her powers and is able to end the kingdom 's eternal winter . Summer returns to Arendelle , Elsa regains the throne and is able to use and safely control her powers , while the sisters ' bond is restored . She exiles Hans back to the Southern Isles to face punishment from his family and cuts off trade with the Duke of Weselton 's town for his earlier behavior towards her . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the first film , Elsa tries to make Anna 's 19th birthday as perfect as possible a way of making up for the years they spent apart . To do so , she works heavily with Kristoff , Sven and Olaf to make this a reality . Upon making sure that her surprise party in the palace courtyard is ready , she leaves Kristoff in charge while she goes to get Anna . However , Elsa starts to come down with a cold as she leads Anna on a treasure hunt to find all the gifts that have been made for her . Without realizing it , each sneeze she makes creates small snowmen called `` snowgies '' , which create trouble for Kristoff , Sven and Olaf . As Anna notices Elsa 's cold getting worse , she tries in vain to get Elsa to stop exerting herself , even taking medicine from Oaken in case Elsa gets sicker . Unfortunately , Elsa 's cold cause her to become very tired and behave in a seemingly intoxicated - like manner , and she nearly falls from Arendelle 's clock tower only for Anna to save her . Upon finally admitting to Anna that she is indeed sick after the previous incident , she allows Anna to escort her home feeling she has ruined everything , and finds that the party has gone off successfully for Anna ( as well as discovering her snowgie creations ) , and still slightly intoxicated , she ends the party by accidentally sneezing into the birthday bugle horn , which inadvertently sends a gigantic snowball all the way to the Southern Isles and hits the now - demoted Hans , causing him to fall into a pile of horse manure . Afterwards , Anna tells a now bed - ridden Elsa that she has given her the best birthday ever by letting her take care of her . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Elsa Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 3.22 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Georgina Haig Information Occupation Queen of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and King of Arendelle ( deecased parents ) Anna ( younger sister ) Ingrid and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Kristoff ( brother - in - law ) Centric episodes `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( cameo ) `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Elsa appears as a recurring character in the fourth season of the television series Once Upon a Time , where she is portrayed by Georgina Haig . At the end of the show 's third season finale , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , Emma Swan ( Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter ) and Captain Hook accidentally bring back an urn from Rumplestiltskin 's vault after their excursion into the past . The urn releases a blue liquid that coalesces into Elsa . She takes off her glove and destroys the urn with an icy blast . She strides out of the barn , leaving a trail of frozen ground . In the fourth - season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters , '' Elsa 's story is shown in the present day as well as flashbacks taking place two years after the events of the film . In the past , she discovers that her and Anna 's parents set off not on a diplomatic mission , but on a journey to Misthaven -- the `` Enchanted Forest '' where most of Storybrooke 's fairy - tale residents came from -- to discover more about Elsa 's powers , with Anna 's travelling to Misthaven to find out more about her parents ' voyage . In the present , Elsa is frightened by her sudden exposure into the town of modern - day Storybrooke and re-conjures Marshmallow for protection . Marshmallow is defeated by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , while Elsa discovers a necklace she gave long ago to Anna in Mr. Gold 's ( Rumplestiltskin 's ) shop , leaving her resolved to learn what happened to her sister . As the season progresses , Elsa befriends series protagonist Emma Swan , Emma and the series ' central cast resolving the help Elsa find Anna . The group eventually discovers that a figure named the Snow Queen ( a more faithful adaptation of the original fairy tale 's character ) is somehow responsible for Elsa 's trapping in her urn , a woman with similar powers to Elsa . They soon discover that the Snow Queen is Elsa 's aunt , Ingrid , who was forgotten from Arendelle when Elsa 's mother , Gerda , used the power of the troll king to erase everyones memory of her , not wishing for the world to remember how Ingrid accidentally killed their third sister , Helga . Ingrid soon discovered a prophecy that stated she would one day have the love of her sisters again . With Ingrid 's sisters dead however , she believed she would be forced to create new sisters . For this , she chose Emma and Elsa . Ingrid had stalked Emma her entire life in preparation for the prophecy to become true , and manipulated events in Arendelle to bring Elsa to her . Being convinced that she could only gain their love when she was the only one left , she obtained a mirror capable of bringing out the worst in people ( the mirror coming directly from The Snow Queen fairy tale ) . If a piece of the mirror were to get in someones eye , they would see nothing but hatred in the world . Ingrid had planned to use this on everyone in Storybrooke ( dubbed the Spell of Shattered Sight ) , forcing all of its citizens to kill each other while she , Emma , and Elsa remained immune . Ingrid had also used this to her advantage on Anna , forcing Anna to trap Elsa in the urn they originally found Elsa in . Back in Arendelle , Anna ( who has woken up from the spell ) tried to track down a device known as a wishing star , which will have the power to bring her and Kristoff to wherever Elsa is . It was apparently the necklace Elsa had given Anna long ago , Elsa using it to bring Anna and Kristoff to Storybrooke . However , the Spell of Shattered Sight had already begun , and the only ones immune to it were Elsa , Emma , and Anna ( Anna because it was already used on her a while ago ) . Tracking down a note written by Elsa and Anna 's mother right before her death , the three bring it to Ingrid . It reads that Gerda forgave Ingrid for all that had transpired and still loved her , Ingrid realizing this was what the prophecy meant by regaining her sister 's love . Realizing there is no point in killing the town now , the Snow Queen kills herself using the mirror , which deactivates the curse , though a bit of it remained in Storybrooke , reinstating the town line , making it impossible to return to town if you are to leave it . With the help of Rumpelstiltskin , they are able to discover a door that will lead back to Arendelle , though they will not be able to return , as the door will disappear after its use . Anna and Kristoff depart , while Elsa and Emma share a tearful goodbye before returning to Arendelle with her little sister to attend the long - awaited wedding between Anna and Kristoff . In `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' , it 's revealed that , when Blackbeard attacked Arendelle , Elsa shrunk and trapped him and the Jolly Roger inside a bottle , unknowingly trapping Ariel inside as well . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Elsa will appear in a 21 - minute holiday film along with Anna , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In December 2013 , Disney began releasing `` Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' , which played their signature songs that appear in the film . Numerous other doll versions of Elsa were released for purchase , including fashion doll sets , mini dolls , plush dolls , and Elsa - as - a-toddler dolls . A dress up costume for children was modeled after Elsa 's ice gown along with gloves similar to ones she wears in the film . Together with Anna , she was depicted on various Frozen - inspired dishware such as plates and coffee mugs . Other Elsa - inspired merchandise includes luggage , nightgowns , and home décor . Additionally , simplified versions of the film were adapted to children 's storybooks , including one with voice audio and another called A Sister More Like Me that was illustrated by Brittney Lee . Elsa and Anna also both appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . In early 2014 , most Frozen merchandise , including dolls and dresses , were sold out nearly everywhere , including Disney stores and theme parks . In early November 2014 , Disney announced that it had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone , of which Elsa was the no . 1 best - selling Disney costume of all time , followed by Anna at no . 2 . Hallmark created a Queen Elsa Christmas tree ornament after much interest was expressed when the Olaf ornament was announced in 2014 . Theme Parks ( edit ) Elsa meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . In November , before the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began making appearances at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California through meet and greets . In Walt Disney World , the attractions were set up in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot in recognition of the Scandinavian cultural elements that went into the film 's design . In Disneyland , a winter - themed cottage was set up in the Fantasyland section , with a talking audio - animatronic Olaf sitting on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , compared to Cinderella 's and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' became the central feature in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed adaption of the nighttime show World of Color , which showcases scenes from Disney films . Disneyland Paris ' nighttime spectacular , Disney Dreams ! , also added Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' to their attractions , and she was given a similar role during the Magic Kingdom show , Celebrate the Magic , with her singing interspersed with scenes from the movie . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Elsa , Anna and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A `` Frozen '' Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had not been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . Also starting from November , every night Elsa will use her powers to transform Cinderella Castle into an ice palace . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle and Elsa 's ice palace . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Elsa began making appearances alongside Anna and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa made appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Cosplay ( edit ) Elsa has become very popular in the cosplaying community . Cosplayer Anna Faith is well known for cosplaying as Elsa at charities , comic - cons , and other events . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Caissie Levy will originate the role of Elsa in the Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` Not content to merely turn True Love into a cautionary tale , ( the writers ) doubled down and made Elsa into ( a ) flawed hero warped by her upbringing and parents ' heartfelt but damaging desire to keep their children safe ... Elsa is aloof . And scared . And over-protective . And insecure . And full of guilt . Because people -- even animated people -- are the sum total of their personalities combined with their experiences . Which is something even live action films forget at least 63 % of the time . '' -- Donna Dickens , entertainment editor . The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . '' Travis Bean of Cedar Falls Times suggested that Elsa 's ice powers , a `` personal oddity '' that made her self - conscious , as well as her selflessness in withdrawing into isolation in order to avoid hurting others allowed children to connect more with the plot of Frozen . Laurie Levy from Chicago Now wrote that her young grandchildren `` admired Elsa for being smart , strong , magical , and powerful '' and did not care that she had no romantic subplot . Magdalena Lachowicz , a film critic for The Heights , opined that Elsa 's relationship with Anna was the most important part of the movie , and Stephen Holden of The New York Times liked that , in departure from traditional Disney formula , it was a sibling 's love rather than romantic love that was able to `` thaw the icy heart of the frightened Elsa '' . Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote , `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Emma Koonse of Christian Post opined that together the sisters were Disney 's `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , and Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love . '' Several reviewers commented that Elsa was more interesting than Anna , Frozen 's primary protagonist . ABS - CBN writer Fred Hawson described Elsa as `` an incredible character with a unique and interesting predicament because of the powers she possessed '' and expressed the opinion that Frozen should have focused more on her rather than Anna . Samra Muslim of The Express Tribune wrote that it was her presence that kept viewers `` hooked '' throughout the movie , elaborating , `` Her character is complex and sympathetic and deserved to be explored even further . Instead the story revolves more around the relationship of the two sisters and Anna who is the typical , feisty , charming Disney heroine and her love trysts -- instead of the alluring Elsa . '' The character was not devoid of criticism . Charlotte O'Sullivan from the London Evening Standard gave a more negative assessment of Elsa , saying that she `` resembles one of those brittle mentors on The X Factor . Purple eyeshadow , tiny waist , kitten heels '' . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Elsa and Anna were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Slate 's Dana Stevens wrote that `` it 's impossible not to thrill to Elsa 's surging sense of power '' but criticized the choice to illustrate her growing confidence by changing her appearance ; Stevens further expressed concern that the switch from the character 's modest coronation gown to `` a slinky , slit - to - the - thigh dress with a transparent snowflake - patterned train and a pair of silver - white high heels '' and a hairstyle that suggested `` come - hither bad - girl seduction '' was overly sexual . Christy Lemire compared Elsa to Carrie White , another well - known fictional female who unleashes magical powers when agitated . `` Let it Go '' ( edit ) Main article : Let It Go ( Disney song ) Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing , with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice `` positively soars in these musical ballads '' . Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of `` Let It Go '' , described by Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers . Various critics said that Menzel had been a `` powerhouse '' during the scene ; Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel `` can shatter icicles with her powerful voice '' . Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote , `` Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Donald Clark of Irish Times added , `` Elsa 's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that , in its defiant paean to self - reliance , could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Do n't Rain on My Parade . The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly , spat - out refrain : ' The cold never bothered me anyway ! ' You go , girl . '' Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued , `` Menzel , especially , steals the show with her performance of ' Let It Go ' . Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence -- the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation , and results in , arguably , one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character , ever . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2013 , Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award , a few weeks later . Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards , including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture , Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace , and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard . Her signature song , `` Let It Go '' , won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Critics ' Choice Awards , and also received Golden Globe Award , the Satellite Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations . Time ranked Elsa as the most influential fictional character of 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2014 '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_(Disney)&oldid=803508939 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the singing voice of elsa in frozen	[ "Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager.", "Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager.", "Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager." ]	[ "Idina Menzel", "Eva Bella", "Spencer Lacey Ganus" ]
-515302925189034181	Grey's Anatomy (season 14)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man . '' After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it 's his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk . '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who 's back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) TBD 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' TBA TBA March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1415 ) `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode 14.16 - Title Revealed '' . SpoilerTV . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=828243966 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is new episode of grey's anatomy airing	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n294\n1\n\"Break Down the House\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[21]\n\n\nIn a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan \"major uplift,\" Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen’s sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan’s reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being “ghosted” by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When DeLuca comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.\n\n\n295\n2\n\"Get Off on the Pain\"\nKevin McKidd\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[21]\n\n\nCarina, DeLuca’s sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan’s wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith’s intentions of being Megan’s surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex, after it’s revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient’s mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.\n\n\n296\n3\n\"Go Big or Go Home\"\nChandra Wilson\nMeg Marinis\nOctober 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)\n8.06[22]\n\n\nAmelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment hasn’t been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she’s closest. Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Avery fires her. In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.\n\n\n297\n4\n\"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\"\nGeary McLeod\nMarlana Hope\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\n8.08[23]\n\n\nAmelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper’s passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan’s adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.\n\n\n298\n5\n\"Danger Zone\"\nCecilie Mosli\nJalysa Conway\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\n7.67[24]\n\n\nAs Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she’ll start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq. During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that wasn’t initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen’s own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.\n\n\n299\n6\n\"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby\"\nLisa Leone\nKiley Donovan\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\n7.38[25]\n\n\nAs the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure, made possible by Jo’s persuasion, to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a “sick day” and hang out on a Jackson’s newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder. Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman’s injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.\n\n\n300\n7\n\"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\n8.13[26]\n\n\nWhen a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith’s plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O’Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie’s look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia’s return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is: a happily married surgeon with three children. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey’s fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.\n\n\n301\n8\n\"Out of Nowhere\"\nKevin McKidd\nWilliam Harper\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\n7.52[27]\n\n\nAs the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients’ records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it’s due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson’s inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the “Stone Age.” One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.\n\n\n302\n9\n\"1-800-799-7233\"\nBill D'Elia\nAndy Reaser\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n8.27[28]\n\n\n\nWhile the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient’s life, and then bond in the locker room after showers; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer-savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital; this intern later outs himself as \"a proud trans man.\" After Paul’s fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run.\n\nThe episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-7233, the episode's title.\n\n\n303\n10\n\"Personal Jesus\"\nKevin Sullivan\nZoanne Clack\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n8.62[29]\n\n\nWith Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her. Believing that it’s his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April’s patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife’s unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12-year-old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker “the talk.” When Jo and Jenny go to Paul’s room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed, knocking himself out and becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Roy, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith.\n\n\n304\n11\n\"(Don't Fear) the Reaper\"\nNicole Rubio\nElisabeth R. Finch\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n8.93[30]\n\n\nWith her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey’s record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she’s gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he’s quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves.\n\n\n305\n12\n\"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger\"\nJeannot Szwarc\nKiley Donovan\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n7.32[31]\n\n\nAs the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother’s death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient’s ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who’s back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother’s gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes.\n\n\n306\n13\n\"You Really Got a Hold on Me\"[32]\nNzingha Stewart\nStacy McKee\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nTBD\n\n\n307\n14\n\"Games People Play\"[33]\nChandra Wilson\nJason Ganzel & Julie Wong\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nTBD\n\n\n308\n15\n\"Old Scars, Future Hearts\"[34]\nEllen Pompeo\nTameson Duffy\nMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)\nTBD\n\n\n309\n16\n\"Caught Somewhere in Time\"[35]\nTBA\nTBA\nMarch 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)[35]\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "March 15, 2018" ]
-6497075052392163367	You're So Vain	You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 8 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Frank Flipetti Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen . The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form '' . Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) Gavotte -- used in the line `` You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte '' -- is a French kissing dance . In this context it can be taken to mean moving in a pretentious manner . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . On the October , 3 , 2017 , episode of the reality television singing competition program The Voice , Karli Webster performed a shortened version of the song for a Blind Audition , which turned the chairs of prospective coaches Adam Levine and Miley Cyrus . ( The full version of Webster 's rendition , even today , is available for purchase and download on iTunes . ) Webster ultimately chose Cyrus as her coach and joined Team Miley . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Deconstructing Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Family Richard L. Simon ( father ) Andrea Simon ( mother ) Joanna Simon ( sister ) Lucy Simon ( sister ) James Taylor ( ex-husband ) Ben Taylor ( son ) Sally Taylor ( daughter ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=836258991 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1973 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 17 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song you're so vain	[ "\"You're So Vain\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty.[2] The song is ranked at #82 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[3] \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century, and in August 2014, the UK's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s.[4]" ]	[ "Carly Simon" ]
2723903364727626566	Peter Ostrum	Peter Ostrum - wikipedia Peter Ostrum Jump to : navigation , search Peter Ostrum D.V.M. Peter Ostrum in 2011 Peter Gardner Ostrum November 1957 ( age 60 ) Dallas , Texas , U.S. Residence Lowville , New York , U.S. Education Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine Alma mater Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine ( 1984 ) Occupation Actor ( 1971 ) Veterinarian ( 1984 -- present ) Employer Countryside Veterinary Clinic Lowville , New York , U.S. Known for Acting in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Home town Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Loretta Lepkowski Children Peter Gardner Ostrum ( / ˈoʊstrəm / ; born November 1957 ) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . A native of Cleveland , Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka . Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film , he opted not to sign a three - film contract when it was over . After eschewing a career in film and theatre , Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role . In 1990 , he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film , and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters . Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka , and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them . Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984 , as of 2005 Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville , New York with his wife Loretta ( née Lepkowski ) , and two children : his son , Leif , and daughter , Helenka . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 1.1 Lasting effect 2 Veterinary career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Acting career ( edit ) Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children 's theatre , when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel , then returned to New York . Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming . In 2000 , Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was `` sort of like being an exchange student for five months '' . Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark , Munich , for the 1972 Summer Olympics , and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson . Ostrum was tutored on - set for three hours a day , though sometimes only for 30 -- 60 minutes at a time . Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed , it was Ostrum 's own singing voice that made it to the screen -- albeit significantly cut . In a 2011 interview , Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film , and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so ; it is Ostrum 's only souvenir from the set . After he finished shooting Willy Wonka , the then 13 - year - old Ostrum declined the offer of a three - film contract , later recalling that `` ( e ) verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession , but it 's a difficult profession . '' In January 2018 , Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting -- though not its hurry - up - and - wait nature -- but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child - to adult - actor . As of January 2018 , Ostrum still received US $8 -- 9 in royalty payments about every three months . Lasting effect ( edit ) In his senior year , Ostrum was involved in film class and , at the interest of one of his instructors , looked back into theatre and acting . After auditioning for , but not landing , several roles ( including Equus on Broadway ) , Ostrum decided not to pursue it further . After putting his short film career behind him , Ostrum declined reporters and interviews , preferring not to speak on the subject ; `` I wanted people to judge me on who I was , not what I 'd done '' . For some time , Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother , and not he , had starred in the film . It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one - time stardom ; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother . Ostrum in November 2017 Since 1990 , Ostrum has since spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year -- on the last day of school , as a special treat -- about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine . The students chiefly ask about the film 's special effects , and Ostrum describes to them `` what happened to Veruca , how did Violet blow up like a blueberry , how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe , all those types of questions . '' Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown , New York , answering audience questions after a screening of the film ; `` it 's in my backyard -- it 's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events . '' Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film , and that people ask him `` great questions . '' Ostrum has been called `` the most famous man in Lowville '' , where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In the run - up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005 , Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1 's list of `` 100 Greatest Kid Stars '' ( placing 78th ) . On the new film , Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole , saying that `` It 's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it 's been redecorated . '' Ultimately , the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone , and requested `` please , no more interviews . '' In January 2009 , Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin ' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) at South Station in Boston , Massachusetts ; Ostrum 's participation connected the MBTA 's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka . The promotion also gave out one `` golden ticket '' , worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin ' Donuts coffee for 2009 . In October 2000 , Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD . In a 2010 interview , Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregarde ) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ( Wonka 's Mike Teevee ) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film 's release in 2011 . Veterinary career ( edit ) I can remember the veterinarian coming out and taking care of the horses , and it made a huge impression on me , ( ... ) This person really enjoyed what he did for a living . My father was a lawyer , and I really did n't have a clue what he did all day . But I knew exactly what the veterinarian did . Someone making a living from something he enjoyed so much really sparked my interest . 2000 interview with Peter Ostrum Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka , his family acquired a horse ; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse , it was the animal 's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him . Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college , Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania . Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood , and even visited California for a week to `` test the waters '' there . He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead , feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did n't . In 1984 , Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine . As of February 2018 , Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville , New York , where he works mainly with horses and cows . He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call , funded by Pfizer , highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians . Personal life ( edit ) Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988 . The couple has two children , Helenka and Leif , with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Original Charlie Bucket keeps low profile '' . Lowville , New York , U.S. : msnbc.com . Associated Press . 2005 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Peter Ostrum turned down three - picture deal after original ' Wonka ' Jump up ^ Cavazos , Norma ( 2006 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Television Q&A '' . The Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas , U.S. : A.H. Belo . Jump up ^ `` South Lewis Central School class leaders '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown New York , U.S. 2010 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Julie Dawn ; Michael Esslinger ( 2011 ) . `` Munich '' . I Want It Now ! ( First ed . ) . Duncan , Oklahoma , U.S. : BearManor Media . pp. 52 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 074 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jesse ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Original Charlie Revisits ' The Chocolate Factory ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Archived from the original ( streaming audio ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Ostrum and the chocolate factory '' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . Schaumburg , Illinois , U.S. : American Veterinary Medical Association . 2000 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Avallone , Elaine M. ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Dr. Ostrum relates to being Charlie Bucket following showing of film '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown , New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; Cole , Julie Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Peter Ostrum and Julie Dawn Cole interview Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chuck the Movieguy 's Celebrity Interviews ( Interview ) . Interview with Chuck Thomas . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter . `` ' Never Wanted to Be an Actor ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grant , Bridgit . `` Whatever Happened to Willy Wonka 's Children ? '' . Daily Express . London , UK : Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; McCall Gosselin ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . Wonka 's Charlie Bucket says to Boston commuters , `` You Kin ' Do It ! '' . Canton , Massachusetts , U.S. : Dunkin ' Donuts . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Phil ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Willy Wonka ' child actress feeling better - than - blue about future film reunion '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Munster , Indiana , U.S. : Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Fellenstein ( 1 Jan 2012 ) . `` Vets take the stage in new reality series '' . veterinarynews.dvm360.com . DVM360 Magazine . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Doctors '' . Lowville , New York : Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Peter Ostrum on IMDb Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP VIAF : 48910887 MusicBrainz : 9f0e84d6 - 6394 - 4e87 - 90cf - 2696b7a5445c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ostrum&oldid=833935972 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people American veterinarians American male child actors Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni Male actors from Cleveland People from Lowville , New York People from Dallas American male film actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 02 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played charlie bucket in the original chocolate factory	[ "Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum (/ˈoʊstrəm/;[5] born November 1957)[4] is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory." ]	[ "Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum" ]
3680675063891235182	Vancouver	Vancouver - Wikipedia Vancouver Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian city . For the suburb of Portland , Oregon , see Vancouver , Washington . For other uses , see Vancouver ( disambiguation ) . City in British Columbia , Canada Vancouver City City of Vancouver Clockwise from top : Downtown Vancouver as seen from above False Creek , The University of British Columbia , Lions Gate Bridge , a view from the Granville Street Bridge , Burrard Bridge , The Millennium Gate ( Chinatown ) , and totem poles in Stanley Park Flag Logo Nickname ( s ) : See Nicknames of Vancouver Motto ( s ) : `` By Sea , Land , and Air We Prosper '' Location of Vancouver within Metro Vancouver in British Columbia , Canada Vancouver Location of Vancouver in Canada Vancouver Vancouver ( Canada ) Vancouver Vancouver ( North America ) Show map of British Columbia Show map of Canada Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 49 ° 15 ′ N 123 ° 6 ′ W / 49.250 ° N 123.100 ° W / 49.250 ; - 123.100 Coordinates : 49 ° 15 ′ N 123 ° 6 ′ W / 49.250 ° N 123.100 ° W / 49.250 ; - 123.100 Country Canada Province British Columbia Region Lower Mainland Indigenous territories Unceded Coast Salish Territories : Musqueam Indian Band Squamish Nation Tsleil - Waututh First Nation Sto : lo Regional district Metro Vancouver Incorporated 6 April 1886 Named for Captain George Vancouver R.N. , ( 1757 - 1798 ) , explored 1792 for British Royal Navy Government Mayor Gregor Robertson ( Vision Vancouver ) City Council List of Councillors ( show ) George Affleck ( NPA ) Elizabeth Ball ( NPA ) Adriane Carr ( Green ) Melissa De Genova ( NPA ) Heather Deal ( Vision ) Kerry Jang ( Vision ) Raymond Louie ( Vision ) Andrea Reimer ( Vision ) Tim Stevenson ( Vision ) Hector Bremner ( NPA ) MPs ( Fed . ) List of MPs ( show ) Don Davies ( NDP ) Hedy Fry ( L ) Jenny Kwan ( NDP ) Joyce Murray ( L ) Harjit Sajjan ( L ) Jody Wilson - Raybould ( L ) MLAs ( Prov . ) List of MLAs ( show ) Spencer Chandra Herbert ( NDP ) George Chow ( NDP ) Adrian Dix ( NDP ) David Eby ( NDP ) Mable Elmore ( NDP ) George Heyman ( NDP ) Michael Lee ( BCL ) Melanie Mark ( NDP ) Shane Simpson ( NDP ) Sam Sullivan ( BCL ) Andrew Wilkinson ( BCL ) Area City 114.97 km ( 44.39 sq mi ) Metro 2,878.52 km ( 1,111.40 sq mi ) Elevation 0 -- 152 m ( 0 -- 501 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) City 631,486 ( 8th ) Density 5,492.6 / km ( 14,226 / sq mi ) Urban 2,264,823 Metro 2,463,431 ( 3rd ) Demonym ( s ) Vancouverite Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Forward sortation area V5K - V6T , V6Z , V7X - V7Y Area code ( s ) 604 , 778 , 236 NTS Map 092G03 GNBC Code JBRIK GDP US $ 109.8 billion GDP per capita US $44,337 Website City of Vancouver Vancouver ( / vænˈkuːvər / ( listen ) , locally usually ( væŋ - ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third - largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fourth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America behind New York City , San Francisco , and Mexico City according to the 2011 census . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada according to that census ; 52 % of its residents have a first language other than English . Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top - ten of the world 's most well - living cities for five consecutive years . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 2014 , following thirty years in California , the TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home . Several matches of the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup were played in Vancouver , including the final at BC Place . The original settlement , named Gastown , grew up on clearcuts on the west edge of the Hastings Mill logging sawmill 's property , where a makeshift tavern had been set up on a plank between two stumps and the proprietor , Gassy Jack , persuaded the curious millworkers to build him a tavern , on 1 July 1867 . From that first enterprise , other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west . Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville , B.I. ( `` B.I '' standing for `` Burrard Inlet '' ) . As part of the land and political deal whereby the area of the townsite was made the railhead of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) , it was renamed `` Vancouver '' and incorporated shortly thereafter as a city , in 1886 . By 1887 , the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway was extended westward to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport to the Pacific Ocean , which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient / East Asia , Eastern Canada , and Europe . As of 2014 , Port Metro Vancouver is the third - largest port by tonnage in the Americas ( recently displacing New York City ) , 27th in the world , the busiest and largest in Canada , and the most diversified port in North America . While forestry remains its largest industry , Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature , making tourism its second - largest industry . Major film production studios in Vancouver and nearby Burnaby have turned Greater Vancouver and nearby areas into one of the largest film production centres in North America , earning it the nickname , `` Hollywood North '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Before 1850 2.2 Early growth 2.3 Incorporation 2.4 Twentieth century 3 Geography 3.1 Ecology 3.2 Climate 4 Cityscape 4.1 Urban planning 4.2 Architecture 5 Demographics 6 Economy 7 Government 7.1 Regional government 7.2 Provincial and federal representation 7.3 Policing and crime 7.4 Military 8 Education 9 Arts and culture 9.1 Theatre , dance , film and television 9.1. 1 Theatre 9.1. 2 Dance 9.1. 3 Film 9.1. 3.1 Films set in Vancouver 9.1. 4 Television shows produced in Vancouver 9.2 Libraries and museums 9.3 Visual art 9.4 Music and nightlife 10 Media 11 Transportation 12 Sports and recreation 12.1 Current professional teams 13 Twin towns -- sister cities 14 Sustainability 14.1 Greenest City Initiative 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Etymology ( edit ) The city takes its name from George Vancouver , who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names . The family name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch `` Van Coevorden '' , denoting somebody from the city of Coevorden or Koevern in Dutch Low Saxon , Netherlands . The explorer 's ancestors came to England `` from Coevorden '' , which is the origin of the name that eventually became `` Vancouver '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Vancouver See also : Timeline of Vancouver history Before 1850 ( edit ) Archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago . The city is located in the traditional and presently unceded territories of the Squamish , Musqueam , and Tseil - Waututh ( Burrard ) peoples of the Coast Salish group . They had villages in various parts of present - day Vancouver , such as Stanley Park , False Creek , Kitsilano , Point Grey and near the mouth of the Fraser River . Europeans became acquainted with the area of the future Vancouver when José María Narváez of Spain explored the coast of present - day Point Grey and parts of Burrard Inlet in 1791 -- although one author contends that Francis Drake may have visited the area in 1579 . The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his crew became the first - known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present - day city . In 1808 , they travelled from the east down the Fraser River , perhaps as far as Point Grey . Early growth ( edit ) The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men , mainly from California , to nearby New Westminster ( founded 14 February 1859 ) on the Fraser River , on their way to the Fraser Canyon , bypassing what would become Vancouver . Vancouver is among British Columbia 's youngest cities ; the first European settlement in what is now Vancouver was not until 1862 at McCleery 's Farm on the Fraser River , just east of the ancient village of Musqueam in what is now Marpole . A sawmill established at Moodyville ( now the City of North Vancouver ) in 1863 , began the city 's long relationship with logging . It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the south shore of the inlet . Stamp , who had begun logging in the Port Alberni area , first attempted to run a mill at Brockton Point , but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation in 1867 to a point near the foot of Dunlevy Street . This mill , known as the Hastings Mill , became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed . The mill 's central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) in the 1880s . It nevertheless remained important to the local economy until it closed in the 1920s . View of Gastown from Carrall and Water Street in 1886 . Gastown was a settlement that quickly became a centre for trade and commerce on Burrard Inlet . The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by `` Gassy '' Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property . In 1870 , the colonial government surveyed the settlement and laid out a townsite , renamed `` Granville '' in honour of the then - British Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Granville . This site , with its natural harbour , was selected in 1884 as the terminus for the Canadian Pacific Railway , to the disappointment of Port Moody , New Westminster and Victoria , all of which had vied to be the railhead . A railway was among the inducements for British Columbia to join the Confederation in 1871 , but the Pacific Scandal and arguments over the use of Chinese labour delayed construction until the 1880s . Incorporation ( edit ) The City of Vancouver was incorporated on 6 April 1886 , the same year that the first transcontinental train arrived . CPR president William Van Horne arrived in Port Moody to establish the CPR terminus recommended by Henry John Cambie , and gave the city its name in honour of George Vancouver . The Great Vancouver Fire on 13 June 1886 , razed the entire city . The Vancouver Fire Department was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt . Vancouver 's population grew from a settlement of 1,000 people in 1881 to over 20,000 by the turn of the century and 100,000 by 1911 . The first Vancouver City Council meeting following the Great Vancouver Fire in 1886 . Vancouver merchants outfitted prospectors bound for the Klondike Gold Rush in 1898 . One of those merchants , Charles Woodward , had opened the first Woodward 's store at Abbott and Cordova Streets in 1892 and , along with Spencer 's and the Hudson 's Bay department stores , formed the core of the city 's retail sector for decades . The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR , which fuelled economic activity and led to the rapid development of the new city ; in fact , the CPR was the main real estate owner and housing developer in the city . While some manufacturing did develop , including the establishment of the British Columbia Sugar Refinery by Benjamin Tingley Rogers in 1890 , natural resources became the basis for Vancouver 's economy . The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the seaport , where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver by the 1930s . Twentieth century ( edit ) The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant labour movement . The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition . Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed by CPR police while picketing at the docks , becoming the movement 's first martyr in British Columbia . The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada 's first general strike in 1918 , at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island . Following a lull in the 1920s , the strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province . After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting , the relief camp strikers decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the On - to - Ottawa Trek , but their protest was put down by force . The workers were arrested near Mission and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression . Plainclothes RCMP officers attack Relief Camp Workers ' Union protesters in 1938 . Several protests over unemployment occurred in the city during the Great Depression . Other social movements , such as the first - wave feminist , moral reform , and temperance movements were also instrumental in Vancouver 's development . Mary Ellen Smith , a Vancouver suffragist and prohibitionist , became the first woman elected to a provincial legislature in Canada in 1918 . Alcohol prohibition began in the First World War and lasted until 1921 , when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales , a practice still in place today . Canada 's first drug law came about following an inquiry conducted by the federal Minister of Labour and future Prime Minister , William Lyon Mackenzie King . King was sent to investigate damages claims resulting from a riot when the Asiatic Exclusion League led a rampage through Chinatown and Japantown . Two of the claimants were opium manufacturers , and after further investigation , King found that white women were reportedly frequenting opium dens as well as Chinese men . A federal law banning the manufacture , sale , and importation of opium for non-medicinal purposes was soon passed based on these revelations . These riots , and the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League , also act as signs of a growing fear and mistrust towards the Japanese living in Vancouver and throughout B.C. These fears were exacerbated by the attack on Pearl Harbor leading to the eventual internment or deportation of all Japanese - Canadians living in the city and the province . After the war , these Japanese - Canadian men and women were not allowed to return to cities like Vancouver causing areas , like the aforementioned Japantown , to cease to be ethnically Japanese areas as the communities never revived . Amalgamation with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final boundaries not long before it became the third - largest metropolis in the country . As of 1 January 1929 , the population of the enlarged Vancouver was 228,193 . Geography ( edit ) 23 official neighbourhoods of Vancouver ( local usage varies ) Further information : List of bodies of water in Vancouver and Lower Mainland Ecoregion Located on the Burrard Peninsula , Vancouver lies between Burrard Inlet to the north and the Fraser River to the south . The Strait of Georgia , to the west , is shielded from the Pacific Ocean by Vancouver Island . The city has an area of 114 km ( 44 sq mi ) , including both flat and hilly ground , and is in the Pacific Time Zone ( UTC − 8 ) and the Pacific Maritime Ecozone . Until the city 's naming in 1885 , `` Vancouver '' referred to Vancouver Island , and it remains a common misconception that the city is located on the island . The island and the city are both named after Royal Navy Captain George Vancouver ( as is the city of Vancouver , Washington in the United States ) . Vancouver has one of the largest urban parks in North America , Stanley Park , which covers 404.9 hectares ( 1,001 acres ) . The North Shore Mountains dominate the cityscape , and on a clear day , scenic vistas include the snow - capped volcano Mount Baker in the state of Washington to the southeast , Vancouver Island across the Strait of Georgia to the west and southwest , and Bowen Island to the northwest . Ecology ( edit ) The vegetation in the Vancouver area was originally temperate rain forest , consisting of conifers with scattered pockets of maple and alder , and large areas of swampland ( even in upland areas , due to poor drainage ) . The conifers were a typical coastal British Columbia mix of Douglas fir , Western red cedar , and Western Hemlock . The area is thought to have had the largest trees of these species on the British Columbia Coast . Only in Elliott Bay , Seattle did the size of trees rival those of Burrard Inlet and English Bay . The largest trees in Vancouver 's old - growth forest were in the Gastown area , where the first logging occurred , and on the southern slopes of False Creek and English Bay , especially around Jericho Beach . The forest in Stanley Park was logged between the 1860s and 1880s , and evidence of old - fashioned logging techniques such as springboard notches can still be seen there . Many plants and trees growing throughout Vancouver and the Lower Mainland were imported from other parts of the continent and from points across the Pacific . Examples include the monkey puzzle tree , the Japanese Maple , and various flowering exotics , such as magnolias , azaleas , and rhododendrons . Some species imported from harsher climates in Eastern Canada or Europe have grown to immense sizes . The native Douglas Maple can also attain a tremendous size . Many of the city 's streets are lined with flowering varieties of Japanese cherry trees donated from the 1930s onward by the government of Japan . These flower for several weeks in early spring each year , an occasion celebrated by the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival . Other streets are lined with flowering chestnut , horse chestnut , and other decorative shade trees . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Vancouver A rainy day in Vancouver 's Stanley Park . The city is Canada 's third most rainy municipality , averaging over 161 rainy days per year . Vancouver Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 168 7 105 8 114 10 89 13 6 65 17 9 54 20 12 36 22 14 37 22 14 51 19 11 121 14 7 189 9 162 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.6 44 35 4.1 47 35 4.5 51 38 3.5 56 42 2.6 62 48 2.1 67 53 1.4 72 57 1.4 72 57 66 51 4.8 56 45 7.4 49 38 6.4 43 33 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Vancouver is one of Canada 's warmest cities in the winter . Vancouver 's climate is temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast , which under the Köppen climate classification system is classified as Cfb that borders on a warm summer Mediterranean Climate Csb . While during summer months the inland temperatures are significantly higher , Vancouver has the coolest summer average high of all major Canadian metropolitan areas . The summer months are typically dry , with an average of only one in five days during July and August receiving precipitation . In contrast , there is some precipitation during nearly half the days from November through March . Vancouver is also one of the wettest Canadian cities . However , precipitation varies throughout the metropolitan area . Annual precipitation as measured at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond averages 1,189 mm ( 46.8 in ) , compared with 1,588 mm ( 62.5 in ) in the downtown area and 2,044 mm ( 80.5 in ) in North Vancouver . The daily maximum averages 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in July and August , with highs rarely reaching 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 34.4 ° C ( 93.9 ° F ) set on 30 July 2009 , and the highest temperature ever recorded within the city of Vancouver was 35.0 ° C ( 95.0 ° F ) occurring first on 31 July 1965 , again on 8 August 1981 , and finally on 29 May 1983. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was − 17.8 ° C ( 0 ° F ) on 14 January 1950 and again on 29 December 1968 . On average , snow falls on nine days per year , with three days receiving 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) or more . Average yearly snowfall is 38.1 cm ( 15.0 in ) but typically does not remain on the ground for long . Winters in Greater Vancouver are the fourth mildest of Canadian cities after nearby Victoria , Nanaimo and Duncan , all on Vancouver Island . Vancouver 's growing season averages 237 days , from 18 March until 10 November . Vancouver 's 1981 -- 2010 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone ranges from 8A to 9A depending on elevation and proximity to water . ( show ) Climate data for Vancouver International Airport ( Richmond ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1898 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 17.2 18.0 20.3 23.9 33.7 33.9 38.3 35.9 33.0 27.2 21.1 16.1 38.3 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) − 16.1 ( 3 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 14.3 ( 6.3 ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) Record low wind chill − 22.6 − 21.2 − 14.5 − 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 − 11.4 − 21.3 − 27.8 − 27.8 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 168.4 ( 6.63 ) 104.6 ( 4.118 ) 113.9 ( 4.484 ) 88.5 ( 3.484 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 53.8 ( 2.118 ) 35.6 ( 1.402 ) 36.7 ( 1.445 ) 50.9 ( 2.004 ) 120.8 ( 4.756 ) 188.9 ( 7.437 ) 161.9 ( 6.374 ) 1,189 ( 46.811 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 157.5 ( 6.201 ) 98.9 ( 3.894 ) 111.8 ( 4.402 ) 88.1 ( 3.469 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 53.8 ( 2.118 ) 35.6 ( 1.402 ) 36.7 ( 1.445 ) 50.9 ( 2.004 ) 120.7 ( 4.752 ) 185.8 ( 7.315 ) 148.3 ( 5.839 ) 1,153.1 ( 45.4 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 11.1 ( 4.37 ) 6.3 ( 2.48 ) 2.3 ( 0.91 ) 0.3 ( 0.12 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.04 ) 3.2 ( 1.26 ) 14.8 ( 5.83 ) 38.1 ( 15 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 19.5 15.4 17.7 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.7 8.3 15.4 20.4 19.7 168.9 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 18.4 14.7 17.5 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.8 8.3 15.4 19.9 18.4 165.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 2.6 1.4 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.8 2.8 8.73 Average relative humidity ( % ) ( at 1500 LST ) 81.2 74.5 70.1 65.4 63.5 62.2 61.4 61.8 67.2 75.6 79.5 80.9 70.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.2 91.0 134.8 185.0 222.5 226.9 289.8 277.1 212.8 120.7 60.4 56.5 1,937.5 Percent possible sunshine 22.3 31.8 36.6 45.0 46.9 46.8 59.3 62.1 56.1 36.0 21.9 22.0 40.6 Source : Environment Canada Cityscape ( edit ) Urban planning ( edit ) Aerial view of Downtown Vancouver . Urban development in Vancouver is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre with mixed - use developments . Main article : Vancouverism As of 2011 , Vancouver is the most densely populated city in Canada . Urban planning in Vancouver is characterized by high - rise residential and mixed - use development in urban centres , as an alternative to sprawl . As part of the larger Metro Vancouver region , it is influenced by the policy direction of livability as illustrated in Metro Vancouver 's Regional Growth Strategy . Vancouver has been ranked one of the most livable cities in the world for more than a decade . As of 2010 , Vancouver has been ranked as having the fourth - highest quality of living of any city on Earth . In contrast , according to Forbes , Vancouver had the sixth-most overpriced real estate market in the world and was second - highest in North America after Los Angeles in 2007 . Vancouver has also been ranked among Canada 's most expensive cities in which to live . Sales in February 2016 were 56.3 % higher than the 10 - year average for the month . Forbes has also ranked Vancouver as the tenth - cleanest city in the world . Vancouver 's characteristic approach to urban planning originated in the late 1950s , when city planners began to encourage the building of high - rise residential towers in Vancouver 's West End , subject to strict requirements for setbacks and open space to protect sight lines and preserve green space . The success of these dense but liveable neighbourhoods led to the redevelopment of urban industrial sites , such as North False Creek and Coal Harbour , beginning in the mid-1980s . The result is a compact urban core that has gained international recognition for its `` high amenity and ' livable ' development '' . More recently , the city has been debating `` EcoDensity '' -- ways in which `` density , design , and land use can contribute to environmental sustainability , affordability , and livability '' . Vancouver is also considered to have the worst traffic in Canada due to a wide variety of issues such as old small bridges and a lack of highways within the city limits . A panorama of Vancouver looking north from the vicinity of West Broadway and Oak Street . The bridge on the left is the Granville Street Bridge . Architecture ( edit ) Robson Square is a civic centre and public square designed by local architect , Arthur Erickson . Main article : Architecture of Vancouver The Vancouver Art Gallery is housed downtown in the neoclassical former courthouse built in 1906 . The courthouse building was designed by Francis Rattenbury , who also designed the British Columbia Parliament Buildings and the Empress Hotel in Victoria , and the lavishly decorated second Hotel Vancouver . The 556 - room Hotel Vancouver , opened in 1939 and the third by that name , is across the street with its copper roof . The Gothic - style Christ Church Cathedral , across from the hotel , opened in 1894 and was declared a heritage building in 1976 . Completed in 2008 , Living Shangri - La is the tallest building in Vancouver . There are several modern buildings in the downtown area , including the Harbour Centre , the Vancouver Law Courts and surrounding plaza known as Robson Square ( designed by Arthur Erickson ) and the Vancouver Library Square ( designed by Moshe Safdie and DA Architects ) , reminiscent of the Colosseum in Rome , and the recently completed Woodward 's building Redevelopment ( designed by Henriquez Partners Architects ) . The original BC Hydro headquarters building ( designed by Ron Thom and Ned Pratt ) at Nelson and Burrard Streets is a modernist high - rise , now converted into the Electra condominia . Also notable is the `` concrete waffle '' of the MacMillan Bloedel building on the north - east corner of the Georgia and Thurlow intersection . A prominent addition to the city 's landscape is the giant tent - frame Canada Place ( designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership Partnership , MCMP & DA Architects ) , the former Canada Pavilion from the 1986 World Exposition , which includes part of the Convention Centre , the Pan-Pacific Hotel , and a cruise ship terminal . Two modern buildings that define the southern skyline away from the downtown area are City Hall and the Centennial Pavilion of Vancouver General Hospital , both designed by Townley and Matheson in 1936 and 1958 , respectively . A collection of Edwardian buildings in the city 's old downtown core were , in their day , the tallest commercial buildings in the British Empire . These were , in succession , the Carter - Cotton Building ( former home of The Vancouver Province newspaper ) , the Dominion Building ( 1907 ) and the Sun Tower ( 1911 ) , the former two at Cambie and Hastings Streets and the latter at Beatty and Pender Streets . The Sun Tower 's cupola was finally exceeded as the Empire 's tallest commercial building by the elaborate Art Deco Marine Building in the 1920s . The Marine Building is known for its elaborate ceramic tile facings and brass - gilt doors and elevators , which make it a favourite location for movie shoots . Topping the list of tallest buildings in Vancouver is Living Shangri - La at 201 metres ( 659 feet ) and 62 storeys . The second - tallest building in Vancouver is the Trump International Hotel and Tower at 188 metres ( 617 feet ) , followed by the Private Residences at Hotel Georgia , at 156 metres ( 512 feet ) . The fourth - tallest is One Wall Centre at 150 metres ( 490 feet ) and 48 storeys , followed closely by the Shaw Tower at 149 metres ( 489 feet ) . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Vancouver Religion in Metro Vancouver ( 2011 ) Christian ( 41.7 % ) No Religion ( 41.5 % ) Sikh ( 6.8 % ) Buddhist ( 3.4 % ) Muslim ( 3.2 % ) Jewish ( 1.8 % ) Hindu ( 1.8 % ) Other ( 0.8 % ) The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city , making it the eighth - largest among Canadian cities . More specifically , Vancouver is the fourth - largest in Western Canada after Calgary , Edmonton and Winnipeg . The metropolitan area referred to as Greater Vancouver , with more than 2.4 million residents , is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada . The larger Lower Mainland - Southwest economic region ( which includes also the Squamish - Lillooet , Fraser Valley , and Sunshine Coast Regional District ) has a population of over 2.93 million . With 5,249 people per square km ( 13,590 per sq mi ) , the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated of Canadian municipalities having more than 5,000 residents . Approximately 74 percent of the people living in Metro Vancouver live outside the city . Vancouver has been called a `` city of neighbourhoods '' . Each neighbourhood in Vancouver has a distinct character and ethnic mix . People of English , Scottish , and Irish origins were historically the largest ethnic groups in the city , and elements of British society and culture are still visible in some areas , particularly South Granville and Kerrisdale . Germans are the next - largest European ethnic group in Vancouver and were a leading force in the city 's society and economy until the rise of anti-German sentiment with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . Today the Chinese are the largest visible ethnic group in the city , with a diverse Chinese - speaking community , and several dialects , including Cantonese and Mandarin . Neighbourhoods with distinct ethnic commercial areas include the Chinatown , Punjabi Market , Little Italy , Greektown , and ( formerly ) Japantown . Vancouver 's Chinatown is Canada 's largest Chinatown . The city holds one of the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese residents in North America . Since the 1980s , immigration has drastically increased , making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse ; 52 % do not speak English as their first language . Almost 30 % of the city 's inhabitants are of Chinese heritage . In the 1980s , an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong in anticipation of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China , combined with an increase in immigrants from mainland China and previous immigrants from Taiwan , established in Vancouver one of the highest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America . This arrival of Asian immigrants continued a tradition of immigration from around the world that had established Vancouver as the second-most popular destination for immigrants in Canada after Toronto . Other significant Asian ethnic groups in Vancouver are South Asian ( mostly Punjabi ) usually referred to as Indo - Canadian ( 5.7 % ) , Filipino ( 5.0 % ) , Japanese ( 1.7 % ) , Korean ( 1.5 % ) , as well as sizeable communities of Vietnamese , Indonesians , and Cambodians . Despite increases in Latin American immigration to Vancouver in the 1980s and ' 90s , recent immigration has been comparatively low , and African immigration has been similarly stagnant ( 3.6 % and 3.3 % of total immigrant population , respectively ) . The black population of Vancouver is rather scant in comparison to other Canadian major cities , making up 0.9 % of the city . The neighbourhood of Strathcona was the core of the city 's Jewish community . Hogan 's Alley , a small area adjacent to Chinatown , just off Main Street at Prior , was once home to a significant black community . In 1981 , less than 7 % of the population belonged to a visible minority group . By 2008 , this proportion had grown to 51 % . Prior to the Hong Kong diaspora of the 1990s , the largest non-British ethnic groups in the city were Irish and German , followed by Scandinavian , Italian , Ukrainian and Chinese . From the mid-1950s until the 1980s , many Portuguese immigrants came to Vancouver and the city had the third - largest Portuguese population in Canada in 2001 . Eastern Europeans , including Russians , Czechs , Poles , Romanians and Hungarians began immigrating after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe after World War II . Greek immigration increased in the late 1960s and early ' 70s , with most settling in the Kitsilano area . Vancouver also has a significant aboriginal community of about 11,000 people . Vancouver has a large LGBT community focused on the West End neighbourhood lining a certain stretch of Davie Street , recently officially designated as Davie Village , though the gay community is omnipresent throughout West End and Yaletown areas . Vancouver is host to one of the country 's largest annual LGBT pride parades . Vancouver Year Pop . ± % 1891 13,709 -- 1901 26,133 + 90.6 % 1911 100,401 + 284.2 % 1921 117,217 + 16.7 % 1931 246,593 + 110.4 % 1941 275,353 + 11.7 % 1951 344,833 + 25.2 % 1956 365,844 + 6.1 % 1961 384,522 + 5.1 % 1966 410,375 + 6.7 % 1971 426,256 + 3.9 % 1976 410,188 − 3.8 % 1981 414,281 + 1.0 % 1986 431,147 + 4.1 % 1991 471,644 + 9.4 % 514,008 + 9.0 % 2001 545,671 + 6.2 % 2006 578,041 + 5.9 % 2011 603,502 + 4.4 % 2016 631,486 + 4.6 % Canada 2016 Census Population % of Total Population Visible minority group Source : Chinese 167,180 7001283000000000000 ♠ 28.3 % South Asian 37,130 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 % Black 6,345 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Filipino 36,460 7000590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 % Latin American 10,935 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 % Arab 2,965 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 % Southeast Asian 17,120 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 % West Asian 8,630 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 % Korean 9,360 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % Japanese 10,315 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 % Other visible minority 1,500 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 % Mixed visible minority 11,070 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 % Total visible minority population 352,430 7001596000000000000 ♠ 59.6 % Aboriginal group Source : First Nations 8,930 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 % Métis 4,405 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 % Inuit 105 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % Total Aboriginal population 13,905 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 % European Canadian 285,295 7001461000000000000 ♠ 46.1 % Total population 591,210 100 % Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Vancouver The Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada , and the third largest port in the Americas ( by tonnage ) . With its location on the Pacific Rim and at the western terminus of Canada 's transcontinental highway and rail routes , Vancouver is one of the nation 's largest industrial centres . Port Metro Vancouver , Canada 's largest and most diversified port , does more than C $ 172 billion in trade with over 160 different trading economies annually . Port activities generate $9.7 billion in gross domestic product and $20.3 billion in economic output . Vancouver is also the headquarters of forest product and mining companies . In recent years , Vancouver has become a centre for software development , biotechnology , aerospace , video game development , animation studios and television production and film industry . Vancouver hosts approximately 65 movies and 55 TV series annually and is the 3rd largest film & TV production centre in North America , supporting 20,000 jobs. The city 's strong focus on lifestyle and health culture also makes it a hub for many lifestyle - brands with Lululemon , Arc'teryx , Kit and Ace , Mountain Equipment Co-op , Herschel Supply Co. , Aritzia , Reigning Champ , and Nature 's Path Foods all founded and headquartered in Vancouver . Stanley Park is a 405 - hectare ( 1,001 - acre ) public park , and major tourist destination , that borders downtown Vancouver . Vancouver 's scenic location makes it a major tourist destination . Over 10.3 million people visited Vancouver in 2017 . Annually , tourism contributes approximately $4.8 billion to the Metro Vancouver economy and supports over 70,000 jobs . Many visit to see the city 's gardens , Stanley Park , Queen Elizabeth Park , VanDusen Botanical Garden and the mountains , ocean , forest and parklands which surround the city . Each year over a million people pass through Vancouver on cruise ship vacations , often bound for Alaska . Vancouver is the most stressed city in the spectrum of affordability of housing in Canada . In 2012 , Vancouver was ranked by Demographia as the second-most unaffordable city in the world , rated as even more severely unaffordable in 2012 than in 2011 . The city has adopted various strategies to reduce housing costs , including cooperative housing , legalized secondary suites , increased density and smart growth . As of April 2010 , the average two - level home in Vancouver sold for a record high of $987,500 , compared with the Canadian average of $365,141 . A factor explaining the high property prices may be policies by the Canadian government which permit snow washing , which allows foreigners to buy property in Canada while shielding their identities from tax authorities , making real estate transactions an effective way to conduct money laundering . Since the 1990s , development of high - rise condominia in the downtown peninsula has been financed , in part , by an inflow of capital from Hong Kong immigrants due to the former colony 's 1997 handover to China . Such development has clustered in the Yaletown and Coal Harbour districts and around many of the SkyTrain stations to the east of the downtown . The city 's selection to co-host the 2010 Winter Olympics was also a major influence on economic development . Concern was expressed that Vancouver 's increasing homelessness problem would be exacerbated by the Olympics because owners of single room occupancy hotels , which house many of the city 's lowest income residents , converted their properties to attract higher income residents and tourists . Another significant international event held in Vancouver , the 1986 World Exposition , received over 20 million visitors and added $3.7 billion to the Canadian economy . Some still - standing Vancouver landmarks , including the SkyTrain public transit system and Canada Place , were built as part of the exposition . Government ( edit ) Main article : Government and politics of Vancouver Opened in 1936 , Vancouver City Hall is home to Vancouver City Council . Vancouver , unlike other British Columbia municipalities , is incorporated under the Vancouver Charter . The legislation , passed in 1953 , supersedes the Vancouver Incorporation Act , 1921 and grants the city more and different powers than other communities possess under BC 's Municipalities Act . The civic government was dominated by the centre - right Non-Partisan Association ( NPA ) since World War II , albeit with some significant centre - left interludes until 2008 . The NPA fractured over the issue of drug policy in 2002 , facilitating a landslide victory for the Coalition of Progressive Electors ( COPE ) on a harm reduction platform . Subsequently , North America 's only legal safe injection site was opened for the significant number of intravenous heroin users in the city . Vancouver is governed by the eleven - member Vancouver City Council , a nine - member School Board , and a seven - member Park Board , all of whom serve three - year terms . Unusually for a city of Vancouver 's size , all municipal elections are on an at - large basis . Historically , in all levels of government , the more affluent west side of Vancouver has voted along conservative or liberal lines while the eastern side of the city has voted along left - wing lines . This was reaffirmed with the results of the 2005 provincial election and the 2006 federal election . Though polarized , a political consensus has emerged in Vancouver around a number of issues . Protection of urban parks , a focus on the development of rapid transit as opposed to a freeway system , a harm - reduction approach to illegal drug use , and a general concern about community - based development are examples of policies that have come to have broad support across the political spectrum in Vancouver . Gregor Robertson is the 39th Mayor of Vancouver . He was elected to the position in 2008 . In the 2008 Municipal Election campaign , NPA incumbent mayor Sam Sullivan was ousted as mayoral candidate by the party in a close vote , which instated Peter Ladner as the new mayoral candidate for the NPA . Gregor Robertson , a former MLA for Vancouver - Fairview and head of Happy Planet , was the mayoral candidate for Vision Vancouver , the other main contender . Vision Vancouver candidate Gregor Robertson defeated Ladner by a considerable margin , nearing 20,000 votes . The balance of power was significantly shifted to Vision Vancouver , which held seven of the 10 spots for councillor . Of the remaining three , COPE received two and the NPA one . For park commissioner , four spots went to Vision Vancouver , one to the Green Party , one to COPE , and one to NPA . For school trustee , there were four Vision Vancouver seats , three COPE seats , and two NPA seats . Vancouver 's budget consists of a capital and an operating component . The 2017 operating budget was $1.323 billion , while the 2018 operating budget is $1.407 billion ( a year over year increase of 6.4 % ) . The capital budget for 2018 is unchanged from 2017 and stands at $426.4 million . Budget increases are largely funded through increases in property taxes and community amenity contributions imposed in exchange for increases in allowable density as part of the construction permitting process . Utility fees and other user fees have also been increased , but represent a comparatively small portion of Vancouver 's overall budget . Regional government ( edit ) Vancouver is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver , a regional government . In total there are 22 municipalities , one electoral area and one treaty First Nation comprising Metro Vancouver , the regional government whose seat is in Burnaby . While each member of Metro Vancouver has its own separate local governing body , Metro Vancouver oversees common services and planning functions within the area such as providing drinking water ; operating sewage and solid waste handling ; maintaining regional parks ; overseeing air quality , greenhouse gases and ecological health ; and providing a strategy for regional growth and land use . Provincial and federal representation ( edit ) In the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia , Vancouver is represented by 11 Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) . As of July 2017 , there are three seats held by the BC Liberal Party and eight by the BC New Democratic Party . In the House of Commons of Canada , Vancouver is represented by six Members of Parliament . In the most recent 2015 federal election , the Liberals retained two ( Vancouver Quadra and Vancouver Centre ) seats and gained another two , while the NDP held on to the two seats ( Vancouver East and Vancouver Kingsway ) , they held at dissolution while the Conservatives were shut out of the city . Currently , two Cabinet Minister hail from the city . Jody Wilson - Raybould is the Attorney General of Canada , while Harjit Sajjan is the Minister of National Defence . Policing and crime ( edit ) Vancouver operates the Vancouver Police Department , with a strength of 1,327 sworn members and an operating budget of $257.6 million in 2015 . Over 16 % of the city 's budget was spent on police protection in 2005 . Mounted officers of the Vancouver Police Department in Stanley Park . The Vancouver Police Department 's operational divisions include a bicycle squad , a marine squad , and a dog squad . It also has a mounted squad , used primarily to patrol Stanley Park and occasionally the Downtown Eastside and West End , as well as for crowd control . The police work in conjunction with civilian and volunteer run Community Police Centres . In 2006 , the police department established its own Counter Terrorism Unit . In 2005 , a new transit police force , the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Police Service ( now South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service ) , was established with full police powers . Although it is illegal , Vancouver police generally do not arrest people for possessing small amounts of marijuana . In 2000 the Vancouver Police Department established a specialized drug squad , `` Growbusters '' , to carry out an aggressive campaign against the city 's estimated 4,000 hydroponic marijuana growing operations ( or grow - ops ) in residential areas . As with other law enforcement campaigns targeting marijuana this initiative has been sharply criticized . As of 2008 , Vancouver had the seventh - highest crime rate , dropping 3 spots since 2005 , among Canada 's 27 census metropolitan areas . However , as with other Canadian cities , the overall crime rate has been falling `` dramatically '' . Vancouver 's property crime rate is particularly high , ranking among the highest for major North American cities . But even property crime dropped 10.5 % between 2004 and 2005 . For 2006 , Metro Vancouver had the highest rate of gun - related violent crime of any major metropolitan region in Canada , with 45.3 violent offences involving guns for every 100,000 people in Metro Vancouver , above the national average of 27.5 . A series of gang - related incidents in early 2009 escalated into what police have dubbed a gang war . Vancouver plays host to special events such as the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation conference , the Clinton - Yeltsin Summit , or the Symphony of Fire fireworks show that require significant policing . The 1994 Stanley Cup riot overwhelmed police and injured as many as 200 people . A second riot took place following the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . Military ( edit ) Jericho Beach in Vancouver is the location of the headquarters of 39 Canadian Brigade Group of the Canadian Army . Local primary reserve units include The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and The British Columbia Regiment ( Duke of Connaught 's Own ) , based at the Seaforth Armoury and the Beatty Street Drill Hall , respectively , and the 15th Field Regiment , Royal Canadian Artillery . The Naval Reserve Unit HMCS Discovery is based on Deadman 's Island in Stanley Park . RCAF Station Jericho Beach , the first air base in Western Canada , was taken over by the Canadian Army in 1947 when sea planes were replaced by long - range aircraft . Most of the base facilities were transferred to the City of Vancouver in 1969 and the area renamed `` Jericho Park '' . Education ( edit ) Headquarters of Vancouver School Board . The English - language school district serves Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands . The Vancouver School Board enrolls more than 110,000 students in its elementary , secondary , and post-secondary institutions , making it the second - largest school district in the province . The district administers about 76 elementary schools , 17 elementary annexes , 18 secondary schools , 7 adult education centres , 2 Vancouver Learning Network schools , which include 18 French immersion , a Mandarin bilingual , a fine arts , gifted , and Montessori schools . The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie - Britannique operates three Francophone schools in that city : the primary schools école Rose - des - vents and école Anne - Hébert as well as the école secondaire Jules - Verne . More than 46 independent schools of a wide variety are also eligible for partial provincial funding and educate approximately 10 % of pupils in the city . Main mall of the University of British Columbia ( UBC ) . UBC is one of five public universities located in Vancouver . There are five public universities in the Greater Vancouver area , the largest being the University of British Columbia ( UBC ) and Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) , with a combined enrolment of more than 90,000 undergraduates , graduates , and professional students in 2008 . UBC consistently ranks among the 40 best universities in the world , and is among the 20 best public universities . SFU consistently ranks as the top comprehensive university in Canada and is among the 200 best universities in the world . UBC 's main campus is located on the tip of Burrard Peninsula , just west of the University Endowment Lands with the city - proper adjacent to the east . SFU 's main campus is in Burnaby . Both also maintain campuses in Downtown Vancouver and Surrey . The other public universities in the metropolitan area around Vancouver are Capilano University in North Vancouver , Emily Carr University of Art and Design , and Kwantlen Polytechnic University whose four campuses are all outside the city proper . Six private institutions also operate in the region : Trinity Western University in Langley , and University Canada West , NYIT Canada , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Columbia College , and Sprott Shaw College , all in Vancouver . Vancouver Community College and Langara College are publicly funded college - level institutions in Vancouver , as is Douglas College with three campuses outside the city . The British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby provides polytechnic education . These are augmented by private institutions and other colleges in the surrounding areas of Metro Vancouver that provide career , trade , and university - transfer programs , while the Vancouver Film School provides one - year programs in film production and video game design . International students and English as a Second Language ( ESL ) students have been significant in the enrolment of these public and private institutions . For the 2008 -- 2009 school year , 53 % of Vancouver School Board 's students spoke a language other than English at home . Arts and culture ( edit ) Opened in 2005 , Vancouver International Film Centre houses production rooms and offices for the Vancouver International Film Festival . Theatre , dance , Film and television ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Prominent theatre companies in Vancouver include the Arts Club Theatre Company on Granville Island , and Bard on the Beach . Smaller companies include Touchstone Theatre , and Studio 58 . The Cultch , The Firehall Arts Centre , United Players , Pacific and Metro Theatres , all run continuous theatre seasons . Theatre Under the Stars produces shows in the summer at Malkin Bowl in Stanley Park . Annual festivals that are held in Vancouver include the PuSh International Performing Arts Festival in January and the Vancouver Fringe Festival in September . The Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company operated for fifty years , ending in March 2012 . Dance ( edit ) The Scotiabank Dance Centre , a converted bank building on the corner of Davie and Granville , functions as a gathering place and performance venue for Vancouver - based dancers and choreographers . Dances for a Small Stage is a semi-annual dance festival . Film ( edit ) The Vancouver International Film Festival , which runs for two weeks each September , shows over 350 films and is one of the larger film festivals in North America . The Vancouver International Film Centre venue , the Vancity Theatre , runs independent non-commercial films throughout the rest of the year , as do the Pacific Cinémathèque , and the Rio theatres . Films set in Vancouver ( edit ) Main article : List of filming locations in the Vancouver area Vancouver has become a major film location , known as Hollywood North , as it has stood in for several U.S. cities . However , it has started to appear as itself in several feature films . Among films set in the city and its surroundings are the 1989 U.S. romantic comedy - drama Cousins , starring Ted Danson and Isabella Rossellini ; the 1994 US thriller Intersection , starring Richard Gere and Sharon Stone ; the 2007 Canadian ghost thriller They Wait , starring Terry Chen and Jaime King ; and the acclaimed Canadian ' mockumentary ' Hard Core Logo , and was named the second - best Canadian film of the last 15 years , in a 2001 poll of 200 industry voters , performed by Playback . The Bridge Studios is one of several film studios in Vancouver . Television shows produced in Vancouver ( edit ) Many past and current TV shows have been filmed and set in Vancouver . The first Canadian prime time national series to be produced out of Vancouver was Cold Squad and its storyline was also physically set in the city . Other series set in or around the city of Vancouver include Continuum , Da Vinci 's Inquest , Danger Bay , Edgemont , Godiva 's , Intelligence , Motive , Northwood , Primeval : New World , Robson Arms , The Romeo Section , Shattered , The Switch , and These Arms of Mine . Television shows produced ( but not set ) in Vancouver include 21 Jump Street , The 100 , The 4400 , Airwolf , Almost Human , Arrow , Backstrom , Caprica , Cedar Cove , Chesapeake Shores , The Commish , Dark Angel , Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency , The Flash , The Good Doctor , Haters Back Off , Hellcats , Intelligence , iZombie , The Killing , The L Word , Life Unexpected , The Man in the High Castle , Once Upon a Time , Psych , Reaper , Riverdale , Rogue , Smallville , Stargate SG - 1 , Supergirl , Supernatural , The Tomorrow People , The Magicians , Tru Calling , Van Helsing , Witches of East End , and The X-Files . Libraries and museums ( edit ) Science World is an interactive science centre . The building was originally constructed for Expo 86 . Libraries in Vancouver include the Vancouver Public Library with its main branch at Library Square , designed by Moshe Safdie . The central branch contains 1.5 million volumes . Altogether there are twenty - two branches containing 2.25 million volumes . The Vancouver Tool Library is Canada 's original tool lending library . The Vancouver Art Gallery has a permanent collection of nearly 10,000 items and is the home of a significant number of works by Emily Carr . However , little or none of the permanent collection is ever on view . Downtown is also home to the Contemporary Art Gallery ( Vancouver ) , which showcases temporary exhibitions by up - and - coming Vancouver artists . The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery with a small collection of contemporary works is part of the University of British Columbia . In the Kitsilano district are the Vancouver Maritime Museum , the H.R. MacMillan Space Centre , and the Vancouver Museum , the largest civic museum in Canada . The Museum of Anthropology at UBC is a leading museum of Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations culture . A more interactive museum is Science World at the head of False Creek . The city also features a diverse collection of Public Art . Visual Art ( edit ) See also : Public art in Vancouver The Inukshuk at English Bay . The inukshuk is one of several pieces of public art on display in Vancouver . The Vancouver School of conceptual photography ( often referred to as photoconceptualism ) is a term applied to a grouping of artists from Vancouver who achieved international recognition starting in the 1980s . No formal `` school '' exists and the grouping remains both informal and often controversial even among the artists themselves , who often resist the term . Artists associated with the term include Jeff Wall , Ian Wallace , Ken Lum , Roy Arden , Stan Douglas and Rodney Graham . Music and nightlife ( edit ) See also : Music of Vancouver Musical contributions from Vancouver include performers of classical , folk and popular music . The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra is the professional orchestra based in the city . The Vancouver Opera is a major opera company in the city , and City Opera of Vancouver is the city 's professional chamber opera company . The city is home to a number of Canadian composers including Rodney Sharman , Jeffrey Ryan , and Jocelyn Morlock . The Granville Entertainment District downtown can attract large crowds to the street 's many bars and nightclubs . The city produced a number of notable punk rock bands , including D.O.A. Other early Vancouver punk bands included the Subhumans , the Young Canadians , the Pointed Sticks , and UJ3RK5 . When alternative rock became popular in the 1990s , several Vancouver groups rose to prominence , including 54 - 40 , Odds , Moist , the Matthew Good Band , Sons of Freedom and Econoline Crush . Recent successful Vancouver bands include Gob , Marianas Trench , Theory of a Deadman and Stabilo . Today , Vancouver is home to a number of popular independent bands such as The New Pornographers , Japandroids , Destroyer , In Medias Res , Tegan and Sara , and independent labels including Nettwerk and Mint . Vancouver also produced influential metal band Strapping Young Lad and pioneering electro - industrial bands Skinny Puppy , Numb and Front Line Assembly ; the latter 's Bill Leeb is better known for founding ambient pop super-group Delerium . Other popular musical artists who made their mark from Vancouver include Carly Rae Jepsen , Bryan Adams , Sarah McLachlan , Heart , Prism , Trooper , Chilliwack , Payolas , Moev , Images in Vogue , Michael Bublé , Stef Lang and Spirit of the West . Larger musical performances are usually held at venues such as Rogers Arena , Queen Elizabeth Theatre , BC Place Stadium or the Pacific Coliseum , while smaller acts are held at places such as the Commodore Ballroom , the Orpheum Theatre and the Vogue Theatre . The Vancouver Folk Music Festival and the Vancouver International Jazz Festival showcase music in their respective genres from around the world . Vancouver 's Hong Kong Chinese population has produced several Cantopop stars across the Hong Kong entertainment industry . Similarly , various Indo - Canadian artists and actors have a profile in Bollywood or other aspects of India 's entertainment industry . Vancouver has a vibrant nightlife scene , whether it be food and dining , or bars and nightclubs . The Granville Entertainment District has the city 's highest concentration of bars and nightclubs with closing times of 3 am , in addition to various after - hours clubs open until late morning on weekends . The street can attract large crowds on weekends and is closed to traffic on such nights . Gastown is also a popular area for nightlife with many upscale restaurants and nightclubs , as well as the Davie Village which is centre to the city 's LGBT community . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Vancouver Granville Square ( centre building ) houses the two major daily newspapers of the city , The Vancouver Sun , and The Province . Vancouver is a film and television production centre . Nicknamed Hollywood North , a distinction it shares with Toronto , the city has been used as a film making location for nearly a century , beginning with the Edison Manufacturing Company . In 2008 more than 260 productions were filmed in Vancouver . In 2011 Vancouver slipped to fourth place overall at 1.19 billion , although the region still leads Canada in foreign production . A wide mix of local , national , and international newspapers are distributed in the city . The two major English - language daily newspapers are The Vancouver Sun and The Province . Also , there are two national newspapers distributed in the city , including The Globe and Mail , which began publication of a `` national edition '' in B.C. in 1983 and recently expanded to include a three - page B.C. news section , and the National Post which centres on national news . Other local newspapers include 24H ( a local free daily ) , the Vancouver franchise of the national free daily Metro , the twice - a-week Vancouver Courier , and the independent newspaper The Georgia Straight . Three Chinese - language daily newspapers , Ming Pao , Sing Tao and World Journal cater to the city 's large Cantonese - and Mandarin - speaking population . A number of other local and international papers serve other multicultural groups in the Lower Mainland . 750 Burrard Street houses Bell Media 's west coast headquarters , and the regional offices for The Globe and Mail . Some of the local television stations include CBC , Citytv , CTV and Global BC . OMNI British Columbia produces daily newscasts in Cantonese , Mandarin , Punjabi and Korean , and weekly newscasts in Tagalog , as well as programs aimed at other cultural groups . Fairchild Group also has two television stations : Fairchild TV and Talentvision , serving Cantonese - and Mandarin - speaking audiences , respectively . Radio stations with news departments include CBC Radio One , CKNW and News 1130 . The Franco - Columbian community is served by Radio - Canada outlets CBUFT channel 26 ( Télévision de Radio - Canada ) , CBUF - FM 97.7 ( Première Chaîne ) and CBUX - FM 90.9 ( Espace musique ) . The multilingual South Asian community is served by Spice Radio on 1200 AM established in 2014 . Media dominance is a frequently discussed issue in Vancouver as newspapers The Vancouver Sun , The Province , the Vancouver Courier and other local newspapers such as the Surrey Now , the Burnaby Now and the Richmond News , are all owned by Postmedia Network . The concentration of media ownership has spurred alternatives , making Vancouver a centre for independent online media including The Tyee , the Vancouver Observer , and NowPublic , as well as hyperlocal online media , like Vancouver Is Awesome , which provide coverage of community events and local arts and culture . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Vancouver See also : List of roads in Vancouver Map of Vancouver 's rapid transit network , operated by TransLink . Vancouver 's streetcar system began on 28 June 1890 , and ran from the ( first ) Granville Street Bridge to Westminster Avenue ( now Main Street and Kingsway ) . Less than a year later , the Westminster and Vancouver Tramway Company began operating Canada 's first interurban line between the two cities ( extended to Chilliwack in 1910 ) . Another line ( 1902 ) , the Vancouver and Lulu Island Railway , was leased by the Canadian Pacific Railway to the British Columbia Electric Railway in 1905 and ran from the Granville Street Bridge to Steveston via Kerrisdale , which encouraged residential neighbourhoods outside the central core to develop . From 1897 the British Columbia Electric Railway ( BCER ) became the company that operated the urban and interurban rail system , until 1958 , when its last vestiges were dismantled in favour of `` trackless '' trolley and gasoline / diesel buses ; in that same year the BCER became the core of the newly created , publicly owned BC Hydro . Vancouver currently has the second - largest trolleybus fleet in North America , after San Francisco . Off and on - ramps leading to British Columbia Highway 1 in Vancouver . Highway 1 is the only controlled - access highway within the city limits . Successive city councils in the 1970s and 1980s prohibited the construction of freeways as part of a long - term plan . As a result , the only major freeway within city limits is Highway 1 , which passes through the north - eastern corner of the city . While the number of cars in Vancouver proper has been steadily rising with population growth , the rate of car ownership and the average distance driven by daily commuters have fallen since the early 1990s . Vancouver is the only major Canadian city with these trends . Despite the fact that the journey time per vehicle has increased by one - third and growing traffic mass , there are 7 % fewer cars making trips into the downtown core . In 2012 , Vancouver had the worst traffic congestion in Canada and the second - highest in North America , behind Los Angeles . As of 2013 , Vancouver now has the worst traffic congestion in North America . Residents have been more inclined to live in areas closer to their interests , or use more energy - efficient means of travel , such as mass transit and cycling . This is , in part , the result of a push by city planners for a solution to traffic problems and pro-environment campaigns . Transportation demand management policies have imposed restrictions on drivers making it more difficult and expensive to commute while introducing more benefits for non-drivers . Vancouver 's SkyTrain in the Grandview Cut , with downtown Vancouver in the background . The white dome - like structure is the old roof of BC Place Stadium TransLink is responsible for roads and public transportation within Metro Vancouver ( in succession to B.C. Transit , which had taken over the transit functions of B.C. Hydro ) . It provides bus service , including the B - Line rapid bus service , a foot passenger and bicycle ferry service ( known as SeaBus ) , an automated rapid transit service called SkyTrain , and West Coast Express commuter rail . Vancouver 's SkyTrain system is currently running on three lines , the Millennium Line , the Expo Line and the Canada Line with a total of 53 stations as of 2017 . Only 20 of these stations are within the City of Vancouver borders , with the remainders in the adjacent suburbs . A number of city 's biggest tourist attractions , such as English Bay / Stanley Park , the Vancouver Aquarium , University of British Columbia with the Museum of Anthropology , and Kitsilano are not connected by this rapid transit system . Changes are being made to the regional transportation network as part of Translink 's 10 - Year Transportation Plan . The Canada Line , opened on 17 August 2009 , connects Vancouver International Airport and the neighbouring city of Richmond with the existing SkyTrain system . The Evergreen Extension which opened on 2 December 2016 links the cities of Coquitlam and Port Moody with the SkyTrain system . There are also plans to extend the SkyTrain Millennium Line west to UBC as a subway under Broadway and capacity upgrades and an extension to the Expo Line . Several road projects will be completed within the next few years , as part of the Provincial Government 's Gateway Program . Other modes of transport add to the diversity of options available in Vancouver . Inter-city passenger rail service is operated from Pacific Central Station by Via Rail to points east , Amtrak Cascades to Seattle and Portland , and Rocky Mountaineer rail tour routes . Small passenger ferries operating in False Creek provide commuter service to Granville Island , Downtown Vancouver and Kitsilano . Vancouver has a citywide network of bicycle lanes and routes , which supports an active population of cyclists year - round . Cycling has become Vancouver 's fastest - growing mode of transportation . The bicycle - sharing system Mobi was introduced to the city in June 2016 . Vancouver is served by Vancouver International Airport ( YVR ) , located on Sea Island in the city of Richmond , immediately south of Vancouver . Vancouver 's airport is Canada 's second - busiest airport , and the second - largest gateway on the west coast of North America for international passengers . HeliJet and float plane companies operate scheduled air service from Vancouver harbour and YVR south terminal . The city is also served by two BC Ferry terminals . One is to the northwest at Horseshoe Bay ( in West Vancouver ) , and the other is to the south , at Tsawwassen ( in Delta ) . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Vancouver Third Beach is one of many beaches located in Vancouver . Given the city 's proximity to the ocean , and mountains , the area is a popular destination for outdoor recreation . The mild climate of the city and proximity to ocean , mountains , rivers and lakes make the area a popular destination for outdoor recreation . Vancouver has over 1,298 hectares ( 3,210 acres ) of parks , of which , Stanley Park , at 404 hectares ( 1,000 acres ) , is the largest . The city has several large beaches , many adjacent to one another , extending from the shoreline of Stanley Park around False Creek to the south side of English Bay , from Kitsilano to the University Endowment Lands , ( which also has beaches that are not part of the city proper ) . The 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) of beaches include Second and Third Beaches in Stanley Park , English Bay ( First Beach ) , Sunset , Kitsilano Beach , Jericho , Locarno , Spanish Banks , Spanish Banks Extension , Spanish Banks West , and Wreck Beach . There is also a freshwater beach at Trout Lake in John Hendry Park . The coastline provides for many types of water sport , and the city is a popular destination for boating enthusiasts . Within a 20 - to 30 - minute drive from downtown Vancouver are the North Shore Mountains , with three ski areas : Cypress Mountain , Grouse Mountain , and Mount Seymour . Mountain bikers have created world - renowned trails across the North Shore . The Capilano River , Lynn Creek and Seymour River , also on the North Shore , provide opportunities to whitewater enthusiasts during periods of rain and spring melt , though the canyons of those rivers are more utilized for hiking and swimming than whitewater . Running races include the Vancouver Sun Run ( a 10 - kilometre ( 6.2 mi ) race ) every April ; the Vancouver Marathon , held every May ; and the Scotiabank Vancouver Half - Marathon held every June . The Grouse Grind is a 2.9 - kilometre ( 1.8 mi ) climb up Grouse Mountain open throughout the summer and fall months , including the annual Grouse Grind Mountain Run . Hiking trails include the Baden - Powell Trail , an arduous 42 - kilometre - long ( 26 mi ) hike from West Vancouver 's Horseshoe Bay to Deep Cove in the District of North Vancouver . BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium that is home to the BC Lions of the CFL and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of MLS . Vancouver is also home to notable cycling races . Most summers since 1973 , the Global Relay Gastown Grand Prix has been held on the cobblestone streets of Gastown . This race and the UBC Grand Prix are part of BC Superweek , an annual series of professional cycling races in Metro Vancouver . In 2009 , Metro Vancouver hosted the World Police and Fire Games . Swangard Stadium , in the neighbouring city of Burnaby , hosted games for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Vancouver , along with Whistler and Richmond , was the host city for the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Paralympics . On 12 June 2010 , it played host to Ultimate Fighting Championship 115 ( UFC 115 ) which was the fourth UFC event to be held in Canada ( and the first outside Montreal ) . In 2011 , Vancouver hosted the Grey Cup , the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship game which is awarded every year to a different city which has a CFL team . The BC Titans of the International Basketball League played their inaugural season in 2009 , with home games at the Langley Event Centre . Vancouver is a centre for the fast - growing sport of ultimate . During the summer of 2008 Vancouver hosted the World Ultimate Championships . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) came to town in the form of the Vancouver Grizzlies in 1995 . They played their games at Rogers Arena . After 6 years in Vancouver , the team relocated to Memphis , Tennessee in 2001 . The Vancouver Canucks is an NHL team who play their home games in Rogers Arena . In 2015 , Vancouver was one of six venues for the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup and hosted the Final game between the United States and Japan . Vancouver has an adult obesity rate of 12 % compared to the Canadian average of 23 % . 51.8 % of Vancouverites are overweight , making it the fourth - thinnest city in Canada after Toronto , Montreal , and Halifax . Current professional teams ( edit ) Professional Team League Sport Venue Established Championships BC Lions Canadian Football League ( CFL ) Football BC Place 1954 6 Vancouver Canucks National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey Rogers Arena 1970 ( 1945 : PCHL ) 0 ( 6 in previous leagues ) Vancouver Whitecaps FC Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Soccer BC Place 2009 ( 1974 : NASL ) 0 ( 7 in previous leagues ) Vancouver Canadians Northwest League ( NWL ) Baseball Nat Bailey Stadium 2000 Vancouver Giants Western Hockey League ( WHL ) Ice hockey Langley Events Centre 2001 Vancouver Stealth National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) Lacrosse Langley Events Centre 2014 0 ( 1 as the Washington Stealth ) Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) The City of Vancouver was one of the first cities in Canada to enter into an international sister cities arrangement . Special arrangements for cultural , social and economic benefits have been created with these sister cities . Country Municipality Year Ukraine Odessa 1944 Japan Yokohama 1965 United Kingdom Edinburgh 1978 China Guangzhou 1985 United States Los Angeles 1986 Sustainability ( edit ) Container recycling , paper recycling and garbage bin in Vancouver . The City of Vancouver has taken a number of steps to become a sustainable city . Ninety - three percent of the electricity used in Vancouver is generated using sustainable resources such as hydroelectric power . The city is also actively working towards becoming a greener city . The City of Vancouver has crafted an action plan of goals it has set to meet by 2020 , including reducing greenhouse gas emissions , encouraging the growth of green jobs and businesses , requiring green construction , and reducing waste . Greenest city initiative ( edit ) The Greenest City action plan , otherwise known as GCAP , is a City of Vancouver urban sustainability initiative . Its primary mission is to ensure that Vancouver becomes the greenest city in the world by the year 2020 . The GCAP originated based on the 2009 work of the Greenest City Action Team , a committee co-chaired by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . The GCAP was approved by Vancouver city council in July 2011 . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Vancouver See also ( edit ) Vancouver portal East Vancouver Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services Gentrification of Vancouver Leaky condo crisis History of Squamish and Tsleil - Waututh longshoremen , 1863 -- 1963 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1981 -- 2010 normals are for Vancouver International Airport , while extreme high and low temperatures are from Vancouver PMO ( October 1898 to May 1945 ) , and Vancouver International Airport ( January 1937 to present ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0973&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Jump up ^ `` Population size and growth in Canada : Key results from the 2016 Census '' . Statistics Canada . 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global city GDP 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roth , Ruth ( Winter 1975 ) . `` The Relevance of Morpheme Boundaries to Nasal Assimilation in Canadian English '' . Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics. 1 : 37 . In the case of Vancouver , the pronunciation with the velar nasal / ŋ / seems to be preferred in British Columbia . Jump up ^ `` Population of Metro Vancouver outpaced national growth rate '' . Vancouver Sun . Vancouver . 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Campion - Smith , Bruce ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Canada 's population grew 1.7 M in 5 years , latest census shows '' . Toronto Star . Toronto . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) with 5,000 - plus population , 2011 and 2006 censuses '' . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2006 Community Profiles : Vancouver , City and CMA '' . Government of Canada . 2006 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Facts 2004 '' ( PDF ) . City of Vancouver . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . 48.9 % have neither English nor French as their first language . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver and Melbourne top city league '' . BBC News . 4 October 2002 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frary , Mark ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Liveable Vancouver '' . The Economist . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Liveabililty Ranking and Overview August 2015 '' . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Koranyi , Balazs ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Vancouver still world 's most livable city : survey '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Vancouver 2010 Schedule '' . Official 2010 Olympic Site. 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 TM match schedule unveiled '' . Official FIFA Site . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , A. ( 1974 ) . Vancouver , from milltown to metropolis . Vancouver : Mitchell press ( c9161 ) . LCCN 64026114 . ^ Jump up to : Norris , John M. ( 1971 ) . Strangers Entertained . Vancouver , British Columbia Centennial ' 71 Committee . LCCN 72170963 . Jump up ^ `` World Port Rankings 2014 '' . American Association of Port Authorities . Jump up ^ `` Port Metro Vancouver Mid-Year Stats Include Bright Spots in a Difficult First Half for 2009 '' . Port Metro Vancouver . 31 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overnight visitors to Greater Vancouver by volume , monthly and annual basis '' ( PDF ) . Vancouver Convention and Visitors Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Profile '' . BC Film Commission . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario film industry outperforming B.C. 's '' . Business In Vancouver . Archived from the original on 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gasher , Mike ( November 2002 ) . Hollywood North : The Feature Film Industry in British Columbia . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0967 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shrimpton , James ( 17 August 2007 ) . `` Vancouver : Welcome to Brollywood '' . News Limited . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Hollywood Gets a Boost with New Studio '' . Miami Herald . 9 August 1988 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of Canadian Biography : George Vancouver '' . biography.ca . Jump up ^ Davis , Chuck ; W. Kaye Lamb ( 1997 ) . Greater Vancouver Book : An Urban Encyclopaedia . Surrey , BC : Linkman Press . pp. 34 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896846 - 00 - 2 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chuck . `` Coevorden '' . The History of Metropolitan Vancouver . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Thom , Brian ( 1996 ) . `` Stó : lo Culture -- Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Keith Thor ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . A Stó : lō - Coast Salish Historical Atlas . Vancouver , BC : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 6 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 812 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barman , J. ( 2005 ) . Stanley Park 's Secret . Harbour Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55017 - 346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bawlf , R. Samuel ( 2003 ) . The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake : 1577 -- 1580 . Walker & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1405 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of City of Vancouver '' . Caroun.com . Retrieved 17 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hull , Raymond ; Soules , Christine ; Soules , Gordon ( 1974 ) . Vancouver 's Past . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 95364 - 9 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Hauka ( 2003 ) . McGowan 's War . New Star Books . ISBN 1 - 55420 - 001 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthews , J.S. `` Skit '' ( 1936 ) . Early Vancouver . City of Vancouver . ^ Jump up to : Cranny , Michael ; Jarvis , Graham ; Moles , Garvin ; Seney , Bruce ( 1999 ) . Horizons : Canada Moves West . Scarborough , ON : Prentice Hall Ginn Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 012367 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Chuck ( 1997 ) . The Greater Vancouver Book : An Urban Encyclopaedia . Surrey , British Columbia : Linkman Press . pp. 39 -- 47 . ISBN 1 - 896846 - 00 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Gastown '' . 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Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Park : Forest -- Monument Trees '' . City of Vancouver . 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival . 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Station Results : Vancouver City Hall , 1971 -- 2000 '' . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Station Results Canada 's National Climate Archive '' . Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca. 4 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Station Results Canada 's National Climate Archive '' . Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca. 4 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 Station Data '' . Environment Canada . 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Jump up ^ `` Growbusters '' . CBC News . 26 July 2000 . Retrieved 17 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Mathew ( 21 February 2002 ) . `` Who You Gonna Call ? '' . The Republic . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Police - reported crime statistics '' . Statistics Canada . 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Police - reported Crime Severity Index '' . Statistics Canada . 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver property crime down in 2005 '' . CBC News . 1 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Call '' ( PDF ) . Annual Report 2005 . Vancouver Police Department . 2005 . Retrieved 23 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest per capita in Canada '' . Canada.com. 20 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 200 Injured In Vancouver '' . New York Times . 16 June 1994 . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Greg Wyshynski ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Shocking scenes from the Vancouver Game 7 riots '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Land Force Western Area '' . National Defence Canada . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Land Force Western Area Units '' . National Defence Canada . 30 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Naval Reserve : Nearest Units '' . National Defence Canada . 29 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jericho Beach Flying Boat Station '' . Royal Canadian Legion , BC / Yukon Command . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . Vancouver School Board . 2011 . 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Emily Carr University of Art and Design . 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the President of Vancouver Film School , James Griffin '' . Vancouver Film School . 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Neal & Lee , Jeff ( 9 March 2012 ). `` Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company to close '' The Vancouver Sun ( Vancouver ) Jump up ^ `` Vancouver , British Columbia '' . What 's Filming ? . Jump up ^ Edwards , Ian ( 22 September 1997 ) . `` On set : Cold Squad '' . Playback . Brunico Communications . Jump up ^ Edwards , Ian ( 11 October 2004 ) . `` Groundbreaking cop series takes final bow '' . Playback . Brunico Communications . Jump up ^ Heeb , Emily ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Did you know These 20 TV Shows were filmed in Vancouver ? '' . British Columbia Magazine . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Public Library Frequently Asked Questions '' . Vancouver Public Library . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Cahute , Larissa ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` New Vancouver radio station will be aimed at entire South Asian community '' . Vancouver Desi . Jump up ^ Smith , Charlie ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` Canwest seeks bankruptcy protection for broadcasting assets and National Post '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Shannon Rupp ( 16 March 2005 ) . `` CanWest Metro Move Preserves Daily Dominance '' . The Tyee . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Editor 's Picks : Media '' . Georgia Straight. 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chuck . `` 1885 -- 1891 '' . The History of Metropolitan Vancouver . Retrieved 23 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chuck . `` 1958 '' . The History of Metropolitan Vancouver . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Snider , Drew ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Light Rail vs. Trolley Bus '' . Masstransitmag.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Royce ( 11 September 2006 ) . `` No freeways puts Vancouver on top '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving Lessons '' . Vancouver Magazine . ( June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Traffic entering Vancouver , 1986 to 2005 '' . City of Vancouver . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Has Canada 's Worst Traffic Congestion : Report '' . The Huffington Post B.C. 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver has worst traffic congestion in North America : report '' . Global BC . 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 10 - Year Transportation & Financial Plan '' . TransLink . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Information Bulletin : Evergreen Line RFP released '' ( PDF ) . British Columbia Ministry of Transportation . 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cycling statistics '' . City of Vancouver . 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver unveils bike - share program Mobi '' . 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Stats '' . Vancouver International Airport . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ British Columbia : Business and Investment Environment . Government of Canada . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Archived 4 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BC Ferries '' . British Columbia Ferry Services Inc. 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About the Park Board '' . Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Recreation : Beaches '' . Vancouver Park Board . 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Capilano River '' . Metro Vancouver . 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . 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Vancouver : A Pictorial Celebration Including Vancouver Island , Victoria , and Whistler . Penn Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2386 - 5 . Jollota , Pat ( 2007 ) . Downtown Vancouver . Arcadia . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2959 - 1 . Lance , Berelowitz ( 2005 ) . Dream City : Vancouver and the Global Imagination . Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 170 - 7 . Vogel , Aynsley ; Wyse , Dana ( 2009 ) . Vancouver : a history in photographs . Heritage House Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894974 - 88 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutVancouverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Travel and Tourism Information -- Tourism Vancouver `` Vancouver '' . BC Geographical Names . 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About Wikipedia	how many feet above sea level is vancouver bc	[ "\n\nVancouver\n\n\nCity\n\n\nCity of Vancouver\n\n\n\nClockwise from top: Downtown Vancouver as seen from above False Creek, The University of British Columbia, Lions Gate Bridge, a view from the Granville Street Bridge, Burrard Bridge, The Millennium Gate (Chinatown), and totem poles in Stanley Park\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\nLogo\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): See Nicknames of Vancouver\n\n\nMotto(s): \"By Sea, Land, and Air We Prosper\"\n\n\n\nLocation of Vancouver within Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVancouver\n\n\nLocation of Vancouver in Canada\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVancouver\n\n\nVancouver (Canada)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVancouver\n\n\nVancouver (North America)\n\n\n\nShow map of British ColumbiaShow map of CanadaShow map of North AmericaShow all\n\n\n\nCoordinates: 49°15′N 123°6′W / 49.250°N 123.100°W / 49.250; -123.100Coordinates: 49°15′N 123°6′W / 49.250°N 123.100°W / 49.250; -123.100\n\n\nCountry\n Canada\n\n\nProvince\n British Columbia\n\n\nRegion\nLower Mainland\n\n\nIndigenous territories\nUnceded Coast Salish Territories:\nMusqueam Indian Band\nSquamish Nation\nTsleil-Waututh First Nation\nSto:lo\n\n\nRegional district\nMetro Vancouver\n\n\nIncorporated\n6 April 1886\n\n\nNamed for\nCaptain George Vancouver R.N., (1757-1798), explored 1792 for British Royal Navy\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nGregor Robertson\n(Vision Vancouver)\n\n\n • City Council\n\n\nList of Councillors[show]\n\nGeorge Affleck (NPA)\nElizabeth Ball (NPA)\nAdriane Carr (Green)\nMelissa De Genova (NPA)\nHeather Deal (Vision)\nKerry Jang (Vision)\nRaymond Louie (Vision)\nAndrea Reimer (Vision)\nTim Stevenson (Vision)\nHector Bremner (NPA)\n\n\n\n\n\n • MPs (Fed.)\n\n\nList of MPs[show]\n\nDon Davies (NDP)\nHedy Fry (L)\nJenny Kwan (NDP)\nJoyce Murray (L)\nHarjit Sajjan (L)\nJody Wilson-Raybould (L)\n\n\n\n\n\n • MLAs (Prov.)\n\n\nList of MLAs[show]\n\nSpencer Chandra Herbert (NDP)\nGeorge Chow (NDP)\nAdrian Dix (NDP)\nDavid Eby (NDP)\nMable Elmore (NDP)\nGeorge Heyman (NDP)\nMichael Lee (BCL)\nMelanie Mark (NDP)\nShane Simpson (NDP)\nSam Sullivan (BCL)\nAndrew Wilkinson (BCL)\n\n\n\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • City\n114.97 km2 (44.39 sq mi)\n\n\n • Metro\n2,878.52 km2 (1,111.40 sq mi)\n\n\nElevation\n0–152 m (0–501 ft)\n\n\nPopulation (2016)[2]\n\n\n • City\n631,486 (8th)\n\n\n • Density\n5,492.6/km2 (14,226/sq mi)\n\n\n • Urban\n2,264,823[1]\n\n\n • Metro\n2,463,431 (3rd)\n\n\nDemonym(s)\nVancouverite\n\n\nTime zone\nPST (UTC−8)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nPDT (UTC−7)\n\n\nForward sortation area\nV5K - V6T, V6Z, V7X - V7Y\n\n\nArea code(s)\n604, 778, 236\n\n\nNTS Map\n092G03\n\n\nGNBC Code\nJBRIK\n\n\nGDP\nUS$ 109.8 billion[3]\n\n\nGDP per capita\nUS$44,337[3]\n\n\nWebsite\nCity of Vancouver\n\n" ]	[ "0–152 m (0–501 ft)" ]
5859936164756201320	President of the People's Republic of China	President of the People 's Republic of China - wikipedia President of the People 's Republic of China Jump to : navigation , search For the president of the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , see President of the Republic of China . For the de facto leader of China , see Paramount leader . `` President of the PRC '' redirects here . For the leader of Guernsey , see President of the Policy and Resources Committee . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President of the People 's Republic of China 中华人民共和国主席 Emblem of the People 's Republic of China Incumbent Xi Jinping since 14 March 2013 Style Mr. President ( 主席 ) ( Formal ) His Excellency ( 阁下 ) ( In international correspondence ) Status Head of State Residence Zhongnanhai Seat West Building , Zhongnanhai , Beijing ( de jure ) Nominator the Presidium of the National People 's Congress Appointer the National People 's Congress Term length Five Years , renewable once consecutively Constituting instrument Constitution of the People 's Republic of China Inaugural holder Mao Zedong Li Xiannian Formation 27 September 1954 18 June 1983 Abolished January 1975 -- December 1982 Deputy Vice President Website Presidency President of the People 's Republic of China Simplified Chinese 中华人民共和国主席 Traditional Chinese 中華人民共和國主席 Literal meaning Chinese People Republic Chairperson ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhǔxí Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 国家主席 Traditional Chinese 國家主席 Literal meaning State Chairperson ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guójiā Zhǔxí The President of the People 's Republic of China is the head of state of the People 's Republic of China . Under the country 's constitution , the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers . However , since 1993 , as a matter of convention , the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , the top leader in the one party system . The office is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post ; theoretically , the President serves at the pleasure of the National People 's Congress , the legislature , and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative . The current President is Xi Jinping , who took office in March 2013 . Since 1993 , apart from brief periods of transition , the top leader of China simultaneously serves as the President , the head of the party , and the commander - in - chief of the military ( as Chairman of the Central Military Commission ) . This individual then carries out different duties under separate titles . For example , the leader meets foreign dignitaries and receives ambassadors in his capacity as President , issues military directives as Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and upholds party rule through the office of General Secretary . The office was first established in the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China in 1954 and successively held by Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi . Liu fell into political disgrace during the Cultural Revolution , after which the office became vacant . The office was abolished under the Constitution of 1975 , then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982 , but with reduced powers . The official English - language translation of the title was `` Chairman '' ; after 1982 , this translation was changed to `` President '' , although the Chinese title remains unchanged . Therefore the title `` President '' in this case does not mean the same as in the United States or other Presidential systems , but rather as an approximation in terms of its power compared with parliamentary systems . The President is limited to serve up to two terms of five years each . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications and election 2 Powers and duties 3 Political ranking 4 History 4.1 Establishment in 1954 4.2 History up to 1974 4.3 Abolition in 1975 4.4 Restoration in 1982 5 List of presidents 5.1 Timeline 5.2 Chairmen / Presidents 5.3 Other Heads of State 6 President 's Spouse 7 Statistics 8 Living former presidents 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Qualifications and election ( edit ) China This article is part of a series on the politics and government of China Leadership ( show ) Leadership generations Collective leadership Paramount leader Leadership core Current leadership Xi - Li Administration National leaders President ( list ) : Xi Jinping Vice President ( list ) : Li Yuanchao Provincial leaders Communist Party ( show ) History Organization National Party Congress ( 19th ) Central Committee ( 19th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - ranked secretary : Liu Yunshan Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen : Fan Changlong , Xu Qiliang National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( 19th ) Secretary : Wang Qishan Ideology ( show ) Marxism -- Leninism Maoism ( `` Mao Zedong Thought '' ) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution Current constitution ( 1982 ) Previous constitutions 1954 1978 `` People 's democratic dictatorship '' Laws Statutes Legislative ( show ) National People 's Congress ( 12th ) Members Presidium Standing Committee Chairman : Zhang Dejiang Executive ( show ) State Council ( Li 's Government ) Premier ( list ) : Li Keqiang Vice Premiers ( list ) Zhang Gaoli Liu Yandong Wang Yang Ma Kai State Councilors Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General United Front ( show ) Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman : Yu Zhengsheng Political parties Military ( show ) Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen : Fan Changlong , Xu Qiliang People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police Force State Council National Mobilization Commission Chairman : Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister : Chang Wanquan People 's Armed Police Force National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Judiciary ( show ) Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary : Meng Jianzhu Supreme People 's Court President : Zhou Qiang Supreme People 's Procuratorate Procurator - General : Cao Jianming Publicity ( show ) Leading Group for Propaganda Central Guidance Commission for Building Spiritual Civilization Chairman : Liu Yunshan Propaganda Department Head : Liu Qibao Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign aid program China and the United Nations China -- United States relations Cross-Strait relations One - China policy Related topics ( show ) Administrative divisions Politics of Hong Kong Politics of Macau Elections Human rights Internet Internet censorship Other countries Atlas According to the current Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , the President must be a Chinese citizen with full electoral rights who has reached the age of 45 . The President 's term of office is the same as the term of the National People 's Congress ( currently five years ) , and the president and vice-president are both limited to two consecutive terms . Such limit is yet proposed to be abolished by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to the 13th National People 's Congress on 25 February 2018 , making it possible for the President and the Vice President to retain office for life . The President is elected by the National People 's Congress ( NPC ) , China 's highest state body , which also has the power to remove the President and other state officers from office . Elections and removals are decided by a simple majority vote . According to the Organic Law of the NPC , the President is nominated by the NPC Presidium , the Congress 's executive organ . In practice , however , the ruling Communist Party of China reserves the post of President for its current General Secretary . Like all officers of state elected by the NPC , the President is elected from a one name ballot . In the event that the office of President falls vacant , the Vice-President succeeds to the office . In the event that both offices fall vacant , the Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee temporarily acts as President until the NPC can elect a new President and Vice-President . Powers and duties ( edit ) Under the current constitution , instated in 1982 with minor revisions in later years , the President has the power to promulgate laws , select and dismiss the Premier ( prime minister ) as well as the ministers of the State Council , grant presidential pardons , declares a state of emergency , issue mass mobilization orders , and issue state honours . In addition , the President names and dismisses ambassadors to foreign countries , signs and annuls treaties with foreign entities . According to the Constitution , all of these powers require the approval or confirmation of the National People 's Congress . The President also conducts state visits on behalf of the People 's Republic . Under the constitution the `` state visit '' clause is the only presidential power that does not stipulate any form of oversight from the National People 's Congress . As the vast majority of presidential powers are dependent on the ratification of the NPC , the President is , in essence , a symbolic post without any direct say in the governance of state . It is therefore conceived to mainly function as an symbolic institution of the state rather than an office with true executive powers . In theory , the President has discretion over the selection of the Premier , though in practice the Premier has historically been selected through the top - level discussions of the Communist Party of China . Upon the nomination of the Premier , the NPC convenes to confirm the nomination , but since only one name is on the ballot , it can only approve or reject . To date , it has never rejected a personnel nomination . Since the Premier , the head of government in China , is the most important political appointment in the Chinese government , the nomination power , under some circumstances , may give the President real political influence . Political ranking ( edit ) Main article : Orders of precedence in the People 's Republic of China For President Liu Shaoqi , he was also the first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China , ranked second in the Communist Party of China , behind Chairman Mao Zedong . For President Li Xiannian , he was also the 5th ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee , after CPC General Secretary and Premier . For President Yang Shangkun , he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee , but he ranked third after General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and Deng Xiaoping . Since Jiang Zemin , the President is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , ranking first in Party and State . History ( edit ) Establishment in 1954 ( edit ) The office of State Chairman ( the original English translation , as noted above ) was first established under China 's 1954 Constitution . The ceremonial powers of the office were largely identical to those in the current Constitution . The powers of the 1954 office differed from those of the current office in two areas : military and governmental . The State Chairman 's military powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : `` The Chairman of the People 's Republic of China commands the armed forces of the state , and is Chairman of the National Defence Council ( Chinese : 国防委员会 ) . '' The National Defence Council was unique to the 1954 Constitution , and was mandated as the civil command for the People 's Liberation Army . It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution . The State Chairman 's governmental powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : `` The Chairman of the People 's Republic of China , whenever necessary , convenes a Supreme State Conference ( Chinese : 最高国务会议 ) and acts as its chairman . '' The members of the Supreme State Conference included the main officers of state , and its views were to be presented to the main organs of state and government , including the National People 's Congress and the State and National Defense Councils . The Supreme State Conference was also unique to the 1954 Constitution . It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution and later Constitutions have not included a similar body . History up to 1974 ( edit ) Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman . He was elected at the founding session of the National People 's Congress in 1955 . At the 2nd NPC in 1959 , Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi , first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party . Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965 . However , in 1966 , Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party Vice Chairman . A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest , and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on October 31 , 1968 , including the post of State Chairman . This was in violation of the Constitution , which required a vote by the NPC to remove the State Chairman . From Liu 's removal in 1968 until 1972 , the office of State Chairman was vacant . From 1972 to 1975 , however , state media referred to Vice State Chairman Dong Biwu as `` acting State Chairman . '' Abolition in 1975 ( edit ) When the 4th NPC was convened in 1975 , its main act was to adopt a new Constitution which eliminated the office of State Chairman and emphasized instead the leadership of the Communist Party over the state , including an article that made the Party Chairman Supreme Commander of the PLA in concurrence as Chairman of the Party CMC . The 5th NPC was convened two years early , in 1978 , and a third Constitution was adopted , which also lacked the office of State Chairman . The office was finally reinstated in the fourth Constitution , adopted by the 5th Session of the 5th NPC in 1982 . The title of the office ( guojia zhuxi ) was unchanged in the Chinese text , but a new English translation of `` President of the People 's Republic of China '' was adopted . Restoration in 1982 ( edit ) In the 1982 Constitution , the President was conceived of as a figurehead of state with actual state power resting in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Premier , and all three posts were designed to be held by separate people . The President therefore held minor responsibilities such as greeting foreign dignitaries and signing the appointment of embassy staff , and did not intervene in the affairs of the State Council or the Party . In the original 1982 Constitution plan , the Party would develop policy , the state would execute it , and the power would be divided to prevent a cult of personality from forming as it did with the case of Mao Zedong . Thus in 1982 , China perceivably had four main leaders : Hu Yaobang , the Party General Secretary ; Zhao Ziyang , the Premier ; Li Xiannian , the President ; and Deng Xiaoping , the `` Paramount Leader '' , holding title of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and was overall commander - in - chief of the armed forces . The current political structure of Vietnam is similar to the structure China followed in the 1980s . In the 1990s , the experiment of separating party and state posts , which led to conflict during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , was terminated . In 1993 , the post of President was taken by Jiang Zemin , who as General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission , became the undisputed top leader of the party and the state . When Jiang Zemin stepped down in 2003 , the offices of General Secretary and President were once again both given to one man , then Vice-President Hu Jintao , the first Vice President to assume the office . In turn , Hu vacated both offices for Xi Jinping in 2012 and 2013 . List of presidents ( edit ) Main article : List of Presidents of the People 's Republic of China Timeline ( edit ) ↓ P. of C.Gov ↓ President of China ↓ Acting Presidents ↓ Abolished in law ↓ Honorary President ↓ Restored Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Soong & Dong Dong Biwu N / A Soong Ching - ling N / A Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping │ 1949.83 │ 1959.83 │ 1969.83 │ 1979.83 │ 1989.83 │ 1999.83 │ 2009.83 Chairmen / Presidents ( edit ) Mao Zedong 1st Chairman ( 20 March 1943 -- 28 September 1958 ) Liu Shaoqi 2nd Chairman ( 27 April 1959 -- 31 October 1968 ) Dong Biwu Acting Chairman ( 24 February 1972 -- 17 January 1975 ) Song Qingling Honorary Chairwoman ( 16 May 1981 -- 28 May 1981 ) Li Xiannian 3rd President ( 18 June 1983 -- 8 April 1988 ) Yang Shangkun 4th President ( 8 April 1988 -- 27 March 1993 ) Jiang Zemin 5th President ( 27 March 1993 -- 15 March 2003 ) Hu Jintao 6th President ( 15 March 2003 -- 14 March 2013 ) Xi Jinping 7th President ( 14 March 2013 -- present ) Other Heads of State ( edit ) Zhu De Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Song Qingling Acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Ye Jianying Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1978 -- 1983 ) President 's spouse ( edit ) Main article : Spouse of the President of the People 's Republic of China Since the first president , seven had a spouse during term of office . No Spouse President Tenure Jiang Qing Mao Zedong 1 October 1949 -- 27 April 1959 Wang Guangmei Liu Shaoqi 27 April 1959 -- 31 October 1968 Lin Jiamei Li Xiannian 18 June 1983 -- 8 April 1988 Li Bozhao Yang Shangkun 8 April 1988 -- 27 March 1993 5 Wang Yeping Jiang Zemin 27 March 1993 -- 15 March 2003 6 Liu Yongqing Hu Jintao 15 March 2003 -- 14 March 2013 7 Peng Liyuan Xi Jinping 14 March 2013 -- Incumbent Statistics ( edit ) # President Date of birth Age at ascension ( first term ) Time in office ( total ) Age at retirement ( last term ) Date of death Longevity Zedong , Mao Mao Zedong 18931226 December 26 , 1893 ( December 26 , 1893 ) 60 275 60 years , 275 days 04 212 4 years , 212 days 64 122 64 years , 122 days 19760909 September 9 , 1976 7004302070000000000 ♠ 30,207 82 years , 258 days Shaoqi , Liu Liu Shaoqi 18981124 November 24 , 1898 ( November 24 , 1898 ) 60 154 60 years , 154 days 09 187 9 years , 187 days 69 342 69 years , 342 days 19691112 November 12 , 1969 7004259200000000000 ♠ 25,920 70 years , 353 days Presidency vacant acting Biwu , Dong Dong Biwu 18860305 March 5 , 1886 ( March 5 , 1886 ) 85 356 85 years , 356 days 02 327 2 years , 327 days 88 318 88 years , 318 days 19750402 April 2 , 1975 7004325340000000000 ♠ 32,534 89 years , 28 days acting Ching - ling , Soong Soong Ching - ling 18930127 January 27 , 1893 ( January 27 , 1893 ) 83 161 83 years , 161 days 01 242 1 years , 242 days 85 037 85 years , 37 days 19810529 May 29 , 1981 7004322630000000000 ♠ 32,263 88 years , 122 days Presidency abolished Xiannian , Li Li Xiannian 19090623 June 23 , 1909 ( June 23 , 1909 ) 73 360 73 years , 360 days 04 295 4 years , 295 days 78 290 78 years , 290 days 19920621 June 21 , 1992 7004303140000000000 ♠ 30,314 82 years , 364 days Shangkun , Yang Yang Shangkun 19070803 August 3 , 1907 ( August 3 , 1907 ) 80 250 80 years , 250 days 04 352 4 years , 352 days 85 236 85 years , 236 days 19980914 September 14 , 1998 7004332800000000000 ♠ 33,280 91 years , 42 days 5 Zemin , Jiang Jiang Zemin 19260817 August 17 , 1926 ( August 17 , 1926 ) 66 222 66 years , 222 days 11 353 11 years , 353 days 76 210 76 years , 210 days Living 7004334330000000000 ♠ 33,433 7004334330000000000 ♠ 91 years , 195 days ( Living ) 6 Jintao , Hu Hu Jintao 19421221 December 21 , 1942 ( December 21 , 1942 ) 60 084 60 years , 84 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 70 083 70 years , 83 days Living 7004274630000000000 ♠ 27,463 7004274630000000000 ♠ 75 years , 69 days ( Living ) 7 Jinping , Xi Xi Jinping 19530615 June 15 , 1953 ( June 15 , 1953 ) 7004218217500000000 ♠ 59 years , 272 days 7003181200000000000 ♠ 7003181200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 351 days ( Ongoing ) Incumbent Living 7004236340000000000 ♠ 23,634 7004236340000000000 ♠ 64 years , 258 days ( Living ) Living former presidents ( edit ) There are two living former presidents : Jiang Zemin ( 1993 -- 2003 ) ( 1926 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Hu Jintao ( 2003 -- 2013 ) ( 1942 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1942 ( age 75 ) See also ( edit ) List of leaders of the People 's Republic of China Vice President of the People 's Republic of China Premier of the People 's Republic of China Political position ranking of the People 's Republic of China Paramount Leader President for Life List of Chinese leaders Air transports of heads of state and government Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Xi 's here to stay : China leader tipped to outstay term '' . Daily Mail . 9 August 2016 . `` A lot of analysts now see it as a given '' that Xi will seek to stay party general secretary , the country 's most powerful post , said Christopher K. Johnson , a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington - based Center for Strategic and International Studies . Jump up ^ It is listed as such in the current Constitution ; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the State Council , rather than to offices such as that of the Premier . Jump up ^ `` Does Chinese leader Xi Jinping plan to hang on to power for more than 10 years ? '' . 6 October 2017 . If Xi relinquished the presidency in 2023 but remained party chief and chairman of the Central Military commission ( CMC ) , his successor as president would be nothing more than a symbolic figure ... `` Once the president is neither the party 's general secretary nor the CMC chairman , he or she will be hollowed out , just like a body without a soul . '' Jump up ^ In Chinese the President of the PRC is termed zhǔxí while the Presidents of other countries are termed zǒngtǒng . Furthermore zhǔxí continues to have the meaning of `` chairman '' in a generic context . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University , EXECUTIVE : THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC . Jump up ^ `` China sets stage for Xi to stay in office indefinitely '' . Reuters. 2018 - 02 - 25 . However , the role of party chief is more senior than that of president . At some point , Xi could be given a party position that also enables him to stay on as long as he likes . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Section 2 , Article 79 . Jump up ^ `` CPC proposes change on Chinese president 's term in Constitution - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . www.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) . `` China Sets Stage for Xi to Stay in Office Indefinitely '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Articles 62 , 63 . Jump up ^ `` Organic Law of the National People 's Congress of the PRC '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . , Article 13 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 84 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 62 , Section 5 . The NPC does no itself have the power to nominate the Premier . Jump up ^ Yew , Chiew Ping ; Gang Chen ( 2010 - 03 - 13 ) . China 's National People 's Congress 2010 : Addressing Challenges With No Breakthrough in Legislative Assertiveness ( PDF ) . Background Brief . Singapore : East Asian Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weng , Byron ( September 1982 ) . `` Some Key Aspects of the 1982 Draft Constitution of the People 's Republic of China '' . The China Quarterly ( 91 ) : 492 -- 506 . JSTOR 653370 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , 1954 , Articles 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 43 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 44 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jerome Alan ( 1978 - 12 - 01 ) . `` China 's Changing Constitution '' . The China Quarterly ( 76 ) : 794 -- 841 . ISSN 0305 - 7410 . JSTOR 652647 . External links ( edit ) The President 's Official Website ( in English ) Heads of state of the People 's Republic of China Common Program ( 1949 -- 1954 ) CPG Chairman Mao Zedong 1954 Constitution ( 1954 -- 1975 ) Chairman Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Song Qingling and Dong Biwu ( acting ) 1975 & 1978 Constitutions ( 1975 -- 1982 ) NPCSC Chairman Zhu De Song Qingling ( acting ) Ye Jianying 1982 Constitution ( 1982 -- present ) President Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC Central state organs of the People 's Republic of China National People 's Congress NPC Standing Committee President State Council Central Military Commission Supreme People 's Court Supreme People 's Procuratorate Politics of China Constitution Laws Parties Parties Communist Party Central Committee General Secretary Politburo Politburo Standing Committee Central Secretariat Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Provincial party standing committee State organs National People 's Congress Standing Committee Chairman President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premiers State Councilors Central Military Commission Chairman People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police People 's Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman Politics of province - level divisions ( current leaders ) Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Xinjiang Tibet ( leaders ) SARs Hong Kong Macau Claimed province Taiwan See also Elections Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Payette ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Ramaphosa Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&oldid=828119761 '' Categories : Presidents of the People 's Republic of China Ceremonial heads of state Figurehead China politics - related lists 1954 establishments in China 1975 disestablishments 1982 establishments in China Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 17 : 53 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the president of the people's republic of china	[ "\n\nPresident of the People's Republic of China\n中华人民共和国主席\n\n\n\nEmblem of the People's Republic of China\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nXi Jinping\nsince 14 March 2013\n\n\n\nStyle\nMr. President (主席)\n(Formal)\nHis Excellency (阁下)\n(In international correspondence)\n\n\nStatus\nHead of State\n\n\nResidence\nZhongnanhai\n\n\nSeat\nWest Building, Zhongnanhai, Beijing (de jure)\n\n\nNominator\nthe Presidium of the National People's Congress\n\n\nAppointer\nthe National People's Congress\n\n\nTerm length\nFive Years, renewable\nonce consecutively\n\n\nConstituting instrument\nConstitution of the People's Republic of China\n\n\nInaugural holder\nMao Zedong\nas the first President under\nthe 1954 Constitution\nLi Xiannian\nas the first President under\nthe 1982 Constitution\n\n\nFormation\n27 September 1954\n18 June 1983\n\n\nAbolished\nJanuary 1975 – December 1982\n\n\nDeputy\nVice President\n\n\nWebsite\nPresidency\n\n" ]	[ "Xi Jinping" ]
3332842578075271923	Right to Buy	Right to Buy - wikipedia Right to Buy The Right to Buy scheme is a policy in the United Kingdom ( with the exception of Scotland since August 1 , 2016 ) which gives secure tenants of councils and some housing associations the legal right to buy , at a large discount , the council house they are living in . There is also a Right to Acquire for assured tenants of housing association homes built with public subsidy after 1997 , at a smaller discount . About 1,500,000 homes in the UK have been sold in this manner since the introduction of the scheme in 1980 . Supporters claim that the programme has given millions of households a tangible asset , secured their families ' finances and -- by releasing cash to repay local authority debt -- helped improve the public finances . Critics claim that the policy compounded a housing shortage for people of low income , initiated a national house price bubble , and led ultimately to what is commonly recognised as the displacement and social cleansing of traditional communities . Contents 1 History 1.1 Thatcher policies 2 Right to Buy rules after 2005 3 Recent changes 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Council - type housing stock in Weaverham , now mostly owner - occupied Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants , but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare . The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the house they live in , in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost . Later , the Conservative - controlled Greater London Council ( GLC ) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler , its Chairman of Housing , to create a general sales scheme . Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing , and supported a free - market approach . GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s , but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977 . They proved extremely popular . Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher ( MP for Finchley ) who made the right to buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally . The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto , but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates , as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell . In the meantime , council house sales to tenants began to increase . Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970 ; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972 . Thatcher policies ( edit ) After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979 , the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980 . Michael Heseltine , in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment , was in charge of implementing the legislation . Some 6,000,000 people were affected ; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit . Heseltine noted that `` no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people '' . He said the right to buy had two main objectives : to give people what they wanted , and to reverse the trend of ever - increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual . He said : `` There is in this country a deeply ingrained desire for home ownership . The Government believe that this spirit should be fostered . It reflects the wishes of the people , ensures the wide spread of wealth through society , encourages a personal desire to improve and modernise one 's own home , enables parents to accrue wealth for their children and stimulates the attitudes of independence and self - reliance that are the bedrock of a free society . '' The sale price of a council house was based on its market valuation but also included a discount of between 33 % and 50 % ( up to 70 % for council flats ) , to reflect the rents paid by tenants and also to encourage take - up . According to a government survey in 1988 , the average discount that had been offered was 44 % . Mortgages involved no downpayments . The legislation gave council tenants the right to buy their council house at a discounted value , depending on how long they had been living in the house , with the proviso that if they sold their house before a minimum period had expired they would have to pay back a proportion of the discount . The sales were an attractive deal for tenants ; hundreds of thousands of homes were sold . The policy became one of the major points of Thatcherism . The policy proved immediately popular . Some local Labour - controlled councils were opposed , but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases , and gave them half the proceeds . Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England . Sales were restricted to general - needs housing ; adapted properties and those built specifically for older people were exempted from the scheme . Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities , but the government restricted authorities ' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared , rather than spending it on building more homes . The effect was to reduce the council housing stock , especially in areas where property prices were high , such as London and the south - east of England . 200,000 council houses were sold to their tenants in 1982 . By 1987 , more than 1,000,000 council houses in the UK had been sold to their tenants , although the number of council houses purchased by tenants declined during the 1990s . The Labour Party was initially against the sales , and pledged to oppose them at the 1983 general election , but then dropped its official opposition to the scheme in 1985 . However , at the 1987 general election , the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme . When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election , it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock ; this included almost the whole of London . Right to Buy rules after 2005 ( edit ) The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005 . Five years ' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify , and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell . Such owners now had to approach their previous landlord ( council or housing association ) and offer them `` first right of refusal '' . If the previous landlord was no longer in existence , for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business , then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority . The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months . The Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage - selling . The FCA 's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis - selling from brokers and solicitors alike . Each had their own agenda and many were actively charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client 's discount . Fortunately , the above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control . In 2009 , the Localis think tank suggested , as part of a review of principles for social housing reform , that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers , which could be part - earned through being a good tenant . The qualifying period changed from 5 years to 3 years ( edited rbcdd3117 in 2018 ) Recent changes ( edit ) At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference , David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing . Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal . As of 2 April 2012 , the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £ 75,000 or 60 % of the house value ( 70 % for a flat ) depending on which is lower . In March 2013 , the maximum discount in London was increased to £ 100,000 . The maximum amount of discount changes annually wef April 2017 it changed to £ 78,600.00 ( edited 2018 rbc dd3117 ) The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September ( see separate document from the Right to Buy Team , Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government . As the CPI in September 2017 was 3 % the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018 / 19 will be £ 80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018 . Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts ( £ 78,600 ) . In summary discount is a maximum of £ 80,900.00 from April 2018 ( rbcdd3117 ) The aim of the scheme is , for every additional home sold , a new home will be built for ' affordable rent ' at up to 80 % of market rent , aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list . The five year tenancy criterion will remain , and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale , part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back . The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will if enacted extend right - to - buy to housing association tenants . In July 2013 , the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017 . It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing ( Scotland ) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016 . In the summer of 2017 , the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales . This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017 . Criticisms ( edit ) The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons : Speculating investors were able to buy up council properties through deferred transaction agreements , hastening the rise in property costs ; Commercially and socially valuable council assets being sold at below their market value or replacement cost ; The remaining stock of council housing was concentrated in undesirable areas with little employment opportunity , further isolating and stigmatising the tenants . A report published in January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley , From Right to Buy to Buy to Let , showed that 36 % of homes sold under Right to Buy in London ( 52,000 homes ) were being rented by councils from private landlords , leading to criticisms that the scheme `` represents incredibly poor value for money to taxpayers '' since it `` helped to fuel the increase in the housing benefit bill , heaped more pressure on local authority waiting lists and led to more Londoners being forced into the under - regulated private rented sector '' . A survey in 2013 showed around one third of Right to Buy houses were now owned by private landlords , while the son of the late Ian Gow ( Thatcher 's sometime housing minister ) owned some 40 houses . As of recent changes in 2015 , Alan Murie concluded that `` the proposed extension of right - to - buy could not easily be reconciled with the independence and charitable status of housing associations '' , and that `` extending the right - to - buy to housing association tenants revived a previous Parliamentary debate and raised questions about the legal position of charities and the risks faced by housing associations and their funders '' . A 2017 BBC survey of council areas where waiting lists were rising showed the councils had bought back houses they had been forced to sell , sometimes at many times the original price . Housing charities criticised the lack of investment in affordable housing . See also ( edit ) Help to Buy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MKoore , Thatcher p 471 Jump up ^ Housing , 1959 Labour Party manifesto . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Murie , Alan ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` The Right to Buy : History and Prospect '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What future for social housing ? '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Housing Bill -- Provisions and Enactment '' in Keesing 's Contemporary Archives v. 27 , January , 1981 p. 30644 Jump up ^ Beckett , Andy ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` The right to buy : the housing crisis that Thatcher built '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Polly Toynbee , `` It 's on the house , '' The Guardian , 11 October 2002 Jump up ^ Charles Moore , Margaret Thatcher : From Grantham to the Falklands ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Murrie ( 1989 ) p 221 Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22077190 BBC article : Right - to - buy : Margaret Thatcher 's controversial gift Jump up ^ Slide 4 , Thatcher years in graphics , BBC News , 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 : Council tenants will have ' right to buy ' '' . BBC News . 20 December 1979 . Jump up ^ Newspaper advert for Conservative Party by Saatchi & Saatchi , 1987 . Getty Images . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/HRD28.pdf Jump up ^ Principles for Social Housing Reform , Localis , 2009 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SALE ! ( while stocks last ) '' . Inside Housing . 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reforming the Right to Buy in 2012 & 2013 '' . Commons Library Standard Note . UK Parliament . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Affordable Rent '' . DCLG . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/jan/05/expert-views-housing-bill-end-affordable-housing Jump up ^ `` ' Right to buy ' to be scrapped in Scotland '' . BBC News . 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Right to Buy Notice Period . The Scottish Government 's guide for tenants of social housing . November 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Housing bodies welcome end of Right to Buy in Scotland '' . BBC News . 31 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick , Sommerlad ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Great Tory housing shame : Third of ex-council homes now owned by rich landlords '' . The Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Grant , Carol ( 1992 ) . Built to Last ? : Reflections on British Housing Policy . ROOF Magazine . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1870767583 . Jump up ^ From Right to Buy to Buy to Let From Right to Buy to Buy to Let Jump up ^ `` Councils are renting sold Right to Buy homes , says report '' . BBC London News . 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Collinson ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Meet the new class of landlords profiting from Generation Rent '' . Guardian Newspapers . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Murie , Alan ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` The Right to Buy : History and Prospect '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Homer ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Town halls buy back Right - to - Buy homes '' . BBC news . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Murie , Alan . `` Housing and the Environment , '' in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon , eds. , The Thatcher Effect ( 1989 ) pp 213 -- 25 Jones , Colin & Murie , Alan . The Right to Buy : Analysis & Evaluation of a Housing Policy ( Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , 2006 ) . Forrest R and Murie A ( 1990 ) Selling the Welfare State second edition London , Routledge . Wilson W and Bate A ( 2015 ) Extending the Right to Buy ( England ) , Briefing Paper No 07224 , 9 June 2015 House of Commons Library Blow E ( 2015 ) Comparing the Right to Buy in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland Briefing Paper Number 07174 , 12 June 2015 , House of Commons Library External links ( edit ) Right to Buy : buying your council home at the GOV.UK website Right to Buy Co-op : the non-profit helpline for tenants looking to buy their home at the RighttoBuy.coop website Right to Buy at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 21 , 2005 ) ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_Buy&oldid=848818585 '' Categories : Public housing in England Rights English property law Scots property law Law in Northern Ireland Public housing in Scotland Housing in Wales Housing in Northern Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Recent changes Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did right to buy council house start	[ "After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that \"no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people\". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the trend of ever-increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual.\n" ]	[ "1980" ]
-9015773226494870819	Left- and right-hand traffic	Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2018 Left - hand traffic Right - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms right - hand traffic ( RHT ) and left - hand traffic ( LHT ) refer to the practice , in bidirectional traffic , to keep to the right side or to the left side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . RHT is used in 163 countries and territories , with the remaining 78 countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . Many of the countries with LHT were formerly part of the British Empire . In addition , Japan , Indonesia , Thailand , Suriname and other countries have retained the LHT tradition . Conversely , many of the countries with RHT were formerly part of the French colonial empire or , in Europe , were subject to French rule during the Napoleonic conquests . For rail traffic , LHT predominates in Western Europe ( except Spain and the Netherlands ) , Latin America , and in countries formerly in the British and French Empires , whereas North American and central and eastern European train services operate RHT . According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles , both in the air and on water . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Contents 1 History 2 Changing sides 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia and the Pacific 2.3 Africa 3 Safety 4 Changing sides at borders 5 Road vehicle configurations 5.1 Driver seating position 5.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment 5.2. 1 Rear fog lamps 5.3 Crash testing differences 6 Worldwide distribution by country 7 Traffic rules 8 Rail traffic 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . Hong Kong drives on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right - handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . Meanwhile , LHT was introduced by the British in parts of Canada ( Atlantic Canada and British Columbia ) , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate ( now Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda ) , British India , Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zambia , Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , Portuguese Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Portuguese Angola . The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . Currently nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire ; however , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 -- 39 . Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ) . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . Today , four countries in Europe continue to use left - hand traffic , all island nations : the UK , Cyprus , Ireland , and Malta . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) Nationalist China adopted RHT in 1946 . This convention was preserved when the CCP took the mainland and the KMT retreated to Taiwan . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japanese colonial power which was defeated by the Allies , and surrendered . Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right - hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles -- which are better suited for left - hand traffic -- imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . Safety ( edit ) In one study , researchers concluded that left - hand traffic may be safer for elderly drivers , since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Comparing accident statistics between countries operating either LHT or RHT , Leeming concluded that LHT is superior . However , Watson has criticised the small sample size and dismisses the notion . Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . Such borders are mostly located in Africa and southern Asia . The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 74 countries that have ratified it . LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbors : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year , by rail , between the UK and France . Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or curbside . Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside . Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic , with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled . Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical light suitable for use on only one side of the road . Low beam headlamps in LHT jurisdictions throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RHT throw most of their light forward - rightward , thus illuminating obstacles and road signs while minimising glare for oncoming traffic . In Europe , headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road , . This may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LHT or RHT beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly . Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LHT to RHT and vice versa . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before its changeover from left - to right - hand traffic . An opaque decal blocks the lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears the warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps , most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness . Without sidecars attached , motorcycles , motor scooters , mopeds , and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre . However , motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness . Rear fog lamps ( edit ) In the European Union , vehicles must be equipped with one or two red rear fog lamps . A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle . Crash testing differences ( edit ) An Australian news source reports that some RHD cars imported to that country did n't perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions , although the cause is unknown , and may be due to differences in testing methodology . Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 194 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ) , 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT RHT / LHT Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British India and later Pakistan . Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Former British colony . Argentina RHT 1945 10 June LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT . Armenia RHT RHT Australia LHT LHT / RHT Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 -- 1938 RHT Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Switched sides in 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , and in 1938 in the rest of the country . Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States . Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro is nominally RHT , with LHT on the circle line west of Halle Gate . This was done to enable unidirectional vehicles to use island platforms . Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949 . Bolivia RHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT 1918 RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century as LHT and retained it at least partially following independence , switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928 , the same year as Portugal . While some areas in present - day Brazil formerly belonged to Bolivia were already in RHT . Brunei LHT Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Former Belgian colony . Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Cambodia RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT 1920s LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT . China RHT 1946 RHT / LHT At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Hong Kong MTR and the Macau LRT . Colombia RHT RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Cuba RHT RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony . Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony . Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . Ecuador RHT LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT . Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail uses RHT . Fiji LHT LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT / LHT Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . Most of the Helsinki commuter rail lines use LHT , but the Helsinki Metro uses RHT . France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Railroads in Alsace and Moselle use RHT as a former part of German Empire . CDGVAL uses RHT . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan . The Batumi Ropeway uses LHT . Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony . Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974 , the last former British colony in the region to do so , the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973 . When changing to RHT , a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth ''. Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles . Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974 , three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974 . RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone , for example for humanitarian programmes , but must be exported at the end of the operation . Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hong Kong LHT LHT Former British Colony . Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT LHT India LHT LHT Former British colony . Indonesia LHT RHT Roads were built by British , but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence . The Jakarta MRT will also use RHT . Ireland LHT LHT Part of the United Kingdom until 1922 . Israel RHT LHT Under British rule till 1948 ; The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT . Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which refers to the date of the changeover , 30 July ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . The Hakone Ropeway uses RHT . Jordan RHT RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963 . Kiribati LHT North Korea RHT 1946 LHT / RHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . The metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT . South Korea RHT 1946 LHT / RHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include lines 1 and 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway , the Bundang Line , and the Shinbundang Line ) . Kosovo RHT RHT Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate . Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Former British colony . Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony . Maldives LHT Former British colony . Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964 . Marshall Islands RHT Was being under American rule . Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fderîck and Zouérat are LHT . Mauritius LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT Was being under American rule . Nearly 80 % vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan . Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT RHT Mozambique LHT LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are used RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT Former British mandate . New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 LHT Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . Federal Road Safety Commission ( FRSC ) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation ( 2004 ) , which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads . Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . Pakistan LHT LHT Was part of undivided India Palau RHT Most cars are used RHD vehicles , imported from Japan because it 's a second Japanese - speaking country . Palestine RHT Panama RHT 1943 RHT Papua New Guinea LHT After Australia occupied German New Guinea during World War I , switched to LHT . Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT Was LHT during the Spanish and American colonial periods . Switched to RHT during Battle of Manila in 1945 . Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . The Porto Metro uses RHT . Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Transylvania , the Banat and Bukovina were until 1919 LHT like most of former Austria - Hungary , while Wallachia and Moldavia were already RHT . Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT . Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Former British colony . Saint Lucia LHT Former British colony . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Former British colony . Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT LHT The Makkah Metro and the Riyadh Metro use RHT . Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . Seychelles LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . Singapore LHT LHT Former British colony . Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Was LHT like most of former Austria - Hungary . Switched to RHT when it became a client state of Nazi Germany . Slovenia RHT LHT Was LHT like most of Austria - Hungary . Switched to RHT to unite with Croatia - Slavonia , Dalmatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia and Montenegro to form with Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony . South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT . Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British colony . Sudan RHT 1973 Former British colony . Suriname LHT 1920s Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 1967 3 September LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg ( except for a short part ) , Norrköping and Stockholm are RHT . The railroads in Malmö use RHT due to the connection to Denmark . Switzerland RHT LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT . Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Most metro systems use RHT . Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony . Tunisia RHT LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Former British colony . Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side , which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms . United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar , British Indian Ocean Territory ) 1929 ( in Gibraltar ) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands ( unregistered ) , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha are all LHT . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The British Indian Ocean Territory is the only other overseas territory driving on the right . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982. However , virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea . United States RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean , as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT , because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917 . However , virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles . Uruguay RHT 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT . Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina . Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT in 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . Traffic rules ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking , stay on the left right In roundabouts , traffic rotates clockwise anti-clockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light , it may be legal to turn left right On most vehicles , the driver sits on the right left Rail traffic ( edit ) Trains use right - hand track Trains use left - hand track UK , Ireland , Sweden , France , Belgium , Italy , Switzerland , Portugal and Slovenia have LHT for trains . Iceland , Andorra , Cyprus and Malta do not have railroads . Several states in Europe have RHT for roads but LHT for trains . France has mainly LHT for trains , except in Alsace - Lorraine , an eastern French territory which belonged to Germany for much of its history . Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland See also ( edit ) Bidirectional traffic Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ FAR Sec . 91.115 ( c ) : `` When aircraft , or an aircraft and a vessel , are approaching head - on , or nearly so , each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear . '' Jump up ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . Jump up ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Charles ( 2003 ) . Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays . Haworth Information Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walters , Bryn . `` Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire '' ( PDF ) . ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology . Autumn 1998 ( Six ) : 8 -- 9 . ISSN 1363 - 7967 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hamer , Mike . `` Left is right on the road '' . New Scientist ( 20 December 1986 / 1 January 1987 ) : 16 -- 18 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Why We Drive on the Right of the Road , ' ' Popular Science Monthly ' ' , Vol. 126 , No. 1 , ( January 1935 ) , p. 37 . Books.google.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weingroff , Richard . `` On The Right Side of the Road '' . United States Department of Transportation . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Act Establishing the Law of the Road '' . Massachusetts General Court . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasold , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` Obacht ! Linksverkehr '' ( PDF ) . Kultur & Technik . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seventy - five years of driving on the right '' . Radio Prague. 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Högertrafik '' ( in Swedish ) . vardo.aland.fi . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 Jump up ^ TIME ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Sweden : Switch to the Right '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Salon News : Whose side of the road are you on ? '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 45 ár frá hægri umferð , Morgunblaðið , 26 May 2013 English translation Jump up ^ Tom Geoghegan ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Could the UK drive on the right ? '' . BBC News Magazine . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Layout of Grade Separated Junctions '' ( PDF ) . The Highways Agency . 2006 : 4.9 ff . Jump up ^ `` The Unique World of Burmese Driving '' . a minor diversion . 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Nick ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Samoan cars ready to switch sides '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Askin , Pauline ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Right - to - life plea fails to sway Samoan court in road appeal '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dobie , Michael ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Samoa drivers brace for left turn '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samoan drivers change from right - hand side of the road to the left '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Cherelle ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Samoa announces driving switch date '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Plaza Mayor de Manila , by José Honorato Lozano ( 1815 / 21 ( ? ) - 1885 ) , in the album Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes , published 1847 . Collection of the Biblioteca Nacional de España . Jump up ^ `` ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES - YEAR 1903 '' . YouTube . March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manila - Castillian Memoirs 1930s '' . YouTube . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manila , Queen of the Pacific 1938 '' . YouTube . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goupal , Lou ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Manila Nostalgia : Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation '' . YouTube . Manila Nostalgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942 . Jump up ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` How the Philippines became a left - hand - drive country '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Order No. 34 , s . 1945 '' . www.officialgazzete.gov.ph . ^ Jump up to : Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia , 1969 , page 19 Jump up ^ `` Rwanda wants to drive on the left '' . Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` East Africa : Rwanda Looks to the Left '' . allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . Jump up ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leeming , J.J. 1969 . Road accidents : prevent or punish ? London : Cassell Jump up ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nearside ( dictionary definition ) '' . Dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Wayne ( 2015 ) . Car Crazy : The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age . PublicAffairs . p. 279 . ISBN 9781610395526 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ LHD Specialist : Location of the Steering Wheel Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hinchliffe , Mark . `` How to mount your motorbike '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE '' . Motorcycle Test Tips . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 5 / 2003 - Road Traffic ( Construction and Use of Vehicles ) Regulations 2003 '' . Irish Statute Book . 42 . ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . where a side -- car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle , the side -- car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; `` Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation '' . MAG Ireland . Irish Motorcyclists Association . 9 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 - Section 93 '' . UK Government . 25 June 1986 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Regulation 112 , `` Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UN Regulation 48 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for ' four - star ' Australian crash test result '' . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ L.R. Reddy ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 de Junio : Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Right - Hand Traffic versus Left - Hand Traffic '' . The Basement Geographer . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ New Scientist , Volume 112 , IPC Magazines , 1986 , page 18 Jump up ^ IIWINC . `` Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya ! '' . caribya.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Times of India Press , 1968 , page 158 Jump up ^ Uwe Hilgemann ( 15 November 2015 ) . `` Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` História '' . Touring Club do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) Jump up ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . ^ Jump up to : Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . Jump up ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . Retrieved 31 Aug 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland '' . aland.net . Jump up ^ ' Left is right on the road ' , Mick Hamer New Scientist , 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sputnik . `` '' Выживут '' ли праворульные машины в Грузии `` . sputnik-georgia.ru . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hillger , Don ; Toth , Garry . `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Daily Graphic , Issue 7526 , December 21 1974 , page 9 Jump up ^ `` Right - Hand Traffic Act '' . Ghanalegal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phil Bartle . `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community , Society , History , Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle , PhD '' . Cec.vcn.bc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sight for sure eyes , Honest John 's Agony Column '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nick Georgano , ed. ( 2000 ) . `` Lancia '' . The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile ( Vol. 2 : G-O ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 867 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 293 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Why Does Japan Drive On The Left '' . 2pass.co.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ) . `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned '' . The New York Times . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KRA . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . Satrapia. 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of All Change . Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution , John Paul , Penguin , 1975 , page 41 Jump up ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction , Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa , Financial Times , 2 January 2017 Jump up ^ Peter van Ammelrooy . `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden '' . Engelfriet.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Laws of South West Africa , Volume 2 , J. Meibert , 1961 Jump up ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation `` . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Africa , Issues 6 - 10 , Africa Journal , Limited , 1972 , page 32 Jump up ^ Famutimi , Temitayo ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` FRSC warns owners of right - hand drive vehicles '' . Punch . Jump up ^ Ibileke , Jethro ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right - Hand Vehicles '' . PM News . Jump up ^ `` Travel advice by country , Oman '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ) . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars , Chicago Tribune , April 25 , 1943 Jump up ^ De izquierda a derecha , ABC Color , 2 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy , tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network '' . Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars '' . Russia behind the headlines . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter . `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards '' . Rwanda Transport . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone , A.P.C. Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 Jump up ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . Jump up ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違警罰法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 Jump up ^ Vril ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Криворожский скоростной трамвай '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 Jump up ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 Jump up ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . ^ Jump up to : El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda , Autoblog , 25 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . Jump up ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides ( browser - based ) , also available as a Google Earth placemarks file ( requires Google Earth ) The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción , Paraguay Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Impaired driving Breathalyzer Field sobriety testing Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Impaired driving Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain Taiwan United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Ring road Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left-_and_right-hand_traffic&oldid=857121574 '' Categories : Chirality Driving Lists of countries Road transport Rules of the road Traffic law Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did nigeria changed to right hand drive	[ "A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965.[37]\n" ]	[ "1972" ]
923719327367446761	Colonel (United States)	Colonel ( United States ) - wikipedia Colonel ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Colonel Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force garrison insignia of the rank of colonel . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . Subdued colonel rank insignia , as worn on the current USMC Combat Utility Uniform and previously worn on the former Desert Camouflage Uniform and Battle Dress Uniform . Country United States Service branch United States Army United States Air Force United States Marine Corps Abbreviation COL , Col Rank Colonel NATO rank OF - 5 Non-NATO rank O - 6 Next higher rank Brigadier general Next lower rank Lieutenant colonel Equivalent ranks Captain ( United States Navy and United States Coast Guard ) U.S. Army dress blue insignia of the rank of colonel in the Infantry branch . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Marine Corps insignia of the rank of colonel . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Air Force insignia of the rank of colonel . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Army `` Class A '' insignia of the rank of colonel , used from September 1959 to October 2015 . In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel / ˈkɜːrrnəl / is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and immediately below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for colonel is O - 6 . The insignia of the rank of colonel , as seen on the right , is worn on the officer 's left side ( a mirror - image version is worn on the right side , such that the eagle always faces forward to the wearer 's front ; the left - side version is also worn centered on fatigue caps , helmets , Army ACU & ECWCS breasts , inter alia ) . By law , a colonel must have 22 years of service and a minimum of three years of service as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Insignia 2 Origins 3 19th century 4 20th century 5 21st century 6 Honorary colonels 7 Famous colonels 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Insignia ( edit ) William Few in the uniform of a Continental Army colonel The insignia for a colonel is a silver eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States ( which is the coat of arms of the United States ) . As on the Great Seal , the eagle has a U.S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch and bundle of arrows in its talons . However , in simplification of the Great Seal image , the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagle 's mouth and the rosette above its head . On the Great Seal , the olive branch is always clutched in the eagle 's right - side talons , while the bundle of arrows is always clutched in the left - side talons . The head of the eagle faces towards the olive branch , rather than the arrows , advocating peace rather than war . As a result , the head of the eagle always faces towards the viewer 's left . However , when worn as a single insignia with no matching pair , such as on the patrol cap , garrison cap / flight cap , or the front of the Army ACU , there is a split between the services on which mirror image of the eagle should be worn . In the United States Army and United States Air Force , the eagle is always worn with `` the head of the eagle to the wearer 's right , '' with the olive branch clutched in the eagle 's right hand talons ( see Army Regulation 670 - 1 , paragraph 28 - 6 ( a ) ( 1 ) ) . In the United States Marine Corps , United States Navy , United States Coast Guard and NOAA , the eagle is worn with `` the head facing forward '' on the wearer 's right side of the garrison cover ( see Marine Corps Order P1020. 34G , Uniform Regulation , paragraph 4005d ( 1 ) ) . Since respective service 's officer insignia is worn on the left side and the rank insignia is worn on the right hand side of the Marine , Navy , Coast Guard and NOAA garrison caps , the eagle is facing to the eagle 's left with the olive branch clutched in the eagle 's left hand talons , which is a mirror opposite to the wear of the single eagle for Army and Air Force officers . Origins ( edit ) The United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army . The first colonels in the U.S. were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the North American colonies . Upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonels . Thus , the first U.S. colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities and active in politics . Such was the origin of the phrase `` soldier and statesman '' . With the post-war reduction of the U.S. Army , the rank of colonel disappeared , and was not re-introduced until 1802 . The first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army . The first recorded use of the eagle insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810 . 19th century ( edit ) A shoulder strap from an infantry colonel in the Union Army A shoulder strap from an infantry colonel in the Union Army The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century , partly because the U.S. Army was very small , and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service . During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed , but most of these colonels were discharged when their regiments were disbanded at the war 's conclusion . A number of other colonels were appointed by brevet - an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat . The American Civil War saw a large influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment . Since most regiments were state formations and were quickly raised , the colonels in command of the regiments were known by the title `` Colonel of Volunteers , '' in contrast to Regular Army colonels who held permanent commissions . During the Civil War , the Confederate Army maintained a unique insignia for colonel , three stars worn on the collar of a uniform . Robert E. Lee wore this insignia due to his former rank in the United States Army and refused to wear the insignia of a Confederate general , stating that he would only accept permanent promotion when the South had achieved independence . After the Civil War , the rank of colonel again became rare as the forces of the United States Army became extremely small . However , many colonels were appointed in the volunteers during the Spanish -- American War , prominent among them Theodore Roosevelt and David Grant Colson . 20th century ( edit ) A U.S. Marine colonel ( center ) during the Vietnam War . Colonel Jeanette Sustad as Director of Women Marines . World War I and World War II saw the largest numbers of colonels ever appointed in the U.S. military . This was mostly due to the temporary ranks of the National Army and the Army of the United States , where those who would normally hold the rank of Captain in the peacetime Regular Army were thrust into the rank of colonel during these two wars . The Military Promotion System was revised and standardized for all the services in 1980 as a result of passage of the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act . For an explanation of the current system see : Defense Officer Personnel Management Act 21st century ( edit ) Modern U.S. colonels usually command Army infantry , artillery , armor , aviation or other types of brigades , USMC regiments , Marine Expeditionary Units or Marine Aircraft Groups , and USAF groups or wings . An Army colonel typically commands brigade - sized units ( 4,000 to 6,000 soldiers ) , with another colonel or a lieutenant colonel as Deputy Commander , a major as executive officer , and a Command Sergeant Major as a senior non-commissioned officer advisor . An Air Force colonel typically commands a wing consisting of 1,000 to 4,000 + airmen with another colonel as the vice commander and a Command Chief Master Sergeant as principal senior NCO enlisted adviser . Some USAF colonels are commanders of groups , which are the four major components of wings . Colonels are also found as the chief of staff at divisional level - ( Army ) or Numbered Air Force - level staff agencies . In the modern armed forces , the colonel 's eagle is worn facing forward with head and beak pointing towards the wearer 's front . Of all U.S. military commissioned officer rank , only the colonel 's eagle has a distinct right and left insignia . All other commissioned officer rank insignia can be worn on either the right or left side . Colonels are sometimes referred to ( but not addressed as ) full colonels , bird colonels , or full bird colonels because lieutenant colonels are also referred to and addressed in correspondence as `` colonel . '' Referring to an `` O - 6 '' , a colonel 's pay grade , also may differentiate colonels and lieutenant colonels . Almost all Army colonels have attended a war college or a senior staff college equivalent to study joint warfare and war itself . Most Army colonels receive postgraduate level senior joint professional military education ( JPME ) at the Army War College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania . prior to promotion . The 2009 graduating class was 336 including 198 army officers and the rest divided among other military branches , domestic inter-agency representatives and other foreign military leaders . The highest concentration of USAF colonels graduate from the Air War College at Maxwell AFB , Alabama via in - residence at Maxwell AFB . This program will include participation by officers from various other branches . Marine colonels may graduate from the Marine War College or , like all other branches , may receive credit via non-resident attendance at another installation , via correspondence , or will be graduates of an equivalent senior JPME program sponsored by the National Defense University or one of the other U.S. military services . Honorary colonels ( edit ) Main article : Colonel ( title ) Some people known as `` colonels '' are actually recipients of honorary colonel ranks from a state governor and are not officers of the U.S. military . In the 19th century the honorary colonels were military appointments and they still are nominally appointed to governor 's staff , but without military rights or duties . Famous honorary colonels include Colonel Harland Sanders of KFC fame , a Kentucky colonel ; Colonel Tom Parker , Elvis Presley 's manager , who received the honor from a Louisiana governor ; and Edward M. House , known as Colonel House , a Texas honorary colonel and adviser to President Woodrow Wilson . Famous colonels ( edit ) Famous U.S. Army colonels David Hackworth -- Served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War , an author and military media consultant . Formerly the highest decorated living soldier . Jack H. Jacobs -- Served in the Vietnam War , recipient of the Medal of Honor . William Wilson Quinn -- Served under Patton during World War II and received two Purple Hearts , a Bronze Star , a Silver Star and became a Knight and Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honor ; he also was the commanding officer of the 17th Infantry during the Korean War , which he served two years in . He participated in the Battle of the Bulge and captured Hermann Goring and arrived at Dachau the day after it was liberated . After the war Quinn played a key role in forming the CIA . Jack H. Jacobs -- Medal of Honor recipient for his actions during the Vietnam War . James L. Stone - Recipient of the highest U.S. military decoration -- the Medal of Honor -- for his actions in the Korean War . Anthony G. Brown -- Lieutenant Governor of Maryland ( 2007 -- 2015 ) and Commander of the 153rd Legal Support Organization in Pennsylvania ; formerly the highest - ranking elected official in the U.S. to have served a tour of duty in the Iraq War ; Co-Chair of the Obama / Biden Presidential Transition Agency Review Team for the Department of Veterans Affairs . Robert Gould Shaw -- Union Army officer and commander of the African American Army Regiment , the 54th Massachusetts . Charlie Beckwith -- Founder of 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment - Delta , the Army 's elite top - secret special forces detachment . Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain -- Union Army officer and commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Gettysburg. * Federico Fernández Cavada -- Union Army colonel who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg and later became the Commander - in - Chief of Cuban forces during the Ten Years ' War . Virgil R. Miller -- Regimental commander of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team ( RCT ) , a unit which was composed of `` Nisei '' ( second generation Americans of Japanese descent ) , during World War II . He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division , in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France . W. Patrick Lang Retired Special Forces officer , Commentator on the Middle East . Intelligence Executive , and Author Theodore Roosevelt -- 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment , recipient of the Medal of Honor , and later 26th President of the United States . Famous USAF colonels Martha McSally -- United States Air Force Command Pilot in the A-10 Thunderbolt II , first U.S. woman to fly in combat . Later a U.S. congresswoman from Arizona . Alexander Butterfield -- U.S. Air Force colonel who became an aide to President Nixon and was later appointed administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration . Cooperated with prosecutors during the Watergate scandal . Susan J. Barbi ( nee Fay ) -- First group of female Nursing Corp colonels John Boyd -- Air Force fighter pilot and military strategist . Responsible for developing EM theory ( Energy - Maneuverability theory ) , a method of determining the performance capabilities of a prospective fighter ( plane ) before production . Boyd also developed and espoused the concept of the OODA Loop , a decision making process now perceived as highly relevant to strategic and tactical action in both military and business operations . It favors agility and maneuverability in making rapid decisions to confound the opposition . Boyd also was one of the chief architects of Operation Desert Storm , during the Gulf War , transforming it from its initial concept as a frontal assault into a maneuverability war . Edwin Eugene `` Buzz '' Aldrin -- USAF Command Pilot - Astronaut ; second person to step on the moon . Famous USMC colonels Jeff Cooper -- World War II and Korean War veteran and `` The Father of Modern Shooting . '' Wesley L. Fox -- United States Marine Corps recipient of the Medal of Honor . John Glenn -- Marine Corps aviator , served in the Korean War , astronaut and U.S. Senator . Ed McMahon -- United States Marine Corps aviator and television personality . Famous Continental Army colonels Henry Knox -- As colonel of the Continental Regiment of Artillery in 1776 , he brought guns from Ft . Ticonderoga to Dorchester Heights , forcing the British out of Boston the next morning . Later , President Washington made him Secretary of War as part of the first Presidential Cabinet in the U.S. He also served in Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River for the Battle of Trenton . William Moultrie -- Defended Ft . Sullivan ( later to be named Ft . Moultrie in honor of the colonel ) against British attack in 1776 ; his regiment was later absorbed by the Continental Army , and he was promoted to brigadier general . Henry Rutgers -- Revolutionary War colonel - philanthropist and namesake of Rutgers University . Famous Confederate colonels John Jackson Dickison -- led the Confederate forces which captured the USS Columbine , in the only known incident in North American history where a cavalry unit sank an enemy gunboat . Ambrosio José Gonzales -- Cuban revolutionary who advocated for the U.S. annexation of Cuba before serving as a colonel in the Confederacy . Robert E. Lee -- Led the raid against John Brown at Harpers Ferry as a member of the U.S. Army , but later switched sides and became the commanding general of the Confederate army . John Mosby - Confederate army cavalry leader who was known for his innovation of guerrilla tactics and unconventional warfare . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The other United States uniformed services include the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , and the commissioned corps of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and United States Public Health Service . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force Colonel '' . www.military-ranks.org . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Registar/policies.cfm Jump up ^ carlisle.army.mil Archived 2011 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SENIOR SERVICE COLLEGE COLLEGE / FELLOWSHIP / FOREIGN SCHOOL INFORMATION AY 2012 - 2013 '' ( PDF ) . www.usacac.army.mil . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Colonels of the United States at Wikimedia Commons United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 ( Obs . ) Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_(United_States)&oldid=802177525 '' Categories : American colonels Colonels ( military rank ) Military ranks of the United States Army United States Marine Corps ranks Officer ranks of the United States Air Force Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Lietuvių Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the equivalent of a colonel in the navy	[ "In the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, colonel /ˈkɜːrrnəl/ is the most senior field grade military officer rank, immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and immediately below the rank of brigadier general. It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services.[n 1] The pay grade for colonel is O-6." ]	[ "captain" ]
5966216645114071146	Premier League records and statistics	Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Losses 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest players to score 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 , Manchester United twice ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 and 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Losses ( edit ) Fewest losses in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most losses in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive losses over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 26 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 652 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 12 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Most goals scored away from home : Wayne Rooney ( 94 ) Most Premier League goals at one club : Wayne Rooney ( 183 , for Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : Teddy Sheringham , 40 years and 268 days ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : James Vaughan , 16 years and 271 days ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 482 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 161 483 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : Sadio Mané , 2 minutes 56 seconds ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Highest number of different clubs to score for : 7 : Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most Hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 77 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 Thierry Henry 74 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists from one player to another : 24 , Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 199 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest players to score ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 - Apr - 2005 Everton 16 years 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 - Dec - 2002 Leeds United 16 years 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 - Oct - 2002 Everton 16 years 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fabregas 25 - Aug - 2004 Arsenal 17 years 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 06 - May - 1997 Liverpool 17 years 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 05 - Sep - 1992 Tottenham 17 years 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 05 - Apr - 2009 Manchester United 17 years 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 - Oct - 2012 Liverpool 17 years 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 - Feb - 1999 Chelsea 17 years 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 - Sep - 1997 Everton 17 years 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United had won the 2010 -- 11 competition Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City had won the 2015 -- 16 competition Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League winner 's medals : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) , 1 October 1996 to present Shortest - serving manager ( excluding caretakers ) : Les Reed , 41 days ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . 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( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=825968747 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	player with most goals in premier league season	[ "\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[70]\n\nAndrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n", "\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[70]\n\nAndrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n" ]	[ "Andrew Cole", "Alan Shearer" ]
7196324032558826831	Aquafina	Aquafina - wikipedia Aquafina Jump to : navigation , search For the rapper , see Awkwafina . Aquafina Type Water Beverage Manufacturer PepsiCo Country of origin United States Introduced 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 ) Website aquafina.com Aquafina / ˌɑːkwəˈfiːnə / is a brand of purified bottled water products produced by PepsiCo , consisting of both unflavored and flavored water . The Aquafina brand name is also licensed for use on multiple skin care products , including lip balm and wrinkle cream . It was first distributed in Wichita , Kansas in 1994 , before becoming more widely sold across the United States , Spain , Canada , Lebanon , Turkey , the GCC countries , Iran , Egypt , Vietnam , Pakistan and India to compete with The Coca - Cola Company 's Dasani and Dr. Pepper Snapple 's Deja Blue . As of 2009 , Aquafina represented 13.4 percent of domestic bottled water sales in the United States , making it the number 1 bottled water brand as measured by retail sales . Its primary competition includes Aqua ( Indonesia ) , Aqua Minerale ( Greece ) , Dasani ( United States ) , Aqua Pura ( United Kingdom ) and Aquasource ( Australia ) . = = Product variants = = вода которую пили мои родители в 1230 году но их тогда не бывло в бутылке Aquafina FlavorSplash in a grocery store display cooler Aquafina Pure Water , the primary unflavored product produced under the Aquafina brand , is derived from local municipal tap water sources and goes through a purification process that incorporates reverse osmosis , ultraviolet , and ozone sterilization . Beginning on July 27 , 2007 , a disclaimer was added to each bottle of Aquafina , stating the water comes from a `` public source '' . In Canada , the current 1.5 litres ( 51 US fl oz ) bottle of water displays `` Demineralized Treated Water '' . In response to concerns amongst environmental advocates who raised questions over the disclosure of water sources , a PepsiCo spokeswoman stated , `` if this helps clarify the fact that the water originates from public sources , then it 's a reasonable thing to do . '' Flavored variations are also produced under the Aquafina brand name -- all of which are labeled as containing no calories and no carbohydrates . Aquafina FlavorSplash , first introduced in 2005 , is a flavored water product line which is non-carbonated and artificially sweetened with Sucralose . As of 2011 , it is produced in six flavors : Grape , Strawberry Kiwi , Wild Berry , Raspberry , Lemon , and Peach Mango . Aquafina Sparkling is a carbonated line of flavored water ; however its production was discontinued in the U.S. in late 2010 . Other former products included Aquafina Alive ( a low calorie , vitamin - enhanced water beverage introduced in 2007 and discontinued in 2009 ) and Aquafina plus+ ( a low calorie flavored water labeled as a vitamin supplement ) -- both of which have been discontinued in the U.S. As of 2011 , the `` Sparkling '' and `` plus + '' lines were still in production in other markets such as Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Packaging 2 Sponsorship 3 Litigation 4 References 5 External links Packaging ( edit ) Aquafina is distributed in 12 US fluid ounces ( 0.35 l ) , 500 millilitres ( 17 US fl oz ) , 20 US fluid ounces ( 0.59 l ) , 24 US fluid ounces ( 0.71 l ) , 1 litre ( 34 US fl oz ) , 1.5 litres ( 51 US fl oz ) bottles . The bottled water industry has drawn criticism for the production and distribution of plastic product packaging , which consumes additional petrochemicals . The packaging has evolved from its original iteration for the purpose of partially offsetting environmental impacts of production and shipment . This has primarily involved packaging weight reduction . The weight of Aquafina bottles was reduced by approximately 50 % , to 10.9 grams ( 0.38 oz ) , with a packaging redesign in 2009 which , according to the company , resulted in the use of 75 million fewer pounds of plastic during the production process . Sponsorship ( edit ) Since shortly after its inception , the promotion of Aquafina has involved sports sponsorships . As of 2011 , it is listed as being an official sponsor of Major League Soccer , the Professional Golf Association , the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Carolina Panthers and the New York Giants . Its packaging also states that it is the `` official water of Major League Baseball '' , which has been the case since the beginning of the 2008 MLB season . In NASCAR , it is a sponsor for Hendrick Motorsports and Kasey Kahne . Litigation ( edit ) Charles Joyce and James Voigt won a $1.26 billion judgment against PepsiCo after saying that the company had created Aquafina by stealing their idea to sell purified bottled water . This judgment was vacated on November 6 , 2009 , when it was discovered that PepsiCo had failed to respond to the lawsuit due to a misplacement of the paperwork . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pepsi 's Aquafina Launching a Skincare Brand '' . Bella Sugar . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PepsiCo Launches Industry 's Lightest Water Bottle '' . Green Biz . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions - Purification '' . Aquafina . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainland , Alexis ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` How Do You Take Your Water ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aquafina labels to spell out source -- tap water '' . CNN Health . July 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Info by product -- Aquafina '' . Pepsi Product Nutrition Facts . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mercer , Chris ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Sports drinks lead PepsiCo sales rise '' . Beverage Daily . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Products '' . Aquafina Web Site ; Products section . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PepsiCo , Inc . Global Research Report '' ( PDF ) . Off the Record Research . January 10 , 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi - Cola North American Brands List '' . PepsiCo , Inc . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi - Cola Brands List -- Canada '' . PepsiCo Canada . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Marc ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Bottled water : No longer cool ? '' . CNN Money / Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aquafina ( Sports Sponsorship ) '' . Bottled Water Web . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` It 's clear : Aquafina now Pepsi 's lead brand with MLB sponsorship '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blaine , Charlie ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` PepsiCo hit with $1.26 billion judgment '' . msn.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vielmetti , Bruce ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Judge scraps $1.26 billion judgment against Pepsi '' . jsonline.com . External links ( edit ) Official site PepsiCo Corporate directors Indra Nooyi ( Chairman & CEO ) Robert Eugene Allen Dina Dublon Alberto Ibargüen Steven Reinemund Pepsi Diet Pepsi Pepsi Max ( North America and International versions ) Pepsi Next Pepsi - Cola Made with Real Sugar Jazz Diet Kas Izze Mountain Dew Manzanita Sol Mirinda Mist Twst Mug Root Beer Slice 7 Up ( outside United States ) Amp Energy Aquafina Ethos Water ( under license ) Lipton ( Brisk Iced Tea ) ( under license ) No Fear ( under license ) Ocean Spray ( under license ) Frappuccino ( under license ) Starbucks ( under license ) SoBe Shani Duke 's Lemonade Duke 's Mangola Frito - Lay ( Canada ) Lay 's Ruffles Doritos Tostitos Fritos Cheetos Rold Gold Funyuns Sun Chips Cracker Jack Munchos Smartfood Oberto ( distributed ) Hostess Lay 's Stax Miss Vickie 's Munchies Walkers Sabritas Smith 's Bluebird Gamesa Kurkure Uncle Chipps Sabra ( 49 % ) Tropicana Products Copella Dole ( under license ) Naked Tropicana Tropolis Quaker Oats Company Quaker Instant Oatmeal Cap'n Crunch Life Quisp King Vitaman Oh 's Aunt Jemima Chewy Granola Bars Rice - A-Roni Toddy Scott 's Porage Oats Tchudo Gatorade Propel Fitness Water Other holdings Lebedyansky Sandora Simba Wimm - Bill - Dann Duke and Sons Pepsi P1 Bottled water Bottled water List of bottled water brands Bottled water ban Canned water Carbonated water Drinking water International Bottled Water Association Mineral water Purified water Reuse of water bottles Water portal Drink portal Companies portal Category : Bottled water WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquafina&oldid=821600404 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1994 Bottled water brands PepsiCo brands Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the water in aquafina come from	[ "Aquafina Pure Water, the primary unflavored product produced under the Aquafina brand, is derived from local municipal tap water sources and goes through a purification process that incorporates reverse osmosis, ultraviolet, and ozone sterilization.[3] Beginning on July 27, 2007, a disclaimer was added to each bottle of Aquafina, stating the water comes from a \"public source\".[4] In Canada, the current 1.5 litres (51 US fl oz) bottle of water displays \"Demineralized Treated Water\". In response to concerns amongst environmental advocates who raised questions over the disclosure of water sources, a PepsiCo spokeswoman stated, \"if this helps clarify the fact that the water originates from public sources, then it's a reasonable thing to do.\"[5]" ]	[ "local municipal tap water sources" ]
-4709663959844878077	Ash vs Evil Dead	Ash vs Evil Dead - wikipedia Ash vs Evil Dead Jump to : navigation , search Ash vs Evil Dead Genre Horror comedy Fantasy Action Based on Characters by Sam Raimi Developed by Sam Raimi Ivan Raimi Tom Spezialy Starring Bruce Campbell Ray Santiago Dana DeLorenzo Jill Marie Jones Lucy Lawless Michelle Hurd Ted Raimi Pepi Sonuga Arielle Carver - O'Neill Composer ( s ) Joseph LoDuca Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Robert Tapert Sam Raimi Bruce Campbell Craig DiGregorio Producer ( s ) Chloe Smith Aaron Lam Rick Jacobson Sean Clements Dominic Dierkes Location ( s ) Auckland , New Zealand Cinematography Dave Garbett John Cavill Editor ( s ) Bob Murawski Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 37 minutes 41 minutes ( pilot ) Production company ( s ) Renaissance Pictures Starz Originals Release Original network Starz Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K ( UHDTV ) Original release October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Army of Darkness External links Website www.starz.com/originals/ashvsevildead/ Ash vs Evil Dead is an American horror comedy television series developed by Sam Raimi , Ivan Raimi , and Tom Spezialy for the Starz network . It is set in Raimi 's Evil Dead universe , with Bruce Campbell reprising his role as Ash Williams , and acts as a sequel to the original trilogy . Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo , and Lucy Lawless also star . The series is executive produced by Campbell , Raimi , Craig DiGregorio , and Robert Tapert , who produced all four Evil Dead films . The series premiered on October 31 , 2015 . Three days before the series ' premiere , Starz renewed it for a second season , which premiered on October 2 , 2016 . On October 7 , 2016 , while at the New York Comic Con , Starz announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . The third season is set to premiere on February 25 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guests 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Critical 6.2 Accolades 7 Media releases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series is set approximately 30 years after the first three Evil Dead films , and serves as a sequel to that trilogy . Ash Williams works at the `` Value Stop '' as a simple stock boy . Also working at the store is his friend Pablo and the object of Pablo 's affections , Kelly . Ash has seemingly done very little with his life since returning from 1300 AD at the end of Army of Darkness , and the beginning of the series sees him living in a trailer and drinking alone in bars . However , Ash must soon renounce his comfortable existence and become a hero once more by taking up arms and facing the titular Evil Dead . Pablo and Kelly decide to join him on his quest to save humanity . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bruce Campbell as Ash Williams ( season 1 -- present ) : Ash has changed in the 30 years since Army of Darkness . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Campbell stated , `` Ash has survivor 's guilt . You could have a heyday with his PTSD . He 's a war vet . He does n't want to talk about it , and he 'll lie about that stump on his hand to impress the ladies . This is a guy who 's got some issues . He 's emotionally stunted . But , he 's the guy you want in the foxhole next to you . '' Over the course of season one , it is revealed that following the events of the film trilogy , Ash spent thirty years drifting from town to town , living in a mobile home trailer with his pet lizard Eli and working a series of dead - end jobs at different branches of Value Stop . Ash has attempted to destroy the Necronomicon on multiple occasions . Unable to be rid of the book , he instead becomes its defacto caretaker . In season two , it is revealed that Ash had returned to his hometown of Elk Grove , Michigan , after the events of the films . The people of Elk Grove refused to believe his stories of Deadites , and instead accused him of murdering his friends and his sister in the cabin , shunned him , and dubbed him `` Ashy Slashy '' . Ray Santiago as Pablo Simon Bolivar ( season 1 -- present ) : A co-worker who became Ash 's loyal sidekick . Pablo believed that Ash is a true hero , and called him `` El Jefe '' ( `` The Boss '' ) as a mark of respect . Santiago describes his character as an `` El Jefe in - training '' . He was raised by his uncle , a shaman , who told him stories of an evil power which can only be defeated by `` El Jefe '' . He fights valiantly alongside Ash and Kelly before being torn to ribbons by the demon Baal , but was resurrected thereafter . Dana DeLorenzo as Kelly Maxwell ( season 1 -- present ) : An occasionally moody and initially reluctant young woman , Kelly is dragged into the fight against evil with Ash and Pablo after she is orphaned . She and her family are Jewish , and she temporarily worked at the Value Stop with Ash and Pablo . Her mother died in a car accident some six months prior to the beginning of the series . Jill Marie Jones as Amanda Fisher ( season 1 ) A Michigan State Trooper who set out to find Ash following the death of her partner . Lucy Lawless as Ruby ( season 1 -- present ) : A mysterious figure who is on a quest to hunt down the source of the recent evil outbreaks . She claims to be the daughter of Professor Raymond Knowby and sister of Annie Knowby from Evil Dead II . She is later revealed to be an immortal being who wrote the Necronomicon . Michelle Hurd as Linda Bates - Emery ( season 2 -- present ) : Ash 's high school girlfriend who is now married to Emery , the sheriff of Elk Grove , and has a daughter , Lacey . She is one of the few people in Elk Grove happy to see Ash return . Ted Raimi as Chet Kaminski ( season 2 ) A hard - partying old childhood friend of Ash 's who was secretly intimate with Ash 's sister , Cheryl , thirty years prior , and pays the ultimate price for it . Pepi Sonuga as Lacey Emery ( season 2 ) Thomas ' and Linda 's 17 - year - old daughter who becomes possessed by Kandarian spirits and is killed by Kelly . Arielle Carver - O'Neill as Brandy Barr ( season 3 - present ) Ash 's long - lost daughter , a smart middle - class American high school senior whose life is upended when she finds herself caught up in violent demonic events . Lindsay Farris as Dalton ( season 3 - present ) A member of the Knights of Sumeria , an ancient order dedicated to battling evil . Recurring cast ( edit ) Samara Weaving as Heather ( season 1 ) The sole survivor of a hiking group , she is rescued by Pablo and Kelly when they reach the cabin . She is later indirectly killed by Ruby when the evil is set loose . Hemky Madera as El Brujo ( season 1 ) Pablo 's shaman uncle , Ash , Pablo and Kelly go to him for help against the Kandarian Demon . He is killed by the demon Eligos when he performs an exorcism on Kelly to release her from Eligos ' thrall . Lee Majors as Brock Williams ( season 2 ) Ash 's father , whom Ash has not seen in 30 or so years , since the events of Evil Dead . It is from his father that Ash got his bad habits ( debauchery , etc . ) , and it 's hinted that he has stolen girls / women from Ash in the past ( i.e. his son 's old high school P.E. teacher , Lillian Pendergrast ) . His day job is as a handyman / carpenter ; his slogan is `` Brock Williams - has wood - call me . '' He blames Ash for the death of his daughter Cheryl , but then , moments before being killed by his son 's possessed Oldsmobile 88 , comes to realize that his boy was actually a hero . Stephen Lovatt as Sheriff Thomas Emery ( season 2 ) The husband of Linda whom Ash used to pick on in highschool . He is now the strict sheriff of Elk Grove . Joel Tobeck as Baal ( season 2 ) A diabolical demon and Ruby 's ex-husband who wants the Necronomicon for his own nefarious purposes . His abilities include using lust to manipulate others , possessing human bodies and the ability to slow down time near a target where he can converse with or injure said target . When Baal is using this power nobody seems to be able to see him besides the person he is interacting with . Ruby has also mentioned that he is impervious to physical attacks and can only be harmed through mystic or spiritual means . Special guests ( edit ) Rebekkah Farrell as Linda ( season 1 ) Ellen Sandweiss returning as Cheryl Williams ( season 2 ) from the original Evil Dead movie . Nicholas Hope as Professor Raymond Knowby ( season 2 ) Alison Quigan ( normal form ) and Ted Raimi ( Deadite form ) as Henrietta Knowby ( season 2 ) Production ( edit ) The series first started life as two competing ideas for a fourth Evil Dead film . However at the time the Raimi brothers did not know how to get funding for the film and so it was instead written as a TV show . Writing for the medium presented new challenges for Sam as he had to make the series accessible to new viewers as well as create new characters to `` bounce off of '' . The project was first officially revealed by Raimi at a surprise appearance at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con That November Starz announced that they officially put an order in for the series . Campbell said the channel was the only network that would give them the ability to be unrated and unrestricted ; Campbell has stated that Starz does not require the crew to create alternate , `` wimpy '' versions for television . The pilot episode of the series was written by Sam Raimi ( who also directed ) , Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy . In February 2015 , original film series producer Robert Tapert returned to produce along with Raimi , Campbell and Craig DiGregorio . Ray Santiago and Dana DeLorenzo were cast in the lead roles of Pablo Simon Bolivar and Kelly Maxwell , and Jill Marie Jones was cast as Amanda Fisher , a Michigan State Trooper . In March 2015 , Lucy Lawless was cast as Ruby , a mysterious figure who 's on a quest to stop the evil outbreak and believes that Ash is the one who 's the cause of it . In April 2015 , Starz released a new graphic teaser advertising the TV show is coming in the fall of 2015 , along with a new poster for the series . Filming commenced in Auckland , New Zealand later that month . Due to legal issues with Universal Pictures , the events from Army of Darkness could not specifically be mentioned in the first season . In April 2015 , the producers made it clear that they wanted to resolve the issue , and in mid-2016 , producer Robert Tabert stated that the rights issue had been solved and that references to Army of Darkness would appear from season two onward . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 10 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) TBA February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` El Jefe '' Sam Raimi Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) 0.437 Thirty years after his epic battle against the evil Deadites , Ash Williams ( Bruce Campbell ) is living in a trailer park , working in a Value Stop department store , and spending his evenings womanizing in dive bars . After seeing a demonic visage appear on a woman 's face , Ash recalls having a recent Marijuana - addled `` poetry read '' with a young prostitute , from the Necronomicon , which he still keeps locked in a trunk . Elsewhere in town , Michigan state police detective Amanda Fisher , ( Jill Marie Jones ) , investigates a disturbance at an abandoned house and encounters Ash 's demon - possessed friend who kills her partner . After defeating the possessed woman , she is then forced to put down her undead partner who attacks her . Later , Amanda meets the mysterious Ruby Knowby , ( Lucy Lawless ) , who seems almost too understanding about the horrors Amanda has witnessed . As more evil happenings occur around him , Ash realizes he unwittingly reawakened the horrible curse again and decides to slip out of town , but he is stopped by his co-workers , Pablo ( Ray Santiago ) and Kelly , ( Dana DeLorenzo ) , who realize he 's to blame for what is going on . After having to kill his possessed neighbor , Ash reluctantly decides to resume his old chainsaw - wielding persona once again . `` Bait '' Michael J. Bassett Dominic Dierkes November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 0.276 Pablo and Ash help Kelly who is worried about a strange call from her father and the sudden return of her lost mother , ( Mimi Rogers ) , who was feared dead months ago . Ash remains suspicious of the mother , believing she 's a Deadite impostor . Meanwhile Amanda follows leads that Ash Williams is behind the recent deaths and strange happenings around town , and decides to track him down . Ash and Pablo arrive at Kelly 's father 's house to find Kelly 's mother acting normal . However , after being provoked at the dinner table by Ash , Kelly 's mother reveals herself as a Deadite and kills Kelly 's father with a fork . After a madcap fight between her and Ash , the Deadite tries to convince Kelly that she 's fine now , but shows herself again and Ash kills her . After burying the two bodies , Kelly agrees to accompany Ash and Pablo , and the three drive away . `` Books from Beyond '' Michael J. Bassett Sean Clements November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 0.383 With the mysterious Ruby one step behind them , Ash and his friends seek out Lionel , the owner of an occult bookstore , `` Books from Beyond , '' to find a way to undo the evil curse . Lionel uses the Necronomicon to summon the demon Eligos in hopes of compelling it to give the answers Ash seeks . The ceremony goes awry when Amanda arrives to arrest Ash and Eligos escapes the summoning circle . In all the chaos , Ash does manage to get a cryptic response that the solution to his predicament resides within him . `` Brujo '' David Frazee James E. Eagan November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 0.448 After dealing with the demon , Ash leaves the uncooperative Amanda handcuffed in the bookstore and trapped with a Deadite Lionel . She is saved however by Ruby , and after learning of her interest in Ash , the two join forces in hunting him down . Meanwhile Pablo takes Ash to meet his shaman uncle , a `` Brujo '' , who may be able to help . Along the way , Kelly gets sick and acts strangely , having been unknowingly possessed by Eligos . Eventually the Brujo gives Ash a drug - induced vision of himself relaxing on a pier in Jacksonville , Florida , ( Ash 's idealized vacation spot ) , where his pet lizard Eli appears and tells him he must bury the Necronomicon deep in the place where everything started -- the cabin in the woods . During the trip , a possessed Kelly attacks Ash . 5 5 `` The Host '' David Frazee Zoë Green November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 0.430 The Eligos - possessed Kelly convinces Pablo and his uncle that Ash is the one possessed . Elsewhere , Amanda and Ruby close in on Ash by using Ash 's severed undead hand to guide them . The Brujo prepares for an exorcism while , back in Ash 's trailer , Kelly tries to seduce Pablo and later kill him . Once the demon reveals himself the Brujo performs the exorcism on Kelly , forcing Eligos to leave , but not before the Brujo is killed . During a funeral for the Brujo , Pablo takes his uncle 's sacred medallion . Back at the trailer , Pablo gives Ash a new mechanical hand that he had been working on . 6 6 `` The Killer of Killers '' Michael Hurst Nate Crocker December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 0.402 Ruby and Amanda arrive at the Brujo 's ranch just having missed Ash , but the charred skeleton of the Brujo emerges from the funeral pyre and confronts Ruby telling her that she 'll never have the book for herself . The two fall into the pyre which then explodes . Amanda leaves in Ruby 's car but notices Ash 's hand has disappeared . On their way to the cabin , Ash , Pablo and Kelly stop at a roadside diner to meet Lem , a old militia friend of Ash , and ask for help in acquiring some weapons . While Ash tries to scam his way out of paying the diner check , Pablo and Kelly return to the trailer and deal with the Necronomicon which comes alive and reacts to the Brujo 's medallion . Meanwhile , Amanda confronts Ash and arrests him , just as her police chief arrives . Soon , however , the evil Kandarian force attacks the diner , spontaneously turning the police chief and a waitress into Deadites . Having barely escaped the horror , Lem calls his militia buddies to `` arm up '' but he is soon attacked by the force himself . Back at the smoldering diner , Amanda agrees to join up with Ash 's group . 7 7 `` Fire in the Hole '' Michael Hurst Sean Clements , Dominic Dierkes and Ivan Raimi December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 0.452 Ash and his group go to meet the militiamen but find they have been attacked by a demon - possessed Lem . Lem attacks again , and Ash and Amanda become trapped in the militia 's bunker with him . Meanwhile , Kelly and Pablo escape to the woods but the militiamen , ( thinking the two are government agents and their friend Lem is infected with a government virus ) , hunt them down . Back at the Brujo 's ranch , Ruby emerges from the funeral pyre unharmed ; she goes to the diner and resumes her search for Ash . Eventually Pablo and Kelly rescue Ash and Amanda and get the weapons from the militia . Ash then unexpectedly vanishes . A closing scene shows Ash 's severed hand crawling through the woods toward the cabin . 8 8 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Tony Tilse Michael J. Bassett December 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) 0.465 Armed with his chainsaw , shotgun and the Necronomicon , Ash returns to the sinister cabin after 30 years . He finds Amanda behind him who convinces him that he should n't face the evil alone . Meanwhile Kelly and Pablo are lost in the woods but find a group of hikers consisting of Brad , his fiancée and Heather , who lead them toward the cabin . At the cabin , Ash is taunted by the severed head of his old girlfriend Linda that he left in the work shed three decades ago . In the cabin , Amanda listens to the old tape recorder about the Necronomicon . Ash suddenly appears and tells her that they should just leave and be together , but Amanda notices his putrid hand and he attacks her . She manages to cut off and destroy the hand , but imposter - Ash impales her on the antlers of the deer head in the living room . The real Ash then finds Amanda just before she dies . Pablo and Kelly return and Ash tells them that she was killed by another Evil Ash that is running around somewhere . 9 9 `` Bound in Flesh '' Tony Tilse Rob Wright December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 0.343 Pablo and Kelly confront the two Ashes and , once they realize who the impostor is , they kill him . Ash decides to chop up the bodies of the impostor and Amanda before they turn into Deadites , but the hikers return . Pablo and Kelly lead them away while Ash dismembers his clone . Suddenly the Necronomicon starts talking to him , trying to convince him not to bury it . He throws the book in the refrigerator then notices Amanda has disappeared . Amanda , now a Deadite , attacks Pablo , Kelly and the hikers . She kills Brad and his fiancée and Heather breaks her leg . Ruby arrives and Amanda runs off . Returning to the cabin , Ruby confronts Ash , introducing herself as the one who 's been cleaning up his mess . She explains that the book can not be simply buried but needs to be dismantled . Ash agrees to destroy the book and cuts off its face , but once he hands it over Ruby begins a ritual to unleash the evil upon the entire world . Ruby claims to have written the Necronomicon and the face of the book animates and attaches itself to Pablo . 10 10 `` The Dark One '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 0.508 Before Ash can react to what is going on , Amanda returns and attacks him . He manages to defeat her but notices Ruby and Pablo have disappeared into the cellar . He goes down to find them but the Kandarian force pounds the cabin and Ash falls down the steps . He suddenly finds himself back in his trailer with the Necronomicon . Ruby appears and tells him that he was destined to stand against her , and then tries to broker a truce by offering him what he desires the most -- a peaceful retirement in Jacksonville . Refusing the offer , Ash finds himself back in the cellar and under attack by a demonic child that was belched up by Pablo who is under the control of the Necronomicon . Meanwhile , Kelly and Heather attempt to survive a demonic onslaught . Heather is killed while Kelly is locked out of the cabin . Ash again confronts Ruby , who promises to leave Ash and his friends alone in exchange for allowing her to release evil spirits ( which she claims she can control ) from the Necronomicon . Ash accepts the deal and starts driving to Jacksonville with Kelly and Pablo , while sinkholes begin to open up around the world . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Home '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) ( online ) October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) ( broadcast ) 0.436 While enjoying his time at Jacksonville , Ash is forced to come out of retirement after being attacked by Deadites summoned by Ruby . Ash ( still in possession of the Kandarian Dagger ) , Pablo and Kelly return to Ash 's hometown in Michigan , Elk Grove , where they meet up with his father , Brock , who criticizes him for running away from the town after the events that transpired 30 years ago . While searching around town for Ruby , Ash encounters his former love , Linda Bates , who is married to the town 's sheriff , Thomas Emery . Emery mocks Ash , and promises to take him in when he can . Pablo receives a vision , prompting the gang to head to the town 's crematorium , where Ash finds an injured Ruby , claiming that her children have betrayed her , forcing her to hide the Necronomicon . After saving her from her three demon children , Ash and Ruby form a temporary alliance . 12 `` The Morgue '' Tony Tilse Cameron Welsh October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 0.333 Ruby reveals to the group that she hid the Necronomicon inside a corpse at the town morgue , which prompts Ash and Kelly to go retrieve it , while Pablo stays with her at Brock 's house in order to find out about his visions . While attempting to get the book , Ash discovers that his old high school P.E. teacher , who is dating Brock , turns out to have been dead and is now a Deadite . Ash returns home just in time to stop the Deadite from raising hell . Meanwhile , Pablo 's grasp on reality is tested when Ruby reveals that the Necronomicon has gifted him with premonitions , a detail seen in one from which Ruby deduces that her ex-husband , Baal , is the reason behind why all of her children have turned on her . At the end , Ash 's car , the Delta , is stolen by two teenagers , while still carrying the Necronomicon in it . 13 `` Last Call '' Tony Tilse Noelle Valdivia October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 0.321 In an attempt to lure the teenagers who stole his car to his place , Ash and his best buddy , Chet , devise a plan to throw a party at the bar , lure the thieves in , and get the Delta and the Necronomicon back . The plan backfires , however , as one of the teenagers ' friends accidentally reads from the Necronomicon , allowing evil to possess her as well as the Delta , leading to a mass killing spree . The possessed teenager , Amber , heads to Ash 's party , where she almost kills Brock before Ash intervenes . Brock realizes the truth about his son and shows his pride , but before he could reveal a secret to Ash , he is run over by the Delta . Meanwhile , Ruby attempts to convince Kelly that she is the one Ruby was supposed to be looking for . 14 `` DUI '' Michael J. Bassett Ivan Raimi October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 0.274 The possessed Delta continues its rampage holding one of the teenagers , Lacey , hostage . It comes back and kidnaps Pablo as well . Ash takes Chet in tow , driving his car and pursues the Delta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly head back to Ash 's trailer to pick up weapons , where Ruby reveals that Baal can get into an individual 's mind and manipulate them , and that she has been manipulated before . While they go back to the crematorium and kill the rest of her spawn , Ash continues chasing down Pablo , and Chet drops him off at an abandoned Demolition derby park . The Delta lets go of Pablo and Lacey , facing Ash by itself . While Pablo tries to deface the book , it tells him to read a passage . Ash stops the Delta , and they throw the book into the trunk of the car , a portal to hell , seemingly destroying it . Ruby , sensing the book 's disappearance , runs back along with Kelly . A demon jumps out of the trunk at the end . 15 5 `` Confinement '' Michael J. Bassett William Bromell October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 0.274 Baal arrives on Earth and seduces a police officer before killing her and removing her skin . Ash is arrested for Amber 's murder but is freed from his cell by Baal , disguised as the police officer . Pablo , Kelly and Ruby arrive at the police station to free Ash , while Lacey and Linda come looking for Sheriff Emery . Before going to look for the Kandarian Dagger , Ruby warns the group of Baal 's ability to disguise himself by wearing peoples ' skin , which sets the group on edge as they come to realise that any one of them could be Baal . Pablo reveals a strange rash to Ash and Kelly . Seeing Pablo 's condition worsen , Emery believes that he is Baal , leading him to pull out his gun and threaten the group . Ruby returns with Ash 's weapons and Ash defeats the reanimated flesh of a fallen police officer . On examining Pablo 's rash , Ruby declares that he might be their only chance to stop Baal . 16 6 `` Trapped Inside '' Mark Beesley James E. Eagan November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 0.330 Ash , Kelly , Ruby , Linda and Lacey take Pablo back to Ash 's house , where Ruby reveals that if they wait long enough , the required spell to send Baal back to hell will emerge on Pablo 's skin . Baal uses his powers to convince Emery to lead a mob of Elk Grove townspeople to capture Ash . As the townspeople surround Ash 's house , Ash hears a noise coming from Cheryl 's room . Inside he sees Chet , who had come to warn him about the mob . The required spell emerges from Pablo 's skin , while Ruby reveals to Kelly that birthing her demon `` children '' cost her her immortality . A Deadite Cheryl appears and fights Ash , killing Chet in the process . The fight is taken outside , where the townspeople are surprised to see Cheryl , seemingly alive . Ash kills her and reveals her to be a Deadite , thus convincing the people that he is not a murderer . Ash is then knocked out by Baal . 17 7 `` Delusion '' Mark Beesley Hank Chilton November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 0.337 Ash wakes up from a nightmare only to find himself in an asylum , where a man calling himself Doctor Peacock claims that Ash has been locked up since the murder of his friends at the cabin , and that everything about the Necronomicon was a delusion he made up to deny responsibility for his actions . Ash realizes that Peacock is none other than Baal , who is trying to break his mind through an illusion . Within the illusion he sees Ruby , as a nurse , Kelly as a fellow inmate , and Pablo as an orderly . Ash attempts to fight through the illusions , but fails time after time . After meeting with Linda , and seeing Ruby , Pablo and Kelly arrive outside the asylum , Ash then seemingly agrees to follow Baal 's command to destroy the Necronomicon . 18 8 `` Ashy Slashy '' Tony Tilse Suzanne Keilly and Aaron Lam November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 0.237 Ruby , Pablo and Kelly enter the asylum and encounter Sheriff Emery , who got Linda to help him capture Ash in exchange for Lacey 's freedom from Baal . Lacey , however , turns up as a Deadite and murders Emery , and is later killed by Kelly . Ruby and Pablo encounter Ash , who then tracks them down and takes Pablo to Baal . Kelly later meets up with Linda , who learns about the deaths of both her husband and daughter . She then resolves to take down Baal for good . They reach Pablo , where Ash reveals that he was never broken by Baal , and it was all part of his plan to get Pablo and Baal in the same room . Pablo then recites the incantation to send Baal back to Hell , but before disappearing , Baal slashes Pablo in the stomach , cutting him in half . 19 9 `` Home Again '' Rick Jacobson Jennifer Ames & Steve Turner December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 0.266 Distraught over the loss of Pablo , Ash and the gang attempt to travel back in time to ensure that young Ash will never see the Necronomicon . They return to the year 1982 , before young Ash went to the cabin . As they travel to the woods , the gang is chased down by the Kandarian Demon , and Ruby and Kelly are separated from Ash , who run into the cabin . After a brief altercation with an evil foetus that attempts to infect Ash from his leg , Ash hears a faint voice crying for help from the cellar . He finds the voice to be coming from Henrietta Knowby , who claims to have been trapped and tortured here by her husband . While initially not believing her , Ash eventually discovers as Professor Knowby returns with one of his students , Tanya , who he plans to use to transfer the Kandarian Demon from within Henrietta onto her . Ash then frees Henrietta , just as he realizes he 's been tricked , allowing her to run amok . In the midst of the chaos , Professor Knowby escapes with the Necronomicon and locks Ash and Tanya down in the cellar with Henrietta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly are attacked by possessed trees , as well as being followed by a mysterious being . 20 10 `` Second Coming '' Rick Jacobson Luke Kalteux December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 0.269 As Professor Knowby attempts to escape the cabin , he is killed by the Ruby of year 1982 , who then retrieves the Necronomicon . Henrietta murders Tanya , and battles Ash , but is ultimately defeated . As Ash reunites with present - day Ruby and Kelly , past Ruby learns of their involvement and then kills present - day Ruby , while Ash and Kelly attempt to escape . The effects of the timeline alteration take place as Ash notices the return of his missing right hand , and Pablo seemingly returning to life . However , he turns out to be Baal , who has secretly taken over Pablo 's corpse rather than being banished . Baal and the alternate Ruby take Ash and Kelly back to the cabin , where they begin to perform rituals to give birth to their spawns . Ash proposes a fair fight between him and Baal , without the use of any magic or weapon . Baal gains the upper hand by using his powers to change form into Chet , Cheryl and Brock , tricking Ash and removing his right hand once more . As Baal prepares to execute Ash , however , he is outwitted and defeated . As the cabin begins to burn down and crumble , Baal , Ruby , their spawns , and the Necronomicon are seemingly banished to the underworld as part of the deal , while Pablo is brought back to life . Ash returns to his time , where Elk Grove reveres him as a hero , while the alternate Ruby watches him from afar . In a post-credit scene , the Necronomicon is picked up by an unknown traveler from the remains of the cabin . Music ( edit ) Joseph LoDuca , a frequent Sam Raimi collaborator who composed the scores for the Evil Dead films , contributes the original music for Ash vs Evil Dead . The series also leverages excerpts from various 1970s and ' 80s popular songs , particularly featuring artists ( e.g. , Alice Cooper , Ted Nugent and Frijid Pink ) from the greater Detroit area where Season One 's action is based ( and where Raimi , Campbell and Tapert grew up ) . In an interview , Sam Raimi states that the music selected for the series is based on the lack of growth the Ash character has progressed over the past 30 -- 35 years , and that , `` the music should reflect the last time he was engaged in society , and living '' . On November 11 , 2015 , it was announced that the Joseph LoDuca music score entitled Ash vs Evil Dead : Music from the STARZ Original Series would be released by Varèse Sarabande digitally on December 11 , 2015 and via audio CD on December 18 , 2015 . The following are the tracks that are on that album : ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Sheet Show / Main Title '' 4 : 25 2 . `` Ai n't for Shabbas '' 3 : 22 3 . `` Linda / Where It Began '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Ash 's Trip '' 2 : 49 5 . `` It Did Happen / Outta Here '' 2 : 50 6 . `` A Foul Wind Bloweth / Mom Returns '' 2 : 47 7 . `` Deer Amanda / Shut Up Linda '' 3 : 50 8 . `` The Handyman Ca n't '' 0 : 46 9 . `` Adios , Tio Brujo '' 2 : 28 10 . `` Soave Pablo / She Got Him '' 2 : 34 11 . `` Offer to Fisher / Handy Escape / She Was Ruby '' 2 : 18 12 . `` Let 's Start Over / Pablo 's Process '' 2 : 06 13 . `` Kill Me Now / Perp 's Getting Away '' 2 : 07 14 . `` No Accident '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Evil Catches Up '' 1 : 11 16 . `` Missed Ya ' '' 1 : 38 17 . `` Amanda Returns '' 2 : 38 18 . `` Ritual '' 2 : 17 19 . `` Not My Boyfriend / Burn the Cabin '' 1 : 22 20 . `` Burn Baby / Mortal Toys '' 3 : 52 21 . `` Without Evil There Is No Good '' 2 : 37 22 . `` Ash 's Theme '' 1 : 35 Total length : 53 : 51 List of popular songs featured in Ash vs Evil Dead Title Performed by Played during Episode Ref . `` Space Truckin ' ( 1997 Remix ) '' Purple , Deep Deep Purple Opening of episode 01 ! 1 . `` El Jefe '' `` End Of The Line '' Pink , Frijid Frijid Pink Flashback scene 01 ! 1 . `` El Jefe '' `` Journey to the Center of the Mind '' Dukes , Amboy Amboy Dukes Chainsaw scene and credits 01 ! 1 . `` El Jefe '' `` Highway Star ( 1997 Remix ) '' Purple , Deep Deep Purple Car fight 02 ! 2 . `` Bait '' `` Knife - Edge '' Emerson , Lake & Palmer Credits 02 ! 2 . `` Bait '' `` Loose '' Stooges , The The Stooges Credits 03 ! 3 . `` Books from Beyond '' `` Midnight Rider '' The Allman Brothers Band Car ride scene 04 ! 4 . `` Brujo '' `` Here I Go Again '' Whitesnake Drug trip 04 ! 4 . `` Brujo '' `` Free Your Mind and Your Ass Will Follow '' Funkadelic Credits 04 ! 4 . `` Brujo '' `` Down by the Water '' Harvey , PJ PJ Harvey Car scene 05 ! 5 . `` The Host '' `` Is It My Body '' Cooper , Alice Alice Cooper Bong scene 05 ! 5 . `` The Host '' `` Stranglehold '' Nugent , Ted Ted Nugent Credits 05 ! 5 . `` The Host '' `` Be My Lover '' Cooper , Alice Alice Cooper Washroom fight 06 ! 6 . `` The Killer of Killers '' `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' Shafer , Whitey Whitey Shafer Ash eating at diner 06 ! 6 . `` The Killer of Killers '' `` Freakin ' Out '' Death Diner fight 06 ! 6 . `` The Killer of Killers '' `` Renegade '' Styx Credits 06 ! 6 . `` The Killer of Killers '' `` Time Has Come Today '' Collins , Bootsy Bootsy Collins Credits 07 ! 7 . `` Fire in the Hole '' `` The Two of Us Together '' Gibson , Don Don Gibson and Thompson , Sue Sue Thompson Credits 08 ! 8 . `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Just the Two of Us '' Withers , Bill Bill Withers Chainsaw the clone scene 09 ! 9 . `` Bound in Flesh '' `` I Could Write a Book '' Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington Credits 09 ! 9 . `` Bound in Flesh '' `` End Of The Line '' Pink , Frijid Frijid Pink Trailer scene 10 ! 10 . `` The Dark One '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' Cooper , Alice Alice Cooper Car ride scene 10 ! 10 . `` The Dark One '' `` Back in Black '' AC / DC Credits 10 ! 10 . `` The Dark One '' Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The first season of Ash vs Evil Dead has received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 98 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating based on 47 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reading : `` True to the movies that spawned it , Ash vs Evil Dead is a gory , hilarious , and audacious resurrection of Sam Raimi 's beloved horror franchise . '' Metacritic gave the season a rating of 75 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The second season has received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 100 % , based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus currently reads , `` Ash vs. Evil Dead 's sophomore season proves the show is in command of its characters and tone , turning up the gore , fun , and energy to deliver even more grisly , action - packed thrills and laughs . '' On Metacritic , the season has a rating of 82 out of 100 , based on 5 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2016 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Won Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Dana DeLorenzo Nominated Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Best TV Presentation Ash vs Evil Dead ( Episode : `` Brujo '' ) Won 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Ash vs Evil Dead Pending Best TV Actor Bruce Campbell Pending Best TV Supporting Actor Ray Santiago Pending Best TV Supporting Actress Dana DeLorenzo Pending Best TV SFX Roger Murray Pending Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on a Television Series Bruce Campbell Nominated Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Lee Majors Nominated Media releases ( edit ) Subscribers to Starz can stream episodes of the show on Amazon Video . Season Two is not yet available for purchase or rental on Amazon without a Starz account . On August 23 , 2016 , Anchor Bay Entertainment released the first season of the series on Blu - ray and DVD . See also ( edit ) Todd and the Book of Pure Evil Stan Against Evil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elavksy , Cindy ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast Readies Xi4 Ultra HD Set - Top Box with 4K Content from Starz , Syfy , USA and More '' . highdefdigest . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Renews ' Ash Vs. Evil Dead ' For Third Season -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Evil Dead ' scoop : Bruce Campbell reveals series details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo join Ash vs Evil Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mr Disgusting ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead '' Casting and Details ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Sean Decker ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Lead Actress Announced for ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' ! l '' . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Lucy Lawless to Co-Star in ' Evil Dead ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Ep 104 -- Brujo '' . Encore . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Adds Lee Majors & Ted Raimi To Season 2 Cast On Starz Jump up ^ Lee Majors Makes His Comic - Con Debut At ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Panel ^ Jump up to : Mancuso , Vinnie . `` Interview : Bruce Campbell and Sam Raimi , The Face and Mind of `` Evil Dead '' `` . Observer . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi . `` Sam Raimi writing ' Evil Dead ' TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' Sequel Series for 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Campbell On Ash vs Evil Dead , Fargo and Why He 's Not As Typecast As You Think '' . papermag.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Decker ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Campbell Talks Ash vs Evil Dead with Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn . `` Ash vs Evil Dead Teaser '' . Renegade Cinema . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvtrippin.com/tv/old-friends-in-new-zealand-on-the-set-of-ash-vs-evil-dead/ Jump up ^ http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3357283/doesnt-ash-work-s-mart-ash-vs-evil-dead/ Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Starz ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Summons New Photo , May Ignore ' Army of Darkness ' '' . Screen Crush . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ash vs Evil Dead showrunner on Ash 's `` zero '' progression , his time travel history and more `` . IGN . Jump up ^ Bruce Campbell on Making ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' without the Rights to ' Army of Darkness ' . Collider Videos . October 26 , 2015 . 2 : 23 minutes in -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/ash-vs-evil-dead-season-2-army-darkness/ Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.31. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.14. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.21. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHWOBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.28. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Eddy ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` How to Catch an Early Viewing of the Ash vs Evil Dead Season Two Premiere '' . Gizmodo . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maybe they like it ! - Sam Raimi on audience reaction to Ash vs Evil Dead , and his own future as a filmmaker - Nov 3 , 2015 '' . Blastr . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` `` Ash vs Evil Dead '' Original Soundtrack Details Revealed ( Exclusive ) - Nov 11 , 2015 `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead - Music from the STARZ Original Series - Joseph LoDuca '' . Varese Sarabande . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Ash vs Evil Dead - Season 1 - Episode 1 - El Jefe '' . tunefind.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs Evil Dead Recap : So Far , So Groovy - Oct 31 , 2015 '' . vulture.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guess who 's coming to dinner in Ash Vs Evil Dead ? - Nov 7 , 2015 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 ' Groovy ' Moments from Ash vs Evil Dead Episode 2 - November 9 , 2015 '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead gets lost in the bookstore - Nov 14 , 2015 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead swaps gore for psychedelia - Nov 21 , 2015 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Ash vs Evil Dead ' Recap : The Exorcist ( s ) - Nov 28 , 2015 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs Evil Dead Recap : Shoot First , Think Never ) - Nov 28 , 2015 '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Bad Skeletons and Good Intestines - Dec 5 , 2015 '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Ash vs. Evil Dead - Season 1 - Episode 6 - The Killer of Killers - Dec 5 , 2015 '' . tunefind.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Ash vs. Evil Dead - Season 1 - Episode 7 - Fire in the Hole ( gives information on cover version of song ) - Dec 12 , 2015 '' . tunefind.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Recap : Back to the Cabin - December 19 , 2015 '' . Vulture . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Recap : `` Hey Evil , Why Do n't You Eat My Butt ! '' - December 26 , 2015 `` . tunefind.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music from Ash vs. Evil Dead - Season 1 - Episode 10 - The Dark One '' . tunefind.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs Evil Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/ash_vs_evil_dead/s02/ Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/tv/ash-vs-evil-dead/season-2 Jump up ^ Fangoria Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ rondo1234 ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Winners announced in the ( Gasp ! ) 14th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . rondoaward.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Ash vs Evil Dead : Bruce Campbell , Ray Santiago , Dana Delorenzo , Sam Raimi : Amazon Digital Services LLC '' . 2016 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Anchor Bay Entertainment : ASH VS . EVIL DEAD SEASON 1 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ash vs. Evil Dead Official website Ash vs Evil Dead at Deadites Online . Ash vs Evil Dead on IMDb Evil Dead Films Feature films The Evil Dead Evil Dead II Army of Darkness Evil Dead Short film Within the Woods Television Ash vs Evil Dead Video games The Evil Dead Hail to the King A Fistful of Boomstick Regeneration Army of Darkness : Defense Comics Shop till You Drop Dead Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors Musical Evil Dead : The Musical Characters Ash Williams Related films My Name Is Bruce Evil Head Unofficial sequels Ghosthouse Witchery Beyond Darkness House II : The Second Story The Horror Show Book Category Starz original programming Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Kung Faux ( 2005 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2005 -- 07 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) The White Queen ( 2013 ) Current American Gods ( since 2017 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( since 2015 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) The Missing ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) Power ( since 2014 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Counterpart ( 2018 ) Havana Quartet ( TBA ) Howards End ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_vs_Evil_Dead&oldid=804709811 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series The Evil Dead ( franchise ) American horror fiction television series English - language television programs Television programs based on films Television shows set in Michigan American comedy television series Starz network shows Zombies and revenants in popular culture Zombies in television Television series about viral outbreaks Demons in television Sequel television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does ash vs evil dead season 2 start	[ "Ray Santiago, Dana DeLorenzo, and Lucy Lawless also star. The series is executive produced by Campbell, Raimi, Craig DiGregorio, and Robert Tapert, who produced all four Evil Dead films.[3] The series premiered on October 31, 2015. Three days before the series' premiere, Starz renewed it for a second season, which premiered on October 2, 2016. On October 7, 2016, while at the New York Comic Con, Starz announced that the series had been renewed for a third season.[4] The third season is set to premiere on February 25, 2018." ]	[ "October 2, 2016" ]
-558706334732177675	List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes	List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes - Wikipedia List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes Jump to : navigation , search Legends of Tomorrow is an American action - adventure television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , Andrew Kreisberg and Phil Klemmer , who are also executive producers along with Sarah Schechter and Chris Fedak ; Klemmer serves as showrunner . The series airs on The CW and is a spin - off from Arrow and The Flash , existing in the same fictional universe . As of April 9 , 2018 , 51 episodes of Legends of Tomorrow have aired , concluding the third season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 135 3.16 17 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 141 2.57 18 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 170 2.24 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The series premiere was prefaced with a special airing on January 19 , 2016 , titled `` DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow : Their Time Is Now '' . It featured the origin stories of the heroes and villains of the season , as well as show clips and interviews . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot , Part 1 '' Glen Winter Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg & Phil Klemmer January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 4X6351 3.21 In 2166 , the immortal warrior Vandal Savage has successfully conquered the entire planet . In an effort to save humanity , Time Master Rip Hunter travels back to 2016 to assemble a group of superheroes and supervillains to team up and stop Savage 's rise to power : Ray Palmer , Sara Lance , Jefferson Jackson and Martin Stein , Mick Rory , Leonard Snart , Carter Hall , and Kendra Saunders . Hunter takes them to 1975 to talk to Professor Boardman , a leading expert on Savage . While providing information on Savage , Boardman also reveals that he is the son of Kendra and Carter from one of their past reincarnations . Meanwhile , a time - traveling bounty hunter named Chronos attacks Hunter 's ship , the Waverider . The team is able to regroup and escape , but not before Boardman is wounded and dies . The attack forces Hunter to reveal that Chronos is after him for stealing the Waverider and going on the mission against the wishes of the Time Council and that part of his quest is based on his desire for revenge on Savage for murdering his wife and son in 2166 . All members agree to aid Hunter , who warns that time will resist against the mission . In Norway 1975 , Savage is shown in possession of weapons of mass destruction . `` Pilot , Part 2 '' Glen Winter Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim and Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 4X6352 2.89 Still in 1975 , the team infiltrates a weapons auction , where Savage intends to sell the nuclear warhead . Savage becomes aware of their presence . They all escape , but not before a piece of Ray 's suit is left behind . Angry at the recklessness , Hunter points out what happens and how the technology of Ray 's suit will be used to create super weapons that lead to the destruction of Central City in 2016 . The team splits up , with Stein , Jax , and Sara retrieving the missing piece of Ray 's suit by the help of Stein 's younger self while Ray , Leonard , and Mick go in search of the dagger that killed Kendra and Carter in their first life . The dagger turns out to be in the home of Savage , who imprisons them and calls the rest of the team . Kendra and Carter go after Savage while the rest take on Savage 's men . During the fight , Savage kills Carter with the dagger , revealing that only Kendra can wield it to kill him . She becomes injured , and the team is forced to retreat and plan a new strategy , determined to stop Savage . `` Blood Ties '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Chris Fedak February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 4X6353 2.32 While still in 1975 , Kendra 's injury stops the team from traveling through time , and Sara convinces Rip that another way to stop Savage would be to take away his financial resources . Rip locates the bank where Savage keeps his money and he and Sara go there to steal the funds . They learn that Savage is using Carter 's blood to give his own men longer lives . Rip and his team engage Savage and reclaim Carter 's body , but Rip inadvertently gives Savage the names of his family members before critically wounding him . Meanwhile , Kendra 's condition worsens , requiring Ray to shrink down and enter her bloodstream to save her . Snart attempts to change his own family 's fate , but his efforts ultimately change nothing . It is revealed that Rip once traveled to ancient Egypt 4000 years ago to kill Savage , but hesitated and has been known as a nemesis called Gareeb . The team buries Carter and Rip charts a course for 1986 , so that the team can intercept Savage again . `` White Knights '' Antonio Negret Sarah Nicole Jones & Phil Klemmer February 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 4X6354 2.39 The team arrives in Washington , D.C , 1986 to stop Savage . They infiltrate the Pentagon and retrieve a file that points them toward scientist Valentina Vostok in the Soviet Union . Rip has Sara and Kendra work together to tame the feral nature that resides in each of them . Chronos tracks the team and Rip is forced to use Russian fighter jets to assist in taking down Chronos . While Ray and Snart go after Vostok , Rip tracks a time anomaly outside of Moscow . He finds his mentor , Zaman Druce , who offers to pardon Rip and return his new team to their time if Rip voluntarily surrenders . The pardon is revealed to be a trick and Druce attempts to kill Rip . With help from the team , Rip survives , but Chronos and Druce escape . Stein infiltrates a research lab and discovers Savage is trying to build an army with the same abilities as Firestorm . The former absorbs the energy in Savage 's thermal core , which is returned to Rip by Snart ; but Stein , Ray , and Mick are captured by the Soviets , with Vostok planning to use Stein for the project . 5 5 `` Fail - Safe '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Grainne Godfree February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 4X6355 2.25 The team brokers a deal with the Bratva to get into the gulag where Ray , Mick , and Stein are being held . Rip secretly tasks Sara with killing Stein , should they fail to rescue him . Savage has Ray and Mick tortured in front of Stein , forcing him to cooperate . Obtaining the formula , Valentina discovers that Stein is the other half of Firestorm . The team arrives at the gulag just as Valentina enters a reactor to start absorbing energy from a new thermal core . Snart rescues Mick and Ray , but Valentina merges with Stein to create a Soviet Firestorm . Jax is able to reach Stein 's consciousness and force the two to separate . Without Stein or a quantum splicer , Valentina implodes . As the team moves into the time stream , they are attacked by Chronos , who forces them to crash land in a ruined Star City , 2046 . They are confronted by a green - hooded archer whom they mistake for Oliver . 6 6 `` Star City 2046 '' Steve Shill Marc Guggenheim & Ray Utarnachitt February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 4X6356 2.47 The archer attacks the team and they retreat back to the Waverider to make repairs and leave 2046 . Rip , Sara , Snart , and Mick head to Smoak Industries , the new title of Palmer Tech , to find an essential part needed to repair the ship . Sara follows the vigilante , who turns out to be John Diggle , Jr. under the alias of Connor Hawke . It is revealed that 15 years prior , Grant Wilson , Slade 's son , arrived in Star City with a Mirakuru army and took over . While searching through Oliver 's old hideout , Sara and Rip find a 61 year old Oliver , who directs them to where they can find the part , but refuses to help in the struggle . In a fight with Grant 's men , Connor is taken prisoner . Sara convinces Oliver to resume the Green Arrow mantle . With the rest of Rip 's team as backup , Oliver is able to defeat Grant for good . With the ship repaired , the team re-enters the time stream . Meanwhile , Jax and Ray develop feelings for Kendra , but realized that she does not want anyone in her life . Mick tells Snart about his desire to see the world burn instead of saving it . 7 7 `` Marooned '' Gregory Smith Anderson Mackenzie & Phil Klemmer March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 4X6357 2.28 Savage 's trail goes cold and Rip is unable to track it without an upgrade to Gideon 's software . The team receives a distress call from another time ship , the Acheron , in deep space . Rip decides to steal the ship 's A.I. software . The former , Stein , Jax , and Mick board the Acheron , where everyone but Stein is captured by time pirates who want the Waverider , on which the pirates fire , damaging the hull . Sara and Snart attempt to fix the hull , but get locked in the room , from which the air is slowly leaking out . As Stein rescues the others , Ray manages to repair the hull . Mick betrays the team and leads the pirates to the Waverider . Rip and the others retake the Acheron while Sara and Snart stop Mick and the pirates on the Waverider . The Acheron 's captain provides Gideon 's upgrade and a tip on Savage 's location . Ray and Kendra develop a romantic relationship . Snart apparently kills Mick at an unknown place and time . In flashbacks to the alternate timeline , Rip 's future wife is revealed to be a Time Master . The Time Council finds out about their relationship , which is forbidden for Time Masters ; and she resigns in order to save Rip 's career . 8 8 `` Night of the Hawk '' Joe Dante Sarah Nicole Jones & Cortney Norris March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 4X6358 2.01 The team arrives in Oregon , 1958 to investigate a series of murders tied to Savage . Infiltrating a mental institution , Sara discovers that Savage is a psychiatrist there under another name . Ray and Kendra pose as a married couple to investigate in the suburbs , but discover that Savage lives there as well . Elsewhere , Jax is attacked by humanoid bird - like creatures created by Savage from an Nth metal meteorite similar to the one that gave Kendra and Carter their powers . Jax is abducted by the local sheriff and delivered to Savage . The team decides to go after Savage at the institution , where he has already infected Jax with the Nth metal and transformed him into one of the creatures . Kendra fails to kill Savage , who escapes . The rest of the team manages to recapture Jax . Stein and Gideon create a serum that cures Jax and the other victims . Chronos then arrives and storms the ship , forcing the Waverider to quickly leave , stranding Ray , Sara , and Kendra in 1958 . 9 9 `` Left Behind '' John F. Showalter Beth Schwartz & Grainne Godfree March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 4X6359 1.97 Chronos disables the Waverider and flees back into the timestream , taking Snart with him . Rip is forced to reset Gideon to undo Chronos ' sabotage , leaving the ship temporarily stranded in the timestream . Meanwhile , two years pass for Ray , Sara , and Kendra . Ray and Kendra build a life together while Sara rejoins the League of Assassins . Rip and the rest of the team arrive in 1960 and get Ray and Kendra . They travel to Nanda Parbat to rescue Sara , but she is revealed to have fully committed to Ra 's al Ghul 's mission and turns the team over to him as trespassers to be executed . Rip invokes the trial - by - combat ritual to save the team , with Kendra and Sara named as the champions to fight . Elsewhere , Chronos reveals himself to Snart as Mick , having been found by the Time Masters and trained to be their bounty hunter . Kendra is able to get through to Sara just as Chronos arrives . Ra 's frees the team , who successfully stops Chronos and discovers his real identity . Ra 's releases Sara and the others . Imprisoning Mick on the Waverider , the team decides to try to reform him . They head to 2147 , their last stand against Savage . 10 10 `` Progeny '' David Geddes Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 4X6360 1.88 The team arrives in Kasnia , 2147 . They discover Savage is personally grooming Per Degaton , son of Tor , the ruler . Rip reveals that when Per rises to power , he will unleash a virus that decimates most of the planet and allows Savage to kill Per and conquer the world . The team decides to remove Per from the timeline and prevent Savage 's rise to power . The kidnapping does not affect the timeline , so Rip releases Per and implores him not to let Savage influence his decisions . However , Per kills Tor on Savage 's advice , accelerating the latter 's rise . Meanwhile , Ray finds his suit 's technology has been used to create autonomous policing robots that Savage will use to help conquer the world and that the family line of his brother , Sydney , founded the company that created them . After settling his differences with Snart for the moment , Mick reveals that the Time Masters have released a group called the `` Hunters , '' whose sole purpose will be to track down the team and kill each of them , including Mick for his failure . 11 11 `` The Magnificent Eight '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 4X6361 1.98 The team travels to Salvation , South Dakota in 1871 to hide out from the Hunters . While Rip decides their next move , the rest of the team goes into town , where they meet Jonah Hex , who knows they are time travelers and once fought alongside Rip in years past . Kendra gets flashbacks from one of her previous lives and goes to investigate , while Ray and the rest of the team head back to town to defend against the Jeb Stillwater gang . Kendra and Sara follow the former 's visions to an old woman , who turns out to be the Kendra from that time period . The past Kendra warns her future incarnation not to love a different man , as it will always end in either heartbreak or tragedy . The team goes after the Stillwater gang and captures their leader , Jeb , but Jax is apprehended as they escape . The team sets up a quick draw duel between Rip and Jeb to barter for Jax 's life . Rip wins , but the Hunters arrive before the team can leave . They defeat the Hunters , but not before they learn that the Time Masters have sent a bounty hunter with temporal powers known as the `` Pilgrim '' to kill their younger selves , thus erasing the members from the timeline . 12 12 `` Last Refuge '' Rachel Talalay Chris Fedak & Matthew Maala April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 4X6362 1.78 Gideon uses the Pilgrim 's temporal distortions to predict her next move . After they successfully rescue Mick and Sara 's younger selves , Gideon loses track of the Pilgrim 's movements , allowing her to take out any of the team members without them knowing . The Pilgrim goes after Ray in 2014 , but the team arrives just in time to save his former self and prevent Ray 's death . Rip decides to abduct the rest of the team 's infant selves to prevent the Pilgrim from killing any selves of them . They are successful , bringing the infants to Rip 's adoptive mother for her to look after until they can stop the Pilgrim . The Pilgrim kidnaps the team members ' loved ones , threatening to kill them unless the members give themselves up . Rip agrees to give up his younger self from before he became a Time Master , thus preventing the team 's formation , in exchange for everyone 's safety . The Pilgrim agrees , but the team sets a trap for her , managing to kill her . Afterward , Ray and Kendra become engaged . Rip says that the only time to stop Savage is in 2166 , at the peak of the latter 's power . 13 13 `` Leviathan '' Gregory Smith Sarah Nicole Jones & Ray Utarnachitt April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 4X6363 1.86 The team travels to London , 2166 to try to eliminate Savage just before he finally takes over the world . While investigating Savage , Kendra notices that one of his female officers is wearing a bracelet that she originally wore when she first died in ancient Egypt . The team plans to retrieve the bracelet , knowing that it will help them kill Savage . They also join forces with local rebels . The officer turns out to be Cassandra , Savage 's daughter . Snart kidnaps her and manages to convince her to assist them . Rory helps Kendra melt the bracelet down and coat Carter 's mace so that it can be used to kill Savage . Savage 's giant robot called the Leviathan attacks the Waverider . While the others go after Savage , Ray reverses the polarity of his suit so that he can grow in size and takes out the Leviathan . The mace works , but Kendra refuses to kill Savage when she learns that he has brainwashed that generation 's incarnation of Carter to be his soldier . To save Carter 's mind , she and Rip imprison Savage on the Waverider . 14 14 `` River of Time '' Alice Troughton Cortney Norris & Anderson Mackenzie May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 4X6364 1.63 Upon the revelation that the Leviathan was technology from the distant future , proving Savage has manipulated time , Rip believes the Time Masters will finally ratify his mission and sets course for the Vanishing Point . Jax fixes the damaged time drive , but is exposed to time radiation which ages him prematurely . Stein is forced to send him back to 2016 in the jump ship to reverse the process . Carter , now named Scythian Torvil , is kept prisoner while Kendra tries to restore his memories , causing a rift between her and Ray which effectively ends their relationship . Savage tries to manipulate some of the team members , allowing him to escape his cell . Just as Savage is about to kill Kendra , Scythian regains his memories as Carter and saves her , but is stabbed by Savage before Kendra knocks the latter unconscious . The team arrives at the Vanishing Point , where the Time Masters reveal that they have been working with Savage , who is to be sent back to 2166 to carry on with his plan while Rip and his team are put under arrest . 15 15 `` Destiny '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Chris Fedak May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 4X6365 1.89 Kendra and Carter are turned over to Savage as he returns to 2166 , when he kills Rip 's family again . Sara and Snart , who evaded capture , make plans to rescue the team with the help of Gideon . Druce explains to Rip that the Time Masters helped Savage because an alien race from the planet Thanagar will attack Earth in 2175 and only Savage is able to unite the world and stop them . Druce also reveals the Oculus , which the Time Masters used to manipulate Rip 's team among various others to facilitate Savage 's rise to power , including orchestrating the murder of Rip 's family . Snart and Sara disable the other time ships and rescue the others . The team decides to destroy the Oculus , only to find Druce waiting for them with soldiers . Having recruited Martin 's 2016 self to help him , Jax returns in the jump ship and kills the soldiers . But the success of the Oculus ' self - destruct costs the life of Snart , who takes Druce out with him . Savage learns of the unpredictability of the timeline due to the destruction of the Oculus and decides to make use of the time traveling technology at his disposal . 16 16 `` Legendary '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 4X6366 1.85 Kendra leaves a message for the team alerting them to Savage 's presence in France , 1944 ; but they are unable to stop him and only manage to rescue Carter . Savage reveals that the Thanagarians sent three meteors to ancient Egypt ; and he plans to use Kendra 's and Carter 's blood to activate the meteors ' alien technology and erase time back to 1700 BC , where he can rule . Stein deduces Savage 's method , also concluding that radiation from all three meteors will render Savage mortal , so anyone can kill him . The team breaks up into pairs , traveling to 1958 , 1975 , and 2021 . All three groups kill Savage . Ray and Firestorm destroy two of the meteors , and Rip uses the Waverider to send the last meteor into the Sun before it can explode and destroy the Earth . Kendra and Carter stay behind to defend in 2016 while the others decide to help Rip protect the timeline . Before they can leave 2016 , however , Rex Tyler arrives in a future version of the Waverider and warns the team of their impending death . Jump up ^ `` White Knights '' premiered earlier in Canada as CTV 's lead - out program for Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 . CTV aired an encore of the episode in its regular time , 30 minutes after its premiere on The CW in its normal timeslot on February 11 . Jump up ^ Ratings are for The CW airing on February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magnificent Eight '' premiered earlier in Canada on CTV before it premiered April 14 on the CW . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Out of Time '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Phil Klemmer October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) T13. 20001 1.82 In 2016 , historian Nate Heywood enlists Mayor Oliver Queen 's help in locating the Waverider after it was caught in a nuclear blast in 1942 . The pair find the ship in an ocean with only Mick aboard in stasis , who tells them what happened after being revived . Rip 's team -- Mick , Ray , Sara , Jax , and Martin -- traveled through time dealing with `` aberrations '' in history . They learned that a nuclear bomb would be detonated in New York City in 1942 . The team discovered Damien Darhk , working with the Nazis , was behind the attack . Sara attempted to kill Darhk to prevent Laurel 's death , but Darhk escaped and launched his sole atomic bomb toward New York from a U-boat . Rip chose to scatter the team throughout time , except for the injured Mick , to save their lives while he intercepted the bomb with the Waverider and saved New York . In the present , Mick and Nate use the Waverider to travel through time and rescue everyone , but fail to find any trace of Rip . After fixing events in 1942 to prevent the Nazis from making a nuclear bomb , the team is confronted by the Justice Society of America ( JSA ) . Meanwhile , Darhk is shown to be working with Eobard Thawne . 18 `` The Justice Society of America '' Michael Grossman Chris Fedak & Sarah Nicole Jones October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) T13. 20002 1.80 The JSA captures the team , believing them to be Nazi spies . Nate reveals that he is the grandson of JSA member Commander Steel . After the JSA is assigned a mission to obtain information on Nazi captain Baron Krieger , they release the team and advise them to leave 1942 . The JSA learns that Krieger intends to trade away an amulet in Adolf Hitler 's possession ; his trade partner turns out to be Eobard , who has given him a sample of the serum with which he intends to barter . Nate soon discovers that the JSA dies on this mission , so the team returns to rescue them . While the teams collect the amulet and fight the Nazis , Krieger uses the serum on himself and turns into a monstrous superhuman . Krieger captures Ray and Amaya . Ray offers to replicate the formula to save Amaya . The teams are able to rescue Ray and Amaya , and defeat Krieger . However , Nate , a hemophiliac , is injured in the fighting . He is saved with a modified version of the serum created by Ray . Before the team departs , Eobard infiltrates JSA headquarters and stabs Rex Tyler with his vibrating hand before stealing the amulet . A dying Rex whispers `` time traveler '' to Amaya . 19 `` Shogun '' Kevin Tancharoen Phil Klemmer & Grainne Godfree October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) T13. 20003 1.75 Amaya stows away on the Waverider and attacks Mick , believing him responsible for Rex 's death . Nate stops her using his newly - developed ability to convert his body to a steel - like form . Sara convinces Amaya that a rogue time traveler is likely to blame for the murder . An accident during Ray 's testing of Nate 's abilities throws both men into the time vortex and strands them in 17th - century feudal Japan . Nate is found and cared for by Masako Yamashiro , the betrothed of shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu whose samurai capture Ray . Sara , Amaya , and Mick rescue Ray from Tokugawa , who uses the Atom suit against them . They meet up with a recovered Nate , who does not want to leave Masako to Tokugawa 's mercy . They defend Masako 's village from the samurai , while Ray and Nate defeat Tokugawa by destroying the Atom suit . Nate and Amaya officially join the team . Meanwhile , Jax and Stein discover a hidden armory inside the ship and a secret message from Barry Allen from 2056 intended for Rip and forbidden from the crew . 20 `` Abominations '' Michael Allowitz Marc Guggenheim & Ray Utarnachitt November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) T13. 20004 1.75 The team learns of a time pirate stranded in the American Civil War . Upon arriving , they encounter a black man , Henry Scott , being chased by Confederate soldiers that have been turned into zombies by a virus carried by the pirate . The team defeats the group of zombies , but Henry is killed . Before his death , Henry reveals he is a Union spy assigned to steal Confederate battle plans for General Grant and asks Jax to complete his mission . The team discovers that Mick is infected with the virus and returns him to the Waverider , where Ray and Martin ultimately manage to cure him . Sara and Nate go to warn Grant about the zombies while Jax and Amaya attempt to steal the plans . Jax runs afoul of a plantation owner and is locked up . Amaya frees him and the other black prisoners . They find the plans and burn down the mansion during a zombie attack . Meanwhile , Grant 's camp is also attacked by zombies . Sara formulates a successful plan to kill them using Nate 's powers . Jax , posing as Henry Scott , gives the plans to Grant , which will ensure a Union battle victory . A grateful Mick gives Leonard Snart 's cold gun to Ray . 21 5 `` Compromised '' David Geddes Keto Shimizu & Grainne Godfree November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) T13. 20005 1.77 In 1987 , Eobard Thawne offers Damien Darhk an alliance , which Darhk declines . Aboard the Waverider , Nate discovers an aberration in 1987 involving the INF Treaty signing . The team infiltrates the White House as tourists and finds Darhk there as one of the treaty negotiators . Sara again attempts to kill him , which alerts White House security and forces the team to make a very public escape . They soon learn that Darhk is making his own secret deal with the KGB . Returning to the White House during a state dinner , they discover him and H.I.V.E. making an exchange with KGB agents for a box with an unknown item . The team defeats the H.I.V.E soldiers and the Russians . Sara confronts Darhk , but spares his life . Instead , she reveals his future to torture him : his master plan 's failure , his wife 's murder , and his own eventual death . Eobard whisks Darhk away , but not before Sara steals the box from him . She realizes the team is up against a time - traveling speedster . Unnerved by Sara 's revelation , Darhk insists on teaming up with Eobard and the two enter the time stream . 22 6 `` Outlaw Country '' Cherie Nowlan Matthew Maala & Chris Fedak November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) T13. 20006 1.85 The team learns of an aberration in Colorado , 1874 , where they save Jonah Hex from execution . He reveals that he is fighting an outlaw boss named Quentin Turnbull . Nate reveals that the aberration is Turnbull leading the Western US in its secession to form `` Turnbull Country '' . The team learns that Turnbull is extracting dwarf star , which Ray used for his A.T.O.M. suit , and that Turnbull is planning to destroy a critical mountain pass connecting the Eastern US to the West , stopping the US Army from supplying the West . While Sara and Jonah engage Turnbull , Mick and Amaya destroy the mine and Nate uses his powers to stop the train . Instead of killing Turnbull , Jonah decides to deliver him to the authorities . With the dwarf star reappropriated , Ray plans to rebuild his suit and shows Nate the suit he has made for the latter . Amaya decides to teach Mick to control his anger . Martin and Jax deduce that , due to the former 's interaction with his past self , he may have altered the past . Sara tells the team that they need to return to 2016 to help their friends . 23 7 `` Invasion ! '' Gregory Smith Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) T13. 20007 3.39 Nate , Mick , Amaya , Felicity , and Cisco travel back to the first Dominator invasion of Earth in Redmond , Oregon , 1951 . The Legends successfully capture a Dominator for information , but are themselves captured by the MIB as well as the Dominator . While in custody , they learn from the Dominator that the aliens arrived to assess the threat humanity posed now that metahumans had appeared . Felicity and Cisco rescue the Legends and help set the Dominator free . Meanwhile in Central City 2016 , the team learns that the Dominators know about Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and that they demand his surrender in exchange for peace . After the Legends return , the team discovers that the Dominators ' weapon is a bomb that will kill all metahumans on Earth with millions of collateral human casualties . The team dissuades Barry from surrendering and Cisco reconciles with him . They manage to destroy the bomb and force the Dominators to retreat using pain - inflicting nanotechnology . Cisco gives Supergirl a device to travel between their universes . Martin convinces Jax not to tell the others that his daughter , Lily , is an aberration of the timeline . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 . 24 8 `` The Chicago Way '' Ralph Hemecker Sarah Nicole Jones & Ray Utarnachitt December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) T13. 20008 2.00 Eobard , Darhk and Malcolm Merlyn arrive in Chicago , 1927 , and ally with Al Capone and his empire . Learning of the aberration , the Legends arrive and manage to keep Capone from murdering Eliot Ness . Ness is critically injured , so the team decides to obtain vital information on Capone 's operation to secure history . Meanwhile , Mick begins having hallucinations of Snart , who belittles him for acting like his teammates . Sara and Martin are abducted by Eobard during their infiltration and raid on Capone 's club . Malcolm offers Sara a chance to change her past in return for the amulet she took from Darhk in 1987 , but she refuses . The team rescues the captives , but `` Martin '' turns out to be a disguised Eobard , who searches the Waverider at super-speed for the amulet while Malcolm and Capone 's men attack the ship directly . Eobard barely escapes revenge at Amaya 's hand , but Sara surrenders the amulet for Martin 's safety . The Legends succeed in correcting the timeline . Eobard later shows his partners that the completed amulet projects a holographic map that can locate the Spear of Destiny , which is able to `` rewrite reality itself '' . They must next locate Rip Hunter , who is revealed to be working as a movie director in 1967 Los Angeles . 25 9 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' Dermott Downs Keto Shimizu & Chris Fedak January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20009 1.74 During the New York attack , Rip recovered the Spear of Destiny from the Waverider and used the time drive to escape . In the present , the team learns about the spear and arrives in Los Angeles , 1967 , where they find Darhk and Malcolm attempting to kidnap Rip , who has no memories of his previous adventures and is filming with George Lucas . Both parties escape and Rip is arrested by the police as they believe he started the fight . The team springs him from custody and takes him to the Waverider . Nate and Ray are revealed to have lost their specialities and powers since the aberration caused Lucas to quit filmmaking . While Nate , Amaya , and Ray meet Lucas to dissuade him from dropping out of school , the others learn that Lucas had a fragment of the spear . Darhk and Malcolm overpower Amaya 's party and force them to search for the fragment in a dumpster . The others arrive and a battle ensues during which they recover the fragment and the Medallion . Rip , however , is abducted by Eobard and threatened with torture by Malcolm and Darhk . Lucas returns to filmmaking and the team vows to rescue Rip . Meanwhile , Mick tells Stein about his hallucinations , but the latter eventually interprets them to be emotional , not neural . 26 10 `` The Legion of Doom '' Eric Laneuville Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20010 1.78 In Star City 2016 , Eobard and Damien recruit Malcolm just hours after the 2016 Damien is killed by Oliver . The Legion 's attempts to extract information from Rip fail repeatedly , exacerbating tensions within the group . Eobard disappears after insisting on his superiority , assigning Malcolm and Damien to access Rip 's bank safe deposit box in Switzerland 2025 , the number of which Damien found engraved on Rip 's tooth . Meanwhile , Martin recruits Lily to help the team decode the amulet . She finds out that she is an aberration and gets angry with Martin . After a failed robbery , Malcolm and Damien decide to work together against Eobard . The Legends realize that the mystery speedster is Eobard and that he needs the spear to undo his removal from existence . Damien and Malcolm break into the bank vault , finding a record of Rip 's memories . They force Eobard to tell the truth about his disappearances . He reveals that Hunter Zolomon , now the undead speedster Black Flash , has been chasing him since Flashpoint . They manage to trap the pursuing speedster in the vault and escape , with Eobard agreeing to treat the duo as his equals . Lily returns home after she and Martin reconcile , while the Legion restores Rip 's memories , albeit with `` adjustments '' . In New Jersey on Christmas Day 1776 , Rip kills George Washington . 27 11 `` Turncoat '' Alice Troughton Grainne Godfree & Matthew Maala February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20011 1.77 Rip has been brainwashed into working for the Legion . The Legends , who feel the subsequent timequake , head to Christmas Eve 1776 , to protect Washington . As Sara and Mick escort Washington to safety , Rip arrives with British troops who have been armed with modern - day assault rifles . Rip disables the team 's technology and shoots Sara in the chest , opting to take Mick and Washington prisoner . Rip then heads to the Waverider with British soldiers to retrieve the Legends ' piece of the spear . The team takes out the British . Jax holds off Rip while a shrunken Ray works to fix the Waverider . Amaya and Nate share a tender moment in the wilderness and are attacked by Hessians though they manage to defeat them ... After Mick hears that Washington will be executed in the morning , he formulates an escape plan and teaches the General what it means to be an American . Rip uses Sara as leverage to get Jax to give him the spear fragment before snapping her neck . The Waverider 's power is restored and Sara is revived in time to stop an enraged Jax from murdering Rip . Nate and Amaya save Mick and Washington , who goes on to lead his soldiers to victory in the American Revolution . Amaya tells Nate they should remain friends and the team celebrates Christmas on the Waverider . 28 12 `` Camelot / 3000 '' Antonio Negret Anderson Mackenzie February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T13. 20012 1.64 Rip finds former JSA member Dr. Mid-Nite in Detroit , 3000 , killing him and taking his spear fragment . Gideon locates the next fragment in Medieval England , 507 A.D. , the age of King Arthur . Amaya recognizes Merlin as Stargirl , her former comrade in the JSA . She explains that Hunter joined the JSA on their final mission to secure the spear . He divided it into four pieces for more safety . The Legion abducts Arthur and controls his mind using a device taken from 3000 in order to enter Camelot , threatening to destroy it unless the spear is brought to them . Sara persuades Guinevere to help them fight back while Amaya convinces Stargirl , who is in love with Arthur , to entrust her with the fragment . Upon learning that Ray has joined Guinevere 's army , the team devises a plan to reverse the effects of the device and Arthur subdues Rip . Ray engages Damien and gets shot , but survives due to his suit 's armor . In the changed history , Ray is revealed to have become a knight . Imprisoned in the brig , Rip contacts Gideon , whose programming maintains loyalty to him . 29 13 `` Land of the Lost '' Ralph Hemecker Keto Shimizu & Ray Utarnachitt March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20013 1.54 Rip issues an override order to Gideon to activate the Waverider 's self - destruct sequence , but the team manages to reboot Gideon and stop it . They crash land in the Cretaceous period and Ray , Amaya , and Nate venture out to recover a lost timeship part . Mick suggests using a Time Master method of mental programming to travel inside Rip 's mind and discover the location of Commander Steel and the final piece of the spear . Sara and Jax travel inside Rip 's mind , encountering Savage 's men , evil versions of themselves , Gideon in human form , and a trapped Rip . Ray , Nate , and Amaya retrieve the missing part with Amaya using her abilities to stop a dinosaur from attacking them . Nate and Amaya start to develop mutual feelings , but Ray advises against this , reminding Nate that Amaya 's granddaughter will eventually inherit her abilities . Sara , Jax , and Gideon free Rip 's consciousness before Sara and Jax return to reality . Rip shares a kiss with the human Gideon before returning to reality and resuming his role as Captain , informing the team that he does know the location of Commander Steel and the last piece of the spear . Meanwhile in 1970 , Jack Swigert , Apollo 13 's Command Module Pilot , has a meeting with a doctor revealed to be Eobard Thawne . 30 14 `` Moonshot '' Kevin Mock Grainne Godfree March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20014 1.34 The Legends head to NASA in 1970 , where Henry Heywood works as a consultant . Henry reveals that he hid his spear fragment in the flag left by Apollo 11 on the moon and that the Apollo 13 mission is going exactly as planned . Thawne , posing as Jack Swigert , incapacitates the other astronauts . Ray boards the Apollo command module and restrains Thawne before retrieving the spear fragment . The Waverider is damaged when Sara uses the ship to shield the Apollo craft from meteors , stranding Ray on the moon . Ray and Thawne launch themselves off the moon and are caught by the Waverider . The team return to Earth intact after Henry sacrifices himself by opening one of the Waverider 's outer hatches , being sucked outside the ship . Nate , disappointed that he was n't able to create a potentially better life for his family , passes on a message from Henry to his teenage father . Sara and Rip seem to clash over how to captain the ship , but eventually reach an understanding . Amaya asks Gideon to show her the fate of her village and her family , revealing the destruction of her village and existence of her granddaughter Mari , the present - day Vixen . 31 15 `` Fellowship of the Spear '' Ben Bray Keto Shimizu & Matthew Maala March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20015 1.72 The Legends steal the remaining spear fragment . Upon it becoming whole again , the spear 's writings reveal it can be destroyed by the blood of Jesus Christ . Rip prevents the Waverider from traveling to the Crucifixion , warning that going back to such a significant event is too risky . Nate reveals that J.R.R. Tolkien researched Sir Gawain , who supposedly possessed some of Christ 's blood . They find Tolkien at the Battle of the Somme . Tolkien takes the Legends to a grave , where they are attacked by Darhk and a past version of Snart , who has been recruited to the Legion . Tolkien acquires a map before escaping with the others . Amaya , tempted by the Spear 's power , suggests using the spear to erase the Legion from reality , but the idea is rejected . Using the map and the spear , the blood is tracked to no man 's land . Rip creates a temporary ceasefire , during which the Legends acquire the blood . They are confronted by Darhk and Snart , who convince Mick to give them the spear and join the Legion . Snart retriggers the battle , allowing for their escape and the destruction of the blood . The Legends manage to escape back to the Waverider and discuss the possibility that the Legion may not know how to use the Spear . Malcolm returns to the Legion with the Kalebros Manuscript which they must use to activate the spear . 32 16 `` Doomworld '' Mairzee Almas Ray Utarnachitt & Sarah Hernandez March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20016 1.59 In the new reality , Thawne is the CEO of S.T.A.R. Labs and has captured the Black Flash , Darhk is the corrupt mayor of Star City , Merlyn gets his hand back and his family is alive , and Snart and Rory control Central City but still answer to Thawne as their superior . Ray , Stein , and Jax work in S.T.A.R. Labs where Jax abuses Stein . Sara and Amaya work as Darhk 's enforcers and Nate is a conspiracy theorist . A depressed Rip is held prisoner onboard the Waverider by Thawne and is the only member of the Legends unaffected by the changes to the timeline . Mick , unsatisfied with this reality , takes Nate to re-assemble the Legends , using a gun Ray created to restore the Legends ' memories . Stein , in an effort to stand up to Jax , breaks the gun after the latter attempts to use it on him . The Legends attempt to reclaim the Spear before Thawne can use Stein 's incinerator to destroy it , cementing the new reality . Darhk , Merlyn , and Snart ally against Thawne to take the Spear for themselves . In the ensuing fight , Amaya is killed by Snart while attempting to restore reality . Thawne destroys the Spear , trapping everyone in his reality . The Legends decide to stop the Legion by travelling to 1916 and taking the Spear before the Legion does . At S.T.A.R. Labs , Rip and the Waverider are shown to be miniaturized on Thawne 's desk . 33 17 `` Aruba '' Rob Seidenglanz Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) T13. 20017 1.52 The Legends regain contact with Rip and the Waverider , which Ray de-miniaturizes . The team returns to 1916 to steal the Spear before the Legion can use it . Thawne arrives from the altered reality . He destroys the blood of Christ , kills `` future Ray , '' and informs the past Legion members about the future Legends . The Legends end up interacting with their past selves . The resulting time storm prevents the use of the past Waverider to escape . Shortly after , they are ambushed by Merlyn , Darhk , and Snart . During the subsequent battle , the future Legends are killed by the Legion except Sara and Rip , while the Legion is incapacitated by the past Legends . Thawne arrives with numerous time remnants of himself to fight the team , killing future Rip . Sara takes the Spear and consults a manifestation of Laurel . Eobard steals and attempts to use the Spear , only to learn Sara depowered the Spear and released the Black Flash . Eobard is erased from existence , along with the Spear of Destiny , while future Sara fades from existence . Nate convinces Amaya to stay , while Rip leaves the team . The Legends leave the Legion in their respective places throughout the timeline and , at Mick 's request , set off for Aruba . However , they arrive in Los Angeles , with dinosaurs in the streets and buildings present from other points of history . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 34 `` Aruba - Con '' Rob Seidenglanz Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20601 1.71 In the altered Los Angeles , the Legends encounter Rip , who reveals that he has created the `` Time Bureau '' to replace the Time Masters ' Council . Bureau agents fix the `` anachronisms '' and Rip disbands the Legends . Six months later , the Legends are living normal lives , nostalgic for their previous adventures . In Aruba , Mick captures Julius Caesar and informs Sara , who takes Ray and Nate on a quest to prove their worth to the Bureau . After delivering the wrong man and being dismissed by Rip , the Legends , joined by Jax and a reluctant Stein , steal the Waverider and capture the real Caesar . When Rip demands they deliver Caesar to the Bureau and let the Bureau fix the anachronism , the Legends choose to return Caesar to 49 BC themselves . During the return , Caesar steals Nate 's history book and uses this knowledge to conquer the world . The Bureau arrives and seizes control of the operation . During an excursion to retrieve the book , Agent Sharpe is captured , forcing Rip to allow the Legends to fix the anachronism . Later , Rip tells Sharpe that the Legends could be useful in neutralizing `` Mallus . '' In 1942 Zambesi , Amaya , with significantly improved powers , attacks a group of poachers . 35 `` Freakshow '' Kevin Tancharoen Keto Shimizu & Grainne Godfree October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20602 1.58 Six months ago , Amaya learnt of Mari 's vigilantism and suddenly left Nate . In the present , the Legends head to a petty anachronism in 1870 Wisconsin , when they come across a circus fronted by P.T. Barnum , who has captured an extinct sabertooth tiger . Ray 's shrinking device malfunctions , leading to the enlargement and escape of the sabertooth . Sara visits Amaya and convinces her to return , much to Nate 's displeasure . While Nate , Ray , and Jax visit an inn , Amaya and Sara shrink and capture the sabertooth . Intoxicated due to his depression over his relationship with Amaya , Nate tells Barnum about their powers . Intending to use them for his shows , Barnum captures Ray and Jax while Nate informs the Legends . Amaya tells him that she had to leave 2017 in order to preserve Mari 's existence . While Sara engages with Sharpe on the Waverider , the Legends attack the show and rescue their teammates , removing the anachronism . Nate reconciles with Amaya , who tells the Legends that she has begun to lose control of her animal powers , resulting in psychopathic behavior . Sara tells the Legends about the Mallus threat , which they do not take seriously considering their previous accomplishments . A follower of Mallus summons Kuasa , Mari 's sister . 36 `` Zari '' Mairzee Almas James Eagan & Ray Utarnachitt October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20603 1.43 In Seattle , 2042 , Time Bureau Agent Gary discovers hydrokinetic assassin Kuasa pursuing Zari , a hacktivist , and sends a distress signal . The Legends receive it and find Seattle under martial law imposed by A.R.G.U.S. , which is hunting down metahumans . They find Zari , who demands help in rescuing her brother from prison in exchange for finding Kuasa . Amaya is uncertain about her powers , so Stein and Nate seek a solution , with Nate synthesizing a Zambesi hallucinogen . She uses it to have a vision with an ancestor , who advises her to trust the increasing strength . While Jax initiates an unplanned prison break , Zari retrieves her brother 's amulet , admitting his murder by A.R.G.U.S. , and ditches the team . Ray pursues her to a campsite where her family was to rendezvous . Kuasa attacks the duo while Sharpe pursues the Waverider in the timestream . The Legends arrive and Amaya , now in control of her powers , defeats Kuasa , who vanishes using a mystical item and implies she is a descendant of hers . Sharpe warns Sara that , if the Legends are arrested , they would be banished to the `` dawn of time . '' Amaya decides to stay and recruits Zari to the team . In 1988 , a young Ray encounters an unknown creature . 37 `` Phone Home '' Kevin Mock Matthew Maala October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20604 1.38 Ray suddenly disappears from the Waverider and Gideon reveals that he died around Halloween of 1988 . The Legends travel to 1988 , when Ray reappears and finds his younger self has adopted a baby Dominator . Eventually , government agents take the baby Dominator , leading Ray , young Ray , and Zari to break in and rescue it while Sara , Nate , and Amaya discover the Dominator 's mother has returned to retrieve her child . The baby uses mind control to distract the agents and the Legends get it back to its mother , who leaves in peace . When young Ray gets picked on by bullies on Halloween , the Legends show up and defend him . Meanwhile , Jax and Mick learn that Stein is anxious to be present for the birth of his grandchild and help him with it , `` borrowing '' the Waverider . Later , Jax asks Ray to help him figure out a way to split Firestorm so that Stein may have a normal life . 38 5 `` Return of the Mack '' Alexandra La Roche Grainne Godfree & Morgan Faust November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20605 1.52 Nate discovers a pattern to the anachronisms , with two `` outliers '' : Kuasa 's attack and the other being a suspected vampire attack in Victorian London . The Legends arrive and meet up with Rip , who is investigating a conspiracy involving Mallus , an ancient archenemy of the Time Masters ; he believes that the outlying anachronisms are examples of Mallus 's work . They discover Darhk 's body - which apparently fell through a temporal rift into this time period - and Zari encounters a follower of Mallus called Madame Eleanor , who steals her amulet , working with a Victorian occult society which includes Stein 's ancestor Sir Henry Stein among its members . Rip traps the Legends aboard the Waverider to protect them before attending Darhk 's resurrection , which Eleanor achieves using the amulet . The Legends arrive and engage Darhk and Eleanor , who escape eventually . Sara reports Rip to the Bureau , who promptly arrest him , re-legitimizing the Legends in exchange . Rip warns Sara about Mallus 's importance . Meanwhile , Jax has Ray attempt to sever his psychic connection with Stein as a precursor to breaking their physical link as Firestorm , but suffers a side effect of short - term memory loss . Stein finds out and eventually decides to help them . 39 6 `` Helen Hunt '' David Geddes Keto Shimizu & Ubah Mohamed November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20606 1.53 Martin , Jax and Ray attempt to transfer Firestorm to Jax . It fails and causes a body swap . The Legends track an anachronism to 1937 Hollywood , revealed to be Helen of Troy . While attempting to extract Helen at a party , the team encounter Darhk , Eleanor , and Kuasa . Darhk tells Sara that he will spare the Legends ' lives if they cease time travel . Meanwhile , Stein meets Hedy Lamarr and the other male Legends start a fight over Helen . The female Legends privately confront Helen . She refuses to return to Troy , citing the misery of men dying over her . The female Legends eventually obtain Helen . The Waverider breaks down . Lamarr 's switch from actress to operator means she no longer invents FHSS . To fix this , Stein goes to Lamarr 's workplace which results in a confrontation with Darhk . Amaya and Zari guard the Waverider while the remaining Legends assist Stein . Sara duels Dahrk while the remaining Legends are beaten by Eleanor . Lamarr tells Jax and Stein to merge which will allow them to return to their bodies . Firestorm defeats Darhk and Eleanor . On the ship , Amaya and Helen defeat Kuasa . The three retreat . A sympathetic Zari takes Helen to Themyscira instead of Troy . 40 7 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Mairzee Almas Ray Utarnachitt & Tyron B. Carter November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20607 1.49 With Sara still in a coma , the Legends choose to investigate creature attacks during the Vietnam War . Zari , Ray , and Amaya , posing as journalists , meet a woman who will show them the creature ; revealed to be a time displaced Gorilla Grodd . Meanwhile , Nate and Mick are captured by a squad led by Mick 's father , Dick Rory . On the Waverider , Stein discusses how to separate Firestorm with Isaac Newton . Jax walks in on their discussion and learns that Firestorm can be separated , but it would depower Jax . The anachronism increases in intensity , revealing Grodd 's plan to wipe out humanity by killing President Johnson and starting World War III . Jax , inspired by a powerless Sara 's abilities , saves Johnson from a minefield . After failing to capture Grodd , Amaya uses her powers to negotiate with him , but is thwarted when Dick 's squad attacks . Grodd decides to steal the Waverider and wipe humanity from the timeline . His attempt fails and seemingly falls to his death . Back at Grodd 's compound , Mick stops his father from massacring Grodd 's prisoners and comes to peace with his relationship with his father . The team returns to the ship as Sara emerges from her coma . In 2017 , Grodd is approached by Darhk . 41 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 4 '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Keto Shimizu November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20608 2.80 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kara is saved from Thawne by Ray , while Nate releases everyone from the pipeline . On Earth - X , Stein activates the temporal gateway 's portal before succumbing to his injuries . Jax bonds with Stein to get him through the portal , along with Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Ray Terrill , and Leo Snart ( Leonard Snart 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . Members of all the teams face off against Earth - X Metallo , while Felicity and Kara are cornered by Dark Arrow before Oliver saves them . Stein is kept alive by his connection to Jax , but it is slowly killing them both . Stein severs their connection and dies from his injuries ; Jax delivers the news to Clarissa and Lily . Dark Arrow offers a truce to the team , saying they will leave in peace if the team surrenders Supergirl . Oliver refuses and the team battles the Earth - X doppelgängers and their forces . Caitlin , Amaya , and Zari infiltrate the Nazis ' timeship Wellenreiter to disable its shields so that Harry and Cisco can destroy it with the Waverider . Barry defeats Thawne but allows him to escape , unwilling to kill him . Supergirl battles Overgirl , but when Overgirl goes nuclear , Kara flies her into space to detonate . Oliver subsequently kills his doppelgänger . Ray returns to Earth - X , but Snart chooses to stay . The team holds a funeral for Stein . The Legends , Kara , and Alex depart back to their own lives . Barry and Iris are officially married by Diggle , who also marries Oliver and Felicity . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and continues on The Flash season 4 episode 8 . 42 9 `` Beebo the God of War '' Kevin Mock Grainne Godfree & James Eagan December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T13. 20609 1.61 The team searches down another anachronism , which turns out to be a young Martin Stein , displaced in the time of Vikings . Martin buying a Beebo cuddly toy as a Hanukkah present for his daughter when he was displaced , causing the Vikings to believe that the Beebo is the God of War . Damien Darhk shows up , worrying Sara , but the team eventually manages to set time right again . Despite Jax 's attempts to tell young Stein of his future self 's death , Stein already deduced it based on his counterpart 's absence . Stein , not wanting to cheat death and aware that he has a wonderful future , decides not to learn the details of his impending death , accepts his fate and to spend the years he has left dedicated to his loved ones . With the present Stein dead and his Firestorm powers gone , Jax chooses to leave the team , but is surprised by them and joins everyone for Christmas . Sara and Jax part on good terms and Jax departs for pastures new . On returning to the Waverider , Sara is greeted by John Constantine who claims he needs her and her team 's help with a demon who knows her name and is controlling a little girl . 43 10 `` Daddy Darhkest '' Dermott Downs Keto Shimizu & Matthew Maala February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) T13. 20610 1.51 John Constantine explains to the Legends about the demon , which Sara reveals to him is Mallus . While John insists they leave it to him , Sara proclaims that they are coming as well . The little girl is Damien Darhk 's daughter Nora , and is being held in an insane asylum in 2017 and while they try and help Nora she is possessed by Mallus and sends the trio of Sara , John and Leo to 1969 . While possessed by Mallus , Nora is revealed to have extraordinary abilities , prompting Sara to once again enter Mallus ' realm to rescue Nora while trapped in 1969 and they try to recreate the symbol that Mallus created that sent them through time to successfully return home . Nora is promptly reclaimed by Damien Darhk , claiming she will soon be used for his full resurrection . With the demon dealt with , Constantine departs from the Waverider , thanking Sara for her help . Leonard also departs , thanking Mick for the adventure . Sara calls up Ava to compare notes , only to be told by Ava that Rip Hunter has escaped from the Time Bureau . Throughout this episode , Amaya tries to talk with Kuasa , but when Nate intervenes , a fight breaks out , which ends in her escape . 44 11 `` Here I Go Again '' Ben Bray Ray Utarnachitt & Morgan Faust February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) T13. 20611 1.40 A mission goes wrong , causing the crew to yell at each other . Zari attempts to repair the ship , but gets covered in goo and seemingly activates a program that blows up the Waverider , before seemingly re-experiencing events from earlier that day . The day seemingly keeps repeating , with Zari experiencing the same events over and over , learning mysterious secrets about the team , such as Mick 's writing ability . Eventually , the team discover Time Agent Gary on board , who has been causing the repetitions . Mick destroys Gary 's device , but Gary tells them the repeats were the only thing saving them from death . When the ship is next set to explode , Zari seals herself in the study and uses her powers to try and contain the blast . She reappears in an empty Waverider , where she encounters Gideon 's human form , who reassures her that she 's in the med bay and alive . She tells Zari that she transported her into her program to show her she ca n't save 2042 without the Legends . Zari admits to Sara that she was researching historical loop holes to see if she could save her brother , which Sara reassures her might be possible . In Yunnan Province , China , the recently escaped Rip Hunter tracks down Wally West . 45 12 `` The Curse of the Earth Totem '' Chris Tammaro Grainne Godfree & Ubah Mohamed February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) T13. 20612 1.51 The team reviews the list of totems and decides to find the Fire Totem first ; however , Damien Darhk retrieves it first , making it a tie where each side has two totems . Sara goes on a date with Ava . While she is away , the team takes the Waverider to 1700s Bahamas , landing in the Bermuda Triangle . There they encounter a pirate crew , led by Edward Teach , which includes Darhk , who steals Amaya 's totem . After learning of the team 's trouble , Sara abandons her date with Ava to help them . The Waverider is attacked by cannonballs and boarded by Blackbeard and his crew , though Ava comes to help Sara fight them off . Most of the team escapes ; however , Ray wracked with guilt , returns in hopes of making up a wrong he did towards Nora Darhk , in exchange for Amaya 's totem . Ray is captured by the Darhks . Wally helps Rip neutralize a Time Agent , and gets Rip 's trench coat back from the Time Bureau . The two get drunk and sing karaoke in 1992 . Rip tells Wally that maybe it 's time he went out to seek adventure . 46 13 `` No Country for Old Dads '' Viet Nguyen Keto Shimizu & James Eagan March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) T13. 20613 1.19 Damien instructs Nora and a hostage Ray to travel to 1962 Berlin to retrieve information about cold fusion , which can be used to fix the Fire Totem . Rip brings Wally to the Legends , and they try to work out their next move . Nora corrupts Amaya 's totem , and the Legends learn that the Darhks are creating anachronisms to weaken Mallus ' cage to eventually free him into the world . Damien saves Nora from his younger self , and she gains control over the totem . When cornered by Nora , Ray blasts a hole in the Berlin Wall , causing another anachronism , allowing the Legends to locate him . Wally rescues Ray and takes the Fire Totem . Director Bennett is murdered by Grodd , making Ava the senior officer at the Time Bureau , allowing Rip to return to work . Wally intends to go with Rip and Ava , but Sara convinces him to stay with the Legends , which Rip congratulates him on . Before leaving , Rip instructs Gideon to delete Ava 's file , claiming Sara must never know Ava 's secret . Mallus gains control over Nora behind Damien 's back . 47 14 `` Amazing Grace '' David Geddes Matthew Maala & Tyron B. Carter March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) T13. 20614 1.26 Wally moves into the Waverider , and proceeds to annoy everyone with his superspeed . The team soon discover differences aboard the ship , such as Nate 's hair , Mick 's rat 's name and Zari 's game . Tracking the anachronism , they find that mass panic was caused in Memphis in 1954 , during a performance by Elvis Presley . Once there , they discover that Presley 's guitar contains the final totem , the Death Totem . Things start to go wrong , when Presley admits he might be considering quitting music after the death of his brother . The team bring the guitar back to the Waverider , but start seeing a ghostly presence . Eventually , they are able to secure the Death Totem , and convince Elvis to continue pursuing music . Amaya plays Nate some music from Zambesi . The sealed box containing the Death Totem seems to shake . 48 15 `` Necromancing the Stone '' April Mullen Grainne Godfree & Morgan Faust March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) T13. 20615 1.25 Sara is enticed to open the box and wear the Death Totem , her body once again falling under the control of Mallus , while her mind is trapped in his realm , with a vision of Nora . The team try to fight her off , but her new mystical abilities prove difficult to contain . Upon learning of Sara 's situation , Ava and Gary track down John Constantine to try and help . Meanwhile , one by one the legends try to stop Sara , but are each taken out , leaving Nate , Amaya , and Rory to stop her . While in Mallus ' domain , Sara sees visions of what made her the woman she is at the same time as Nora tries to convince her to join Mallus . Nate tries to get to the Earth Totem to use it , but is confronted by Sara , and defeated . Learning that Sara is using the Death Totem , John attempts to enter Mallus ' realm , but Mallus blocks him . Mallus tries to trick John into sacrificing Sara to save the little girl Astra , but John sees through the ruse . Amaya convinces Mick to wield the Fire Totem , which is enough to stun Sara , allowing Constantine and Ava to release her from Mallus ' control . Fearing that she might hurt Ava , Sara breaks up with her in order to protect her . 49 16 `` I , Ava '' Dean Choe Ray Utarnachitt & Daphne Miles March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) T13. 20616 1.28 Sara contemplates leaving the team after her breakup with Ava , only to find out from Gary that Ava has n't been to work in a few days . Sara , Ray and Gary travel to Ava 's home , only to find that Ava 's parents are actors , paid to play a constant role . The three travel to 2213 , where they find Ava is actually a clone mass produced by a conglomerate . The three are apprehended by multiple Ava clones , but are saved by the original Ava . Zari teaches Mick to use the Fire Totem . Amaya , with a temporary truce with Kuasa , manages to reclaim her totem , but Nate is captured and `` tortured '' by Damien Darhk . However , it is revealed that Darhk misses how his little girl used to be before Mallus . He is later caught by his daughter faking the torture . Amaya , Wally and Kuasa rescue Nate and confront Nora , but Nora rips the Water Totem out of Kuasa , killing her . Driven by grief and guilt , Amaya goes back to 1992 Zambesi to change her family 's fate . Ava and Sara realize Rip deleted Ava 's file from the Bureau and decide to find out why . 50 17 `` Guest Starring John Noble '' Ralph Hemecker Keto Shimizu & James Eagan April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) T13. 20617 1.23 The Legends stop Gorilla Grodd from killing future president Barack Obama in the 1980s , preventing another anachronism and further delaying Mallus 's release . Damien realizes that Nora will be killed when Mallus is released from his prison , causing him to temporarily ally himself with the Legends . By getting actor John Noble to impersonate the voice of Mallus , the team tricks Nora onto the Waverider and contains her . Ava asks Rip if he knew that she was a clone ; Rip reveals that she is the 12th Ava clone he has recruited , because she is such a talented agent . Amaya returns to 1992 Zambesi to change history and secure her family 's future . Nate , rather than try to convince her to return , elects to help her instead . Sara decides to allow this to happen , causing the final anachronism that will free Mallus , having concluded that the only way to stop the demon is to release him . She gives Damien the Death Totem , while the rest of the team chooses to wield their own individual totems . Damien realizes that Nora is still alive within Mallus and releases Grodd to destroy Zambesi , preventing Mallus ' release . Nate subdues Grodd with the Earth Totem . Mallus breaks free from his prison , revealing his frightening true form . 51 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Cuddly '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Phil Klemmer April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) T13. 20618 1.41 Mallus demands the Legends hand over the six totems . Rip sacrifices himself to allow the team to get away , fleeing to the town of Salvation in the Old West . An army of Romans , Vikings , and Pirates soon arrives , threatening to destroy the town unless the Legends surrender the totems . Ray and Damien travel to when Mallus was released from Nora ; Damien frees Nora from Mallus ' hold , causing Mallus to possess and kill Damien in order to be released . Back the Old West , the Legends ally with Jonah Hex , along with Helen of Troy , Jax , Nora , and an alternate Kuasa . The team saves the town from the army . Mallus arrives for the totems ; Sara , Mick , Amaya , Nate , Zari , and Wally combine the totems ' energies to create the ultimate warrior : an enlarged Beebo . Beebo battles and kills Mallus . In the aftermath , Nora is arrested by the Time Bureau , but Ray gives her the Time Stone so that she can escape . Amaya returns to Zambesi in order to live her life , but chooses not to wipe her memories . The Legends ' vacation in 2018 Aruba is interrupted when John Constantine arrives , revealing that Mallus was not the only demon that was released . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot , Part 1 '' January 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.21 0.9 2.03 2.1 5.24 `` Pilot , Part 2 '' January 28 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.89 0.8 1.64 1.9 4.54 `` Blood Ties '' February 4 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.32 0.7 1.63 1.6 3.95 `` White Knights '' February 7 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.6 1.40 1.5 3.80 5 `` Fail - Safe '' February 18 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.25 0.7 1.47 1.5 3.71 6 `` Star City 2046 '' February 25 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.88 7 `` Marooned '' March 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.28 N / A 1.32 N / A 3.60 8 `` Night of the Hawk '' March 10 , 2016 0.7 / 2 2.01 0.6 1.21 1.3 3.23 9 `` Left Behind '' March 31 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.97 0.5 1.17 1.2 3.14 10 `` Progeny '' April 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.88 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.23 11 `` The Magnificent Eight '' April 14 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.98 0.5 1.19 1.2 3.19 12 `` Last Refuge '' April 21 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.78 0.6 1.22 1.2 3.00 13 `` Leviathan '' April 28 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.86 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.19 14 `` River of Time '' May 5 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.5 1.15 1.1 2.78 15 `` Destiny '' May 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.89 0.5 1.18 1.2 3.08 16 `` Legendary '' May 19 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.85 0.5 1.28 1.2 3.13 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Out of Time '' October 13 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.82 0.6 1.19 1.2 3.01 `` The Justice Society of America '' October 20 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.80 N / A 1.03 N / A 2.83 `` Shogun '' October 27 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.96 1.0 2.71 `` Abominations '' November 3 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.99 1.0 2.74 5 `` Compromised '' November 10 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.77 0.4 0.98 1.0 2.75 6 `` Outlaw Country '' November 17 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.85 0.5 N / A 1.1 N / A 7 `` Invasion ! '' December 1 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.39 0.7 1.84 1.9 5.24 8 `` The Chicago Way '' December 8 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.00 0.5 1.17 1.2 3.17 9 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' January 24 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.74 N / A 1.14 N / A 2.94 10 `` The Legion of Doom '' January 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.78 0.5 1.19 1.2 2.96 11 `` Turncoat '' February 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.77 N / A 1.10 N / A 2.87 12 `` Camelot / 3000 '' February 21 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.64 0.5 1.06 1.1 2.70 13 `` Land of the Lost '' March 7 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.5 1.07 1.0 2.61 14 `` Moonshot '' March 14 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.3 1.01 0.8 2.35 15 `` Fellowship of the Spear '' March 21 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.72 N / A 0.98 N / A 2.70 16 `` Doomworld '' March 28 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.59 0.5 1.01 1.0 2.60 17 `` Aruba '' April 4 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 N / A 0.87 N / A 2.39 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Aruba - Con '' October 10 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.71 0.4 1.14 1.0 2.85 `` Freakshow '' October 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.58 0.4 0.97 0.9 2.55 `` Zari '' October 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.38 `` Phone Home '' October 31 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.5 1.04 0.9 2.42 5 `` Return of the Mack '' November 7 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.52 0.4 1.02 0.9 2.54 6 `` Helen Hunt '' November 14 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.59 7 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' November 21 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.49 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.57 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 4 '' November 28 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.80 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.62 9 `` Beebo the God of War '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 N / A 0.99 N / A 2.61 10 `` Daddy Darhkest '' February 12 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Here I Go Again '' February 19 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` The Curse of the Earth Totem '' February 26 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` No Country for Old Dads '' March 5 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.05 14 `` Amazing Grace '' March 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.26 0.3 0.78 0.7 2.03 15 `` Necromancing the Stone '' March 19 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.25 0.3 0.85 0.7 2.10 16 `` I , Ava '' March 26 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.77 N / A 2.04 17 `` Guest Starring John Noble '' April 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.3 0.80 0.7 2.04 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Cuddly '' April 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.41 0.3 0.74 0.7 2.16 Home media ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C August 23 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , deleted scenes , gag reels and highlights from Comic - Con . August 15 , 2017 August 14 , 2017 August 16 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DC Comics Specials Preview The CW 's ' Legends Of Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' to follow the Super Bowl on CTV '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Scandal ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Television on Twitter : `` The team sets a course for the Old West . Watch DC 's # LegendsOfTomorrow at a special time tonight at 8 / 7c ! '' `` . Twitter . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius ' , other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' Great Indoors ' , ' Baking Show ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts up plus final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' , ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : `` Welcome to the Jungle Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' This Is Us ' , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 on Blu - ray from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow - Official Warner Press Release , Street Date for ' The Complete 2nd Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Harrison Wells Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Alex Danvers Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Constantine Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_episodes&oldid=843209982 '' Categories : Arrowverse Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season 1 of legends of tomorrow	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nAverage viewership\n(in millions)\n\n\n\n1\n16\nJanuary 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)\nMay 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)\n135\n3.16[2]\n\n\n\n2\n17\nOctober 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)\nApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)\n141\n2.57[3]\n\n\n\n3\n18\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\nApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)\n170\n2.24[4]\n\n" ]	[ "16" ]
3835387740044413452	I Am Jazz	I Am Jazz - Wikipedia I Am Jazz Jump to : navigation , search I Am Jazz Also known as All That Jazz Genre Reality Starring Jazz Jennings and family Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 Production Executive producer ( s ) Aengus James Colin King Miller David St. John Producer ( s ) Taylor Garbutt Jared Goode ( Segment Producer ) Location ( s ) Coral Springs , Florida , United States Editor ( s ) Eric Johannsen Camera setup Meagan Stockemer Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) This Is Just a Test Release Original network TLC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Official website I Am Jazz ( announced as All That Jazz ) is an American reality television series on TLC about a transgender girl named Jazz Jennings . The series features Jazz and her family `` dealing with typical teen drama through the lens of a transgender youth . '' I Am Jazz premiered on July 15 , 2015 , and has received positive reviews . The fourth season premiered on January 2 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Broadcast 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis Jazz Jennings , a South Florida teen , was assigned male at birth . Aged 4 , Jennings was diagnosed with gender dysphoria in childhood , making her one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as gender dysphoric . Her parents , Greg and Jeanette , decided to support her female gender identity by her fifth birthday . Jazz has been in the spotlight since 2007 , when at age 6 , she was interviewed by Barbara Walters to discuss her gender identity . She participated in follow - up interviews , launched a foundation , and co-wrote a book , also called I Am Jazz . She has also posted videos about her life on YouTube . I Am Jazz focuses on the `` Jennings '' family ( the surname `` Jennings '' is a pseudonym , and any reference to the family 's exact location is obscured ) and their day - to - day lives . Jazz , who is about to go into high school , grapples with the usual teen angst in addition to her own challenges as a transgender girl . Her family , which includes her three siblings , parents and grandparents , also talk about their experiences . Production The 11 - part series involved filming five days a week , including both days on the weekend . The series was initially called All That Jazz , but was retitled to I Am Jazz . The show takes its title from a 2011 documentary , I Am Jazz : A Family in Transition , that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network . The one - hour series premiere of I Am Jazz first aired at the same time Caitlyn Jenner was giving her acceptance speech for the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 ESPY Awards on ABC . Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 8 June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 8 June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 8 January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) Episodes Season 1 ( 2015 ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` All About Jazz '' July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1.36 One - hour series premiere . Jazz 's family talk about Jazz 's life and her insistence from an early age that she was a girl , and the struggles and confusion they faced . Jazz goes bathing suit shopping with Ari , and struggles to find a flattering suit ; Jazz talks with her brothers about her insecurities over her body . Jazz 's maternal grandparents stop by and talk about their shock in learning Jazz was transgender . Jazz and Jeanette visit the doctor to discuss results of Jazz 's hormone tests . `` Boys Are n't Nice to Her '' July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 1.02 Ari is coming back from college for the summer , and the twins have to go back to sharing a room ; their parents let them and Jazz makeover their rooms . Jazz feels her room is too girly and needs to match her age . Jeanette is emotional about Jazz growing up and no longer being her `` baby . '' Jazz and her friends host a coed bowling night , but few boys come . She is hurt when she finds out one boy refused to come because she is transgender ; Jazz talks about facing rejection as her friends start dating and how boys come up to her friends but ignore her . Jeanette is very worried about the social situations Jazz will face in high school . `` High School Is Wild Fire '' July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 1.08 Jazz attends a soccer conditioning clinic in preparation for high school . Her parents and coach discuss whether she should try out for the varsity or junior varsity squad when she enters high school . Greg stresses that he just wants Jazz to be happy . Jeanette worries that Jazz , who was barred from playing in the girls ' league for several years , is scarred from the experience . `` I Thought It Was a Choice '' July 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 0.911 Jazz believes she chose to be a girl , but she finds out it was not the case , when she was still a boy she would wear dresses in private , revealing that without knowing or remembering , Jazz had always truly been a girl . 5 `` Am I Doing the Right Thing ? '' July 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 0.886 6 `` Happy Mother 's Day ! '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 0.870 7 `` I 'm Ready to Explore Boys '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 0.897 8 `` So the Dad is Now Mom ? '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 0.766 9 `` We Do n't Read the Comments '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 0.690 10 `` Baby Jazz Is Growing Up '' August 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) 0.698 11 `` The Family Tells All '' August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 0.780 Season 2 ( 2016 ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1 ( 12 ) `` The Hate is Real '' June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 1.048 2 ( 13 ) `` I Looked Like a Man in a Dress '' June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 0.971 3 ( 14 ) `` It 's Either Surgery or Male Puberty '' June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 0.987 4 ( 15 ) `` Your Body May Be Rejecting the Implant '' June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 1.334 5 ( 16 ) `` Confronted with Hate '' July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) 1.181 6 ( 17 ) `` She 's Too Young for Breast Surgery '' July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 0.996 7 ( 18 ) `` We Scare Most Boys '' July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1.022 8 ( 19 ) `` Teenage Angst and Broken Hearts '' July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1.110 Season 3 ( 2017 ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1 ( 20 ) `` Bottoms Up '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.386 2 ( 21 ) `` Double Trouble '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 0.942 3 ( 22 ) `` Getting to the Bottom of It '' July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 0.886 4 ( 23 ) `` Sweet Sixteen '' July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 0.982 5 ( 24 ) `` Dating in the Dark '' July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 0.759 6 ( 25 ) `` Face Your Demons '' July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.832 7 ( 26 ) `` Dating in the Light '' August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 0.863 8 ( 27 ) `` In the Line of Fire '' August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 0.850 Season 4 ( 2018 ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1 ( 28 ) `` Winds of Change '' January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 1.118 2 ( 29 ) `` Weighty Issues '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.855 3 ( 30 ) `` Resisting Temptation '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.821 4 ( 31 ) `` Big Trouble in the Big Apple '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.778 5 ( 32 ) `` Trans Girl Meets Girl '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.835 6 ( 33 ) `` Pizza Rolls , Gender Roles , and Jazz Rolls '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.849 7 ( 34 ) `` Hungry for Acceptance '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.740 8 ( 35 ) `` Nothing Is Set in Stone '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.818 Reception Critic Brian Lowry of Variety praised I Am Jazz , calling it a `` sensitively constructed series ( in an admirable departure for the attention - seeking network ) ... Simply told and heartfelt , the show should add a welcome dimension to the education process , capturing the challenges associated with sexual identity at such a vulnerable age . '' James Poniewozik , in his review for Time magazine , stated that the reality show airing on the same network that recently pulled 19 Kids and Counting off the air feels like a `` change of an era . '' Poniewozik writes , `` I Am Jazz is an engaging story of a teen girl who has transitioned . But it is also the story of everyone else , transitioning . '' Marc Silver of The Washington Post wrote about the boom of transgender - theme shows on TV , including Jenner 's upcoming reality show , I Am Cait : `` I Am Cait will surely attract more viewers because of Jenner 's fame . It 's too soon to say how Jazz will fare . But , with her humor and honesty , she 's a tough act for Caitlyn Jenner to follow . '' Awards The show tied for best Outstanding Reality Program at the 27th annual GLAAD Media Awards . Broadcast Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on TLC on December 10 , 2015 . See also LGBT portal Television in the United States portal Becoming Us I Am Cait Media portrayals of transgender people References ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Why transgender teen Jazz Jennings is everywhere '' . CNN . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transgender Teen Jazz Jennings Will Star in TLC TV Series `` I Am Jazz '' `` . The Learning Channel . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - i am jazz , on tlc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prowse - Gany , Brian . `` The New Face of Transgender Youth '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Menendez , Alicia ; Redman , Meagan ; Effron , Lauren ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' I Am Jazz ' : Transgender Teen on Grappling with High School , Puberty '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` How a transgender teen became a nationally known activist '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Growing Up Transgender : Jazz Jennings '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linster , The ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` '' I Am Jazz '' is a heartwarming look at a transgender 11 - year - old `` . AfterEllen . Evolve Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : An Extraordinary , Ordinary Girlhood in TLC 's I Am Jazz '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Caitlyn Jenner 's ESPYs speech aired at an unusually significant moment on TV -- here 's why '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Stephen Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurtado , Alexandra ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jazz Jennings Discusses the ' Rocky Relationship ' with Boys She 's Had as a Transgender Teen Girl '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Sharknado 3 ' & ' Duck Dynasty ' Win Night , ' Suits ' , ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak Peek : Transgender Teen Jazz Jennings Is `` Scarred '' After Being Banned From Soccer `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.12. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.19. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' I Am Jazz ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Marc ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' I Am Jazz ' is the latest in this summer 's transgender reality show boom '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caitlyn Jenner , Jazz Jennings Win GLAAD Awards '' . Jump up ^ 2016 GLAAD Media Awards : Demi Lovato & Caitlyn Jenner Among Recipients Billboard Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` New This Week ( Dec 7 ) : 40 + new shows including Da Vinci 's Demons , Grimm and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . External links LGBT portal Television portal Official website I Am Jazz on IMDb TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Counting On Curvy Brides Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Island Medium Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 - lb Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Trading Spaces Untold Stories of the E.R. Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Real World : Philadelphia ( 2005 ) `` Straight Man in a Gay World '' ( 2006 ) Project Runway ( 2007 , 2011 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2008 ) I Want to Work for Diddy ( 2009 ) Transamerican Love Story ( 2009 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2010 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2012 ) The Amazing Race ( 2013 ) Big Freedia : Queen of Bounce ( 2014 ) R&B Divas : Atlanta ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2016 ) I Am Jazz ( 2016 ) Strut ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Jazz&oldid=830159775 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American LGBT - related television shows American reality television series English - language television programs LGBT in Florida LGBT youth Television shows set in Florida TLC ( TV network ) programs Transgender in the United States Transgender - related television programs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 03 : 12 . About Wikipedia	what is the new show i am jazz about	[ "I Am Jazz (announced as All That Jazz) is an American reality television series on TLC about a transgender girl named Jazz Jennings. The series features Jazz and her family \"dealing with typical teen drama through the lens of a transgender youth.\"[1][2] I Am Jazz premiered on July 15, 2015, and has received positive reviews." ]	[ "dealing with typical teen drama through the lens of a transgender youth" ]
2725742200961344106	2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights	2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . 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Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM ( only terrestrial network ) Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain Mediaset España Comunicación Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam HTV , VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , Talksport United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports Radio ( simulcast of television audio ) , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家播 2018 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家播放俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جام‌جهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳廣視《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯世界盃》 64 場全程直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ SNRT will broascast 22 matches of the competition in DTT and Eutelsat 21B satellite . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世足 6 月登場華視加入轉播行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界盃. 多星道 ( 版權所限 , 本節目不設網上收聽及重溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=855820248 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 02 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has tv rights to the world cup	[ "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCTV, TSN, RDS\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36][37]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][38]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][39]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[40][41][42]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[43]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][44]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][45]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][46]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][47][48][49]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][50]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[51][52]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][53]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][54][55]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n", "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCTV, TSN, RDS\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36][37]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][38]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][39]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[40][41][42]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[43]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][44]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][45]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][46]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][47][48][49]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][50]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[51][52]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][53]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][54][55]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n" ]	[ "Fox Sports", "Telemundo" ]
-4346465726446983212	Dream Weaver	Dream Weaver - wikipedia Dream Weaver Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the web development software , see Adobe Dreamweaver . For other uses , see Dreamweaver ( disambiguation ) . `` Dream Weaver '' Single by Gary Wright from the album The Dream Weaver B - side `` Let It Out '' Released December 1975 Recorded Genre Progressive pop soft rock Length 4 : 17 ( album version ) 3 : 15 ( single version ) Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Gary Wright Producer ( s ) Gary Wright Gary Wright singles chronology `` Dream Weaver '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Is Alive '' ( 1976 ) `` Dream Weaver '' ( 1976 ) `` Love Is Alive '' ( 1976 ) `` Dream Weaver '' is a song by the American singer Gary Wright , released as the first single from his third studio album The Dream Weaver ( 1975 ) in December 1975 . The song became a hit in the US : # 2 on the Billboard chart and # 1 on Cashbox in 1976 . The song features Wright on vocals and keyboards and Jim Keltner on drums . According to Gary Wright , the song was inspired by Autobiography of a Yogi , which was given to him by George Harrison . Paramhansa Yogananda 's poem `` God ! God ! God ! '' made reference to `` the idea of the mind weaving dreams . '' The expression `` Dream Weaver '' was popularized by John Lennon in 1970 in his song `` God '' , taken from his solo album John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band . This song depicts Lennon 's declaration that he was the dream weaver of the 1960s , breaking away from the influences and dogmas that influenced his life . All instrumentation was created using a synthesizer , except for Keltner 's percussion . In 1992 , Gary Wright re-recorded a longer version of `` Dream Weaver '' for the Wayne 's World movie soundtrack . Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 1.1 In advertising 1.2 In films 1.3 In television 2 Use by other musical artists 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly singles charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links In popular culture ( edit ) In advertising ( edit ) The song was used in a 2015 CiCi 's Pizza TV commercial . The song is heard in a 2017 TV commercial for Esurance which features John Krasinski . The song , sung by Kevin Quain , is featured in a 2017 Canadian television commercial for furniture retailer Leon 's . In films ( edit ) This song , and its keyboard intro / outro , according to Wes Craven , inspired the concept behind the film A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) . The song was later re-recorded for the soundtrack of the 1992 film Wayne 's World . A re-recorded version by Wright appears in the 2016 movie Ghost Team . The song was used in the 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt . The song was used in the 2003 film Daddy Day Care . The song was used in the 2010 Pixar film Toy Story 3 . The song appeared in the 2016 Blue Sky Studios film Ice Age : Collision Course twice . First when Sid meets Brooke and later during the end credits sequence . In television ( edit ) Portions of `` Dream Weaver '' were first sampled in a short film appearing in the 1990 Wayne 's World episode of Saturday Night Live , in which guest star Wayne Gretzky appears , and Wayne is picturing that song playing as he imagines himself defeating Gretzky in street hockey and then winning his wife , Janet Jones . `` Dream Weaver '' was featured over the closing credits of the sixth episode of the fourth season of the classic HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show with Bob and David . `` Dream Weaver '' was featured in the Fox That ' 70s Show episode , `` The First Time '' . `` Dream Weaver '' was featured in the Fox black comedy Scream Queens in the episode , `` Lovin ' the D '' . A Japanese version of `` Dream Weaver '' was featured in the Fox animated comedy Family Guy in the episode , `` Carter and Tricia '' . `` Dream Weaver '' was the name of season 1 , episode 13 of The Neighbors , where the plot center around Marty and Debbie Weaver meeting at a high school dance while Dream Weaver played . `` Dream Weaver '' was featured in an episode of Nickelodeon 's Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn titled `` Quaddyshack '' . It was also featured in an Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episode titled `` The Wonderful Wizard of Quads '' . Use by other musical artists ( edit ) `` Dream Weaver '' and `` Love Is Alive '' are sampled in `` Wordz of Wisdom '' , a single from 3rd Bass 's release , The Cactus Album ( 1989 ) . Dance artist Erin Hamilton covered it for her album One World ( 1999 ) . It was featured prominently in the gay love story film Trick ( 1999 ) . Crowbar recorded a doom metal version of `` Dream Weaver '' for their album Equilibrium ( 2000 ) . Electronic rock artist JES covered it as a single release ( 2015 ) . Canadian singer - songwriter Kevin Quain released a version of it in October 2017 . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia 24 Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 24 US Billboard Hot 100 37 US Cash Box 17 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breithaupt , Don ; Breithaupt , Jeff ( 2000 ) , Night Moves : Pop Music in the Late ' 70s , St. Martin 's Press , p. 67 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19821 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Explore : Soft Rock Top Songs AllMusic '' . Web.archive.org . November 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gary Wright Biography -- Billboard.com Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Craven , Wes . `` DVD audio commentary '' . A Nightmare on Elm Street . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 25 , No. 01 April 03 1976 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Gary Wright -- Dream Weaver '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Wright Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Wright Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Gary Wright -- Dream Weaver '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) CASH BOX TOP SINGLES -- 1976 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Love to Love You Baby '' by Donna Summer RPM number one single ( Canada ) April 3 , 1976 Succeeded by `` December 1963 ( Oh , What A Night ) '' by The Four Seasons Preceded by `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' by The Four Seasons Cash Box Top 100 singles March 27 , 1976 Succeeded by `` Lonely Night ( Angel Face ) '' by Captain and Tennille Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dream_Weaver&oldid=838709020 '' Categories : 1976 singles Progressive pop songs Gary Wright songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by Gary Wright Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 20 : 19 . About Wikipedia	who sings dream weaver on leon's commercial	[ "The song, sung by Kevin Quain, is featured in a 2017 Canadian television commercial for furniture retailer Leon's." ]	[ "Kevin Quain" ]
-7617732052581559225	Helen McCrory	Helen McCrory - wikipedia Helen McCrory Jump to : navigation , search Helen McCrory OBE McCrory in 2016 Helen Elizabeth McCrory ( 1968 - 08 - 17 ) 17 August 1968 ( age 49 ) Paddington , London , England Occupation Actress Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Damian Lewis ( m . 2007 ) Children Helen Elizabeth McCrory , OBE ( born 17 August 1968 ) is an English actress . McCrory portrayed Cherie Blair in both The Queen ( 2006 ) and The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) . She also portrayed Francoise in the film Charlotte Gray ( 2001 ) , Narcissa Malfoy in the final three Harry Potter films , Mama Jeanne in Martin Scorsese 's family film Hugo ( 2011 ) , Clair Dowar in the James Bond film Skyfall ( 2012 ) , Polly Gray in Peaky Blinders ( 2013 -- present ) , and Emma Banville in Fearless ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) McCrory was born in Paddington , west London . Her mother , Anne ( née Morgans ) , is Welsh , and her father , Iain McCrory , is a diplomat from Glasgow , Scotland . She is the eldest of three children . She was educated at Queenswood , a Hertfordshire boarding school , after which she spent a year living in Italy . Upon her return to Britain , she began studying acting at the Drama Centre in London . Career ( edit ) McCrory won Third Prize at the Ian Charleson Awards for her 1993 performance as Rose Trelawny in Trelawny of the ' Wells ' at the National Theatre . In 2002 she was nominated for a London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress ( for playing Elena in Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya at the Donmar Warehouse ) . She was later nominated for a 2006 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for her role as Rosalind in As You Like It in London 's West End . In April 2008 , she made a `` compelling '' Rebecca West in a production of Ibsen 's Rosmersholm at the Almeida Theatre , London . She appeared in Charles II : The Power and The Passion ( 2003 ) , as Barbara Villiers , Countess of Castlemaine , and in supporting roles in such films as Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , Charlotte Gray ( 2001 ) , The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) , and Casanova ( 2005 ) . In The Queen ( 2006 ) she played Cherie Blair , a role she reprised in Peter Morgan 's follow - up The Special Relationship . She appeared in a modernised TV adaptation of Frankenstein 's Monster , simply called Frankenstein . Her first pregnancy forced her to pull out of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , in which she had been cast as Bellatrix Lestrange ( she was replaced by Helena Bonham Carter ) . McCrory was later cast as Bellatrix 's sister Narcissa Malfoy in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , released in July 2009 . McCrory reprised her role in the final films , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ; McCrory 's performance was well received by fans of the books . She also played the principal villain role of Rosanna Calvierri in the episode `` The Vampires of Venice '' of the BBC television series Doctor Who . McCrory starred in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre , which began 12 June 2012 . The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world on 11 October 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme . In 2013 , McCrory narrated poetry for The Love Book App , an interactive anthology of love literature developed by Allie Byrne Esiri . Again , in 2013 McCrory played ' Lady Macbeth ' at the Little Angel Theatre . The same year , she started playing Polly Gray in Peaky Blinders . In 2014 , McCrory played the title role in the National Theatre 's production of Medea , directed by Carrie Cracknell . Also in 2014 , McCrory made a guest appearance on the TV series Penny Dreadful . She returned as a regular for the show 's second season , playing the main antagonist . In August 2016 , McCrory was confirmed to play Emma Banville in ITV drama series Fearless , which began airing in June 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) On 4 July 2007 , McCrory married actor Damian Lewis . They have a daughter , Manon ( b . 8 September 2006 ) , and a son , Gulliver ( b . 2 November 2007 ) . They live in north London . She is an honorary patron of the London children 's charity Scene & Heard . McCrory was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to drama . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Interview with the Vampire 2nd Whore Uncovered Lola 1997 The James Gang Bernadette James 1998 Dad Savage Chris 2000 Hotel Splendide Lorna Bull 2001 Charlotte Gray Francoise 2002 Count of Monte Cristo , The The Count of Monte Cristo Valentina Villefort Deep Down Dana Short film 2003 Does God Play Football Sarah Ward Short film Enduring Love Mrs. Logan 2005 Casanova Casanova 's Mother 2006 Normal for Norfolk Clare Short film Queen , The The Queen Cherie Blair 2007 Becoming Jane Mrs. Radcliffe 2008 Flashbacks of a Fool Peggy Tickell 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Narcissa Malfoy Fantastic Mr. Fox Mrs. Bean ( voice ) 4.3. 2.1 . Mrs. Jones Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Narcissa Malfoy 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Hugo Mama Jeanne ( Jehanne D'Alcy ) 2012 Flying Blind Dr. Frankie Lethbridge Skyfall Clair Dowar MP The Cable Club ( Soho ) Stella Short film 2014 A Little Chaos Madame Françoise Le Nôtre 2015 The Woman in Black : Angel of Death Jean Hogg Bill Queen Elizabeth I 2016 Their Finest Sophie Smith 2017 Loving Vincent Louise Chevalier Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 Full Stretch Vicki Goodall Episode : `` Risky Business '' Performance Jean Rice Episode : `` The Entertainer '' 1995 Screen Two Jo Episode : `` Streetlife '' Dirty Old Town Claire The Fragile Heart Nicola Pascoe 3 episodes Witness Against Hitler Freya von Moltke 1997 Trial & Retribution Anita Harris 2 episodes 1998 Spoonface Steinberg Mother Stand and Deliver Christina 1999 Split Second Angie Anderson 2000 Anna Karenina Anna Karenina 4 episodes North Square Rose Fitzgerald 10 episodes 2001 In a Land of Plenty Mary Freeman 3 episodes 2002 Jury , The The Jury Rose Davies 6 episodes Dickens Kate Dickens 3 episodes Dead Gorgeous Antonia Ashton 2003 Lucky Jim Margaret Peel Carla Carla French Charles II : The Power and The Passion Lady Castlemaine ( Barbara Villiers ) Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking Jenny Vandeleur 2005 Messiah 4 : The Harrowing Dr. Rachel Price 2007 Frankenstein Dr. Victoria Frankenstein 2009 Life Amanda Puryer 5 episodes Doctor Who Rosanna Calvierri Episode : `` The Vampires of Venice '' Special Relationship , The The Special Relationship Cherie Blair 2011 Phineas and Ferb Lucy Fletcher Episode : `` My Fair Goalie '' 2012 We 'll Take Manhattan Lady Clare Rendlesham Leaving Julie Ranmore 3 episodes 2013 -- present Peaky Blinders Aunt Polly / Polly Gray 24 episodes 2014 Inside No. 9 Tabitha Episode : `` The Harrowing '' Tommy Cooper : Not Like That , Like This Mary Kay 2014 -- 2015 Penny Dreadful Evelyn Poole ( Madame Kali ) 12 episodes 2017 Fearless Emma Banville 6 episodes Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue ( s ) The Importance of Being Earnest Gwendolen Fairfax Teechers Gail Saunders Macbeth Witch 1991 Pride and Prejudice Lydia Bennet Blood Wedding The Bride Fuente Ovejuna Jacinta Do n't Fool With Love Camille 1993 Trelawny of the ' Wells ' Rose Trelawny 1994 Venice Preserved Belvidera The Seagull Nina Mikhailovna Zarechnaya 1994 -- 1995 The Devil 's Disciple Judith Anderson 1995 Keely And Du Keely Macbeth Lady Macbeth 1995 -- 1996 Les Enfants Du Paradis Claire `` Garance '' Reine 1998 In a Little World of Our Own Deborah How I Learned to Drive Li'I Bit 1999 The Triumph of Love Princess Leonide ( alias Phocion ) 2000 -- 2001 Platonov Anna Petrovna 2002 Uncle Vanya Helena Andreyevna Serebryakova ( Yelena ) Twelfth Night Olivia 2003 -- 2004 Five Gold Rings Miranda Old Times Anna 2006 As You Like It Rosalind Orson 's Shadow Vivien Leigh A Tribute to Look Back in Anger Helena Charles 2008 Rosmersholm Rebecca West 2010 -- 2012 The Late Middle Classes Celia Smithers 2012 The Last of the Haussmans Libby Haussmans 2013 Macbeth at the Little Angel Theatre Lady Macbeth ( voice ) 2014 Medea Medea 2016 The Deep Blue Sea Hester Collyer Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Helen McCrory '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Title Award Result 1991 Blood Wedding Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards Best Actress Won 1993 Trelawny of the ' Wells ' Ian Charleson Award Best Actress 3rd place 1995 Macbeth Shakespeare Globe Awards Richard Burton Award For Most Promising Newcomer Won Streetlife Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best Actress Won Royal Television Society Best Actress Won 1997 BAFTA Cymru Best Actress Won The Fragile Heart London Film Critics ' Circle Actress of the Year Nominated 2001 North Square London Film Critics ' Circle Best Actress Won Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Actress Won 2002 Uncle Vanya Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actress Nominated 2003 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Nominated WhatsOnStage Awards Best Actress in a Play Nominated Charles II : The Power and The Passion Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2005 L.A. Television Awards Best Actress Nominated 2006 As You Like It WhatsOnStage Awards Best Actress in a Play Nominated Laurence Olivier Award Best Actress Nominated 2007 Queen , The The Queen London Film Critics ' Circle Supporting Actress of the Year Nominated 2008 Rosmersholm Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actress ( longlisted ) Nominated 2011 The Late Middle Classes WhatsOnStage Awards Best Actress in a Play Nominated 2012 Royal Television Society Best Actress Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Gold Derby Awards Ensemble Cast Nominated The Last of the Haussmans Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actress Nominated 2013 Glamour Awards Theatre Actress of the Year Won WhatsOnStage Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Play Nominated Laurence Olivier Award Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated 2014 Peaky Blinders Biarritz International Festival of Audiovisual Programming TV Series and Serials : Actress Won Crime Thriller Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Medea Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actress Nominated 2015 Critics ' Circle Theatre Award Best Actress Won Penny Dreadful season 2 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2016 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated The Deep Blue Sea Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actress Nominated WhatsOnStage Awards Best Actress in a Play Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1916 -- 2005. ; at ancestry.com Jump up ^ `` Mrs Damian Lewis , professionally known as Ms Helen McCrory Authorised Biography -- Debrett 's People of Today , Mrs Damian Lewis , professionally known as Ms Helen McCrory Profile '' . Debretts.com. 17 August 1968 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , The . `` Helen McCrory profile '' . thescotsman.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Rebecca . `` Triumphant first acts '' . Sunday Times . 13 March 1994 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( 27 May 2008 ) . `` Rosmersholm : passions lost in the gloom '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 12 November 2007 ) . ' Harry Potter ' Cast Grows : Helen McCrory Joins ' Half - Blood Prince ' . MTV . Archived from the original on 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Narcissa cast in Potter 6 '' . Newsround. 9 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Haussmans '' Archived 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . at National Theatre web site Jump up ^ `` The Love Book App , poetry read by great actors '' . Iliterature.net . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITV commissions six part drama series Fearless '' . ITV Press Centre . ITV. 16 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Mirror ' ' article '' . Mirror.co.uk . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Scene & Heard . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61803 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 2016 . p . N13 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` The Deep Blue Sea review -- Helen McCrory blazes in passionate revival '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helen McCrory . Helen McCrory on IMDb Helen McCrory at AllMovie VIAF : 231456869 LCCN : no2001032875 ISNI : 0000 0003 7207 0350 GND : 1060858630 SUDOC : 185337031 BNF : cb14022628n ( data ) BIBSYS : 7020590 IATH : w6cz49c2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_McCrory&oldid=821175597 '' Categories : 1968 births Alumni of the Drama Centre London British film actresses English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses English people of Scottish descent English people of Welsh descent Living people People educated at Queenswood School Actresses from London Royal Shakespeare Company members English Shakespearean actresses 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses People from Paddington Officers of the Order of the British Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does helen mccrory play in peaky blinders	[ "McCrory portrayed Cherie Blair in both The Queen (2006) and The Special Relationship (2010). She also portrayed Francoise in the film Charlotte Gray (2001), Narcissa Malfoy in the final three Harry Potter films, Mama Jeanne in Martin Scorsese's family film Hugo (2011), Clair Dowar in the James Bond film Skyfall (2012), Polly Gray in Peaky Blinders (2013–present), and Emma Banville in Fearless (2017)." ]	[ "Polly Gray" ]
-5445062420189691959	Lily of the valley	Lily of the valley - wikipedia Lily of the valley Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lily of the valley ( disambiguation ) . Lily of the valley Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots Order : Asparagales Family : Asparagaceae Subfamily : Nolinoideae Genus : Convallaria Species : C. majalis Binomial name Convallaria majalis L . Lily of the valley ( Convallaria majalis / ˌkɒnvəˈleɪriə məˈdʒeɪlɪs / ) , sometimes written lily - of - the - valley , is a sweetly scented , highly poisonous woodland flowering plant that is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia , and Europe . Other names include May bells , Our Lady 's tears , and Mary 's tears . Its French name , muguet , sometimes appears in the names of perfumes imitating the flower 's scent . It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria ( depending on whether C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species ) . In the APG III system , the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Nolinoideae ( formerly the family Ruscaceae ) . It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae , and , like many lilioid monocots , before that in the lily family Liliaceae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 4 Taxonomy 5 Cultivation 6 Chemistry 7 Uses 7.1 Perfume 7.2 Weddings and other celebrations 8 Cultural symbolism 8.1 Christian traditions 9 Gallery 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Description ( edit ) Convallaria majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes . New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer , these upright dormant stems are often called pips . These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground , often forming extensive colonies . The stems grow to 15 -- 30 cm tall , with one or two leaves 10 -- 25 cm long ; flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5 -- 15 flowers on the stem apex . The flowers have six white tepals ( rarely pink ) , fused at the base to form a bell - shape , 5 -- 10 mm diameter , and sweetly scented ; flowering is in late spring , in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March . The fruit is a small orange - red berry 5 -- 7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1 -- 3 mm wide . Plants are self - sterile , and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed . Distribution ( edit ) 19th - century illustration Convallaria majalis is a native of Europe , where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins . An eastern variety , C. majalis var . manschurica occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia . A limited native population of C. majalis var . montana occurs in the Eastern United States . There is , however , some debate as to the native status of the American variety . Like many perennial flowering plants , C. majalis exhibits dual reproductive modes by producing offspring asexually by vegetative means and by seed , produced via the fusion of gametes . Ecology ( edit ) Convallaria majalis is a plant of partial shade , and mesophile type that prefers warm summers . It likes soils that are silty or sandy and acid to moderately alkaline , with preferably a plentiful amount of humus . The Royal Horticultural Society states that slightly alkaline soils are the most favoured . It is an Euroasiatic and suboceanic species that lives in mountains up to 1,500 m altitude . Convallaria majalis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the grey chi . Adults and larvae of the leaf beetle Lilioceris merdigera are also able to tolerate the cardenolides and thus feed on the leaves . Taxonomy ( edit ) Convallaria majalis var . rosea There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists . Convallaria majalis var . keiskei -- from China and Japan , with red fruit and bowl - shaped flowers ( now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei ) C. majalis var . majalis -- from Eurasia , with white midribs on the flowers C. majalis var . montana -- from the United States , with green - tinted midribs on the flowers Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities , while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus . Cultivation ( edit ) Variegated cultivar early in spring Double - flowered Convallaria majalis Berries Convallaria majalis is sometimes grown in gardens for its scented flowers and ground - covering abilities in shady locations . It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . In favourable conditions it can form large colonies . Various kinds and cultivars are grown , including those with double flowers , rose - colored flowers , variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species . C. majalis ' Albostriata ' has white - striped leaves C. majalis ' Green Tapestry ' , ' Haldon Grange ' , ' Hardwick Hall ' , ' Hofheim ' , ' Marcel ' , ' Variegata ' and ' Vic Pawlowski 's Gold ' are other variegated cultivars C. majalis ' Berlin Giant ' and C. majalis ' Géant de Fortin ' ( syn . ' Fortin 's Giant ' ) are larger - growing cultivars C. majalis ' Flore Pleno ' has double flowers . C. majalis ' Rosea ' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var . rosea , has pink flowers . Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months , both for as potted plants and as cut flowers . Chemistry ( edit ) All parts of the plant are highly poisonous , including the red berries which may be attractive to children . If ingested -- even in small amounts -- the plant can cause abdominal pain , vomiting , reduced heart rate , blurred vision , drowsiness , and red skin rashes . Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides ( cardenolides ) have been found in the plant , including among others : convallarin convallamarin convallatoxin convallotoxoloside convallosid neoconvalloside glucoconvalloside majaloside convallatoxon corglycon cannogenol - 3 - O - α - L - rhamnoside cannogenol - 3 - O - β - D - allomethyloside cannogenol - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - allosido - β - D - glucoside , cannogenol - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - allosido - α - L - rhamnoside , strophanthidin - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - allosido - α - L - rhamnoside , strophanthidin - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - allosido - α - L - arabinoside , strophanthidin - 3 - O - α - L - rhamnosido - 2 - β - D - glucoside , sarmentogenin - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - allosido - α - L - rhamnoside sarmentogenin - 3 - O - 6 - deoxy - β - D - guloside 19 - hydroxy - sarmentogenin - 3 - O - α - L - rhamnoside , 19 - hydroxy - sarmentogenin arabinosido - 6 - deoxyallose lokundjoside The plant also contains saponins . Although deadly , the plant has been used as a folk remedy in moderate amounts , and is currently used by herbalists as a restricted herbal remedy . It also contains the unusual , poisonous amino acid azetidine - 2 - carboxylic acid . The odor of lily of the valley , specifically the ligand bourgeonal , attracts mammalian sperm . The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception , but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations , bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim ( chemotaxis ) , a process unrelated to odor reception . Uses ( edit ) Perfume ( edit ) In 1956 , the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley , which was Christian Dior 's favorite flower . Diorissimo was designed by Edmond Roudnitska . Although it has since been reformulated , it is considered a classic . Other perfumes imitating or based on the flower include Henri Robert 's Muguet de Bois ( 1936 ) , Penhaligon 's Lily of the Valley ( 1976 ) , and Olivia Giacobetti 's En Passant ( 2000 ) . Weddings and other celebrations ( edit ) Duchess of Cambridge with bridal bouquet featuring lily of the valley Lily of the valley has been used in weddings , although it can be very expensive . Lily of the valley was featured in the bridal bouquet at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton . Lily of the valley was also the flower chosen by Princess Grace of Monaco to be featured in her bridal bouquet . At the beginning of the 20th century , it became tradition in France to sell lily of the valley on international labour day , 1 May ( also called La Fête du Muguet ( Lily of the Valley Day ) by labour organisations and private persons without paying sales tax ( on that day only ) as a symbol of spring . Lily of the valley is worn in Helston ( Cornwall , UK ) on Flora Day ( 8 May each year , see Furry Dance ) representing the coming of `` the May - o '' and the summer . There is also a song sung in pubs around Cornwall ( and on Flora Day in Cadwith , near Helston ) called `` Lily of the Valley '' ; the song , strangely , came from the Jubilee Singers from Fisk University in Nashville , Tennessee . Cultural symbolism ( edit ) Lily of the valley was the floral emblem of Yugoslavia , and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967 . The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley on its coat - of - arms . Lily of the valley is the birth flower for the month of May . It represents humility , chastity , sweetness , and purity . Its scientific name , majalis or maialis , means `` of or belonging to May '' , and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury , since Maia , the daughter of Atlas , was the mother of Mercury or Hermes . In the `` language of flowers '' , the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness . Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May . Christian traditions ( edit ) Two of the flower 's alternative names -- Our Lady 's tears and Mary 's tears -- derive from Christian legends that it sprang from the weeping of the Virgin Mary during the crucifixion of Jesus . Other etiologies have its coming into being from Eve 's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden or from the blood shed by Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon . The name `` lily of the valley '' is used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2 : 1 , but the Hebrew phrase `` shoshannat - ha - amaqim '' in the original text ( literally `` lily of the valleys '' ) does not refer to this plant . It is possible , though , that the biblical phrase may have had something to do with the origin or development of the modern plant - name . It is a symbol of humility in religious painting . Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ 's second coming . The power of people to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley . Gallery ( edit ) Convallaria close - up Moldovan stamp 1 May , by Franz Xaver Winterhalter Lunner ( Norway ) municipal coat of arms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunset Western Garden Book , 1995 : 606 -- 607 Jump up ^ `` BSBI List 2007 '' . Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland . Archived from the original ( xls ) on 2015 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Chase , M.W. ; Reveal , J.L. & Fay , M.F. ( 2009 ) , `` A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae , Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae '' , Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 161 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 136 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2009. 00999. x Jump up ^ Flora of China : Convallaria majalis Jump up ^ Mills , Linn ; Post , Dick ( 2005 ) . Nevada gardener 's guide . Nashville , Tenn. : Cool Springs Press . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 59186 - 116 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ohara , Masashi ; Araki , Kiwakoi ; Yamada , Etsukoi ; Kawano , Shoichi , Life - history monographs of Japanese plants , 6 : Convallaria keiskei Miq . ( Convallariaceae ) , Plant Species Biology , Vol 21 , No 2 , August 2006 , pp. 119 -- 126 ( 8 ) , Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Flora of North America : Convallaria majalis Jump up ^ Gleason , Henry A. and Cronquist , Arthur , ( 1991 ) , Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada , New York Botanical Garden , Bronx , New York , pp. 839 - 40 Jump up ^ Vandepitte , Katrien ; De Meyer , Tim ; Jacquemyn , Hans ( February 2013 ) . `` The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine - scale mating patterns : a full paternity analysis of a lily - of - the - valley population ( Convallaria majalis ) '' . Annals of Botany. 111 : 623 -- 628 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mct024 . PMC 3605957 . PMID 23439847 . Jump up ^ `` Lily of the Valley Planting Guide '' . easytogrowbulbs.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ RHS Encyclopaedia of Perennials Jump up ^ Rameau , J.C. ; et al. ( 1989 ) . Flore Forestière Française . Institut pour le développement Forestier . p. 1023 . ISBN 2 - 904740 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Ann . `` Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles '' . Gardner 's Supply Company . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Convallaria in Flora of North America @ '' . Efloras.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : RHS Plant Finder 2009 -- 2010 . Dorling Kindersley. 2009 . pp. 195 , 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 4176 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Convallaria majalis AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Journal of horticulture and practical gardening . 1872 . p. 378 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lily - Of - The - Valley '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ New York Media , LLC ( 4 June 1979 ) . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . p. 92 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Soniak , Matt ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` How Poisonous Is Lily of the Valley ? '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cantell , Sulo ; Saarnio , Väinö , 1936 . Suomen myrkylliset ja lääkekasvit ( translation : The Poisonous and Medical plants of Finland , no known translated literature available ) Jump up ^ Marc Spehr ; Günter Gisselmann ; Alexandra Poplawski ; Jeffrey A. Riffell ; Christian H. Wetzel ; Richard K. Zimmer ; Hanns Hatt ( 2003 ) . `` Identification of a Testicular Odorant Receptor Mediating Human Sperm Chemotaxis '' . Science . 299 ( 5615 ) : 2054 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1080376 . PMID 12663925 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . See also : Babcock , Donner F. ( 28 March 2003 ) . `` Development . Smelling the Roses ? '' ( PDF ) . Science . 299 ( 5615 ) : 1993 -- 1994 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1083059 . PMID 12663902 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 ... Jump up ^ For example ScienceDaily 2007 Jump up ^ Christoph Brenker ; Normann Goodwin ; Ingo Weyand ; Nachiket D Kashikar ; Masahiro Naruse ; Miriam Krähling ; Astrid Müller ; U Benjamin Kaupp ; Timo Strünker ( 2012 ) . `` The CatSper channel : a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm '' . The EMBO Journal . 31 ( 7 ) : 1654 -- 1665 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2012.30 . PMC 3321208 . PMID 22354039 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . See also ScienceMag article ^ Jump up to : `` Lily of the Valley Perfumes '' . Vogue slideshow . Jump up ^ Patty . `` Best Lily of the Valley Perfume -- Muguet Guide '' . Perfume Posse , April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edwin T. ( 1984 ) . Fragrance : A story of perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel . New York : Scribners . ISBN 0684181959 . ^ Jump up to : Wedding Traditions & Trivia ^ Jump up to : Lily of the Valley Stars in Royal Bridal Bouquet Jump up ^ Balcony kisses seal royal wedding Jump up ^ `` Lily of the Valley -- May Day in France '' . wordpress.com. 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleman and Burley , Hilary and Sally ( 2015 ) . Shout Kernow . London , UK : Francis Boutle Publishers . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 978 1 903427 97 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lily of the valley '' . flowers.org.uk . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lily of the Valley -- Finland 's National Flower '' . wordpress.com. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May Birth Flower : Birth Month Flower '' . Birthflowersguide.com. 2007 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Vandepitte , Katrien ; De Meyer , Tim ; Jacquemyn , Hans ( February 2013 ) . `` The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine - scale mating patterns : a full paternity analysis of a lily - of - the - valley population ( Convallaria majalis ) '' . Annals of Botany. 111 : 623 -- 628 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mct024 . PMC 3605957 . PMID 23439847 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lily of the valley Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Convallaria majalis ( category ) Invasive Plant Atlas -- US Distribution Map Convallaria majalis fact sheet -- NC Cooperative Extension GND : 4168623 - 8 NDL : 001105500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_of_the_valley&oldid=815309456 '' Categories : Flora of Europe Flora of temperate Asia Flora of the Southeastern United States Flora of Myanmar Flora of West Virginia Flowers Garden plants of Asia Garden plants of Europe Garden plants of North America Medicinal plants Nolinoideae Poisonous plants Plants described in 1753 Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the scent of a lily come from	[ "The flowers have six white tepals (rarely pink), fused at the base to form a bell-shape, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed.[6]" ]	[ "tepals" ]
-729874532632241660	Anne Reid	Anne Reid - wikipedia Anne Reid Jump to : navigation , search For the New Zealand skier , see Anne Reid ( skier ) . Anne Reid MBE ( 1935 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1935 ( age 82 ) Newcastle upon Tyne , Northumberland , England Occupation Actress Years active 1957 -- present Spouse ( s ) Peter Eckersley ( m . 1971 ; his death 1981 ) Children 2 ( 1 stepson ) Anne Reid , MBE ( born 28 May 1935 ) is an English stage , film and television actress , known for her roles as Valerie Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street ( 1961 -- 71 ) ; Jean in the sitcom Dinnerladies ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ; and her BAFTA - nominated role as Celia Dawson in Last Tango in Halifax ( 2012 -- present ) . She won the London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for the film The Mother ( 2003 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Television 2.1 Coronation Street 2.2 Later work 3 Film 4 Theatre 5 Selected film and television appearances 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Reid was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , the daughter of Colin Norman Reid ( 1896 - 1979 ) and Annie Eliza Weetman / Reid ( 1896 - c. 1980 ) . She lived with her parents and three older brothers in Redcar where she attended John Emmerson Batty primary school and the White House School . From the age of 11 she attended Penrhos College , a boarding school in North Wales , when her father was posted abroad as a foreign correspondent for the Daily Telegraph : she visited her parents occasionally in India , Tehran and Beirut in the school holidays . Upon leaving school she moved to London to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She then became a stage manager and worked in repertory theatre . Television ( edit ) Coronation Street ( edit ) Although she had already appeared in other television programmes including The Benny Hill Show ( 1957 ) , Hancock 's Half Hour ( 1957 ) and The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1958 ) , Reid 's first major acting role was as the character of Valerie Tatlock ( later Barlow ) on Coronation Street . Her character was very popular with the fans with Valerie 's marriage to Ken Barlow being an early example of a soap supercouple . Her character Valerie was the mother of the twins Susan and Peter . Reid joined the cast , initially for two months , starting in August 1961 and leaving in October . She returned to the programme to marry Ken on 1 August 1962 in a wedding watched by 15.8 million viewers . In 1965 Val and Ken had twins and Granada Television received numerous gifts addressed to the couple as congratulations . In 1968 , Reid played one of the most difficult parts in Coronation Street , when Val was held hostage by a rapist . Although Val was not harmed , viewers sent in hate mail to the actor who played the rapist . In November 1970 , Reid announced she was leaving Coronation Street . In a 2011 interview with the Radio Times , Reid said she had had enough and wanted to do other things . I was a basket case when I left ! I 'd already had too much of it . That kind of work suits some people , but it did n't suit me . It was my decision to leave and I was desperate , really desperate , to go . Because I knew I was good at comedy and there was no way that Valerie Barlow was ever going to be funny . On 27 January 1971 , 18.26 million viewers watched as Valerie Barlow was written out , dying after being electrocuted by a hairdryer with a faulty plug . On 3 February 1971 , the character 's funeral was shown and 18.92 million people watched . Later work ( edit ) Following a break from acting to bring up her son , Reid resumed her career on stage and television in the 1980s . From 1998 to 2000 , Reid played the major role of Jean in the BBC comedy series Dinnerladies by Victoria Wood , and has appeared in other television programmes including Boon ( 1988 ) , Casualty ( 1992 ) and Hetty Wainthropp Investigates ( 1996 ) . She also made an appearance in the Doctor Who serial The Curse of Fenric which was broadcast in October 1989 . In 2003 , Reid had a part in Midsomer Murders in the episode `` A Tale of Two Hamlets '' , and a main part in the comedy drama The Booze Cruise . She also had a major role in the ITV drama series Life Begins , which ran from 2004 to 2006 , in which she appeared alongside Caroline Quentin and Frank Finlay . In 2005 she had a supporting role in the BBC 's adaptation of Bleak House and in 2006 made a brief appearance in Jane Eyre . On 31 March 2007 , Reid appeared for a second time in the series Doctor Who in the episode `` Smith and Jones '' . In the episode , she played Florence Finnegan : a shape - shifting , blood - sucking alien known as a Plasmavore , who took on the guise of a human . That same year she appeared in the ITV television adaptation of the novel The Bad Mother 's Handbook , co-starring alongside Catherine Tate . In February 2008 , Reid appeared as the mother of Monica Gallagher , Joan , who was suffering from Alzheimer 's in the Channel 4 drama Shameless . In October 2008 , she played the title role in In Love with Barbara on BBC Four , a biographical film of Barbara Cartland . In 2009 Reid appeared in the television series Agatha Christie 's Marple in the episode Nemesis . From 2009 to 2010 she starred as Vera alongside Maureen Lipman as Irene in an ITV3 adaptation of the BBC Radio 4 series Ladies of Letters . In 2010 she began playing Mrs Thackeray , the cook , in the BBC 's short - lived revival series of Upstairs Downstairs , and also appeared in Five Days , New Tricks and Moving On . In 2011 Reid had a major part in Marchlands , a five - part ITV supernatural drama , made a guest appearance in Doc Martin and played a supporting role in The Jury II . Since 2012 Reid has starred as Celia alongside Sir Derek Jacobi as Alan in the BBC romantic comedy - drama series , Last Tango in Halifax . Reid was nominated for the 2013 British Academy Television Award for Best Actress for this role . In 2013 she appeared in the second series of the BBC drama Prisoners ' Wives . She also starred with Katherine Kelly in The Last Witch , part of a series of original dramas for Sky Living and appeared in the final Agatha Christie 's Poirot mystery , Curtain . In 2014 , she guest - starred in `` Sardines '' , the first episode of BBC anthology series Inside No. 9 . She also starred alongside Lee Ingleby and Ralf Little in the six - part BBC drama series Our Zoo . In September 2015 Reid took part in an episode of the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are ? In 2017 Reid starred alongside Timothy Spall in `` The Commuter '' , an episode of the Channel 4 / Amazon Video anthology series Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams . In 2018 she starred alongside Alison Steadman and John Cleese in a new BBC comedy series , Hold the Sunset . Film ( edit ) Reid 's was the voice of Wendolene Ramsbottom in the Wallace and Gromit film A Close Shave ( 1995 ) . Her other film appearances include : Love and Death on Long Island ( 1997 ) ; The Mother ( 2003 ) , for which her performance secured her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in 2004 ; Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) ; Cemetery Junction ( 2010 ) , which Ricky Gervais acted in , as well as wrote and directed with Stephen Merchant ; and Song for Marion ( 2013 ) , with co-stars Vanessa Redgrave and Terence Stamp . Additionally , Reid filmed a minor role as a lesbian headmistress in the movie Love Actually ( 2003 ) , but Reid is not credited in the cast list since all her scenes were ultimately deleted , because they were not central to the main plot . The scenes can , however , be viewed in the deleted scenes on the Love Actually DVD . Theatre ( edit ) In 2002 Reid appeared in the premiere of The York Realist at the Royal Court Theatre , which later transferred to the West End . From September 2005 to January 2006 , she appeared on stage in the West End in Epitaph for George Dillon . In June 2007 , Reid played the role of Jack 's mother in Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods , at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden . From January to May 2008 , Reid appeared in the National Theatre 's production of Happy Now ? , a new play by Lucinda Coxon . From March to May 2009 , Reid appeared at the Donmar Warehouse in Dimetos , a 1975 play by Athol Fugard . From September to November 2012 , Reid appeared at London 's Old Vic , in a production of Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler , starring Sheridan Smith . On 26 January 2015 , Reid played Madame Armfeldt in a special concert version of A Little Night Music , at the Palace Theatre , to celebrate 40 years since the musical premiered in the West End . In July and August 2016 , Reid appeared at the Minerva Theatre , Chichester alongside James Bolam in a new play , Fracked ! Or : Please Do n't Use the F - Word by Alistair Beaton . The play was revived for a national tour in April and May 2017 . From October to December 2017 , Reid returned to the West End opposite Eve Best in Oscar Wilde 's A Woman of No Importance at the Vaudeville Theatre . Selected film and television appearances ( edit ) 1957 : Hancock 's Half Hour 1958 : The Adventures of Robin Hood 1961 -- 1971 : Coronation Street ( 633 episodes ) 1985 : Bleak House 1986 : Victoria Wood As Seen On TV 1989 : Doctor Who -- The Curse of Fenric 1991 : Rich Tea and Sympathy 1991 : Very Big Very Soon -- episode The Taxman 1992 : Casualty 1994 : Pat and Margaret 1995 : Wallace and Gromit : A Close Shave 1996 : Hetty Wainthropp Investigates 1993 -- 1999 : Peak Practice 1998 -- 2000 : Dinnerladies 1999 : Lost for Words 2000 : Liam 2001 : Linda Green 2001 -- 2002 : Dalziel and Pascoe 2003 : Midsomer Murders 2003 : The Mother 2003 : The Booze Cruise 2004 : Rose and Maloney 2004 -- 2006 : Life Begins 2005 : A Little Trip to Heaven 2005 : Bleak House 2005 : The Booze Cruise II : The Treasure Hunt 2006 : The Booze Cruise III : The Scattering 2006 : Jane Eyre 2007 : The Bad Mother 's Handbook 2007 : Hot Fuzz 2007 : Doctor Who -- episode : `` Smith and Jones '' 2007 : Savage Grace 2008 : Shameless 2008 : In Love with Barbara 2009 : Agatha Christie 's Marple -- episode Nemesis 2009 -- 2010 : Ladies of Letters 2010 : Cemetery Junction 2010 : Five Days 2010 : New Tricks 2010 -- 2012 : Upstairs , Downstairs 2011 : Marchlands 2011 : The Jury II 2012 : Foster 2012 -- present : Last Tango in Halifax 2013 : Song for Marion 2013 : Prisoners ' Wives 2013 : The Last Witch 2013 : Agatha Christie 's Poirot -- episode Curtain 2014 : Inside No 9 2014 : Our Zoo 2014 : Believe 2017 : The Snowman 2017 : Romans 2017 : Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams 2018 : Hold the Sunset Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2003 European Film Award for Best Actress The Mother Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Won British Independent Film Award for Best Actress Nominated European Film Award Best Actress Audience Award Nominated 2013 Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series Last Tango in Halifax Nominated 2013 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress Nominated Other Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2010 Birthday Honours . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Index entry : Births June 1935 '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Reid featured article '' . The Genealogist . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Reid : Daily Mail '' . ZoomInfo.com. 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne 's Swinging Sixties '' . This Is London . 14 November 2003 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry : Marriages June 1920 '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry : Births September 1896 '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry : Births June 1896 '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Swann , Yvonne ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Anne Reid : I saw my parents only once a year during the summer '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Rachel ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Last Tango in Halifax : Anne Reid interview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Reid : ' I was desperate to leave Corrie ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Begins on Andrew Davies ' Innovative Adaptation of Dickens ' Bleak House '' . BBC . 10 February 2005 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tennant Back in the Tardis , as Filming Gets Under Way for Series Three of Doctor Who '' . BBC . 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Keal , Graham ( 25 February 2008 ) . `` Anne Reid : From Bedding James Bond to Joining Shameless '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Putting on the Pink : Dinnerladies Actress Anne Reid to Play Late Novelist Dame Barbara Cartland '' . Daily Mail . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Liz ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` Star Line - Up for Next Miss Marple Run '' . The Stage . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies of Letters '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` What WOULD Mrs Bridges Think ? Upstairs , Downstairs Is Back ... with Keeley Hawes '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Days Returns to BBC One : Anne Reid is Jen Mason '' . BBC . 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Ian ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Marchlands : Anne Reid '' . lifeofwylie.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Press release . ( 1 ) . ITV . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` Derek Jacobi , Anne Reid Lead BBC Romance ' Antony and Cleopatra ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2013 : List of winners '' . BBC News . 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners ' Wives Is Back on the Box '' . The Sun . 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Katherine Kelly , Emily Mortimer to Star in New Sky Living Shows '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bayford , Natasha ( 26 October 2013 ) . `` Agatha Christie 's Poirot : Curtain : Poirot 's Last Case '' . ITV Press Centre . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside No. 9 '' . BBC Media Centre . 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jeffrey ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` BBC One 's Our Zoo , Lee Ingleby , Liz White , Ralf Little for new drama '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Lesley ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Actress Anne Reid on shock family discovery on BBC show Who Do You Think You Are '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actor Timothy Spall to star in new sci - fi series on Channel 4 '' . What 's on TV . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Fawlty Towers ' John Cleese is returning to the BBC for a new sitcom '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 2004 '' . BAFTA Awards . 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 1 March 2006 ) . `` ' Shaun ' Team Chases ' Fuzz ' -- Working Title Rounds Up Coogan , Broadbent and Dalton '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Terence Stamp , Vanessa Redgrave & Gemma Arterton Lead Paul Andrew Williams ' ' Song For Marion ' -- Christopher Eccleston and Anne Reid Also on Board '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Heather ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` ' Love Actually ' Has a Lesbian Relationship You Probably Never Knew Existed '' . After Ellen . Archived from the original on 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri ( 5 February 2002 ) . `` ETT 's York Realist Transfers '' . Whatsonstage.com . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cast : Reid 's Epitaph , Asher 's Diamond & Journey '' . whatsonstage.com. 1 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ROH Goes Into the Woods with Rowe , Klein & Reid '' . whatsonstage.com. 15 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Beale Leads NT Major , Williams Gets Happy '' . whatsonstage.com. 14 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast : Dominic Cooper in Phaedra ; Dimetos & Days '' . whatsonstage.com. 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bosanquet , Theo ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Sheridan Smith plays Hedda at Old Vic , Nunn 's Kate transfers '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bosanquet , Theo ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : West End concert marks 40th anniversary of Sondheim 's Little Night Music '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowie - Sell , Daisy ( 18 February 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes and Hugh Bonneville to star in Chichester Festival Theatre 's new season '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Alun ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Anne Reid cast in A Woman of No Importance '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 59446 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 12 June 2010 . p. 21 . External links ( edit ) Anne Reid on IMDb ( hide ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Miranda Richardson ( 1993 ) Crissy Rock ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Lesley Manville ( 2002 ) Anne Reid ( 2003 ) Eva Birthistle / Kate Winslet ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Judi Dench ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Kate Beckinsale ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34660195 LCCN : n2006010024 ISNI : 0000 0001 1948 3813 GND : 1062474538 SUDOC : 070952353 BNF : cb14052714v ( data ) BIBSYS : 6095998 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Reid&oldid=832400557 '' Categories : 1935 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from Northumberland Actresses from London Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English radio actresses English soap opera actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses Living people Members of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Rydal Penrhos Actresses from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use British English from July 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did anne reid play in coronation street	[ "Anne Reid, MBE (born 28 May 1935) is an English stage, film and television actress, known for her roles as Valerie Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street (1961–71); Jean in the sitcom Dinnerladies (1998–2000); and her BAFTA-nominated role as Celia Dawson in Last Tango in Halifax (2012–present). She won the London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for the film The Mother (2003)." ]	[ "Valerie Barlow" ]
-6679674771197404269	Bangladesh–India border	Bangladesh -- India border - wikipedia Bangladesh -- India border Jump to : navigation , search The border has created a narrow strip known as `` Chicken 's neck '' that has made the communication and transportation between mainland India and Northeast India inconvenient The Bangladesh -- India border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states . Bangladesh and India share a 4,156 km ( 2,582 mi ) - long international border , the fifth - longest land border in the world , including 262 km ( 163 mi ) in Assam , 856 km ( 532 mi ) in Tripura , 180 km ( 110 mi ) in Mizoram , 443 km ( 275 mi ) in Meghalaya , and 2,217 km ( 1,378 mi ) in Bengal . The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh , Khulna , Rajshahi , Rangpur , Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border . A number of pillars mark the border between the two states . Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides . The Land Boundary Agreement to simplify the border was ratified by both India and Bangladesh on 7 May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Issues 3 Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries 4 Maritime boundary 5 Transportation 5.1 Road links 5.2 Bus Service 5.3 India - Bangladesh Rail links 6 India - Bangladesh barrier 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 External links History ( edit ) Post number 1273 of Bangladesh -- India border Further information : Radcliffe Line The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the partition of India . It was named after its architect , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , who , as chairman of the Border Commissions , was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles ( 450,000 km ) of territory with 88 million people . Issues ( edit ) See also : Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border BDR ( now BGB ) Commander checking the dead Bangladeshi soldiers at the Border The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock , food items , medicines and drugs from India to Bangladesh . Moreover , illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India . Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India , a controversial shoot - on - sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols . This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers . The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force and the Border Guards Bangladesh , most notably in 2001 . In July 2009 , Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo - Bangladeshi Barrier . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) issued an 81 - page report which brought up uncountable abuses of the BSF . The report was compiled from the interviews taken from the victims of BSF torments , witnesses , members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart . The report stated that over 1000 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century . According to HRW , BSF did not only shoot illegal migrants or smugglers but even innocents who were seen near , sometimes even people working in fields ( farmland ) near the border . Bangladesh Last House , in the Bangladesh -- India border at Jointa Hill Resort , Tamabil , Sylhet . BSF has often been accused by Bangladesh government of incursions into Bangladesh territory , and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India - Bangladesh borders . This was in retaliation to massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India , for which the Indo - Bangladeshi Barrier is underway . In a news conference in August 2008 , Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals ( 34 Bangladeshis , 21 Indians , rest unidentified ) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months . Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children , aged between 8 and 15 , from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh , in 2010 . The children were setting fishing nets near the border . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch has accused the Border Security Force for the indiscriminate killings . BSF forces killed and hanged the dead body over the fence Ms. Felani ( a 15 - year - old Bangladeshi girl ) on 7 January 2011 . Many conferences have been held between India and Bangladesh to discuss such issues as smuggling and trespassing , cattle lifting , trafficking of drugs and arms . Colonel Muhammad Shahid Sarwar of BGB gave Border Security Force a list of miscreants which took place in India , and the BSF side also handed over a similar list to the BGB . Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries ( edit ) Main article : India -- Bangladesh enclaves India Bangladesh Border The enclaves or chitmahals ( Bengali : ছিটমহল ) between India and Bangladesh border in the Indian state of West Bengal were a long - standing issue between the countries . The enclaves were reputedly part of a high - stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings , the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur , and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire . After the partition of India in 1947 , Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then - East Pakistan , which became Bangladesh in 1971 . The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border . In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement , but India did not ratify it . In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions . A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015 . Inside the main part of Bangladesh , there were 111 Indian enclaves ( 17,160.63 acres ) , while inside the main part of India , there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves ( 7,110.02 acres ) . In respect of adverse possessions , India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh . Under the agreement , the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice . The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh . The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata - Dumabari , Muhurichar ( an island in the Muhuri River ) , and Pyrdiwah . Maritime Boundary ( edit ) India and Bangladesh had engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations starting 1974 , but it remained inconclusive until 2009 . In October 2009 , Bangladesh served India with notice of arbitration proceedings under the UNCLOS . The Arbitration Tribunal delivered the ruling on 7 July 2014 and settled the dispute . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transport between India and Bangladesh , Designated border crossings of India , and Borders of India Map of major border customs checkposts Road links ( edit ) Designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP , with both customs and immigration facilities ) and Land Customs Stations ( LCS ) are : Assam Mankachar Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Rowmari post ( Bangladesh ) karimgang Steamer and Ferry Station ( KSFS ) Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Zakiganj post ( Bangladesh ) West Bengal Kolkata -- Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing Malda - Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing Chandrabangha integrated checkpost Hili Meghalaya Bagmara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Bijoyour post ( Bangladesh ) Borsara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Borsara post ( Bangladesh ) West Garo Hills - Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12 Tura - Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 ( India ) and Nakugaon post ( Bangladesh ) Shillong - Sylhet via Dawki integrated checkpost crossing ( India ) and Tambil post ( Bangladesh ) Tripura Agartala - Dhaka via Afartala integrated checkpost ( india ) and Akhaura checkpost crossing Karimganj - Gopalganj District , Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37 ( India ) and Sheola post ( Bangladesh ) Santirbazar - Feni via Santirbazar integrated border checkpost road and railway crossing in South Tripura district Mizoram Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost , opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Bus service ( edit ) Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries , which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years , starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947 . After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , bilateral relations improved considerably , but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links . The Kolkata -- Dhaka Bus started in 1999 . In 2001 , another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala , the capital of the Indian state of Tripura , the second largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east . In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via , Petrapole , Dhaka , Akhoura began . The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation . India - Bangladesh rail links ( edit ) See also : Transport between India and Bangladesh § Rail links Before partition India and Bangladesh had multiple rail links . In the 21st century the countries are only connected by rail links on the Western Bangladeshi border , although there are plans to rebuild some of the other rail links . 2 scheduled passenger trains run between Kolkata and Bangladesh as the Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express . India - Bangladesh barrier ( edit ) The border fence close to the Hili Border station in West Bangladesh The project has run into several delays and there is no clear completion date for the project yet . The barrier when complete will be patrolled by the Border Security Force . The fence will also be electrified at some stretches . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to prevent smuggling of narcotics . India is constructing the Indo - Bangladeshi barrier , a 3,406 - kilometre ( 2,116 mi ) fence of barbed wire and concrete just under 3 metres high , to prevent smuggling of narcotics . Out of this , 500 kilometres of fencing was completed at the cost of ₹ 28.81 billion ( US $450 million ) by November 2007 . The deadline for project completion was set to 2008 -- 09 By October 2009 , about 2649 kilometres of fencing along with about 3326 kilometres of border roads were completed . The deadline for project completion was revised to March 2010 . By March 2011 , 2735 kilometres of fencing was completed and the deadline was revised to March 2012 . Assam shares 263 km of border with Bangladesh out of which 143.9 km is land and 119.1 km is riverine . As of November 2011 , 221.56 km of fencing was completed . India has completed the installation of flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector . Sometimes between 2001 - 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops ( BDR ) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man 's land . See also ( edit ) Borders of India Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border 2001 Indian -- Bangladeshi border conflict Bangladesh -- India relations Border barrier Dahala Khagrabari Indo - Bangladesh enclaves Indo - Burma barrier Line of Control Tetulia Corridor Tin Bigha Corridor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Border Management : Dilemma of Guarding the India - Bangladesh Border '' . IDSA . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh - Times of India '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 482 . ISBN 9780393045949 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress.com '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brad ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` India 's shoot - to - kill policy on the Bangladesh border '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` India : New Killings , Torture at Bangladeshi Border '' . 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BSF jawan killed in ambush near Bangladesh border - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Channel 4 News , 24 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` India / Bangladesh : Indiscriminate Killings , Abuse by Border Officers '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff Correspondent ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Border tension flares as BSF kills 2 more '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 19 April 2007 . Jump up ^ India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border , Reuters , 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BSF abducts 5 children from border '' . The Daily Star . 24 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years Innocent Bangladeshi Girl Felani Killed by Aggressive Indian Border Security Force ( BSF ) '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( 119th Amendment ) Bill , 2013 '' PRS India . Accessed 10 May 2015. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ India ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sougata Mukhopadhyay ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` India - Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ MANOJ ANAND ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Bangladesh land swap deal : AGP calls bandh , says PM Modi betrayed people '' . The Asian Age . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shubhajit Roy ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Special correspondent ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Meghalaya groups flay land - swap deal '' . Calcutta Telegraph . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stateless misery on India - Bangladesh border '' , BBC , 5 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh , India to swap 162 land parcels '' , AFP , 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` UN tribunal puts an end to 40 - year - old India - Bangladesh maritime dispute '' . RT Op - Edge. 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ICP and LCS Jump up ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar , Bangladesh Jump up ^ Malhotra , Jyoti ( 18 June 1999 ) . `` Bus maps the route to better Indo - Bangla ties '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata - Dhaka Moitree Express flagged off '' . The Times of India . Times Internet Limited . 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centre has fenced 3406 km along Indo - Bangladesh border '' . Thaindian news . 27 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Bangla border fencing to be completed by March 2010 '' . Zee News . 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangla border fence deadline extended '' . The Assam Tribune . 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fencing along India - Bangladesh Border '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Govt of India . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India - Bangladesh News from India '' . India Monitor . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . External links ( edit ) Map of India - Bangladesh border links External links ( edit ) India - Bangladesh border gunfire News from India Bangladesh -- India relations Treaties and summits Indo - Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Peace Events and conflicts Bangladesh Liberation War Mitro Bahini Mukti Bahini Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Farakka Barrage Sharing of Ganges Waters Chitmahal ( Tin Bigha Corridor , Tetulia Corridor ) India -- Bangladesh enclaves Indian migration to Bangladesh Taslima Nasreen 2001 border conflict Border killings Illegal immigration in India Banglabandha Banga Sena Sharing the water of the Teesta Ganges Barrage Project Initiatives Bangladesh -- India border Joint River Commission Rampal Powerplant Project Forces Border Security Force Border Guards Bangladesh Bangladesh Army Personalities Indira Gandhi Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Morarji Desai Ziaur Rahman Atal Bihari Vajpayee Sheikh Hasina Begum Khaleda Zia Pranab Mukherjee Mamata Banerjee Transport Akhaura - Agartala Rail link ( Under Construction ) Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka - Agartala Bus Grand Trunk Road Jet Airways Kolkata - Agartala Bus ( Via Dhaka ) Kolkata - Dhaka Bus Maitree Express United Airways Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Bangladesh India -- Bangladesh land border checkpoints Bangladesh - India land border checkpoints Checkpoints for crossing of human beings Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Lalgola -- Godagiri Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Radhikapur -- Biral Changrabandha -- Burimari Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Checkpoints for crossing of vehicles Ghojadanga -- Bhomra Petrapole -- Benapole Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Phulbari -- Banglabandha Changrabandha -- Burimari Ghasuapara -- Haluaghat Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Srimantanagar -- Bibir Bazar Rail transit points Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Singhabad -- Rohanpur See also Bangladesh - India border Bangladesh -- India relations Railways in the North - east and Eastern India or Railways in Bangladesh for defunct rail transit points Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Coordinates : 26 ° 15 ′ 43 '' N 88 ° 45 ′ 06 '' E / 26.26194 ° N 88.75167 ° E / 26.26194 ; 88.75167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh -- India_border&oldid = 821023286 '' Categories : Bangladesh -- India border Geography of Assam Geography of West Bengal Fences Border barriers Borders of Bangladesh Borders of India Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Bengali - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano मराठी Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the border line between india and bangladesh called	[ "The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states." ]	[ "International Border (IB)" ]
-1921174086910272934	Gallery (band)	Gallery ( band ) - Wikipedia Gallery ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search Gallery was a 1970s American soft rock band , formed in Detroit , Michigan by Jim Gold . While Gallery did record a number of songs , they are most famous for their 1972 hit single , `` Nice to Be With You '' , written by Gold . The song was arranged and produced by Dennis Coffey and Mike Theodore and released by Sussex Records . It became an international hit single , reaching the top five in the U.S. , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand ; sales of one million copies earned the band a gold record . The song reached # 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and remained in the Hot 100 for 22 weeks , tying with War 's `` Slippin ' Into Darkness '' for most weeks on the chart during 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the # 14 song for 1972 . On the Cashbox Top 100 , `` Nice to Be With You '' reached # 1 . Gallery followed up in late 1972 with a cover of Mac Davis 's `` I Believe in Music '' , which charted moderately well at # 22 on Billboard and # 13 on Cashbox . They also toured across the South Pacific . In early 1973 , Gallery 's third and last Hot 100 hit , Tom Lazaros 's `` Big City Miss Ruth Ann '' , reached # 23 on the Hot 100 and # 7 on WCFL . A year later , `` Love Every Little Thing About You '' did not chart , and Gallery disbanded . Contents ( hide ) 1 Album discography 2 Singles 3 References 4 External links Album discography ( edit ) Nice to Be with You ( Sussex SXBS 7017 ) - 1971 Gallery Featuring Jim Gold ( Sussex SXBS 7026 ) - 1972 Singles ( edit ) `` You 're Always on My Mind '' - 1972 `` Nice to Be With You '' / `` Ginger Haired Man '' ( Sussex SUX232 ) - 1972 `` I Believe in Music '' / `` Someone '' ( Sussex SUX239 ) - 1972 `` Big City Miss Ruth Ann '' / `` Lover 's Hideaway '' ( Sussex SUX248 ) - 1972 `` Maybe Baby '' / `` Lady Luck '' ( Sussex SUX259 ) - 1973 `` Friends '' / `` Love Every Little Thing About You '' ( Sussex SR - 512 ) - 1974 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biography by Steve Huey '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 313 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 6 / 24 / 72 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WCFL 1000 Chicago Music Survey '' . Las-solanas.com. 1973 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Always on my Mind '' . YouTube . 2009 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Biography at Allmusic.com Official Web Site of Jim Gold MusicBrainz : 8ea8026e - ebf7 - 4c06 - a1a6 - 8799e23c6464 This article on a United States rock music band is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallery_(band)&oldid=840825781 '' Categories : Rock music groups from Michigan American pop music groups American soft rock music groups Musical groups from Detroit United States rock musical group stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song it's so nice to be with you	[ "Gallery was a 1970s American soft rock band, formed in Detroit, Michigan by Jim Gold.[1] While Gallery did record a number of songs, they are most famous for their 1972 hit single, \"Nice to Be With You\", written by Gold.[2] The song was arranged and produced by Dennis Coffey and Mike Theodore and released by Sussex Records. It became an international hit single, reaching the top five in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; sales of one million copies earned the band a gold record.[2] The song reached #4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2] and remained in the Hot 100 for 22 weeks, tying with War's \"Slippin' Into Darkness\" for most weeks on the chart during 1972. Billboard ranked it as the #14 song for 1972.[3] On the Cashbox Top 100, \"Nice to Be With You\" reached #1.[4]" ]	[ "Gallery" ]
6532574461374118568	Kim Sullivan Hughes	Kim Sullivan Hughes - wikipedia Kim Sullivan Hughes For other people named Kim Hughes , see Kim Hughes ( disambiguation ) . Kim Sullivan Hughes As the World Turns character Portrayed by Kathryn Hays Duration 1972 -- 2010 First appearance August 31 , 1972 ( 1972 - 08 - 31 ) Last appearance September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) Created by Irna Phillips Introduced by Freddie Bartholomew Classification Final , regular Profile Other names Kimberly Sullivan Kim Reynolds Kim Dixon Kim Stewart Kim Andropoulous Occupation Media proprietor Campaign manager Talk show host Secretary ( former ) Singer ( former ) Residence 10 Yardley Place Oakdale , Illinois show Family Mother Frances Sullivan Sisters Jennifer Ryan Hughes Spouse Jason Reynolds John Dixon ( 1973 -- 76 ) Dan Stewart ( 1977 -- 79 ) Nick Andropoulous ( 1981 -- 82 ) Bob Hughes ( 1985 -- ) Sons Andy Dixon Christopher Hughes II Daughters Sabrina Hughes Granddaughters Hope Dixon Nieces and nephews Rick Ryan Barbara Ryan Melinda Grey Frannie Hughes Other relatives Paul Ryan Jennifer Munson Will Munson Johnny Dixon Jennifer Ryan Johnny Montgomery Hallie Munson ( adoptive ) Kim Sullivan Hughes is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns . The character was portrayed by Kathryn Hays continuously from 1972 . Kim was created by soap opera legend Irna Phillips and was based on Irna 's own personality . She soon became one of As the World Turns 's most popular characters . First appearing in August 1972 , the actress become the fourth longest serving cast member on the show after Helen Wagner ( Nancy Hughes ) , Don Hastings ( Bob Hughes ) , and Eileen Fulton ( Lisa Grimaldi ) when the show finished on air on September 17 , 2010 . Kim 's storylines often revolve around the core Hughes family . The character is portrayed as strong , fiery , sensitive and mother figure who in recent years has taken on the role as the Hughes ' matriarch . Throughout her almost 40 - year run on the show , Kim has endured several love interests , health issues including open heart surgery and amnesia whilst making the change from adulterous home - wrecker to matriarchal figure . Princeton 's Bureau County Republican said the character had `` grown over the decades and survived the typical drama of complicated soap plots . '' Contents 1 Creation and casting 1.1 Characterisation 2 Character development and impact 2.1 Early storylines 2.2 Marital rape 2.3 Jennifer 's death 2.4 Dr. Dan Stewart and Nick Andropolous 2.5 Marriage to Bob , Frannie and Sabrina , and Bob 's affair with Susan 2.6 Hospitilzations 2.7 Chris ' return 2.8 Bob 's stroke 2.9 Later years and Bob 's retirement 3 References Creation and casting ( edit ) Characterisation ( edit ) Kathryn Hays was cast as the single , marriage - wrecking Kim Sullivan in 1972 by Irna Phillips . Various accounts have suggested that Kim is , in some ways , representative of Phillips herself . Phillips had written an earlier story on Another World for the character Pat Randolph that had also paralleled her own life . ( 1 ) `` I do n't know if she modelled Kim after herself , '' Hays said in an interview . `` Don ( Hastings ) once said to me that Irna Philips saw something in me , or something that spoke to her in some ways . I do n't really know ... I was really terrified of her to tell you the truth . '' `` Kim was written as a troublemaker . She was going to come in and cause trouble for Dr. Bob and Jennifer , Kim 's sister . Irna turned that into someone who had depth and evolved into Kim . For me as an actor , it started one way and then turned into someone else . '' `` She turned into a deeper character , and that was wonderful . I was playing a character who had had a rough patch in her life but she made the choice to be a better person and to not be selfish . She made the choice to be thoughtful of others . You saw her grow through those years . '' Hays said it was always reassuring to know that if Kim got pushed too far , or too hard , `` she could turn around and deck you . Verbally , not physically . '' Character development and impact ( edit ) Early storylines ( edit ) Kim evolved from an adulterous sister to a loving member of the Oakdale community . She first arrived in Oakdale for her sister Jennifer 's wedding to Bob Hughes in late 1972 , she fell in love with Bob as he also began to share feelings for Kim . Bob and Jennifer 's marriage was at a strain due to the behavior of Jennifer 's son Rick , Bob took a break to Florida and Kim who still had feelings for Bob followed him there and pretended that she had met him out of pure coincidence . Eventually Kim and Bob shared a one - night stand together and then the two returned to Oakdale where Jennifer announced she was pregnant with Bob 's child . However Kim was also pregnant with Bob 's child but she did n't want to hurt Jennifer so she married Bob 's rival Dr. John Dixon . At this stage , show creator Irna Phillips planned to have Bob leave Jennifer for Kim , this caused outrage among viewers who thought Kim should 've been `` punished '' for her adultery . CBS asked Irna to reconsider but Irna refused , they were forced to dismiss her as head writer . At that time , the story had Kim gave birth to a stillborn baby . Marital rape ( edit ) Kim never really loved John as she was really in love with Bob . In frustration with their lackluster marriage , John raped Kim and marital rape was not illegal in those days so Kim could n't press charges against him . Kim stayed in her marriage to keep her sister Jennifer happy . `` `` I did n't even realize that was controversial . But it was ... '' '' -- -- Kathryn Hays `` It did n't register with me how important this story was . I thought that relationship certainly served us well throughout the years . It was such a love - hate relationship . That only happened because of what we made out of it . It was so much about how Larry ( Bryggman ) would approach the scene . Because they would write some brutal things for him . He would then take them and pull it around in such a way that it would be so poignant , so that the reaction could only be one of compassion . That became the way we would function . At the end of one of these scenes , he said to Kim , `` If you would be nicer to me , I will be nicer to you . '' That was in a scene that was written as nasty . Instead of being nasty and brutal , he would temper it . He said that to me in a way that broke my heart . That is what made it interesting . In his terrible clumsy way he really loved Kim . He just was n't good at being loving . Jennifer 's death ( edit ) Jennifer and Bob were happy until Jennifer discovered that she was dying of a rare disease of the central nervous system . Later it went into remission , but tragedy struck for Kim in 1975 when Jennifer died in a car accident . One day she had enough of John 's controlling antics and ran out of the house . John followed but fell down the stairs . Kim then stayed with John out of guilt but she had started to fall in love with Dr. Dan Stewart . John faked his illness when he recovered and this forced Kim to leave him . Kim fled to a cabin and while writing a love letter to Dan a tornado struck and she sustained an injury that made her get amnesia . John then pretended to Kim that he had the perfect marriage with her . John made her contact with the outside world limited , thinking that her memory would return . When Kim did regain her memory she discovered she was pregnant with John 's baby as he had taken advantage of her memory loss . Kim then left John to be with Dr. Dan Stewart . Dr. Dan Stewart and Nick Andropolous ( edit ) Kim got together with Dan Stewart with resistance from his estranged wife Susan and married , in 1976 , Kim gave birth to Andy Dixon and in 1978 married Dan . Tragedy struck in nearly 1979 for Kim when Dan was experiencing bad headaches and was diagnosed with a brain tumor . When Dan 's illness grew worse , they went on vacation but were stumbled upon by criminals Roy Barker and Chip Kelley who were robbing a store . The latter of the two was killed and Barker held them hostage , Dan disarmed him eventually and he was arrested , sadly the next day for Kim was even worse when Dan died . Kim found comfort in Oakdale 's newest business man , Nick Andropolous who was running a Greek restaurant in Oakdale . Kim reminded Nick of his dead wife , this was confirmed when his brother Steve arrived in town , he was shocked when he saw Kim who resembled his brother 's dead wife . Kim and Nick then planned to get married but a problem arose , Nick 's dead wife Andrea was n't dead , Andrea eventually allowed a divorce and Kim and Nick married . Kim 's stepdaughter by Dan , Betsy was now seeing Steve who was a bad egg and was now involved in smuggling drugs . Betsy and Steve refused to see reason and ran away , Nick found them and threatened to kill Steve in furious anger , Nick made Betsy swear not to see Steve again which she did , then Nick sadly collapsed and died of a heart attack , leaving Kim a widow by three men , Jason Reynolds , Dan , and Nick . Marriage to Bob , Frannie and Sabrina , and Bob 's affair with Susan ( edit ) Kim married Bob Hughes in 1985 . Shortly after their wedding , she and Frannie were involved in a mystery which eventually revealed Douglas Cummings as Kim 's admirer . Douglas kidnapped Kim and Frannie , and was ultimately murdered . Kim believed Frannie may have been responsible , and claimed she did it to protect Frannie ( ultimately , Marsha Talbot was revealed as the killer ) . In 1986 , Kim birth to her and Bob 's son , Christopher . Not long after , they heard from Frannie , who had seen a woman in the UK that looked like her . Kim , Bob and Frannie eventually learned that the woman , Sabrina Fullerton , was Bob and Kim 's daughter . John Dixon and Memorial hospital staff had a role in taking Sabrina away as an infant and getting her out of the country . Sabrina tried to become part of the Hughes family , but stirred up conflict and came between Frannie and her then - boyfriend , Seth Snyder . A few years later , Bob and Kim drifted apart . Bob was feeling left out as Kim and John tried to deal with their son Andy 's alcoholism . The strain led to Bob having an affair with an old friend and coworker ( and Kim 's rival ) Dr. Susan Stewart . Though Kim threw him out of the house , she eventually forgave him and their marriage remained on solid ground . Hospitilzations ( edit ) In 1997 , Kim underwent a life - threatening heart valve replacement surgery , something sure to alter her and Bob 's life for years . During this time she had an out of body experience where she would see her life if she had died on the operating table . In addition , Kim was injured in a church bombing and was in a coma for a time . She recovered with a new appreciation for her family and friends and a new commitment to make a difference in their lives . On this note , Kim donated her bone marrow to Hope Snyder . Kim was later shocked to learn that Hope was her very own granddaughter . Chris ' return ( edit ) Chris , now a young doctor , fell in love with the teenaged Alison Stewart , Susan 's youngest daughter . Kim did n't seem to have a problem with the relationship until the couple decided to move in together -- into the Hughes ' home . However the relationship did n't workout , and after divorcing , Chris left Oakdale . Hays said during this storyline came one of her favourite scenes with actress Marie Masters ( Susan Stewart ) . `` When Chris married Alison . Marie and I had a scene where I went to her house , we were talking about our kids Chris and Ally . Kim was trying to make peace , trying to be reasonable , and Susan was having none of it . We got down to the floor and were getting ready to tape . In rehearsal , Marie had added a line at the end , `` Be sure to say hello to Bob for me . '' It was a real dig at Kim . At the end of rehearsal it made me so mad , as Kim . I knew what I felt like doing , and I did n't do it at rehearsal . But I knew that if she said that during the taping that I would was going to let it fly . So we 're taping this thing , it had gone well . Kim was going to the door , and Susan said , `` Be sure to hello to Bob for me . '' I yelled , `` Oh go to hell ! '' and slammed the door . '' Bob 's stroke ( edit ) A few years later , Kim was elated when Chris returned . However , she had concerns that he was back with Emily Stewart . However , Emily would be the least of Kim 's worries . Upon arriving in town , Chris was at loggerheads with Bob over a research project conducted by Evan Walsh IV . While Chris felt the project was cutting - edge and would help people in the end , Bob felt it was far too risky . Though Bob had intended to groom Chris to eventually take over as Chief of Staff , Chris 's arrogant ambitiousness unsettled Bob . Later , Bob was unexpectedly struck down by a stroke . At Kim 's insistence , Chris was sworn in as interim Chief of Staff despite his lack of experience . Though Dusty Donovan accused Chris of causing Bob 's stroke , Chris was exonerated , and humbled , when the true culprit turned out to be Evan . In the meantime , after six weeks , Bob finally woke up from his coma and made a full recovery . Later years and Bob 's retirement ( edit ) Despite his brush with death , Bob continued to work long hours at the hospital , frustrating Kim . The final straw came when Bob refused to take a vacation and go away with Kim to the cabin for their anniversary . At the same time , while planning a special surprise for Bob and Kim , Tom and Margo discovered that Bob and Kim were n't legally married . The family proposed holding a quickie ceremony the following day , but an upset Kim revealed that she might not want to marry Bob at all . Luckily , the family was able to convince the pair to reconcile and Bob and Kim married again in a beautiful ceremony with their family present . Months later , Bob finally took Kim 's wishes to heart and retired in the final episode of As The World Turns . `` `` It was the moment I realized that Kim would n't be there anymore ( tearful ) . It was such a shock to me . It was just a shock to me . '' '' -- -- Kathryn Hays Hays said news of the cancellation of the show come as a shock to her . `` It was the moment I realized that Kim would n't be there anymore ( tearful ) . It was such a shock to me . It was just a shock to me . '' On filming her final episode in 2010 , Hays said the last day was incredibly `` poignant '' . `` The last day was poignant , and what was so incredible about it was how we shot pretty much in order that day . As each group finished with a scene , that would be the end of their involvement . But it was n't like tomorrow was another show , so the studio got really full . By the time they got to our scenes with Don and myself , there was hardly any room for cameras or the boom . In a way , it felt like being in a theater . We do n't normally have an audience . The stage manager asked if it was going to be a problem for us , but we both said no . It was like everybody 's arm was around us . It was absolutely incredible , there was not a sound . It was like everyone was holding their breath . In a way , we were all doing it together . When we finished , Don and I both spoke a little bit to everybody , and the whole As the World Turns family moved to the other end of big studio where they had the world 's longest table set up , covered with champagne glasses . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` We Love Soaps - welovesoaps.net '' . Jump up ^ 2008 Interview in the Bureau County Journal `` Bureau County Republican - www.bcrnews.com '' Check url = value ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : We Love Soaps Article , 2010 Jump up ^ `` We Love Soaps - welovesoaps.net '' . Jump up ^ `` We Love Soaps - welovesoaps.net '' . Jump up ^ `` As The World Turns - Insidetv.ew.com '' . As the World Turns Characters Hughes family Bob Hughes Kim Sullivan Hughes Chris Hughes Tom Hughes Margo Hughes Casey Hughes Snyder family Holden Snyder Jack Snyder Carly Snyder Lily Walsh Snyder Katie Snyder Luke Snyder Faith Snyder Natalie Snyder Ethan Snyder Parker Snyder Sage Snyder Jacob Snyder Ryan / Coleman family Barbara Ryan Coleman Henry Coleman Paul Ryan Eliza Ryan Stewart family Susan Burke Stewart Emily Stewart Ryan Alison Stewart Montgomery family Craig Montgomery Rosanna Cabot Johnny Montgomery Gabriel Caras Donovan / Ciccone Family Dusty Donovan Janet Ciccone Liberty Ciccone Lorenzo Donovan Teri Ciccone Other characters John Dixon Lisa Miller Grimaldi Noah Mayer Lucinda Walsh Notable previous characters Ameera Ali Aziz Kirk Anderson Samantha Anderson Dani Andropoulos Cleo Babbit Audrey Coleman Maddie Coleman Eve Coleman Browning Molly Conlan Rose D'Angelo Mick Dante Rick Decker Andy Dixon Matthew John Dixon Iris Dumbrowski Sofie Duran Sierra Estaban Kit Fowler Simon Frasier Gray Gerard Dallas Griffin Jessica Griffin Damian Grimaldi Ben Harris Marley Hudson Vicky Hudson Daniel Hughes Edith Hughes Nancy Hughes McCloskey Frannie Hughes Sabrina Hughes Lien Hughes Penny Hughes Sam Hutchins Vienna Hyatt Mike Kasnoff Nick Kasnoff Julia Larrabee Cheri Love Donna Love Ellen Lowell Lyon Hunter Bonnie McKechnie Jake McKinnon Winston Mayer Lucy Montgomery Keith Morrissey Adam Munson Hal Munson Will Munson Gwen Norbeck Munson Jennifer Munson Cole Norbeck Matt O'Connor Reid Oliver Aaron Snyder Brad Snyder Caleb Snyder Ellie Snyder Emma Snyder Iva Snyder J.J. Snyder Meg Snyder Seth Snyder James Stenbeck Betsy Stewart Jade Taylor Cass Winthrop Abigail Williams Main crew Creator : Irna Phillips Executive producer : Christopher Goutman Head writer : Jean Passanante Leah Laiman Related topics InTurn Our Private World Daytime Emmy Award History 1956 -- 1960 1961 -- 1965 1966 -- 1970 1971 -- 1975 1976 -- 1980 1981 -- 1990 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 1999 2000 -- 2007 2008 2009 Related websites CBS Official website Procter & Gamble P&G ATWT Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Sullivan_Hughes&oldid=828131073 '' Categories : As the World Turns characters Fictional television personalities Fictional characters introduced in 1972 Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played kim hughes on as the world turns	[ "Kim Sullivan Hughes is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns. The character was portrayed by Kathryn Hays continuously from 1972. Kim was created by soap opera legend Irna Phillips and was based on Irna's own personality.[1] She soon became one of As the World Turns's most popular characters. First appearing in August 1972, the actress become the fourth longest serving cast member on the show after Helen Wagner (Nancy Hughes), Don Hastings (Bob Hughes), and Eileen Fulton (Lisa Grimaldi) when the show finished on air on September 17, 2010.\n" ]	[ "Irna Phillips" ]
4511346534228648478	Catherine Bach	Catherine Bach - wikipedia Catherine Bach Catherine Bach Bach in May 2007 Catherine Bachman ( 1954 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1954 ( age 64 ) Warren , Ohio , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Shaw ( m . 1976 ; div. 1981 ) Peter Lopez ( m . 1990 ; d . 2010 ) Children Catherine Bach ( born Catherine Bachman ; March 1 , 1954 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Daisy Duke in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard and Margo Dutton in African Skies . In 2012 , she joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless as Anita Lawson . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bach was born in Warren , Ohio , the daughter of Norma Jean Kucera ( née Verdugo ) , an acupuncturist , and Bernard Bachman , a rancher . Her mother was of Mexican descent and her father was of German ancestry . She is descended from the Verdugo family , one of California 's earliest landed families . She grew up on a ranch in South Dakota , where she visited her grandparents in Faith , South Dakota , and graduated from Stevens High School ( 1970 ) in Rapid City , South Dakota . She studied arts at UCLA where she supplemented her income by making clothes for friends and theatre groups . Career ( edit ) Bach 's professional debut was as one of the children in a production of The Sound of Music . Bach 's first screen appearance was in the Burt Lancaster murder mystery , The Midnight Man , shot in upstate South Carolina in 1973 , in which she played the murdered coed , Natalie Claiburn . Her next role was Melody in the 1974 film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot . Bach heard about the audition for The Dukes of Hazzard through her husband . When she arrived there , she found the producers were looking for a Dolly Parton - lookalike ; despite not looking like what they were searching for , she was hired on the spot . One of the earliest costume ideas from the producers was that she wear a tight white turtleneck , go - go boots and a poodle skirt , but Bach asked if she could bring her own outfit , which was a homemade T - shirt , a pair of cut - off denim shorts and high heels . Bach had concerns about the appropriateness of the cut - off shorts at first , saying she could not wear them in a restaurant scene . When prompted by the producers to visit a restaurant across the street , Bach found the waitresses were wearing `` little miniskirts that matched the tablecloths ! '' . She starred on that show , opposite Tom Wopat , John Schneider and James Best . At the suggestion of the show 's producers , Bach posed as Daisy Duke for a poster , which sold 5 million copies . The poster once caused a stir when Nancy Reagan took a liking to it after Bach visited the White House with one as a gift for one of her former schoolteachers then working there . While she was starring on The Dukes of Hazzard , her legs were insured for $ 1,000,000 . In 1985 , she served as the model for the figurehead for the schooner Californian . After the series ended , Bach had roles in a number of low - profile films . From 1992 to 1994 , she starred in the Canadian family drama series , African Skies . In 2006 , she guest - starred on Monk , and in 2010 had a small cameo in the comedy film You Again . In 2012 , Bach joined the cast of CBS daytime soap opera , The Young and the Restless in the recurring role of Anita Lawson . In 2002 , Bach launched a line of diamond jewelery at Debenhams . Personal Life ( edit ) Bach married David Shaw ( step - son of Angela Lansbury ) in 1976 ; the couple divorced in 1981 . Bach married entertainment lawyer Peter Lopez in August 1990 . They had two daughters , Sophia and Laura . On April 30 , 2010 , 60 - year - old Lopez was found shot dead in an apparent suicide . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Midnight Man Natalie Thunderbolt and Lightfoot Melody Hustle Peggy Summers 1978 Crazed Sue 1984 Cannonball Run II Marcie Street Justice Tamarra 1989 Criminal Act Pam Weiss 1989 Driving Force Harry Masters of Menace Kitty Wheeler 1992 The Nutt House Benefit Reporter 1992 Rage and Honor Capt . Murdock You Again Daisy 2013 Chapman Mother 2015 The Breakup Girl Ellen 2015 Book of Fire Bibiana Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Matt Helm Alice Episode : `` Matt Helm '' Strange New World Lara Television film 1977 Murder in Peyton Place Linda Television film 1977 , 78 Police Woman Episodes : `` Screams '' and `` A Shadow on the Sea '' 1979 - 1985 The Dukes of Hazzard Daisy Duke Series regular , 145 episodes 1980 , 83 The Love Boat Pamela Hodgekins / Pat Bigelow Episodes : `` No Girls for Doc / Marriage of Convenience / The Caller / The Witness '' and `` Going to the Dogs / Putting on the Dog / Women 's Best Friend / Whose Dog Is It Anyway '' 1981 Enos Daisy Duke Episode : `` One Daisy Per Summer '' White Water Rebels Trisha Parker Television film The Dukes Daisy Duke Voice , 20 episodes 1992 - 1994 African Skies Margo Dutton Series regular , 52 episodes 1995 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Herself Episode : Urges The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! Daisy Duke Television film 2000 The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood Daisy Duke Television film 2006 Monk Sara Jo Episode : `` Mr. Monk Meets His Dad '' 2012 -- present The Young and the Restless Anita Lawson Recurring role 2014 Almost Royal Herself Episode : `` Nashville '' Hawaii Five - 0 Amy Harlan Episode : `` Luapo'i '' 2016 My Best Friend Pearl Television film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Close Up : Catherine Bach '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 1988 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dukes Fest '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2004 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Catherine Bach Biography ( 1954 - ) '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Walstad , David . `` Bach : TV easy next to rigors of motherhood '' . Jump up ^ Walstad , David ( 1992 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Catherine Bach Goes to S. Africa for Some Non - ' Hazzard'ous Duty '' . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Betty ( 1984 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Bad Luck ? '' . Jump up ^ `` The Sumter Daily Item - Google News Archive Search '' . The Sumter Daily Item. 1983 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Dukes ' '' Catherine Bach Model for Tall Ship `` . Ocala Star - Banner. 1985 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Julia Robson ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Daisy Duke 's sparkling return '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Lydia Lane ( 1979 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Discipline Keys Life '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catherin Bach Defends the Dukes '' . Beaver Country Times . 1981 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Bach Waits On A Special Dinner '' . The Sumter Daily Item. 1980 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craig Shelburne ( 2005 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Original Dukes of Hazzard Stars Reminisce '' . CMT . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dan Kane ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Daisy Duke today : 10 things you probably did n't know about Catherine Bach '' . The Repository . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Bach 's Daisy poster causing quite a White House stir '' . Lakeland Ledger. 1981 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dukes of Hazzard 's Catherine Bach swaps her hotpants for comfy sweatpants '' . London : Daily Mail . 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Voit , Stan ( June 2011 ) . `` Catherine Bach still enjoys recognition from Daisy Duke role '' . The Mountain Press . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With Daisy Duke Just A Memory , Catherine Bach Enjoys Africa '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dukes Of Hazzard star Catherine Bach 's husband ' commits suicide on his lawn ' '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Catherine Bach on IMDb Catherine Bach at AllMovie WorldCat Identities BNF : cb141519041 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0103 4633 LCCN : no2012048833 MusicBrainz : 2d62f0c3 - a63d - 4de4 - 9d77 - ae7ec0e45770 SNAC : w6rk9c65 VIAF : 51897801 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Bach&oldid=862833870 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Ohio Actresses from South Dakota American film actresses American television actresses People from Rapid City , South Dakota American actresses of Mexican descent People from Warren , Ohio UCLA Film School alumni American soap opera actresses Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 00 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played daisy duke in the tv series	[ "Catherine Bach (born Catherine Bachman; March 1, 1954)[1] is an American actress. She is known for playing Daisy Duke in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard and Margo Dutton in African Skies.[2] In 2012, she joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless as Anita Lawson.[3]\n" ]	[ "Catherine Bach" ]
4182784039281346585	Phoneme	Phoneme - wikipedia Phoneme Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the speech unit . For the JavaME library , see phoneME . Look up phoneme in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Not to be confused with phenome . A phoneme ( / ˈfoʊniːm / ) is one of the units of sound ( or gesture in the case of sign languages , see chereme ) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language . For example , in most dialects of English , the sound patterns / θɪn / ( thin ) and / dɪn / ( din ) are two separate words distinguished by the substitution of one phoneme , / θ / , for another phoneme , / d / . ( Two words like this that differ in meaning through a contrast of a single phoneme form what is called a minimal pair ) . In many other languages these would be interpreted as exactly the same set of phonemes ( i.e. / θ / and / d / would be considered the same ) . In linguistics , phonemes ( usually established by the use of minimal pairs , such as kill vs kiss or pat vs bat ) are written between slashes , e.g. / p / . To show pronunciation more precisely linguists use square brackets , for example ( ph ) ( indicating an aspirated p ) . Within linguistics there are differing views as to exactly what phonemes are and how a given language should be analyzed in phonemic ( or phonematic ) terms . However , a phoneme is generally regarded as an abstraction of a set ( or equivalence class ) of speech sounds ( phones ) which are perceived as equivalent to each other in a given language . For example , in English , the k sounds in the words kit and skill are not identical ( as described below ) , but they are distributional variants of a single phoneme / k / . Different speech sounds that are realizations of the same phoneme are known as allophones . Allophonic variation may be conditioned , in which case a certain phoneme is realized as a certain allophone in particular phonological environments , or it may be free in which case it may vary randomly . In this way , phonemes are often considered to constitute an abstract underlying representation for segments of words , while speech sounds make up the corresponding phonetic realization , or surface form . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notation 2 Assignment of speech sounds to phonemes 2.1 Minimal pairs 3 Other features with phonemic status 4 Distribution of allophones 5 Background and related ideas 6 Restrictions on occurrence 7 Biuniqueness 8 Neutralization and archiphonemes 9 Morphophonemes 10 Numbers of phonemes in different languages 11 Correspondence between letters and phonemes 12 Phonemes in sign languages 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Bibliography Notation ( edit ) Phonemes are conventionally placed between slashes in transcription , whereas speech sounds ( phones ) are placed between square brackets . Thus / pʊʃ / represents a sequence of three phonemes / p / , / ʊ / , / ʃ / ( the word push in standard English ) , while ( phʊʃ ) represents the phonetic sequence of sounds ( ph ) ( aspirated p ) , ( ʊ ) , ( ʃ ) ( the usual pronunciation of push ) . ( Another similar convention is the use of angle brackets to enclose the units of orthography , namely graphemes ; for example , ⟨ f ⟩ represents the written letter ( grapheme ) f . ) The symbols used for particular phonemes are often taken from the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , the same set of symbols that are most commonly used for phones . ( For computer typing purposes , systems such as X-SAMPA and Kirshenbaum exist to represent IPA symbols using only ASCII characters . ) However , descriptions of particular languages may use different conventional symbols to represent the phonemes of those languages . For languages whose writing systems employ the phonemic principle , ordinary letters may be used to denote phonemes , although this approach is often hampered by the complexity of the relationship between orthography and pronunciation ( see Correspondence between letters and phonemes below ) . Assignment of speech sounds to phonemes ( edit ) A simplified procedure for determining whether two sounds represent the same or different phonemes A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question . An example is the English phoneme / k / , which occurs in words such as cat , kit , scat , skit . Although most native speakers do not notice this , in most English dialects the `` c / k '' sounds in these words are not identical : in kit ( help info ) ( khɪt ) the sound is aspirated , while in skill ( help info ) ( skɪl ) it is unaspirated . The words therefore contain different speech sounds , or phones , transcribed ( kh ) for the aspirated form , ( k ) for the unaspirated one . These different sounds are nonetheless considered to belong to the same phoneme , because if a speaker used one instead of the other , the meaning of the word would not change : using the aspirated form ( kh ) in skill might sound odd , but the word would still be recognized . By contrast , some other sounds would cause a change in meaning if substituted : for example , substitution of the sound ( t ) would produce the different word still , and that sound must therefore be considered to represent a different phoneme ( the phoneme / t / ) . The above shows that in English ( k ) and ( kh ) are allophones of a single phoneme / k / . In some languages , however , ( kh ) and ( k ) are perceived by native speakers as different sounds , and substituting one for the other can change the meaning of a word ; this means that in those languages , the two sounds represent different phonemes . For example , in Icelandic , ( kh ) is the first sound of kátur meaning `` cheerful '' , while ( k ) is the first sound of gátur meaning `` riddles '' . Icelandic therefore has two separate phonemes / kh / and / k / . Minimal pairs ( edit ) A pair of words like kátur and gátur ( above ) that differ only in one phone is called a minimal pair for the two alternative phones in question ( in this case , ( kh ) and ( k ) ) . The existence of minimal pairs is a common test to decide whether two phones represent different phonemes or are allophones of the same phoneme . To take another example , the minimal pair tip and dip illustrates that in English , ( t ) and ( d ) belong to separate phonemes , / t / and / d / ; since these two words have different meanings , English speakers must be conscious of the distinction between the two sounds . In other languages , though , including Korean , even though both sounds ( t ) and ( d ) occur , no such minimal pair exists . The lack of minimal pairs distinguishing ( t ) and ( d ) in Korean provides evidence that in this language they are allophones of a single phoneme / t / . The word / tata / is pronounced ( tada ) , for example . That is , when they hear this word , Korean speakers perceive the same sound in both the beginning and middle of the word , whereas an English speaker would perceive different sounds in these two locations . Signed languages , such as American Sign Language ( ASL ) , also have minimal pairs , differing only in ( exactly ) one of the signs ' parameters : handshape , movement , location , palm orientation , and non-manual signal or marker . A minimal pair may exist in the signed language if the basic sign stays the same but one of these parameters changes . However , the absence of minimal pairs for a given pair of phones does not always mean that they belong to the same phoneme : they may be too dissimilar phonetically for it to be likely that speakers perceive them as the same sound . For example , English has no minimal pair for the sounds ( h ) ( as in hat ) and ( ŋ ) ( as in bang ) , and the fact that they can be shown to be in complementary distribution could be used to argue for their being allophones of the same phoneme . However , they are so dissimilar phonetically that they are considered separate phonemes . Phonologists have sometimes had recourse to `` near minimal pairs '' to show that speakers of the language perceive two sounds as significantly different even if no exact minimal pair exists in the lexicon . It is virtually impossible to find a minimal pair to distinguish English / ʃ / from / ʒ / , yet it seems uncontroversial to claim that the two consonants are distinct phonemes . The two words ' pressure ' / prɛʃər / and ' pleasure ' / plɛʒər / can serve as a near minimal pair . Other features with phonemic status ( edit ) While phonemes are normally conceived of as abstractions of discrete segmental speech sounds ( vowels and consonants ) , there are other features of pronunciation -- principally tone and stress -- which in some languages can change the meaning of words in the way that phoneme contrasts do , and are consequently called phonemic features of those languages . Phonemic stress is encountered in languages such as English . For example , the word invite stressed on the second syllable is a verb , but when stressed on the first syllable ( without changing any of the individual sounds ) it becomes a noun . The position of the stress in the word affects the meaning , and therefore a full phonemic specification ( providing enough detail to enable the word to be pronounced unambiguously ) would include indication of the position of the stress : / ɪnˈvaɪ̯t / for the verb , / ˈɪnvaɪt / for the noun . In other languages , such as French , word stress can not have this function ( its position is generally predictable ) and is therefore not phonemic ( and is not usually indicated in dictionaries ) . Phonemic tones are found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese , in which a given syllable can have five different tonal pronunciations . 妈麻马骂吗 mā má mǎ mà ma mother hemp horse scold question particle Here , the character 妈 ( pronounced mā , high level pitch ) means `` mother '' ; 麻 ( má , rising pitch ) means `` hemp '' ; 马 ( mǎ , falling then rising ) means `` horse '' ; 骂 ( mà , falling ) means `` scold '' , and 吗 ( ma , neutral tone ) is an interrogative particle . The tone `` phonemes '' in such languages are sometimes called tonemes . Languages such as English do not have phonemic tone , although they use intonation for functions such as emphasis and attitude . Distribution of allophones ( edit ) When a phoneme has more than one allophone , the one actually heard at a given occurrence of that phoneme may be dependent on the phonetic environment ( surrounding sounds ) -- allophones which normally can not appear in the same environment are said to be in complementary distribution . In other cases the choice of allophone may be dependent on the individual speaker or other unpredictable factors -- such allophones are said to be in free variation . Background and related ideas ( edit ) The term phonème ( from Ancient Greek φώνημα phōnēma , `` sound made , utterance , thing spoken , speech , language '' ) was reportedly first used by A. Dufriche - Desgenettes in 1873 , but it referred only to a speech sound . The term phoneme as an abstraction was developed by the Polish linguist Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay and his student Mikołaj Kruszewski during 1875 -- 1895 . The term used by these two was fonema , the basic unit of what they called psychophonetics . The concept of the phoneme was then elaborated in the works of Nikolai Trubetzkoy and others of the Prague School ( during the years 1926 -- 1935 ) , and in those of structuralists like Ferdinand de Saussure , Edward Sapir , and Leonard Bloomfield . Some structuralists ( though not Sapir ) rejected the idea of a cognitive or psycholinguistic function for the phoneme Later , it was used and redefined in generative linguistics , most famously by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle , and remains central to many accounts of the development of modern phonology . As a theoretical concept or model , though , it has been supplemented and even replaced by others . Some linguists ( such as Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle ) proposed that phonemes may be further decomposable into features , such features being the true minimal constituents of language . Features overlap each other in time , as do suprasegmental phonemes in oral language and many phonemes in sign languages . Features could be characterized in different ways : Jakobson and colleagues defined them in acoustic terms , Chomsky and Halle used a predominantly articulatory basis , though retaining some acoustic features , while Ladefoged 's system is a purely articulatory system apart from the use of the acoustic term ' sibilant ' . In the description of some languages , the term chroneme has been used to indicate contrastive length or duration of phonemes . In languages in which tones are phonemic , the tone phonemes may be called tonemes . Though not all scholars working on such languages use these terms , they are by no means obsolete . By analogy with the phoneme , linguists have proposed other sorts of underlying objects , giving them names with the suffix - eme , such as morpheme and grapheme . These are sometimes called emic units . The latter term was first used by Kenneth Pike , who also generalized the concepts of emic and etic description ( from phonemic and phonetic respectively ) to applications outside linguistics . Restrictions on occurrence ( edit ) Main article : Phonotactics Languages do not generally allow words or syllables to be built of any arbitrary sequences of phonemes ; there are phonotactic restrictions on which sequences of phonemes are possible and in which environments certain phonemes can occur . Phonemes that are significantly limited by such restrictions may be called restricted phonemes . Examples of such restrictions in English include : / ŋ / , as in sing , occurs only at the end of a syllable , never at the beginning ( in many other languages , such as Māori , Swahili , Tagalog , and Thai , / ŋ / can appear word - initially ) . / h / occurs only before vowels and at the beginning of a syllable , never at the end ( a few languages , such as Arabic , or Romanian allow / h / syllable - finally ) . In non-rhotic dialects , / ɹ / can only occur immediately before a vowel , never before a consonant . / w / and / j / occur only before a vowel , never at the end of a syllable ( except in interpretations where a word like boy is analyzed as / bɔj / ) . Some phonotactic restrictions can alternatively be analyzed as cases of neutralization . See Neutralization and archiphonemes below , particularly the example of the occurrence of the three English nasals before stops . Biuniqueness ( edit ) Biuniqueness is a requirement of classic structuralist phonemics . It means that a given phone , wherever it occurs , must unambiguously be assigned to one and only one phoneme . In other words , the mapping between phones and phonemes is required to be many - to - one rather than many - to - many . The notion of biuniqueness was controversial among some pre-generative linguists and was prominently challenged by Morris Halle and Noam Chomsky in the late 1950s and early 1960s . An example of the problems arising from the biuniqueness requirement is provided by the phenomenon of flapping in North American English . This may cause either / t / or / d / ( in the appropriate environments ) to be realized with the phone ( ɾ ) ( an alveolar flap ) . For example , the same flap sound may be heard in the words hitting and bidding , although it is clearly intended to realize the phoneme / t / in the first word and / d / in the second . This appears to contradict biuniqueness . For further discussion of such cases , see the next section . Neutralization and archiphonemes ( edit ) Phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be contrastive in all environments . In the environments where they do not contrast , the contrast is said to be neutralized . In these positions it may become less clear which phoneme a given phone represents . Some phonologists prefer not to specify a unique phoneme in such cases , since to do so would mean providing redundant or even arbitrary information -- instead they use the technique of underspecification . An archiphoneme is an object sometimes used to represent an underspecified phoneme . An example of neutralization is provided by the Russian vowels / a / and / o / . These phonemes are contrasting in stressed syllables , but in unstressed syllables the contrast is lost , since both are reduced to the same sound , usually ( ə ) ( for details , see vowel reduction in Russian ) . In order to assign such an instance of ( ə ) to one of the phonemes / a / and / o / , it is necessary to consider morphological factors ( such as which of the vowels occurs in other forms of the words , or which inflectional pattern is followed ) . In some cases even this may not provide an unambiguous answer . A description using the approach of underspecification would not attempt to assign ( ə ) to a specific phoneme in some or all of these cases , although it might be assigned to an archiphoneme , written something like A , which reflects the two neutralized phonemes in this position . A somewhat different example is found in English , with the three nasal phonemes / m , n , ŋ / . In word - final position these all contrast , as shown by the minimal triplet sum / sʌm / , sun / sʌn / , sung / sʌŋ / . However , before a stop such as / p , t , k / ( provided there is no morpheme boundary between them ) , only one of the nasals is possible in any given position : / m / before / p / , / n / before / t / or / d / , and / ŋ / before / k / , as in limp , lint , link ( / lɪmp / , / lɪnt / , / lɪŋk / ) . The nasals are therefore not contrastive in these environments , and according to some theorists this makes it inappropriate to assign the nasal phones heard here to any one of the phonemes ( even though , in this case , the phonetic evidence is unambiguous ) . Instead they may analyze these phones as belonging to a single archiphoneme , written something like N , and state the underlying representations of limp , lint , link to be lɪNp , lɪNt , lɪNk . This latter type of analysis is often associated with Nikolai Trubetzkoy of the Prague school . Archiphonemes are often notated with a capital letter within pipes , as with the examples A and N given above . Other ways the second of these might be notated include m-n - ŋ , ( m , n , ŋ ) , or n * . Another example from English , but this time involving complete phonetic convergence as in the Russian example , is the flapping of / t / and / d / in some American English ( described above under Biuniqueness ) . Here the words betting and bedding might both be pronounced ( ˈbɛɾɪŋ ) , and if a speaker applies such flapping consistently , it would be necessary to look for morphological evidence ( the pronunciation of the related forms bet and bed , for example ) in order to determine which phoneme the flap represents . As in the previous examples , some theorists would prefer not to make such a determination , and simply assign the flap in both cases to a single archiphoneme , written ( for example ) D . For a special kind of neutralization proposed in generative phonology , see absolute neutralization . Morphophonemes ( edit ) Main article : Morphophonology A morphophoneme is a theoretical unit at a deeper level of abstraction than traditional phonemes , and is taken to be a unit from which morphemes are built up . A morphophoneme within a morpheme can be expressed in different ways in different allomorphs of that morpheme ( according to morphophonological rules ) . For example , the English plural morpheme - s appearing in words such as cats and dogs can be considered to consist of a single morphophoneme , which might be written ( for example ) / / z / / or z , and which is pronounced as ( s ) after most voiceless consonants ( as in cats ) and ( z ) in most other cases ( as in dogs ) . Numbers of phonemes in different languages ( edit ) A given language will use only a small subset of the many possible sounds that the human speech organs can produce , and ( because of allophony ) the number of distinct phonemes will generally be smaller than the number of identifiably different sounds . Different languages vary considerably in the number of phonemes they have in their systems ( although apparent variation may sometimes result from the different approaches taken by the linguists doing the analysis ) . The total phonemic inventory in languages varies from as few as 11 in Rotokas and Pirahã to as many as 141 in ! Xũ . The number of phonemically distinct vowels can be as low as two , as in Ubykh and Arrernte . At the other extreme , the Bantu language Ngwe has 14 vowel qualities , 12 of which may occur long or short , making 26 oral vowels , plus 6 nasalized vowels , long and short , making a total of 38 vowels ; while ! Xóõ achieves 31 pure vowels , not counting its additional variation by vowel length , by varying the phonation . As regards consonant phonemes , Puinave and the Papuan language Tauade each have just seven , and Rotokas has only six . ! Xóõ , on the other hand , has somewhere around 77 , and Ubykh 81 . The English language uses a rather large set of 13 to 21 vowel phonemes , including diphthongs , although its 22 to 26 consonants are close to average . Some languages , such as French , have no phonemic tone or stress , while Cantonese and several of the Kam -- Sui languages have nine tones , and one of the Kru languages , Wobe , has been claimed to have 14 , though this is disputed . The most common vowel system consists of the five vowels / i / , / e / , / a / , / o / , / u / . The most common consonants are / p / , / t / , / k / , / m / , / n / . Relatively few languages lack any of these consonants , although it does happen : for example , Arabic lacks / p / , standard Hawaiian lacks / t / , Mohawk and Tlingit lack / p / and / m / , Hupa lacks both / p / and a simple / k / , colloquial Samoan lacks / t / and / n / , while Rotokas and Quileute lack / m / and / n / . Correspondence between letters and phonemes ( edit ) Main article : Phonemic orthography Phonemes are considered to be the basis for alphabetic writing systems . In such systems the written symbols ( graphemes ) represent , in principle , the phonemes of the language being written . This is most obviously the case when the alphabet was invented with a particular language in mind ; for example , the Latin alphabet was devised for Classical Latin , and therefore the Latin of that period enjoyed a near one - to - one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes in most cases , though the devisers of the alphabet chose not to represent the phonemic effect of vowel length . However , because changes in the spoken language are often not accompanied by changes in the established orthography ( as well as other reasons , including dialect differences , the effects of morphophonology on orthography , and the use of foreign spellings for some loanwords ) , the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation in a given language may be highly distorted ; this is the case with English , for example . The correspondence between symbols and phonemes in alphabetic writing systems is not necessarily a one - to - one correspondence . A phoneme might be represented by a combination of two or more letters ( digraph , trigraph , etc . ) , like < sh > in English or < sch > in German ( both representing phonemes / ʃ / ) . Also a single letter may represent two phonemes , as in English < x > representing / gz / or / ks / . There may also exist spelling / pronunciation rules ( such as those for the pronunciation of < c > in Italian ) that further complicate the correspondence of letters to phonemes , although they need not affect the ability to predict the pronunciation from the spelling and vice versa , provided the rules are known . Phonemes in sign languages ( edit ) In sign languages , the basic elements of gesture and location were formerly called cheremes or cheiremes but they are now generally referred to as phonemes , as with oral languages . Sign language phonemes are combinations of articulation bundles in ASL . These bundles may be classified as tab ( elements of location , from Latin tabula ) , dez ( the hand shape , from designator ) , sig ( the motion , from signation ) , and with some researchers , ori ( orientation ) . Facial expression and mouthing are also considered articulation bundles . Just as with spoken languages , when these bundles are combined , they create phonemes . Stokoe notation is no longer used by researchers to denote the phonemes of sign languages ; his research , while still considered seminal , has been found to not describe American Sign Language and can not be used interchangeably with other signed languages . Originally developed for American Sign Language , it has also been applied to British Sign Language by Kyle and Woll , and to Australian Aboriginal sign languages by Adam Kendon . Other sign notations , such as the Hamburg Notation System and SignWriting , are phonetic scripts capable of writing any sign language . Stokoe 's work has been succeeded and improved upon by researcher Scott Liddell in his book Grammar , Gesture , and Meaning in American Sign Language , and both Stokoe and Liddell 's work have been included in Linguistics of American Sign Language , 5th Edition . See also ( edit ) Alphabetic principle Alternation ( linguistics ) Complementary distribution Diaphoneme Diphone Emic and etic Free variation Initial - stress - derived noun International Phonetic Alphabet ( list of phonemes ) Minimal pair Morphophonology Phone Phonemic orthography Phonology Phonological change Phonotactics Sphoṭa Toneme Triphone Viseme Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Handspeak . `` Minimal pairs in sign language phonology '' . www.handspeak.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wells 1982 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Wells 1982 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Liddell , H.G. & Scott , R. ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones . with the assistance of . Roderick McKenzie . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Jones 1957 . Jump up ^ Twaddell 1935 . Jump up ^ Harris 1951 . Jump up ^ Chomsky & Halle 1968 . Jump up ^ Clark & Yallop 1995 , chpt. 11 . Jump up ^ Jakobson & Halle 1968 . Jump up ^ Jakobson , Fant & Halle 1952 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged 2006 , pp. 268 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Pike 1967 . Jump up ^ Crystal 2010 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Scott K. ( March 2003 ) . Grammar , Gesture , and Meaning in American Sign Language ( paperback ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521016506 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Valli , Clayton ; Lucas , Ceil ; Mulrooney , Kristin J. ; Rankin , Miako N.P. ( 31 August 2011 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction ( hardcover , with DVD ) ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 507 - 1 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Chomsky , N. ; Halle , M. ( 1968 ) , The Sound Pattern of English , Harper and Row , OCLC 317361 Clark , J. ; Yallop , C. ( 1995 ) , An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology ( 2 ed . ) , Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19452 - 1 Crystal , D. ( 1997 ) , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 2 ed . ) , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55967 - 6 Crystal , D. ( 2010 ) , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 3 ed . ) , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 73650 - 3 Gimson , A.C. ( 2008 ) , Cruttenden , A. , ed. , The Pronunciation of English ( 7 ed . ) , Hodder , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 95877 - 3 Harris , Z. ( 1951 ) , Methods in Structural Linguistics , Chicago University Press , OCLC 2232282 Jakobson , R. ; Fant , G. ; Halle , M. ( 1952 ) , Preliminaries to Speech Analysis , MIT , OCLC 6492928 Jakobson , R. ; Halle , M. ( 1968 ) , Phonology in Relation to Phonetics , in Malmberg , B. ( ed ) Manual of Phonetics , North - Holland , OCLC 13223685 Jones , Daniel ( 1957 ) , The History and Meaning of the Term ' Phoneme ' , Le Maître Phonétique , supplement ( reprinted in E. Fudge ( ed ) Phonology , Penguin ) , OCLC 4550377 Ladefoged , P. ( 2006 ) , A Course in Phonetics ( 5 ed . ) , Thomson , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4282 - 3126 - 9 Pike , K.L. ( 1967 ) , Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of Human Behavior , Mouton , OCLC 308042 Swadesh , M. ( 1934 ) , `` The Phonemic Principle '' , Language , 10 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 129 , doi : 10.2307 / 409603 Twaddell , W.F. ( 1935 ) , On Defining the Phoneme , Linguistic Society of America ( reprinted in Joos , M. Readings in Linguistics , 1957 ) , OCLC 1657452 Wells , J.C. ( 1982 ) , Accents of English , Cambridge , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29719 - 2 GND : 4045828 - 3 NDL : 00577110 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoneme&oldid=809682249 '' Categories : Orthography Phonetics Phonology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	basic units of sound in a language are called	[ "A phoneme (/ˈfoʊniːm/) is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, the sound patterns /θɪn/ (thin) and /dɪn/ (din) are two separate words distinguished by the substitution of one phoneme, /θ/, for another phoneme, /d/. (Two words like this that differ in meaning through a contrast of a single phoneme form what is called a minimal pair). In many other languages these would be interpreted as exactly the same set of phonemes (i.e. /θ/ and /d/ would be considered the same)." ]	[ "phonemes" ]
-9033134956963956473	The Importance of Being Earnest	The Importance of Being Earnest - wikipedia The Importance of Being Earnest Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Importance of Being Earnest ( disambiguation ) . The Importance of Being Earnest The original production of The Importance of Being Earnest in 1895 with Allan Aynesworth as Algernon ( left ) and George Alexander as John ( right ) Written by Oscar Wilde Date premiered 1895 Place premiered St James 's Theatre , London , England Original language English Genre Comedy , farce Setting London and an estate in Hertfordshire The Importance of Being Earnest , A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde . First performed on 14 February 1895 at the St James 's Theatre in London , it is a farcical comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious personæ to escape burdensome social obligations . Working within the social conventions of late Victorian London , the play 's major themes are the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage , and the resulting satire of Victorian ways . Contemporary reviews all praised the play 's humour , though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages , while one considered it the culmination of Wilde 's artistic career so far . Its high farce and witty dialogue have helped make The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde 's most enduringly popular play . The successful opening night marked the climax of Wilde 's career but also heralded his downfall . The Marquess of Queensberry , whose son Lord Alfred Douglas was Wilde 's lover , planned to present the writer with a bouquet of rotten vegetables and disrupt the show . Wilde was tipped off and Queensberry was refused admission . Soon afterwards their feud came to a climax in court , where Wilde 's homosexual double life was revealed to the Victorian public and he was eventually sentenced to imprisonment . His notoriety caused the play , despite its early success , to be closed after 86 performances . After his release , he published the play from exile in Paris , but he wrote no further comic or dramatic work . The Importance of Being Earnest has been revived many times since its premiere . It has been adapted for the cinema on three occasions . In The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) , Dame Edith Evans reprised her celebrated interpretation of Lady Bracknell ; The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1992 ) by Kurt Baker used an all - black cast ; and Oliver Parker 's The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) incorporated some of Wilde 's original material cut during the preparation of the original stage production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Productions 2.1 Premiere 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Revivals 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I : Algernon Moncrieff 's flat in Half Moon Street , W 3.2 Act II : The Garden of the Manor House , Woolton 3.3 Act III : Morning - Room at the Manor House , Woolton 4 Themes 4.1 Triviality 4.2 As a satire of society 4.3 Suggested homosexual subtext 5 Bunburying 6 Dramatic analysis 6.1 Use of language 6.2 Characterisation 6.3 Structure and genre 7 Publication 7.1 First edition 7.2 In translation 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.2 Operas and musicals 8.3 Radio and television 8.4 Commercial recordings 9 Notes and references 9.1 Notes 9.2 References 10 Sources 11 External links Composition ( edit ) Oscar Wilde in 1889 After the success of Wilde 's plays Lady Windermere 's Fan and A Woman of No Importance , Wilde 's producers urged him to write further plays . In July 1894 he mooted his idea for The Importance of Being Earnest to George Alexander , the actor - manager of the St James 's Theatre . Wilde spent the summer with his family at Worthing , where he wrote the play quickly in August . His fame now at its peak , he used the working title Lady Lancing to avoid pre-emptive speculation of its content . Many names and ideas in the play were borrowed from people or places the author had known ; Lady Queensberry , Lord Alfred Douglas 's mother , for example , lived at Bracknell . There is widespread agreement among Wilde scholars that the most important influence on the play was W.S. Gilbert 's 1877 farce Engaged ; Wilde borrowed from Gilbert not only several incidents but , in Russell Jackson 's phrase `` the gravity of tone demanded by Gilbert of his actors '' . Wilde continually revised the text over the next months : no line was left untouched , and `` in a play so economical with its language and effects , ( the revisions ) had serious consequences '' . Sos Eltis describes Wilde 's revisions as a refined art at work : the earliest , longest handwritten drafts of the play labour over farcical incidents , broad puns , nonsense dialogue and conventional comic turns . In revising as he did , `` Wilde transformed standard nonsense into the more systemic and disconcerting illogicality which characterises Earnest 's dialogue '' . Richard Ellmann argues that Wilde had reached his artistic maturity and wrote this work more surely and rapidly than before . Wilde hesitated about submitting the script to Alexander , worrying that it might be unsuitable for the St James 's Theatre , whose typical repertoire was relatively serious , and explaining that it had been written in response to a request for a play `` with no real serious interest '' . When Henry James 's Guy Domville failed , Alexander turned to Wilde and agreed to put on his play . Alexander began his usual meticulous preparations , interrogating the author on each line and planning stage movements with a toy theatre . In the course of these rehearsals , Alexander asked Wilde to shorten the play from four acts to three . Wilde agreed and combined elements of the second and third acts . The largest cut was the removal of the character of Mr. Gribsby , a solicitor who comes from London to arrest the profligate `` Ernest '' ( i.e. , Jack ) for his unpaid dining bills . Algernon , who is posing as `` Ernest '' , will be led away to Holloway Jail unless he settles his accounts immediately . Jack finally agrees to pay for Ernest , everyone thinking that it is Algernon 's bill when in fact it is his own . The four - act version was first played on the radio in a BBC production and is still sometimes performed . Peter Raby argues that the three - act structure is more effective , and that the shorter original text is more theatrically resonant than the expanded published edition . Productions ( edit ) Premiere ( edit ) Allan Aynesworth , Evelyn Millard , Irene Vanbrugh and George Alexander in the 1895 London premiere Mrs George Canninge as Miss Prism and Evelyn Millard as Cecily Cardew in the first production Rose Leclercq in 1894 The play was first produced at the St James 's Theatre on Valentine 's Day 1895 . It was freezing cold but Wilde arrived dressed in `` florid sobriety '' , wearing a green carnation . The audience , according to one report , `` included many members of the great and good , former cabinet ministers and privy councillors , as well as actors , writers , academics , and enthusiasts '' . Allan Aynesworth , who played Algernon Moncrieff , recalled to Hesketh Pearson that `` In my fifty - three years of acting , I never remember a greater triumph than ( that ) first night '' . Aynesworth was himself `` debonair and stylish '' , and Alexander , who played Jack Worthing , `` demure '' . The cast was : John Worthing , J.P. -- George Alexander Algernon Moncrieff -- Allan Aynesworth Rev. Canon Chasuble , D.D. -- H.H. Vincent Merriman -- Frank Dyall Lane -- F. Kinsey Peile Lady Bracknell -- Rose Leclercq Hon . Gwendolen Fairfax -- Irene Vanbrugh Cecily Cardew -- Evelyn Millard Miss Prism -- Mrs. George Canninge The Marquess of Queensberry , the father of Wilde 's lover Lord Alfred Douglas ( who was on holiday in Algiers at the time ) , had planned to disrupt the play by throwing a bouquet of rotten vegetables at the playwright when he took his bow at the end of the show . Wilde and Alexander learned of the plan , and the latter cancelled Queensberry 's ticket and arranged for policemen to bar his entrance . Nevertheless , he continued harassing Wilde , who eventually launched a private prosecution against the peer for criminal libel , triggering a series of trials ending in Wilde 's imprisonment for gross indecency . Alexander tried , unsuccessfully , to save the production by removing Wilde 's name from the billing , but the play had to close after only 86 performances . The play 's original Broadway production opened at the Empire Theatre on 22 April 1895 , but closed after sixteen performances . Its cast included William Faversham as Algy , Henry Miller as Jack , Viola Allen as Gwendolen , and Ida Vernon as Lady Bracknell . The Australian premiere was in Melbourne on 10 August 1895 , presented by Dion Boucicault , Jr. and Robert Brough , and the play was an immediate success . Wilde 's downfall in England did not affect the popularity of his plays in Australia . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviewers of the premiere : clockwise from top left : William Archer , A. B. Walkley , H. G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw In contrast to much theatre of the time , The Importance of Being Earnest 's light plot does not tackle serious social and political issues , something of which contemporary reviewers were wary . Though unsure of Wilde 's seriousness as a dramatist , they recognised the play 's cleverness , humour and popularity with audiences . George Bernard Shaw , for example , reviewed the play in the Saturday Review , arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse , `` I go to the theatre to be moved to laughter . '' Later in a letter he said , the play , though `` extremely funny '' , was Wilde 's `` first really heartless ( one ) '' . In The World , William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning , `` What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle , whether of art or morals , creates its own canons and conventions , and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality ? '' In The Speaker , A. B. Walkley admired the play and was one of few to see it as the culmination of Wilde 's dramatic career . He denied the term `` farce '' was derogatory , or even lacking in seriousness , and said `` It is of nonsense all compact , and better nonsense , I think , our stage has not seen . '' H. G. Wells , in an unsigned review for the Pall Mall Gazette , called Earnest one of the freshest comedies of the year , saying `` More humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine . '' He also questioned whether people would fully see its message , `` ... how Serious People will take this Trivial Comedy intended for their learning remains to be seen . No doubt seriously . '' The play was so light - hearted that many reviewers compared it to comic opera rather than drama . W.H. Auden later called it `` a pure verbal opera '' , and The Times commented , `` The story is almost too preposterous to go without music . '' Mary McCarthy , in Sights and Spectacles ( 1959 ) , however , and despite thinking the play extremely funny , called it `` a ferocious idyll '' ; `` depravity is the hero and the only character . '' The Importance of Being Earnest is Wilde 's most popular work and is continually revived . Max Beerbohm called the play Wilde 's `` finest , most undeniably his own '' , saying that in his other comedies -- Lady Windermere 's Fan , A Woman of No Importance and An Ideal Husband -- the plot , following the manner of Victorien Sardou , is unrelated to the theme of the work , while in Earnest the story is `` dissolved '' into the form of the play . Revivals ( edit ) The Importance of Being Earnest and Wilde 's three other society plays were performed in Britain during the author 's imprisonment and exile , albeit by small touring companies . A.B. Tapping 's company toured Earnest between October 1895 and March 1899 ( their performance at the Theatre Royal , Limerick , in the last week of October 1895 was almost certainly the first production of the play in Ireland ) . Elsie Lanham 's company also toured ' Earnest ' between November 1899 and April 1900 . Alexander revived Earnest in a small theatre in Notting Hill , outside the West End , in 1901 ; in the same year he presented the piece on tour , playing Jack Worthing with a cast including the young Lilian Braithwaite as Cecily . The play returned to the West End when Alexander presented a revival at the St James 's in 1902 . Broadway revivals were mounted in 1902 and again in 1910 , each production running for six weeks . A collected edition of Wilde 's works , published in 1908 and edited by Robert Ross , helped to restore his reputation as an author . Alexander presented another revival of Earnest at the St James 's in 1909 , when he and Aynesworth reprised their original roles ; the revival ran for 316 performances . Max Beerbohm said that the play was sure to become a classic of the English repertory , and that its humour was as fresh then as when it had been written , adding that the actors had `` worn as well as the play '' . For a 1913 revival at the same theatre the young actors Gerald Ames and A.E. Matthews succeeded the creators as Jack and Algy . John Deverell as Jack and Margaret Scudamore as Lady Bracknell headed the cast in a 1923 production at the Haymarket Theatre . Many revivals in the first decades of the 20th century treated `` the present '' as the current year . It was not until the 1920s that the case for 1890s costumes was established ; as a critic in The Manchester Guardian put it , `` Thirty years on , one begins to feel that Wilde should be done in the costume of his period -- that his wit today needs the backing of the atmosphere that gave it life and truth. ... Wilde 's glittering and complex verbal felicities go ill with the shingle and the short skirt . '' In Sir Nigel Playfair 's 1930 production at the Lyric , Hammersmith , John Gielgud played Jack to the Lady Bracknell of his aunt , Mabel Terry - Lewis . Gielgud produced and starred in a production at the Globe ( now the Gielgud ) Theatre in 1939 , in a cast that included Edith Evans as Lady Bracknell , Joyce Carey as Gwendolen , Angela Baddeley as Cecily and Margaret Rutherford as Miss Prism . The Times considered the production the best since the original , and praised it for its fidelity to Wilde 's conception , its `` airy , responsive ball - playing quality . '' Later in the same year Gielgud presented the work again , with Jack Hawkins as Algy , Gwen Ffrangcon - Davies as Gwendolen and Peggy Ashcroft as Cecily , with Evans and Rutherford in their previous roles . The production was presented in several seasons during and after the Second World War , with mostly the same main players . During a 1946 season at the Haymarket the King and Queen attended a performance , which , as the journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft put it , gave the play `` a final accolade of respectability . '' The production toured North America , and was successfully staged on Broadway in 1947 . As Wilde 's work came to be read and performed again , it was The Importance of Being Earnest that received the most productions . By the time of its centenary the journalist Mark Lawson described it as `` the second most known and quoted play in English after Hamlet . '' For Sir Peter Hall 's 1982 production at the National Theatre the cast included Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell , Martin Jarvis as Jack , Nigel Havers as Algy , Zoë Wanamaker as Gwendolen and Anna Massey as Miss Prism . Nicholas Hytner 's 1993 production at the Aldwych Theatre , starring Maggie Smith , had occasional references to the supposed gay subtext . In 2005 the Abbey Theatre , Dublin , produced the play with an all - male cast ; it also featured Wilde as a character -- the play opens with him drinking in a Parisian café , dreaming of his play . The Melbourne Theatre Company staged a production in December 2011 with Geoffrey Rush as Lady Bracknell . In 2011 the Roundabout Theatre Company produced a Broadway revival based on the 2009 Stratford Shakespeare Festival production featuring Brian Bedford as director and as Lady Bracknell . It opened at the American Airlines Theatre on 13 January and ran until 3 July 2011 . The cast also included Dana Ivey as Miss Prism , Paxton Whitehead as Canon Chasuble , Santino Fontana as Algernon , Paul O'Brien as Lane , Charlotte Parry as Cecily , David Furr as Jack and Sara Topham as Gwendolen . It was nominated for three Tony Awards . The play was also presented internationally , in Singapore , in October 2004 , by the British Theatre Playhouse , and the same company brought it to London 's Greenwich Theatre in April 2005 . Synopsis ( edit ) The play is set in `` The Present '' ( i.e. 1895 ) . Act I : Algernon Moncrieff 's flat in half Moon street , W ( edit ) The play opens with Algernon Moncrieff , an idle young gentleman , receiving his best friend , Jack Worthing ( ' Ernest ' ) . Ernest has come from the country to propose to Algernon 's cousin , Gwendolen Fairfax . Algernon refuses to consent until Ernest explains why his cigarette case bears the inscription , `` From little Cecily , with her fondest love to her dear Uncle Jack . '' ' Ernest ' is forced to admit to living a double life . In the country , he assumes a serious attitude for the benefit of his young ward , the heiress Cecily Cardew , and goes by the name of John ( or Jack ) , while pretending that he must worry about a wastrel younger brother named Ernest in London . In the city , meanwhile , he assumes the identity of the libertine Ernest . Algernon confesses a similar deception : he pretends to have an invalid friend named Bunbury in the country , whom he can `` visit '' whenever he wishes to avoid an unwelcome social obligation . Jack refuses to tell Algernon the location of his country estate . Gwendolen and her formidable mother Lady Bracknell now call on Algernon who distracts Lady Bracknell in another room while Jack proposes to Gwendolen . She accepts , but seems to love him in large part because of his name , Ernest . Jack accordingly resolves to himself to be rechristened `` Ernest '' . Discovering them in this intimate exchange , Lady Bracknell interviews Jack as a prospective suitor . Horrified to learn that he was adopted after being discovered as a baby in a handbag at Victoria Station , she refuses him and forbids further contact with her daughter . Gwendolen manages to covertly promise to him her undying love . As Jack gives her his address in the country , Algernon surreptitiously notes it on the cuff of his sleeve : Jack 's revelation of his pretty and wealthy young ward has motivated his friend to meet her . Act II : the garden of the manor House , woolton ( edit ) Alexander in Act II ( 1909 revival ) Cecily is studying with her governess , Miss Prism . Algernon arrives , pretending to be Ernest Worthing , and soon charms Cecily . Long fascinated by Uncle Jack 's hitherto absent black sheep brother , she is predisposed to fall for Algernon in his role of Ernest ( a name she is apparently particularly fond of ) . Therefore , Algernon , too , plans for the rector , Dr. Chasuble , to rechristen him `` Ernest '' . Jack has decided to abandon his double life . He arrives in full mourning and announces his brother 's death in Paris of a severe chill , a story undermined by Algernon 's presence in the guise of Ernest . Gwendolen now enters , having run away from home . During the temporary absence of the two men , she meets Cecily , each woman indignantly declaring that she is the one engaged to `` Ernest '' . When Jack and Algernon reappear , their deceptions are exposed . Act iii : morning - room at the manor House , woolton ( edit ) Arriving in pursuit of her daughter , Lady Bracknell is astonished to be told that Algernon and Cecily are engaged . The revelation of Cecily 's wealth soon dispels Lady Bracknell 's initial doubts over the young lady 's suitability , but any engagement is forbidden by her guardian Jack : he will consent only if Lady Bracknell agrees to his own union with Gwendolen -- something she declines to do . The impasse is broken by the return of Miss Prism , whom Lady Bracknell recognises as the person who , twenty - eight years earlier , as a family nursemaid , had taken a baby boy for a walk in a perambulator ( baby carriage ) and never returned . Challenged , Miss Prism explains that she had absentmindedly put the manuscript of a novel she was writing in the perambulator , and the baby in a handbag , which she had left at Victoria Station . Jack produces the very same handbag , showing that he is the lost baby , the elder son of Lady Bracknell 's late sister , and thus Algernon 's elder brother . Having acquired such respectable relations , he is acceptable as a suitor for Gwendolen after all . Gwendolen , though , still insists that she can only love a man named Ernest . What is her fiancé 's real first name ? Lady Bracknell informs Jack that , as the first - born , he would have been named after his father , General Moncrieff . Jack examines the army lists and discovers that his father 's name -- and hence his own real name -- was in fact Ernest . Pretence was reality all along . As the happy couples embrace -- Jack and Gwendolen , Algernon and Cecily , and even Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism -- Lady Bracknell complains to her newfound relative : `` My nephew , you seem to be displaying signs of triviality . '' `` On the contrary , Aunt Augusta '' , he replies , `` I 've now realised for the first time in my life the vital importance of being Earnest . '' Themes ( edit ) Triviality ( edit ) Arthur Ransome described The Importance ... as the most trivial of Wilde 's society plays , and the only one that produces `` that peculiar exhilaration of the spirit by which we recognise the beautiful . '' `` It is '' , he wrote , `` precisely because it is consistently trivial that it is not ugly . '' Ellmann says that The Importance of Being Earnest touched on many themes Wilde had been building since the 1880s -- the languor of aesthetic poses was well established and Wilde takes it as a starting point for the two protagonists . While Salome , An Ideal Husband and The Picture of Dorian Gray had dwelt on more serious wrongdoing , vice in Earnest is represented by Algy 's craving for cucumber sandwiches . Wilde told Robert Ross that the play 's theme was `` That we should treat all trivial things in life very seriously , and all serious things of life with a sincere and studied triviality . '' The theme is hinted at in the play 's ironic title , and `` earnestness '' is repeatedly alluded to in the dialogue , Algernon says in Act II , `` one has to be serious about something if one is to have any amusement in life '' but goes on to reproach Jack for ' being serious about everything ' `` . Blackmail and corruption had haunted the double lives of Dorian Gray and Sir Robert Chiltern ( in An Ideal Husband ) , but in Earnest the protagonists ' duplicity ( Algernon 's `` bunburying '' and Worthing 's double life as Jack and Ernest ) is undertaken for more innocent purposes -- largely to avoid unwelcome social obligations . While much theatre of the time tackled serious social and political issues , Earnest is superficially about nothing at all . It `` refuses to play the game '' of other dramatists of the period , for instance Bernard Shaw , who used their characters to draw audiences to grander ideals . As a satire of society ( edit ) The play repeatedly mocks Victorian traditions and social customs , marriage and the pursuit of love in particular . In Victorian times earnestness was considered to be the over-riding societal value , originating in religious attempts to reform the lower classes , it spread to the upper ones too throughout the century . The play 's very title , with its mocking paradox ( serious people are so because they do not see trivial comedies ) , introduces the theme , it continues in the drawing room discussion , `` Yes , but you must be serious about it . I hate people who are not serious about meals . It is so shallow of them , '' says Algernon in Act 1 ; allusions are quick and from multiple angles . Gwendolen and Cecily discover that they are both engaged to `` Ernest '' Wilde managed both to engage with and to mock the genre , while providing social commentary and offering reform . The men follow traditional matrimonial rites , whereby suitors admit their weaknesses to their prospective brides , but the foibles they excuse are ridiculous , and the farce is built on an absurd confusion of a book and a baby . When Jack apologises to Gwendolen during his marriage proposal it is for not being wicked : JACK : Gwendolen , it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth . Can you forgive me ? GWENDOLEN : I can . For I feel that you are sure to change . In turn , both Gwendolen and Cecily have the ideal of marrying a man named Ernest , a popular and respected name at the time . Gwendolen , quite unlike her mother 's methodical analysis of John Worthing 's suitability as a husband , places her entire faith in a Christian name , declaring in Act I , `` The only really safe name is Ernest '' . This is an opinion shared by Cecily in Act II , `` I pity any poor married woman whose husband is not called Ernest '' and they indignantly declare that they have been deceived when they find out the men 's real names . Wilde embodied society 's rules and rituals artfully into Lady Bracknell : minute attention to the details of her style created a comic effect of assertion by restraint . In contrast to her encyclopaedic knowledge of the social distinctions of London 's street names , Jack 's obscure parentage is subtly evoked . He defends himself against her `` A handbag ? '' with the clarification , `` The Brighton Line '' . At the time , Victoria Station consisted of two separate but adjacent terminal stations sharing the same name . To the east was the ramshackle LC&D Railway , on the west the up - market LB&SCR -- the Brighton Line , which went to Worthing , the fashionable , expensive town the gentleman who found baby Jack was travelling to at the time ( and after which Jack was named ) . Suggested homosexual subtext ( edit ) It has been argued that the play 's themes of duplicity and ambivalence are inextricably bound up with Wilde 's homosexuality , and that the play exhibits a `` flickering presence - absence of ... homosexual desire '' . On re-reading the play after his release from prison , Wilde said : `` It was extraordinary reading the play over . How I used to toy with that Tiger Life . '' As one scholar has put it , the absolute necessity for homosexuals of the period to `` need a public mask is a factor contributing to the satire on social disguise . '' The use of the name Earnest may have been a homosexual in - joke . In 1892 , three years before Wilde wrote the play , John Gambril Nicholson had published the book of pederastic poetry Love in Earnest . The sonnet Of Boys ' Names included the verse : `` Though Frank may ring like silver bell / And Cecil softer music claim / They can not work the miracle / -- ' Tis Ernest sets my heart a-flame . '' The word `` earnest '' may also have been a code - word for homosexual , as in : `` Is he earnest ? '' , in the same way that `` Is he so ? '' and `` Is he musical ? '' were employed . Sir Donald Sinden , an actor who had met two of the play 's original cast ( Irene Vanbrugh and Allan Aynesworth ) , and Lord Alfred Douglas , wrote to The Times to dispute suggestions that `` Earnest '' held any sexual connotations : Although they had ample opportunity , at no time did any of them even hint that `` Earnest '' was a synonym for homosexual , or that `` bunburying '' may have implied homosexual sex . The first time I heard it mentioned was in the 1980s and I immediately consulted Sir John Gielgud whose own performance of Jack Worthing in the same play was legendary and whose knowledge of theatrical lore was encyclopaedic . He replied in his ringing tones : `` No - No ! Nonsense , absolute nonsense : I would have known '' . A number of theories have also been put forward to explain the derivation of Bunbury , and Bunburying , which are used in the play to imply a secretive double life . It may have derived from Henry Shirley Bunbury , a hypochondriacal acquaintance of Wilde 's youth . Another suggestion , put forward in 1913 by Aleister Crowley , who knew Wilde , was that Bunbury was a combination word : that Wilde had once taken a train to Banbury , met a schoolboy there , and arranged a second secret meeting with him at Sunbury . Bunburying ( edit ) Bunburying is a stratagem used by people who need an excuse for avoiding social obligations in their daily life . The word `` bunburying '' first appears in Act I when Algernon explains that he invented a fictional friend , a chronic invalid named `` Bunbury '' , to have an excuse for getting out of events he does not wish to attend , particularly with his Aunt Augusta ( Lady Bracknell ) . Algernon and Jack both use this method to secretly visit their lovers , Cecily and Gwendolen . Dramatic analysis ( edit ) Use of language ( edit ) While Wilde had long been famous for dialogue and his use of language , Raby ( 1988 ) argues that he achieved a unity and mastery in Earnest that was unmatched in his other plays , except perhaps Salomé . While his earlier comedies suffer from an unevenness resulting from the thematic clash between the trivial and the serious , Earnest achieves a pitch - perfect style that allows these to dissolve . There are three different registers detectable in the play . The dandyish insouciance of Jack and Algernon -- established early with Algernon 's exchange with his manservant -- betrays an underlying unity despite their differing attitudes . The formidable pronouncements of Lady Bracknell are as startling for her use of hyperbole and rhetorical extravagance as for her disconcerting opinions . In contrast , the speech of Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism is distinguished by `` pedantic precept '' and `` idiosyncratic diversion '' . Furthermore , the play is full of epigrams and paradoxes . Max Beerbohm described it as littered with `` chiselled apophthegms -- witticisms unrelated to action or character '' , of which he found half a dozen to be of the highest order . Lady Bracknell 's line , `` A handbag ? '' , has been called one of the most malleable in English drama , lending itself to interpretations ranging from incredulous or scandalised to baffled . Edith Evans , both on stage and in the 1952 film , delivered the line loudly in a mixture of horror , incredulity and condescension . Stockard Channing , in the Gaiety Theatre , Dublin in 2010 , hushed the line , in a critic 's words , `` with a barely audible ' A handbag ? ' , rapidly swallowed up with a sharp intake of breath . An understated take , to be sure , but with such a well - known play , packed full of witticisms and aphorisms with a life of their own , it 's the little things that make a difference . '' Characterisation ( edit ) Though Wilde deployed characters that were by now familiar -- the dandy lord , the overbearing matriarch , the woman with a past , the puritan young lady -- his treatment is subtler than in his earlier comedies . Lady Bracknell , for instance , embodies respectable , upper - class society , but Eltis notes how her development `` from the familiar overbearing duchess into a quirkier and more disturbing character '' can be traced through Wilde 's revisions of the play . For the two young men , Wilde presents not stereotypical stage `` dudes '' but intelligent beings who , as Jackson puts it , `` speak like their creator in well - formed complete sentences and rarely use slang or vogue - words '' . Dr Chasuble and Miss Prism are characterised by a few light touches of detail , their old - fashioned enthusiasms , and the Canon 's fastidious pedantry , pared down by Wilde during his many redrafts of the text . Structure and genre ( edit ) Ransome argues that Wilde freed himself by abandoning the melodrama , the basic structure which underlies his earlier social comedies , and basing the story entirely on the Earnest / Ernest verbal conceit . Freed from `` living up to any drama more serious than conversation '' Wilde could now amuse himself to a fuller extent with quips , bons - mots , epigrams and repartee that really had little to do with the business at hand . The genre of the Importance of Being Earnest has been deeply debated by scholars and critics alike who have placed the play within a wide variety of genres ranging from parody to satire . In his critique of Wilde , Foster argues that the play creates a world where `` real values are inverted ( and ) , reason and unreason are interchanged '' . Similarly , Wilde 's use of dialogue mocks the upper classes of Victorian England lending the play a satirical tone . Reinhart further stipulates that the use of farcical humour to mock the upper classes `` merits the play both as satire and as drama '' . Publication ( edit ) First edition ( edit ) `` TO ROBERT BALDWIN ROSS IN APPRECIATION IN AFFECTION '' -- Dedication of The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde 's two final comedies , An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , were still on stage in London at the time of his prosecution , and they were soon closed as the details of his case became public . After two years in prison with hard labour , Wilde went into exile in Paris , sick and depressed , his reputation destroyed in England . In 1898 , when no - one else would , Leonard Smithers agreed with Wilde to publish the two final plays . Wilde proved to be a diligent reviser , sending detailed instructions on stage directions , character listings and the presentation of the book , and insisting that a playbill from the first performance be reproduced inside . Ellmann argues that the proofs show a man `` very much in command of himself and of the play '' . Wilde 's name did not appear on the cover , it was `` By the Author of Lady Windermere 's Fan '' . His return to work was brief though , as he refused to write anything else , `` I can write , but have lost the joy of writing '' . On 19 October 2007 , a first edition ( number 349 of 1,000 ) was discovered inside a handbag in an Oxfam shop in Nantwich , Cheshire . Staff were unable to trace the donor . It was sold for £ 650 . In translation ( edit ) The Importance of Being Earnest 's popularity has meant it has been translated into many languages , though the homophonous pun in the title ( `` Ernest '' , a masculine proper name , and `` earnest '' , the virtue of steadfastness and seriousness ) poses a special problem for translators . The easiest case of a suitable translation of the pun , perpetuating its sense and meaning , may have been its translation into German . Since English and German are closely related languages , German provides an equivalent adjective ( `` ernst '' ) and also a matching masculine proper name ( `` Ernst '' ) . The meaning and tenor of the wordplay are exactly the same . Yet there are many different possible titles in German , mostly concerning sentence structure . The two most common ones are `` Bunbury oder ernst / Ernst sein ist alles '' and `` Bunbury oder wie wichtig es ist , ernst / Ernst zu sein '' . In a study of Italian translations , Adrian Pablé found thirteen different versions using eight titles . Since wordplay is often unique to the language in question , translators are faced with a choice of either staying faithful to the original -- in this case the English adjective and virtue earnest -- or creating a similar pun in their own language . Wilde , drawn in 1896 by Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Four main strategies have been used by translators . The first leaves all characters ' names unchanged and in their original spelling : thus the name is respected and readers reminded of the original cultural setting , but the liveliness of the pun is lost . Eva Malagoli varied this source - oriented approach by using both the English Christian names and the adjective earnest , thus preserving the pun and the English character of the play , but possibly straining an Italian reader . A third group of translators replaced Ernest with a name that also represents a virtue in the target language , favouring transparency for readers in translation over fidelity to the original . For instance , in Italian , these versions variously call the play L'importanza di essere Franco / Severo / Fedele , the given names being respectively the values of honesty , propriety , and loyalty . French offers a closer pun : `` Constant '' is both a first name and the quality of steadfastness , so the play is commonly known as De l'importance d'être Constant , though Jean Anouilh translated the play under the title : Il est important d'être Aimé ( `` Aimé '' is a name which also means `` beloved '' ) . These translators differ in their attitude to the original English honorific titles , some change them all , or none , but most leave a mix partially as a compensation for the added loss of Englishness . Lastly , one translation gave the name an Italianate touch by rendering it as Ernesto ; this work liberally mixed proper nouns from both languages . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Film ( edit ) Main articles : The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 film ) and The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 film ) Apart from several `` made - for - television '' versions , The Importance of Being Earnest has been adapted for the English - language cinema at least three times , first in 1952 by Anthony Asquith who adapted the screenplay and directed it . Michael Denison ( Algernon ) , Michael Redgrave ( Jack ) , Edith Evans ( Lady Bracknell ) , Dorothy Tutin ( Cecily ) , Joan Greenwood ( Gwendolen ) , and Margaret Rutherford ( Miss Prism ) and Miles Malleson ( Canon Chasuble ) were among the cast . In 1992 Kurt Baker directed a version using an all - black cast with Daryl Keith Roach as Jack , Wren T. Brown as Algernon , Ann Weldon as Lady Bracknell , Lanei Chapman as Cecily , Chris Calloway as Gwendolen , CCH Pounder as Miss Prism , and Brock Peters as Doctor Chasuble , set in the United States . Oliver Parker , an English director who had previously adapted An Ideal Husband by Wilde , made the 2002 film ; it stars Colin Firth ( Jack ) , Rupert Everett ( Algy ) , Judi Dench ( Lady Bracknell ) , Reese Witherspoon ( Cecily ) , Frances O'Connor ( Gwendolen ) , Anna Massey ( Miss Prism ) , and Tom Wilkinson ( Canon Chasuble ) . Parker 's adaptation includes the dunning solicitor Mr. Gribsby who pursues Jack to Hertfordshire ( present in Wilde 's original draft , but cut at the behest of the play 's first producer ) . Algernon too is pursued by a group of creditors in the opening scene . Operas and Musicals ( edit ) In 1960 , Ernest in Love was staged Off - Broadway . The Japanese all - female musical theatre troupe Takarazuka Revue staged this musical in 2005 in two productions , one by Moon Troupe and the other one by Flower Troupe . In 1963 , Erik Chisholm composed an opera from the play , using Wilde 's text as the libretto . In 1964 , Gerd Natschinski composed the musical Mein Freund Bunbury based on the play , 1964 premiered at Metropol Theater Berlin . According to a study by Robert Tanitch , by 2002 there had been least eight adaptations of the play as a musical , though `` never with conspicuous success '' . The earliest such version was a 1927 American show entitled Oh Earnest . The journalist Mark Bostridge comments , `` The libretto of a 1957 musical adaptation , Half in Earnest , deposited in the British Library , is scarcely more encouraging . The curtain rises on Algy strumming away at the piano , singing ' I can play Chopsticks , Lane ' . Other songs include ' A Bunburying I Must Go ' . '' Gerald Barry created the 2011 opera , The Importance of Being Earnest , commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Barbican Centre in London . It was premiered in Los Angeles in 2011 . The stage premiere was given by the Opéra national de Lorraine in Nancy , France in 2013 . Radio and television ( edit ) There have been many radio versions of the play . In 1925 the BBC broadcast an adaptation with Hesketh Pearson as Jack Worthing . Further broadcasts of the play followed in 1927 and 1936 . In 1977 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast the four - act version of the play , with Fabia Drake as Lady Bracknell , Richard Pasco as Jack , Jeremy Clyde as Algy , Maurice Denham as Canon Chasuble , Sylvia Coleridge as Miss Prism , Barbara Leigh - Hunt as Gwendolen and Prunella Scales as Cecily . The production was later released on CD . To commemorate the centenary of the first performance of the play , Radio 4 broadcast a new adaptation on 13 February 1995 ; directed by Glyn Dearman , it featured Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell , Michael Hordern as Lane , Michael Sheen as Jack Worthing , Martin Clunes as Algernon Moncrieff , John Moffatt as Canon Chasuble , Miriam Margolyes as Miss Prism , Samantha Bond as Gwendolen and Amanda Root as Cecily . The production was later issued on audio cassette . On 13 December 2000 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new adaptation directed by Howard Davies starring Geraldine McEwan as Lady Bracknell , Simon Russell Beale as Jack Worthing , Julian Wadham as Algernon Moncrieff , Geoffrey Palmer as Canon Chasuble , Celia Imrie as Miss Prism , Victoria Hamilton as Gwendolen and Emma Fielding as Cecily , with music composed by Dominic Muldowney . The production was released on audio cassette . A 1964 commercial television adaptation starred Ian Carmichael , Patrick Macnee , Susannah York , Fenella Fielding , Pamela Brown and Irene Handl . BBC television transmissions of the play have included a 1974 Play of the Month version starring Coral Browne as Lady Bracknell with Michael Jayston , Julian Holloway , Gemma Jones and Celia Bannerman . Stuart Burge directed another adaptation in 1986 with a cast including Gemma Jones , Alec McCowen , Paul McGann and Joan Plowright . It was adapted for Australian TV in 1957 . Commercial recordings ( edit ) Gielgud 's performance is preserved on an EMI audio recording dating from 1952 , which also captures Edith Evans 's Lady Bracknell . The cast also includes Roland Culver ( Algy ) , Jean Cadell ( Miss Prism ) , Pamela Brown ( Gwendolen ) and Celia Johnson ( Cecily ) . Other audio recordings include a `` Theatre Masterworks '' version from 1953 , directed and narrated by Margaret Webster , with a cast including Maurice Evans , Lucile Watson and Mildred Natwick ; a 1989 version by California Artists Radio Theatre , featuring Dan O'Herlihy Jeanette Nolan , Les Tremayne and Richard Erdman ; and one by L.A. Theatre Works issued in 2009 , featuring Charles Busch , James Marsters and Andrea Bowen . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bunburying '' , which indicates a double life as an excuse for absence , is -- according to a letter from Aleister Crowley to R.H. Bruce Lockhart -- an inside joke that came about after Wilde boarded a train at Banbury on which he met a schoolboy . They got into conversation and subsequently arranged to meet again at Sunbury . Carolyn Williams in a 2010 study writes that for the word `` Bunburying '' , Wilde `` braids the ' Belvawneying ' evil eye from Gilbert 's Engaged ( 1877 ) with ' Bunthorne ' from Patience '' . Jump up ^ This caused a breach between the author and actor which lasted for some years ; Alexander later paid Wilde small monthly sums , and bequeathed his rights in the play to the author 's son Vyvian Holland . Jump up ^ In a 2003 study , Richard Fotheringham writes that in Australia , unlike Britain and the US , Wilde 's name was not excluded from billings , and the critics and public took a much more relaxed view of Wilde 's crimes . A command performance of the play was given by Boucicault 's company in the presence of the Governor of Victoria . Jump up ^ Victorien Sardou was a French dramatist known for his careful , but rather mechanical , plotting . Jump up ^ George VI was not the first British king who had attended a performance of the play : his grandfather Edward VII , when Prince of Wales , was in the audience for the first production . Jump up ^ Rutherford switched roles , from Miss Prism to Lady Bracknell for the North American production ; Jean Cadell played Miss Prism . Robert Flemyng played Algy . The cast was given a special Tony Award for `` Outstanding Foreign Company '' . Jump up ^ Twenty - three years earlier Dench had played Cecily to the Lady Bracknell of Fay Compton in a 1959 Old Vic production that included in the cast Alec McCowen , Barbara Jefford and Miles Malleson . Jump up ^ Best Revival of a Play , Best Costume Design of a Play and Best Leading Actor in a Play for Bedford ( winning for costumes ) . The production was filmed live in March 2011 and was shown in cinemas in June 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilde himself evidently took sandwiches with due seriousness . Max Beerbohm recounted in a letter to Reggie Turner Wilde 's difficulty in obtaining a satisfactory offering : `` He ordered a watercress sandwich : which in due course was brought to him : not a thin , diaphanous green thing such as he had meant but a very stout satisfying article of food . This he ate with assumed disgust ( but evident relish ) and when he paid the waiter , he said : ' Tell the cook of this restaurant with the compliments of Mr Oscar Wilde that these are the very worst sandwiches in the whole world and that , when I ask for a watercress sandwich , I do not mean a loaf with a field in the middle of it . ' '' Jump up ^ Since Bostridge wrote his article at least one further musical version of the play has been staged . A show with a book by Douglas Livingstone and score by Adam McGuinness and Zia Moranne was staged in December 2011 at the Riverside Studios , Hammersmith ; the cast included Susie Blake , Gyles Brandreth and Edward Petherbridge . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellmann ( 1988 : 397 ) Jump up ^ Raby ( 1988 : 120 ) Jump up ^ Ellmann ( 1988 : 363,399 ) Jump up ^ D'Arch Smith ( 1998 : 7 -- 8 ) Jump up ^ Williams , p. 156 Jump up ^ Denisoff ( 2001 : 66 ) ; Feingold , Michael , `` Engaging the Past '' ; Hudson ( 1951 : 101 -- 105 ) ; Jackson ( 1980 : xxxvi ) ; Koerble ( 1952 : 144 ) ; Pearson ( 1957 : 63 ) ; Raby ( 1995 : 28 ) ; Stedman ( 1996 : 151 ) ; Thompson ( 2006 : 255 ) ; and Williams ( 2012 : 156 , 411 ) Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1980 : xxxvi ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson ( 1997 : 163 ) ^ Jump up to : Eltis ( 1996 : 177 ) ^ Jump up to : Ellmann ( 1988 : 398 ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson ( 1997 : 165 ) ^ Jump up to : Ellmann ( 1988 : 406 ) Jump up ^ Raby ( 1988 : 121 ) ^ Jump up to : Mendelshon , Daniel ; The Two Oscar Wildes , New York Review of Books , Volume 49 , Number 15 , 10 October 2002 Jump up ^ Raby , 1995 in Pablé ( 2005 : 301 ) Jump up ^ Pearson ( 1946 : 257 ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson ( 1997 : 171 ) ^ Jump up to : Wearing , J P. `` Alexander , Sir George ( 1858 -- 1918 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 , accessed 31 July 2013 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Mason ( 1917 : 432 ) ^ Jump up to : Hischak ( 2009 : 2527 ) ^ Jump up to : Fotheringham , Richard . `` Exiled to the Colonies -- ' Oscar Wilde ' in Australia , 1895 -- 1897 '' , Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film , Winter 2003 , pp. 53 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Jackson ( 1997 : 172 ) Jump up ^ Beckson ( 1970 : 195 ) Jump up ^ Beckson ( 1970 : 194 ) Jump up ^ Beckson ( 1970 : 189,190 ) Jump up ^ Beckson ( 1970 : 196 ) ^ Jump up to : Beckson ( 1970 : 188 ) Jump up ^ The Importance of Being Earnest , Oxford World Classics , Peter Raby , Introduction , p. xxiii Jump up ^ ... `` you are aware of the mechanism , you are aware of Sardou '' : Beerbohm ( 1970 : 509 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 2008 : 143 ) Jump up ^ Atkinson , Julia . ' An author not just now familiar to ears polite ' . The Wildean , A Journal of the Oscar Wilde Society , July 2015 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bristow ( 2008 : xxxvii ) Jump up ^ `` The Theatres : Mr. George Alexander at the Royal '' The Manchester Guardian , 5 November 1901 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` The Theatres '' , The Observer , 12 January 1902 , p. 4 '' Jump up ^ `` Oscar Wilde Comedy Revived at Lyceum '' , The New York Times , 15 November 1910 Jump up ^ `` St James 's Theatre '' , The Times , 2 December 1909 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Beerbohm ( 1970 : 510 ) Jump up ^ `` St James 's Theatre '' , The Times , 17 February 1913 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Haymarket Theatre '' , The Times , 22 November 1922 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest -- a case for period costume '' , The Manchester Guardian , 3 May 1927 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Brown , Ivor , `` ' The Importance of Being Earnest ' -- A Hammersmith Production '' , The Manchester Guardian , 8 July 1930 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Globe Theatre '' , The Times , 1 February 1939 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Globe Theatre '' , The Times , 17 August 1939 , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Court Circular '' , The Times , 12 April 1946 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Geoffrey . `` Not Green , Not Red , Not Pink '' , The Atlantic Monthly , May 2003 Jump up ^ `` Court Circular '' , The Times , 30 May 1895 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` John Gielgud 's Version of Oscar Wilde 's Play '' , The New York Times , 9 March 1947 , p. xi ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hayman ( 1971 : 155 ) Jump up ^ Tony Awards archive.www.broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ Sandulescu ( 1994 : 156 ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark . `` Out of gags ? Try Oscar Wilde '' , The Independent , 14 February 1995 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest Revived '' , The Times , 14 October 1959 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , National Theatre , accessed 28 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : Bostridge , Mark . `` Earnest the musical ? Earnest the sequel ? Do n't laugh ... '' , The Independent on Sunday , 1 September 2002 Jump up ^ `` Review : The Importance of Being Earnest '' , The Sunday Business Post , 31 July 2005 ; and `` Theatre Review : The Importance of Being Earnest '' , Raidió Teilifís Éireann , 28 July 2005 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' Archived 2 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Melbourne Theatre Company , accessed 22 December 2011 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` A Wilde Hit ! Broadway 's Earnest Gets 17 - Week Extension , Bumping People Musical to Studio 54 '' , Playbill.com , accessed 26 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Tony Award nominees , 2010 -- 11 '' , 3 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Zooming in on handbag '' , Playbill.com , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Past Productions '' . British Theatre Playhouse. 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1980 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Ransome ( 1912 : 139 ) Jump up ^ Hart - Davis ( 1978 : 141 ) ^ Jump up to : Pablé ( 2005 : 302 ) Jump up ^ Raby 1997 : 169 ) ^ Jump up to : Pablé ( 2005 : 301 ) Jump up ^ Ellmann ( 1988 : 94 ) Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1997 : 173 ) Jump up ^ Raby ( 1997 : 169 ) Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 303 ) Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 304 ) Jump up ^ Raby ( 1997 : 170 ) Jump up ^ Dennis ( 2008 : 123 ) ^ Jump up to : Craft , Christopher Another Kind of Love : Male Homosexual Desire in English Discourse , 1850 -- 1920 , University of California Press , 1994 , p116 - 118 Jump up ^ Norton , Rictor ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Critical Censorship of Gay Literature '' . Gay History and Literature . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson ( 1892 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Ellmann ( 1988 : 88 ) ^ Jump up to : The Times , 2 February 2001 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Raby , Peter The Cambridge Companion To Oscar Wilde , Cambridge University Press , 1997 , p197 Jump up ^ d'Arch Smith , Timothy Bunbury . Two Notes on Oscar Wilde , The Winged Lion , Bicary , France , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Algernon Moncrieff '' . SparkNotes. 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Oscar . `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raby ( 1988 : 125 ) Jump up ^ Handbags at dawn The Guardian , 23 January 2010 Jump up ^ Walsh , Fintan . `` Review : The Importance of Being Earnest '' , Irish Theatre Magazine 8 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Jackson ( 1988 : xxix ) Jump up ^ Ransome ( 1912 : 136 ) Jump up ^ Foster , Richard . `` Wilde as a Parodist : A Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest '' . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Janjua , Qaiser . `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Reinert , Otto . `` Satiric Strategy in the Importance of Being Earnest '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Mason ( 1917 : 430 ) ^ Jump up to : Ellmann ( 1988 : 527 ) Jump up ^ Mason ( 1917 : 429 ) Jump up ^ `` Rare book found in charity shop '' , BBC , accessed 3 May 2010 Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 299 ) Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 318 ) ^ Jump up to : Pablé ( 2005 : 319 ) Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 314 ) Jump up ^ Editions Actes Sud - Papiers . Paris , January 2001 . ISBN 2 - 86943 - 003 - 5 Jump up ^ Pablé ( 2005 : 317 ) Jump up ^ The Importance of Being Earnest 1952 , accessed 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The Importance of Being Earnest 1992 . imdb.com , accessed 5 September 2010 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger , The Chicago Sun - Times The Importance of Being Earnest review 24 May 2002 , accessed 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Works -- Opera '' , Erik Chisholm Trust , accessed 12 September 2010 Jump up ^ `` Komponist Gerd Natschinski gestorben -- MDR.DE '' . 7 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest -- A new musical '' Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 2 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' . Schott Music . 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting '' , The Times , 23 November 1923 , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting '' , The Times , 3 May 1927 , p. 25 ; 21 November 1936 , p. 23 Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 1408426937 Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 85998 - 218 - 2 Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 563 - 47803 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , British Film Institute , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , British Film Institute , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , WorldCat , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , WorldCat , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , WorldCat , accessed 28 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' , WorldCat , accessed 2 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` L.A. Theatre Works audio theatre collection '' , WorldCat , accessed 2 August 2013 Sources ( edit ) Beckson , Karl E ( 1970 ) . Oscar Wilde : The Critical Heritage . London : Routledge . ISBN 0710069294 . Beerbohm , Max ( 1970 ) . Last Theatres 1904 -- 1910 . London : Rupert Hart - Davis . OCLC 622626394 . Bloom , Harold ( 2008 ) . Oscar Wilde . Bloom 's Literary Criticism . New York : Infobase . ISBN 1604131403 . Bristow , Joseph ( 2008 ) . Oscar Wilde and Modern Culture -- The Making of a Legend . Athens , Ohio : Ohio University Press . ISBN 0821418386 . D'Arch Smith , Timothy ( 1998 ) . Bunbury -- Two Notes on Oscar Wilde . Bicary , France : The Winged Lion . OCLC 41155817 . Denisoff , Dennis . Aestheticism and Sexual Parody , 1840 -- 1940 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521024897 . Dennis , Richard ( 2008 ) . Cities in Modernity : Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space , 1840 -- 1930 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521468418 . Ellmann , Richard ( 1988 ) . Oscar Wilde . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 0394759842 . Eltis , Sos ( 1996 ) . Revising Wilde : Society and Subversion in the Plays of Oscar Wilde . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0198121830 . Hart - Davis , Rupert ( ed and co-author ) ; GW Lyttelton ( 1978 ) . Lyttelton -- Hart - Davis Letters , Volume 1 . London : John Murray . ISBN 071953478X . Hischak , Thomas S ( 2009 ) . Broadway Plays and Musicals -- Descriptions and essential facts of more than 14,000 shows through 2007 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0786453095 . Hudson , Lynton ( 1951 ) . The English Stage , 1850 -- 1950 . London : Harrap . OCLC 1851518 . Jackson , Russell ( ed ) ( 2000 ) ( 1980 ) . The Importance of Being Earnest . London : A & C Black . ISBN 071363040X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jackson , Russell ( 1997 ) . `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' . In Raby , Peter ( ed ) . The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521479878 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Koerble , Betty ( 1952 ) . W.S. Gilbert and Oscar Wilde -- A Comparative Study . Madison : University of Wisconsin . OCLC 55806177 . Mason , Stuart ( 1972 ) ( 1917 ) . Bibliography of Oscar Wilde . New York : Haskell House . ISBN 0838313787 . Nicholson , John Gambril ( 1892 ) . Love in Earnest -- Sonnets , Ballades , and Lyrics . London : Elliot Stock . OCLC 8575205 . Pablé , Adrian ( 2005 ) . `` The importance of renaming Ernest ? Italian translations of Oscar Wilde '' . Target . John Benjamins Publishing Company . 17 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 326 . doi : 10.1075 / target. 17.2. 05pab . ISSN 0924 - 1884 . Pearson , Hesketh ( 1957 ) . Gilbert -- His Life and Strife . London : Methuen . OCLC 463251605 . Raby , Peter ( 1988 ) . Oscar Wilde . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521260787 . Raby , Peter ( 1995 ) . The Importance of Being Earnest -- A Reader 's Companion . New York : Twayne . ISBN 0805785884 . Sandulescu , Constantin - George ( ed ) ( 1994 ) . Rediscovering Oscar Wilde . Gerrards Cross , UK : C. Smythe . ISBN 0861403762 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stedman , Jane W ( 1996 ) . W.S. Gilbert , A Classic Victorian & his Theatre . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198161743 . Thomson , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Introduction to English Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521547903 . Williams , Carolyn ( 2012 ) ( 2010 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan -- Gender , Genre , Parody . New York and Chichester : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231148054 . External links ( edit ) The Importance of Being Earnest early manuscript draft at the British Library Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Importance of Being Earnest Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Importance of Being Earnest Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Importance of Being Earnest . Printable version in PDF format , A4 paper size The Importance of Being Earnest at Project Gutenberg ( Kindle , EPUB and txt files ) The Importance of Being Earnest at the Internet Broadway Database : performance history , cast lists , awards received The Importance of Being Earnest public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Importance of Being Earnest , Victoria and Albert Museum 1947 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest Films Al Compás de tu Mentira ( 1950 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2011 ) Television The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1957 ) Other Ernest in Love ( musical ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( opera ) Oscar Wilde Novels The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays `` The Decay of Lying '' `` The Soul of Man under Socialism '' `` The Critic as Artist '' `` De Profundis '' Short stories and novellas The Canterville Ghost `` The Portrait of Mr. W.H. '' Collections Lord Arthur Savile 's Crime and Other Stories The Happy Prince and Other Stories A House of Pomegranates Poems The Ballad of Reading Gaol Poems in Prose Plays Vera ; or , The Nihilists The Duchess of Padua Lady Windermere 's Fan A Florentine Tragedy A Woman of No Importance Salome La Sainte Courtisane An Ideal Husband The Importance of Being Earnest Life and family Oscar Wilde Centre , birthplace , and boyhood home Merrion Square home and statue William Wilde ( father ) Jane Elgee Wilde ( mother ) Willie Wilde ( brother ) Constance Lloyd ( wife ) Cyril Wilde Holland ( son ) Vyvyan Wilde Holland ( son ) Merlin Holland ( grandson ) Dorothy Wilde ( niece ) Tomb and gravesite Related Oscar Wilde bibliography The Letters of Oscar Wilde Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Biographies of Oscar Wilde The Manuscripts of Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture Oscar Wilde ( 1936 play ) Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Importance of Being Oscar ( 1960 play ) Oscar ( 1985 miniseries ) Wilde ( 1997 film ) Gross Indecency : The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1997 play ) The Judas Kiss ( 1998 play ) Oscar ( 2013 opera ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest&oldid=833202577 '' Categories : 1895 plays Plays by Oscar Wilde Irish plays adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2014 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 06 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of comedy is the importance of being earnest	[ "The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde. First performed on 14 February 1895 at the St James's Theatre in London, it is a farcical comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious personæ to escape burdensome social obligations. Working within the social conventions of late Victorian London, the play's major themes are the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage, and the resulting satire of Victorian ways. Contemporary reviews all praised the play's humour, though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages, while one considered it the culmination of Wilde's artistic career so far. Its high farce and witty dialogue have helped make The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde's most enduringly popular play." ]	[ "farcical" ]
4131068361233936164	Meant to Be (Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song)	Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song ) - wikipedia Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Meant to Be '' Single by Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line from the album All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and Expectations Released October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 2 : 43 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Tyler Hubbard Josh Miller David Garcia Producer ( s ) Wilshire Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) Florida Georgia Line singles chronology `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha and American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from Rexha 's third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and upcoming debut studio album Expectations . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video directed by Sophie Muller was released on October 23 , 2017 , and it was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . As of May 2018 the video has over 420 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart , while `` Meant to Be '' is the third song overall to start at the summit since 2012 , when the chart transitioned to a hybrid data list , blending airplay , streaming and sales . The song has spent 25 weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart , surpassing Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . The song has sold 976,000 copies in the United States as of April 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 14 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 22 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 31 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 976,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . Jump up ^ `` Expectations by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : April 30 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line `` Mean to Be '' `` . IFPI Denmark . April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single December 16 , 2017 -- May 26 , 2018 Succeeded by incumbent Preceded by `` Singles You Up '' by Jordan Davis Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 28 , 2018 Succeeded by `` You Make It Easy '' by Jason Aldean Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` All the Way '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Notable singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) `` Smooth '' Collaboration singles `` Let Me Go '' ( with Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , and Watt ) `` Meant to Be '' ( with Bebe Rexha ) `` Up Down '' ( with Morgan Wallen ) Related articles Discography Joey Moi `` Tippin ' Point '' `` Get By '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Lights Come On '' `` You Make It Easy '' `` Happens Like That '' Tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_and_Florida_Georgia_Line_song)&oldid=843249354 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Songs written by Bebe Rexha Vocal duets Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings if its meant to be song	[ "\"Meant to Be\" is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha and American country music duo Florida Georgia Line,[2][3] from Rexha's third extended play (EP) All Your Fault: Pt. 2 and upcoming debut studio album Expectations. It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP.[4]" ]	[ "American singer Bebe Rexha and American country music duo Florida Georgia Line" ]
6611004415806360567	Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)	Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Not to be confused with Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 TV series ) or Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) . Star Wars : The Clone Wars Title card of the show Genre Military science fiction Action / Adventure Created by George Lucas Based on Star Wars by George Lucas Developed by Dave Filoni Written by Dave Filoni Steven Melching Katie Lucas Christian Taylor Drew Z . Greenberg Henry Gilroy Cameron Litvack Matt Michnovetz Paul Dini Directed by Dave Filoni ( supervising ) Voices of Tom Kane Matt Lanter James Arnold Taylor Ashley Eckstein Dee Bradley Baker Narrated by Tom Kane Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner John Williams ( themes ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) George Lucas Catherine Winder Producer ( s ) Cary Silver Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lucasfilm Lucasfilm Animation Lucasfilm Animation Singapore Distributor Trifecta Entertainment & Media ( 2012 -- 13 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( since 2013 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Release Original network Cartoon Network ( 2008 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Disney streaming service ( 2019 ) Original release October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Wars : Clone Wars Followed by Star Wars Rebels External links Website Star Wars : The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by George Lucas and produced by Lucasfilm Animation with the division Lucasfilm Animation Singapore , Lucasfilm and CGCG Inc . The series debuted on Cartoon Network on October 3 , 2008 . It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy during the three years between the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , the same time period as the previous 2D 2003 TV series Star Wars : Clone Wars . Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes to fill a half - hour time slot . In 2007 , Star Wars creator George Lucas stated `` there will be at least 100 episodes produced ( about five seasons ) '' . Dave Filoni is the supervising director of the series . Genndy Tartakovsky , director of the first Clone Wars series , was not involved with the production , but character designer Kilian Plunkett referred to the character designs from the 2D series when designing the characters for the 3D series . There is also an online comic , depicting story - snippets between the single episodes . The first trailer for the series was released on the official Star Wars website on May 8 , 2007 . The series was launched with an animated feature film , which was released in theaters on August 15 , 2008 . Season 2 ended on April 30 , 2010 . Season 3 premiered on September 17 , 2010 , with the complete second season releasing on Blu - ray Disc and DVD October 26 , 2010 . Season 4 premiered on September 16 , 2011 with the Complete Season 3 on Blu - ray and DVD released October 18 , 2011 . The fourth season was released for Blu - ray and DVD release on October 23 , 2012 . Season 5 premiered on September 29 , 2012 with a new time slot of 9 : 30 A.M. PT / ET . Season 5 and the entire series in the `` Collector 's Edition '' box set were both released on October 15 , 2013 . On March 11 , 2013 , Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down '' . Super RTL , a German TV network , began airing the episodes on February 15 , 2014 . The sixth - season episodes were made available in the U.S. for streaming on Netflix , along with the entirety of the series , beginning March 7 , 2014 . A project known as The Clone Wars Legacy adapted unproduced story arcs into other formats , such as comics and novels , beginning in August 2014 . On July 19 , 2018 , Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic - Con that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be revived with 12 new episodes to be released on Disney 's direct - to - consumer streaming service . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 4.2. 1 Special episode compilations 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 The Clone Wars Legacy 6.1 Comic Books 6.1. 1 Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir 6.2 Novels 6.2. 1 Dark Disciple 6.3 Story reels 6.3. 1 Crystal Crisis on Utapau 6.3. 2 Bad Batch 7 Video games 8 Unproduced spin - off 9 References 10 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main articles : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) and List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network Film August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) N / A 22 October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) Cartoon Network 22 October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 22 September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 22 September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 5 20 September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 6 13 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) Netflix After viewing some of the completed footage of the early episodes on a big screen , the production team decided to weave the first few planned episodes together to form a theatrical release . Christopher Lee , Anthony Daniels , and Samuel L. Jackson reprised their roles as Count Dooku , C - 3PO , and Mace Windu , respectively , from the live - action films ( although Lee and Jackson did not reprise their roles in the series ) . Season 1 shows a wide variety of battles and adventures with Grievous and Dooku as the lead antagonists . Many of the episodes are stand - alone , but a common thread throughout the season is that the Republic and the Separatists attempt to convince various planets and races to side with them . In Season 2 , the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them . Meanwhile , the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility . The first half of both Season 3 and Season 4 are diplomatic in nature ; Season 3 , in particular , has many stories that take place away from the battlefield . How different races and planets are affected by the galaxy - wide war are shown , as well as how the Republic Senate can make a bigger difference than even the Jedi Council at times . The first half of Season 3 is used mainly to make the Clone Wars series more cohesive as these first episodes created better chronology , setting themselves in and among the previous two seasons ' episodes . The second half of both seasons , Anakin steps a little closer to the dark side . Meanwhile , the Sith experience turmoil among themselves . Season 5 is unique in that it consists of 5 four - part story arcs , 3 of which center on Ahsoka 's character development . Meanwhile , the Separatists gain more ground , and the story of an old villain who has returned concludes . Season 6 explores topics that are crucial in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , namely the creation of the clones and the details behind Order 66 . Chancellor Palpatine gains even more power , and Yoda delves deeper into the nature of the Force . On December 5 , 2011 , a full - length feature cut of one of the Season 3 trilogies of episodes ( the one composed by `` Nightsisters , '' `` Monster , '' and `` Witches of the Mist '' ) was released for download on iTunes as an uninterrupted movie that was previously shown at selected screenings in 2010 . The three episodes were written by Katie Lucas , who had previously written the Season 1 episode `` Jedi Crash '' as well as the Season 3 episodes `` Sphere of Influence '' and `` Assassin . '' A repeat of season one aired in `` decoded '' episode format . Each installment contained unobtrusive text windows giving supplemental information about the characters and events playing out on screen . On July 19 , 2018 , Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic - Con that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would return with 12 new episodes of Season 7 to be released on Disney 's direct - to - consumer streaming service . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars cast members Main ( edit ) Matt Lanter as Anakin Skywalker , Additional voices James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi , Plo Koon , Additional voices Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano , Additional voices Dee Bradley Baker as Clone Troopers , Saesee Tiin , Onaconda Farr , Bossk , Arok the Hutt , Additional voices Tom Kane as Narrator , Yoda , Admiral Wullf Yularen , Additional voices Recurring ( edit ) Ian Abercrombie as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Tim Curry as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks Clancy Brown as Savage Opress Corey Burton as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane , Ziro the Hutt , Chairman Papanoida , Additional voices Terrence C. Carson as Mace Windu Jim Cummings as Hondo Ohnaka Olivia d'Abo as Luminara Unduli Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO Robin Atkin Downes as Castas , Cham Syndulla , Cin Drallig , Ima - Gun Di , Rush Clovis Dave Filoni as Embo , Jakoli Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress , Chi Eekway Papanoida , Gardulla the Hutt , Sy Snootles , TC - 70 Brian George as King Katuunko , Chi Cho , Ki - Adi - Mundi Anna Graves as Satine Kryze , Sugi , Meena Tills , Tiplar , Tiplee , Additional voices Jennifer Hale as Aayla Secura , Riyo Chuchi Tom Kenny as Nute Gunray Phil LaMarr as Bail Organa , Kit Fisto , Orn Free Taa Daniel Logan as Boba Fett , Clone Cadets James C. Mathis III as Gregar Typho Angelique Perrin as Adi Gallia , Mama the Hutt Meredith Salenger as Barriss Offee , Che Amanwe Papanoida , Ione Marcy , Pluma Sodi Kath Soucie as Mon Mothma , Jek Lawquane , Mina Bonteri Jason Spisak as Lux Bonteri , Zinn Paulness Stephen Stanton as Mas Amedda , Tarkin , Colonel Meebur Gascon , Moralo Eval , Additional voices Catherine Taber as Padmé Amidala , Additional voices Tasia Valenza as Shaak Ti Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Matthew Wood as General Grievous , Battle Droids , Poggle the Lesser , Wat Tambor Production ( edit ) At April 2005 's Star Wars Celebration III , Lucas stated that `` we are working on a 3 - D continuation of the pilot series that was on the Cartoon Network ; we probably wo n't start that project for another year . '' In July 2005 , pre-production had begun on the series , according to Steve Sansweet , head of Lucasfilm fan relations . Sansweet referred to the series as `` the next generation of the Star Wars saga , a cutting edge 30 - minute , 3 - D computer - animation series based on the Clone Wars that take place between Episode II ... and Episode III . '' Sansweet described the look of the new series as `` a melding of Asian anime with unique 3 - D animation styling . '' Primary production will take place at the Lucasfilm Animation facility in Singapore . According to another statement by Sansweet , `` Lucasfilm Animation will be hiring a total of about 300 digital artists and others in both California and Singapore locations to produce not only the series , but animated feature films in the years ahead . '' He said about the series , `` to get the series underway , Lucasfilm Animation has hired key production and creative talent to lead the development of its first animation project . '' Sansweet has said that `` a large component of the future of Star Wars and Lucasfilm is CGI animation . '' Lucasfilm Ltd. and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series . The Maya 3D modeling program was used to create the highly detailed worlds , characters and creatures . Animators also reviewed designs from the original 2003 Clone Wars series when creating the animation style for the film and the new series . Anthony Daniels , who portrayed C - 3PO in all seven films as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special , Star Wars radio adaptations , Star Wars : Droids and Star Wars : Clone Wars , confirmed in June 2006 that he had been contracted for the series . In a video interview with Rob Coleman from Imagina 2007 divulged that there were 15 episodes in production , one episode was complete , he was going to direct 5 of the first 22 episodes , reaction from licensees was very positive , and that final assembly of shows is done at Skywalker Ranch . At Lucas 's March 3 , 2007 appearance at the 2007 PaleyFest , Lucas revealed the series is episodic , and as such will not focus on Anakin Skywalker 's story ; with episodes dedicated to clone troopers and other characters . Lucas revealed further information in a fan interview , a new character named Ahsoka Tano , over 100 episodes and a possible appearance by Boba Fett . In an interview in the September 24 , 2007 issue of TV Guide , Lucas confirmed that 39 episodes of the series have been completed . On April 8 , 2007 , Ai n't It Cool News reported that musician Eric Rigler had recorded music for the series . Rigler disclosed that each planet in the Star Wars galaxy would have its own theme music . The episode Mr. Rigler performed on was based on Bulgarian music and played on Uilleann pipes . Kevin Kiner composed the original score for each episode . Stuart Snyder , who oversaw Cartoon Network and other Turner Broadcasting System cable networks from 2007 to 2014 , said he became interested in the new Clone Wars series immediately upon starting the job in May 2007 . Snyder flew out to San Francisco , California to screen several episodes , and told Lucas the only place he wanted to see the show was on Cartoon Network . Snyder wished to create an action / adventure block of shows on Friday night in an attempt to rejuvenate Cartoon Network . Snyder expressed confidence that the shows would help boost ratings : `` You catch me at a time where I have a smile on my face because of our internal results '' . `` I can say there 's a little bit of bragging on the third quarter for us . '' Seasons 6 , 7 , and 8 , were in some form of production at the time of the show 's cancellation in March 2013 , shortly after Lucasfilm was purchased by Disney . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Clone Wars premiered on October 3 , 2008 at 9 p.m. on Cartoon Network . The Clone Wars on Cartoon Network is shown in a 16 : 9 ( 1.77 : 1 ) aspect ratio , cropped from its original aspect ratio ( OAR ) of 2.35 : 1 ( as seen in the UK Sky Premiere screenings ) . The show began airing on Adult Swim on March 14 , 2009 , making the series the first Cartoon Network series to simultaneously air on both Cartoon Network and Adult Swim . Star Wars : The Clone Wars also aired from January 15 , 2009 to March 26 , 2009 on TNT . This show was the first animation aired on that channel in over a decade . On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down '' to focus on the Star Wars sequel trilogy and a new series , Star Wars Rebels . On February 13 , 2014 , Netflix announced that starting on March 7 , 2014 they would begin the US distribution of all five seasons of the TV series , including some previously unreleased director 's cut episode versions . Netflix also released the previously unreleased `` sixth - season '' episodes , which also became available for purchase on digital video stores , such as iTunes . For the 2019 revival , the remaining episodes of the series will be exclusively available on Disney 's streaming service . Home Media ( edit ) DVD / Blu - ray name Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Galaxy Divided ( DVD only ) March 24 , 2009 March 24 , 2009 July 1 , 2009 Clone Commandos ( DVD only ) September 15 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 September 23 , 2009 Season 1 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) November 3 , 2009 November 16 , 2009 November 18 , 2009 Season 2 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 26 , 2010 November 15 , 2010 November 10 , 2010 Season 3 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 18 , 2011 October 17 , 2011 October 19 , 2011 Darth Maul Returns ( DVD only ) September 11 , 2012 Season 4 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 23 , 2012 October 22 , 2012 October 31 , 2012 Season 5 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 15 , 2013 October 14 , 2013 October 30 , 2013 Seasons 1 - 5 Boxset ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 15 , 2013 October 14 , 2013 November 13 , 2013 Season 6 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) November 11 , 2014 TBA April 29 , 2015 Warner Bros. Home Entertainment distributed the videodisc releases of the first five seasons , while Walt Disney Home Entertainment handled the videodisc release of the sixth season as Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Lost Missions . Special episode compilations ( edit ) Apart from the season - by - season videodisc sets , there were also three special DVD releases consisting of four episodes from a particular season that reflected a certain story arc or theme : A Galaxy Divided , an early DVD release of the series which included the four season 1 episodes ( `` Ambush '' , `` Shadow of Malevolence '' , `` Destroy Malevolence '' , `` Downfall of a Droid '' ) Clone Commandos , another DVD compilation that includes episode five `` Rookies '' as well as episodes 19 through 21 ( `` Storm over Ryloth '' , `` Innocents of Ryloth '' and `` Liberty on Ryloth '' ) . Darth Maul Returns , a feature - length `` director 's cut '' edited together from Season 4 episodes `` Massacre '' , `` Bounty '' , `` Brothers '' and `` Revenge '' and was initially available exclusively at Target . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season received an approval rating of 83 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 6.04 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an agreeably entertaining first season , Star Wars : The Clone Wars opens a fun , kid - friendly chapter of the franchise 's sprawling mythology . '' The third and fourth seasons received an approval rating of 100 % based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 and 7.85 / 10 respectively . The sixth season received an approval rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 8.92 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sophisticated storytelling and quality animation make the sixth season of Star Wars : The Clone Wars a fitting end to the series . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On July 11 , 2008 , television critics were shown a completed episode of the series . The Hollywood Reporter 's Live Feed blog called the footage `` likely the most photo - realistic animated TV series ever produced . '' On August 31 , 2008 , a sneak peek of the new series was shown on Cartoon Network . IGN named it the 89th best animated series . They specifically praised the episodes `` Rookies '' , `` Cloak of Darkness '' , and `` Lair of Grievous '' saying that their storylines stood out as some of the best in the Star Wars expanded universe . Star Wars : The Clone Wars became the most - watched series premiere in Cartoon Network history . The series averaged 3 million total viewers in its debut , according to Nielsen Media Research . Cartoon Network said the Star Wars spin - off ranked as the number one channel among all major animated networks in the time slot among total viewers ( the largest in the demographic for any premiere telecast of an original Cartoon series ) . On July 23 , 2010 , at the San Diego Comic - Con , Craig Glenday , editor of the Guinness World Records , presented Star Wars : The Clone Wars supervising director Dave Filoni , CG supervisor Joel Aron , and lead designer Kilian Plunkett a certificate proclaiming the cartoon series `` the highest rated sci - fi animation currently on television '' . In 2014 , WatchMojo.com ranked Star Wars : The Clone Wars as the seventh - best cartoon to have gotten cancelled . Tech Times said that , `` while the Star Wars prequel films fail to make audiences care about characters like Anakin Skywalker , The Clone Wars succeeds . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient Result 36th Annie Awards Music in an Animated Television Production or Short Form Kevin Kiner for `` Rising Malevolence '' Nominated 37th Annie Awards Music in a Television Production Kevin Kiner for `` Weapons Factory '' 38th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production `` ARC Troopers '' Voice Acting in a Television Production Corey Burton as Baron Papanoida Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Writing in a Television Production Daniel Arkin for `` Heros On Both Sides '' 2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Animated Show `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 2011 BTVA Awards Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Corey Burton as Count Dooku Tom Kane as Yoda Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Barbara Goodson as Mother Talzin Won Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Nominated Best Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn Best Vocal Cast in a Television Series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 39th Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated TV Production Animated Effects in an Animated Production Joel Aron Voice Acting in a Television Production Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Dee Bradley Baker as Clone Troopers Editing in Television Production Jason W.A. Tucker 2nd Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards PAAFTJ Television Awards 2012 Best Directing for an Animated Series Brian Kalin O'Connell in `` Slaves of the Republic '' 40th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in an Animated Production Joel Aron Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Keith Kellogg Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Samuel Witwer as Darth Maul Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Jason Tucker 40th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' Won Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Jim Cummings as Hondo Onhaka Nominated David Tennant as Huyang Won Samuel Witwer as Darth Maul Nominated Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Dave Filoni , Kyle Dunlevy , Brian Kalin O'Connell , Steward Lee , Bosco Ng Outstanding Music Direction and Composition Kevin Kiner Outstanding Sound Mixing - Animation David Acord & Cameron Davis 2012 BTVA Awards Best New Vocal Interpretation of an Established Character Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Won Best Performance in a Narrating Role Tom Kane as Narrator Nominated Best Vocal Creation of a New Character ( First Time being Animated ) David Tennant as Huyang Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Corey Burton as Cad Bane Clancy Brown as Savage Oppress Nominated Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Won Best Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role David Tennant as Huyang Nominated Best Vocal Cast in a Television Series - Action / Drama `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' Neox Fan Awards 2013 Best Neox Kidz Series 41st Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Christopher Voy for Color Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Animation Cameron Davis , David Acord , Frank Rinella , and Mark Evans Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Animation Matthew Wood , Dean Menta , Jeremy Bowker , Erik Foreman , Pascal Garneau , Steve Slanec , Frank Rinella , Dennie Thorpe , Jana Vance , and David Acord 2013 BTVA Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Katee Sackhoff as Bo - Katan Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Ian Abercrombie as Darth Sidious Won Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Kari Wahlgren as Letta Turmond Nominated 41st Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Keith Kellogg Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Jason W.A. Tucker 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Star Wars : The Clone Wars Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Mark Hamill as Darth Bane Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Christian Taylor Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Dave Filoni , Brian Kalin O'Connell , Danny Keller , Steward Lee Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Cameron Davis , David Acord , Frank Rinella , Mark Evans Outstanding Sound Editing -- Animation Matthew Wood , David Acord , Dean Menta , Jeremy Bowker , Steve Slanec , Andrea Gard , Kevin Sellers , Dennie Thorpe , Jana Vance Outstanding Music Direction and Composition Kevin Kiner 2014 BTVA Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Dee Bradley Baker as Fives Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Tom Kane as Yoda Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role - Action / Drama Bob Bergen as Lama Su Mark Hamill as Darth Bane Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role - Action / Drama Jaime King as Force Priestesses Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series - Action / Drama Star Wars : The Clone Wars The Clone Wars Legacy ( edit ) At the time of cancellation in March 2013 , 65 more episodes were in development . Thirteen of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6 : The Lost Missions , but there were still additional arcs that were never released . In September 2014 , StarWars.com released details of three story arcs from the unfinished episodes . Comic books ( edit ) Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( edit ) Main article : Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir A four - episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events from the season 5 episode `` The Lawless '' . The story gave reason as to why Darth Maul was resurrected in the season 4 episode `` Brothers '' . The four episodes were titled : ' `` The Enemy Of My Enemy '' , `` A Tale Of Two Apprentices '' , `` Proxy War '' , and `` Showdown On Dathomir ' '' . The arc was adapted into a four - part comic book , Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir , which debuted in May 2014 . Novels ( edit ) Dark Disciple ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Dark Disciple An 8 - episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos was adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple , released on July 7 , 2015 . The eight episodes were titled : Lethal Alliance , The Mission , Conspirators , Dark Disciple , Saving Vos , Part I , Saving Vos , Part II , Traitor and The Path . Story reels ( edit ) Two arcs consisting each of 4 episodes were released on the official Star Wars website for free in the form of complete animatics , albeit with unfinished animation as those episodes only went through the earliest stages of production . Both were fully voiced by the cast . Crystal Crisis on Utapau ( edit ) In September 2014 , four unfinished episodes were released on Star Wars ' official website . The four episodes released were titled : A Death On Utapau , In Search Of The Crystal , Crystal Crisis and The Big Bang . The arc took place on Utapau with Obi - Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a Kyber crystal . The arc also dealt with Anakin 's feelings after the departure of Ahsoka . It was also included in the season 6 Blu - ray . Bad Batch ( edit ) The unfinished animatics for Bad Batch , a four - episode arc , were screened at the Star Wars Celebration convention in Anaheim , California on April 17 , 2015 . Scripted by Brent Friedman , it is a four - part story arc focusing on a ragtag unit of clone commandos of the same name . The arc was subsequently released on StarWars.com for free shortly after on April 29 , 2015 . The four episodes were titled : The Bad Batch , A Distant Echo , On The Wings Of Keeradaks , and Unfinished Business . Video games ( edit ) Seven video games have been released , which are based on the style and character designs of the series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels , a fighting game released on November 11 , 2008 for Wii . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , an action - adventure game released on November 11 , 2008 for Nintendo DS . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes , another action - adventure game taking place between Season 1 and Season 2 , released on October 9 , 2009 for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS . Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars , released in March 2011 by TT Games for PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo DS , PC , Mac , and Nintendo 3DS , which further stylizes the characters as part of the Lego Star Wars theme and is mostly based on the first two seasons . Clone Wars Adventures , an online PC game launched on September 15 , 2010 online by Sony Online Entertainment and shut down on March 31 , 2014 . Disney Infinity 3.0 , released in September 2015 by Disney Interactive for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , Wii U , Microsoft Windows , iOS and Android , which stylizes select major characters from the show as action figures that become playable only via a toys - to - life NFC system . Each copy of the game comes with the playset , `` Twilight of the Republic '' , which is an alternate storyline set during the Clone Wars era , along with two starting characters , Anakin and Ahsoka . Other characters from the show also appear , although most of them are not playable or are fought as bosses . Characters and / or locations from the show have also appeared in the following Star Wars games listed below : Star Wars : Galactic Defense , a now - defunct tower defense game released on iOS and Android by DeNA , in which a number of playable champions include characters from the show . Several levels in the main campaign also take place on the planet Felucia , a major Clone Wars hotspot featured in some episodes . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , a turn - based RPG also released on iOS and Android by Electronic Arts , where some levels take place on planets depicted in the show ( such as Dathomir ) and a number of collectible , playable characters are from the show . Star Wars : Force Arena , an online MOBA game released on iOS and Android by Netmarble , where an August 2017 update allowed players to recruit characters , vehicles and battle units from the series , as well as battle on planets like Felucia . Star Wars Battlefront II , a video game available on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , in which players can battle on or directly above planets like Ryloth and Kamino , where some battles in the series were fought . Wood , Taylor , Lanter and Burton are also expected to reprise their voice roles for four new playable heroes ( General Grievous , Obi - Wan Kenobi , Anakin Skywalker and Count Dooku , respectively ) being added to the game 's upcoming third season in late 2018 , themed after the Clone Wars . Unproduced spin - off ( edit ) In November 2016 , Pablo Hidalgo from the Lucasfilm story group revealed that the `` Young Padawans '' arc from Season 5 was intended to be aired separately from The Clone Wars , as the pilot for a spin - off show that never materialized . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Lost Missions Now on Netflix '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` index '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network 's official page '' . Cartoonnetwork.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IESB Video Portal '' . IESB.net . 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Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paley Fest : George Lucas Gives Details on the Star Wars TV Shows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas on his two Star Wars TV series , Heroes and HBO 's Rome - Celebrity and Entertainment News - TVGuide.com '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ merrick . `` A Teeny Tidbit About One Of Those Nutty Little STAR WARS TV Series We Keep Hearing About ! ! -- Ai n't It Cool News : The best in movie , TV , DVD , and comic book news '' . Aintitcool.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Kristi E. `` Cartoon Network is eager to use the force . '' The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 03 . 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( 2017 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : The Planet Eater ( 2018 ) TV Genki Genki Nontan ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Transformers : Prime ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Knights of Sidonia ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Ronja , the Robber 's Daughter ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Transformers : Robots in Disguise ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Ajin : Demi - Human ( 2016 ) Pingu in the City ( 2017 -- present ) Fist of the Blue Sky Re : Genesis ( 2018 ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 -- present ) OVA Ajin : Demi - Human ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Category Star Wars portal Cartoon Network portal Animation portal Television in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal WorldCat Identities GND : 7635337 - 0 LCCN : no2008137241 VIAF : 182139220 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)&oldid=865787577 '' Categories : 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2000s American science fiction television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2008 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings Cartoon Network original programs American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated space adventure television series American children 's animated science fiction television series American computer - animated television series Interquel television series Netflix original programming Star Wars animated television series Star Wars television series Television series by Lucasfilm Toonami Television programs based on films Military science fiction television series American television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Twitter username not in Wikidata Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 04 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what channel is star wars clone wars on	[ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by George Lucas and produced by Lucasfilm Animation with the division Lucasfilm Animation Singapore, Lucasfilm and CGCG Inc.[2] The series debuted on Cartoon Network on October 3, 2008.[3] It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy during the three years between the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, the same time period as the previous 2D 2003 TV series Star Wars: Clone Wars. Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes to fill a half-hour time slot. In 2007, Star Wars creator George Lucas stated \"there will be at least 100 episodes produced [about five seasons]\".[4] Dave Filoni is the supervising director of the series.[5] Genndy Tartakovsky, director of the first Clone Wars series, was not involved with the production,[6] but character designer Kilian Plunkett referred to the character designs from the 2D series when designing the characters for the 3D series.[7] There is also an online comic,[8] depicting story-snippets between the single episodes.\n" ]	[ "Cartoon Network" ]
3317811033009595230	Tom Brady	Tom Brady - wikipedia Tom Brady Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Tom Brady , see Tom Brady ( disambiguation ) . Tom Brady Brady in 2016 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position : Quarterback Date of birth : ( 1977 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Place of birth : San Mateo , California Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Career information High school : San Mateo ( CA ) Junípero Serra College : Michigan NFL Draft : 2000 / Round : 6 / Pick : 199 Career history New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards 5 × Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI ) 4 × Super Bowl MVP ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI ) 12 × Pro Bowl ( 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 -- 2016 ) 2 × First - team All - Pro ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × Second - team All - Pro ( 2005 , 2016 ) 2 × NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2009 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2007 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2007 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2005 ) 2 × NFL passing yards leader ( 2005 , 2007 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 ) 2 × NFL passer rating leader ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion ( 1997 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 3 , 2017 Completions : 5,315 Attempts : 8,334 Percentage : 63.8 TD -- INT : 464 -- 152 Passing yards : 62,674 Passer rating : 97.5 Player stats at NFL.com Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. ( born August 3 , 1977 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls ( the other being defensive player Charles Haley ) and the only player to win them all playing for one team . After playing college football for the University of Michigan , Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . In Brady 's 15 seasons as a starter , he has quarterbacked the Patriots to seven Super Bowl appearances , the most for any player in history . Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards ( Super Bowl XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , and LI ) , the most ever by a single player , has won two league MVP awards ( 2007 and 2010 ) , has been selected to 12 Pro Bowls , and has led his team to more division titles ( 14 ) than any other quarterback in NFL history . As of the end of the 2016 season , Brady is fourth all - time in career passing yards , fourth in career touchdown passes , and third in career passer rating . His career postseason record is 25 -- 9 , winning more playoff games than any other quarterback , and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position . Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL . His 208 combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history . Because of his accomplishments and accolades , many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . Due to his late draft selection , Brady is considered to be the biggest `` steal '' in the history of the NFL Draft . For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal , Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season . Subsequently , Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and Super Bowl MVP that season . Brady has been married to Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen since 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Overview 3.2 2000 season 3.3 2001 season 3.3. 1 2001 postseason 3.4 2002 season 3.5 2003 season 3.5. 1 2003 postseason 3.6 2004 season 3.6. 1 2004 postseason 3.7 2005 season 3.7. 1 2005 postseason 3.8 2006 season 3.8. 1 2006 postseason 3.9 2007 season 3.9. 1 2007 postseason 3.10 2008 season 3.11 2009 season 3.11. 1 2009 postseason 3.12 2010 season 3.12. 1 2010 postseason 3.13 2011 season 3.13. 1 2011 postseason 3.14 2012 season 3.14. 1 2012 postseason 3.15 2013 season 3.15. 1 2013 postseason 3.16 2014 season 3.16. 1 2014 postseason 3.17 2015 season 3.17. 1 2015 offseason 3.17. 2 2015 regular season 3.17. 3 2015 postseason 3.18 2016 season 3.18. 1 2016 offseason 3.18. 2 2016 regular season 3.18. 3 2016 postseason 3.19 2017 season 3.19. 1 2017 offseason 3.19. 1.1 Concussion reports 3.19. 2 2017 regular season 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Super Bowl 5 NFL records 5.1 Playoffs ( career ) 5.2 Super Bowl ( career ) 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Brady was born in San Mateo , California , the only son and fourth child of Galynn Patricia ( née Johnson ) and Thomas Brady , Sr. He has three older sisters named Nancy , Julie , and Maureen . He was raised Catholic . His father is of Irish descent , while his mother has Norwegian , Polish , and Swedish ancestry and whose great - great - grandparents , John and Bridget Brady , were Irish refugees from the Great Famine who moved to San Francisco from Boston prior to the American Civil War with Bridget 's sister Ann and her husband Lawrence Meegan , who were the parents of the 19th Century American Major League Baseball player `` Steady '' Pete Meegan . Brady 's great uncle , Michael Buckley Jr. was , also , the first American prisoner of war during World War II . In the 1980s , Brady regularly attended San Francisco 49ers games at Candlestick Park , where he was a fan of quarterback Joe Montana ; since then , Brady has mentioned Montana as his idol and one of his inspirations . At the age of four , Brady attended the 1981 NFC Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , in which Montana threw The Catch to Dwight Clark . As a child , Brady attended football camp at the College of San Mateo where he learned to throw the football from camp counselor and future NFL / AFL quarterback Tony Graziani . He grew up as a Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics fan . Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , where he graduated in 1995 ; the ceremony was held at St. Mary 's Cathedral . He played football , basketball , and baseball in high school . He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball . Brady 's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team . At first , Brady was not good enough to start on the 0 -- 8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year . However , when the starting quarterback went down with an injury , he ascended to the starting position . He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated . By Brady 's senior year , he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches . He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending . This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation . The process of recruiting was much different during Brady 's time , and athletes ' rankings were not as prominent . In terms of recruiting in the 2000s , Brady would have been considered a Four - star quarterback . In essence , he was a highly rated prospect . Brady was also on Blue Chip Illustrated as well as a Prep Football Report All - American selection . Following his recruiting process he narrowed down his list to five main schools . `` Probably the ones that we did hear from and ultimately pared the list to were Cal - Berkeley , UCLA , USC , Michigan , and Illinois , '' his father said . Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school . He was a left handed hitting catcher with power . His skill set impressed MLB scouts , and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos . The Expos projected Brady as a potential All - Star , and offered him money typical of a late second - round or early third - round pick . Nevertheless , Brady was determined to play football at the next level . He was always more passionate about football , and when he found that there was significant interest in him , he decided to take the road of football . Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris , and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995 . He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns . He also won All - State and All - Far West honors as well as the team 's Most Valuable Player Award . During the summers of 1998 and 1999 , Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch . He was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003 , joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds , Lynn Swann , Gregg Jefferies , Jim Fregosi , and his older sister Maureen , among many others . When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium . College career Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999 . He was a backup quarterback for his first two years , while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season , which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship . When he enrolled at Michigan , Brady was seventh on the depth chart , and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time . At one point , Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety , and even considered transferring to California . He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden , who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field . Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014 : `` He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship . He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life . Greg really pushed me in a direction that I was n't sure I could go . '' Under Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr , Brady battled for the starting job with Drew Henson and ultimately started every game in the 1998 and 1999 seasons . During his first full year as starter , he set new Michigan records for most pass attempts and completions in a season , for a total of 214 . Brady was All - Big Ten honorable mention both seasons , and was the team captain in his senior year . The Wolverines won 20 of 25 games when he started , and he set a school record for completions in a 31 -- 16 loss against Ohio State in 1998 , a season in which Michigan shared the Big Ten Conference title . Brady capped that season with a win over Arkansas in the Citrus Bowl . In the 1999 season , Brady had to once again hold off Henson for the starting job . The two players platooned during the season 's first seven games , with Brady playing the first quarter , Henson the second and Carr then deciding upon a quarterback for the second half . The 1999 Michigan Wolverines started off with a 5 -- 0 record , including a 26 -- 22 win over Notre Dame , and a road win against eventual powerhouse Wisconsin . Against Michigan State , Brady was not chosen to play the second half ; however , he was reinserted into the game with Michigan down by 17 points , and he nearly led Michigan all the way back before losing 34 -- 31 . After a 300 - yard passing game the following week , Carr went exclusively with Brady for the remainder of the season . Brady went on to lead Michigan to multiple 4th - quarter comebacks , including a remarkable 31 -- 27 win against Penn State , and leading them out of a close game against Indiana , 34 -- 31 , heading into the regular season 's final game , winners of three straight , earning him the moniker of `` Comeback Kid '' . Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State ; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line . With five minutes left , tied 17 -- 17 , Brady led Michigan to the winning score . He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama , throwing for 369 yards , four touchdowns , leading the team back from a pair of 14 - point deficits in regulation ( 14 -- 0 in the first half , and 28 -- 14 in the second ) . He threw the game - winning score on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson . Michigan won the game when Alabama missed an extra point following its own touchdown . In the two seasons that Brady started at Michigan , he posted a 20 -- 5 record , including his two largest victories at the Citrus Bowl ( 1999 ) and the Orange Bowl ( 2000 ) . Brady finished his career ranking third in Michigan history with 710 attempts and 442 completions , fourth with 5,351 yards and 62.3 completion percentage , and fifth with 35 touchdown passes . Statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Michigan 5 60.0 % 26 5.2 0 63.7 -- -- -- -- 1997 Michigan 12 15 80.0 % 103 6.9 0 0 137.7 − 14 − 7.0 0 1998 Michigan 200 323 61.9 % 2,427 7.5 14 10 133.1 54 − 105 − 1.9 1999 Michigan 180 295 61.0 % 2,217 7.5 16 6 138.0 34 − 31 − 0.9 Career 395 638 61.9 % 4,773 7.5 30 17 134.9 90 − 150 − 1.7 Source : Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 5.24 s 1.75 s 2.99 s 4.38 s 7.20 s 24 ⁄ in ( 0.62 m ) 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 33 All values from NFL Combine Overview This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brady was a lightly regarded prospect coming out of college , and was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft . He has subsequently played his entire professional career with the Patriots and has enjoyed a distinguished and decorated career that includes five Super Bowl wins , four Super Bowl MVPs , and two League MVPs . As a result of his highly successful career , Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . In addition to his other accolades , he has been named to the Pro Bowl twelve times and led the league in passing three times . He holds numerous NFL post-season passing records , and has more post-season wins than any other quarterback . Since Brady became their starting quarterback , the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles . The Patriots played in eleven AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2016 -- including six in a row from 2011 to 2016 -- and won seven of them . In his second season , Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured ; he eventually led the Patriots to victory in Super Bowl XXXVI . The Patriots would miss the playoffs the following season , but would then win back - to - back titles in 2003 and 2004 . Although Brady and the Patriots continued to be highly successful , he did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season . In that season , Brady set an NFL record for touchdown passes , won his first League MVP , and led the Patriots to a 16 -- 0 regular season record . However , the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants in spectacular fashion in Super Bowl XLII . Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a catastrophic knee injury in his first game . Brady won the National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award in the 2009 season , and he and the Patriots continued in that and subsequent seasons to turn in strong performances , winning his second League MVP in 2010 . Brady returned to the Super Bowl in the 2011 season where once again Brady and the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants . Brady then made his sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season ( his 15th as a professional ) where he led a memorable fourth quarter comeback over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks for his fourth Super Bowl win , and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time . Brady missed the first four games of the 2016 season due to a suspension resulting from the Deflategate controversy , but then won 11 out of the 12 remaining regular season games and two postseason games to make his seventh and most recent Super Bowl appearance , earning his fifth Super Bowl win and fourth Super Bowl MVP title in epic fashion , coming back from a 25 - point deficit against the Atlanta Falcons midway through the third quarter to win in overtime , by far the biggest comeback in Super Bowl history . Brady led the Patriots when they set the NFL record for the longest consecutive winning streak -- that included the playoffs -- with 21 straight wins in the 2003 and 2004 seasons . He set the record for most consecutive playoff wins with 10 , and in 2007 , he led the Patriots to the first undefeated regular season since the season was expanded to 16 games . He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history , and has the sixth highest career passer rating of all time ( 96.6 ) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts . Brady and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards . In 2007 , he was named NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) , and the Associated Press named him Male Athlete of the Year , the first NFL player so honored since Montana in 1990 . He became the first quarterback to throw for 50 touchdowns in a season . In 2010 , he was unanimously chosen as the NFL MVP , becoming the first player since 1986 to be unanimously chosen as MVP , and was ranked as the top player in the NFL Top 100 , a poll of league players . He set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception ( 358 ) , and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio , among players who have started a full season , at 9 : 1 ( this is currently the third best TD : INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback ) . Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - coach tandem in NFL history , winning 183 regular season games and 25 postseason games together , as well as appearing in seven Super Bowls together . All of these events set new NFL records . 2000 season Brady was selected with pick # 199 , a compensatory pick , in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round ; they watched the draft on television , stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him . Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round , and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later . When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that , he later said , he would not `` have to be an insurance salesman '' . According to Michael Holley 's book Patriot Reign , the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay , both of whom had received positive reviews from then - quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein . Ultimately , the Patriots front office chose Brady . Considering his subsequent success , many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time . Brady started the season as the fourth string quarterback , behind starter Drew Bledsoe and backups John Friesz and Michael Bishop ; by season 's end , he was number two on the depth chart behind Bledsoe . During his rookie season , he was 1 - of - 3 passing , for six yards . Tight end Rod Rutledge caught Brady 's first and only pass of the season in a 34 - 9 loss to the Detroit Lions on November 23 . 2001 season With Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , the Patriots opened the season with a 23 -- 17 loss at Cincinnati . In their second game and home opener on September 23 , the Patriots squared off against their AFC East rivals , the New York Jets . Bledsoe was again the starter ; in the fourth quarter , he suffered internal bleeding after a hit from Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . Bledsoe returned for the next series , but was replaced with Brady for the Patriots ' final series of the game . New York would hold on to win , 10 -- 3 , and the Patriots fell to 0 -- 2 on the season . Brady was named the starter for the season 's third game , against the Indianapolis Colts . In his first two games as starter , Brady posted unspectacular passer ratings of 79.6 and 58.7 , respectively , in a 44 -- 13 victory over the Colts ( in their last season in the AFC East ) and a 30 -- 10 loss to the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' fifth game , Brady began to find his stride . Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26 -- 16 in the fourth quarter , he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime , and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal . Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts , for 364 yards , and two touchdowns . The following week , Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis , with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38 -- 17 win . The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started , and six straight to finish the regular season , winning the AFC East and entering the 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs with a first - round bye . Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl . 2001 postseason In Brady 's first playoff game , he threw for 312 yards against the Oakland Raiders and led the Patriots back from a ten - point fourth - quarter deficit to send the game to overtime , where they won on an Adam Vinatieri field goal . A controversial play occurred in that game . Trailing by three points in the fourth quarter , Brady lost control of the ball after being hit by Raiders ' cornerback Charles Woodson . Oakland initially recovered the ball , but , citing the `` tuck rule , '' which states that any forward throwing motion by a quarterback begins a pass even if the quarterback loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body , referee Walt Coleman overturned the call on instant replay , ruling it an incomplete pass rather than a fumble . In the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Brady injured his knee , and was relieved by Bledsoe . The Patriots won the game and were immediately instituted by Las Vegas oddsmakers as 14 - point underdogs against the NFC champion St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI . Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans . Despite being heavy underdogs , the Patriots played well , holding the Rams ' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters . The Rams rallied from a 17 -- 3 deficit to tie the game with 1 : 30 left in regulation . The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17 - yard line with no timeouts remaining . Sportscaster and former Super Bowl - winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime . Instead , Brady drove the Patriots ' offense down the field to the Rams ' 31 - yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left . Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20 -- 17 win and their first ever league championship . Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions . At the age of 24 years and six months , Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI , who were both 25 years , seven months , and 13 days old at the time of their victories , to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl . A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason ; this event cemented Brady 's status as the starting quarterback . 2002 season Brady and the Patriots finished the year at 9 -- 7 , tied with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins for the best record in the division ; however , the Jets won the division on the third tiebreaker , and the Patriots missed the playoffs . Though Brady posted a career - low single - season passer rating of 85.7 and a career - high of 14 interceptions , he threw for a league - leading 28 touchdown passes and 921 more yards than in the 2001 season . However , Brady played much of the second half of the season with a shoulder injury , and New England head coach Bill Belichick later indicated that Brady would not have been able to play in their first playoff game if the Patriots had made the playoffs . 2003 season After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2 -- 2 start , Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East . Statistically , Brady 's strongest game of the season was against the division rival Buffalo Bills , when he achieved a season - high quarterback rating of 122.9 . Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns , and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair . 2003 postseason In the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts . On February 1 , 2004 , Brady led the Patriots to a 32 -- 29 victory over the NFC champion Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII and was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time . During the game , Brady threw for 354 yards with three touchdowns and set the record for most completions by a quarterback in a Super Bowl with 32 . With 1 : 08 left in the fourth quarter and the score tied 29 -- 29 , Brady engineered a drive to put the Patriots in position for the game - winning field goal by Vinatieri . 2004 season Brady during Super Bowl XXXIX During the 2004 season , Brady helped the Patriots set an NFL record with 21 straight wins dating from the previous year , an accomplishment honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( though for official records , the NFL considers it an 18 - game regular season winning streak ; it does not count playoff games ) . New England finished with a 14 -- 2 record , equaling their 2003 record and the best regular - season record ever for a defending champion . The Patriots also won the AFC East divisional title for the third time in four years . Brady threw for 3,692 yards and 28 touchdowns , with a 92.6 passer rating , and was voted to his second Pro Bowl . 2004 postseason In the AFC playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers . Brady played his best game of the year in Pittsburgh despite requiring intravenous treatment the previous night when he ran a temperature of 103 ° . Against the NFL 's best defense , he recorded a quarterback passer rating of 130.5 , his highest of the season . On February 6 , 2005 , the Patriots narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 24 -- 21 , to win Super Bowl XXXIX . Brady threw for 236 yards and two touchdowns while capturing the Patriots ' third championship in four years . 2005 season During the 2005 season , injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon , Patrick Pass , and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady 's passing . Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans . Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns . At 92.3 , his 2005 passer rating was the second - highest of his career at the time , although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14 . He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career - low four times . He and the Patriots finished with a 10 -- 6 record , winning their third straight AFC East title . 2005 postseason In the playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round ; however , on January 14 , 2006 , the Patriots lost 27 -- 13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field . Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions , in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories . After the season 's end , it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December . Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew , but Brady continued playing . Brady on the sideline at Giants Stadium with teammates Randy Moss and Jabar Gaffney , after throwing for his record - breaking 50th passing touchdown of the 2007 season 2006 season Brady led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs . In the regular season , Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns . He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl , although he was offered an injury - replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw ( which he declined ) . 2006 postseason In the postseason , the Patriots first hosted their division rivals , the New York Jets , in the Wild Card Round . The Patriots defeated the Jets 37 -- 16 , as Brady went 22 -- 34 for 212 yards and two touchdowns . In the Divisional Round , the Patriots traveled to San Diego to take on the Chargers . This was Brady 's first playoff game in his home state of California . Brady and the Patriots struggled against the Chargers , whom many had picked as favorites to win Super Bowl XLI . With eight minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots down by eight points , Brady and the Patriots started a key drive that would ultimately decide the game . After a 49 - yard pass play to wide receiver Reche Caldwell , a Stephen Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 24 -- 21 win . In the AFC Championship , the Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . The Patriots and Colts had faced each other twice in the previous three postseasons at Foxborough ; this game , however , was played at Indianapolis . The Patriots led at halftime , 21 -- 6 ; however , the Colts and Peyton Manning staged a comeback , culminating in a last minute interception thrown by Brady , and the Patriots lost the game to the Colts , 34 -- 38 . 2007 season Playing with a dramatically overhauled receiver corps -- in the 2007 offseason , the Patriots acquired wide receivers Donté Stallworth , Wes Welker , Kelley Washington , and Randy Moss ; tight end Kyle Brady ; and running back Sammy Morris -- Brady enjoyed what some sportswriters described as the one of the best seasons by a quarterback . The average score of a 2007 Patriots regular season game would be 37 -- 17 by the end of the year . Brady led the Patriots to the first 16 -- 0 regular season record in league history , outscoring opponents by more than a 2 - to - 1 margin , but also attained numerous career , franchise , and NFL records and milestones in the process . While away at Dallas , he had a career - high five passing touchdowns in a 48 -- 27 win . The win tied him with Cowboys Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach for the most wins ever by a starting quarterback in his first 100 regular - season games , with 76 . The next week , in part of a 49 -- 28 win at Miami , he had yet another record day , with six passing touchdowns , setting a franchise record . He also had the first perfect passer rating of his career . Two weeks later , as part of a come - from - behind 24 -- 20 victory at Indianapolis , he threw for another three touchdowns , the ninth consecutive game in which he had done so , breaking Peyton Manning 's NFL record of eight . During the last game of the year , Brady threw two touchdown passes ; his second touchdown was his 50th , breaking Peyton Manning 's 2004 record of 49 . Brady in December 2007 Brady finished the season with 4,806 passing yards , 50 touchdown passes , and only eight interceptions . It was unanimously voted the greatest passing season of all time by ESPN in 2013 . His 50 : 8 touchdown to interception ratio was , at the time , an NFL record . He became the first quarterback to pass for 50 touchdowns in a season and his 117.2 passer rating is the fourth highest in a single season . His 8.7 % touchdown passing percentage is the third highest ever in a season . He led the Patriots to becoming the first team to ever go undefeated in the regular season since the 16 game schedule was enforced and directed an offense that scored a then NFL record 589 points and 75 total touchdowns . Those records stood until they were eclipsed by the 2013 Denver Broncos . The team 's 50 total touchdown passes is the fourth most ever in a season . For his efforts , Brady was named the Most Valuable Player of this season , as well as Offensive Player of the Year . He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year , the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990 . 2007 postseason In the Patriots ' first playoff game , an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville , Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes , and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts , a completion rate of 92.9 % . That mark is the highest single - game completion percentage ( for passers with at least 20 attempts ) in NFL history , regular season or postseason . With the win , the Patriots matched the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only team to win 17 consecutive games in one season . Statistically , Brady did not fare as well in the AFC Championship Game against the San Diego Chargers , throwing three interceptions ( including his first interception in the red zone since the playoff loss to Denver in the 2005 postseason ) . Nevertheless , the Patriots won their 18th game of the season , 21 -- 12 , to advance to the Super Bowl for the fourth time in seven seasons . Brady , with the 100th win of his career , also set an NFL record for the fewest games needed by a starting quarterback to do so : his 100 -- 26 record is sixteen games better than Joe Montana 's . In Super Bowl XLII , Brady was pressured heavily and sacked five times . The Patriots did manage to take the lead with a Brady touchdown to Moss with less than three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter , but the Giants were able to score a last - minute touchdown to upset the Patriots 17 -- 14 , taking away what would have been the first perfect season since the NFL expanded its regular season to 16 games . Brady in action against the Washington Redskins on August 28 , 2009 . 2008 season Brady did not play in any games during the 2008 preseason or in the 2008 Pro Bowl due to two different foot injuries . In the Patriots ' 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs at Gillette Stadium , Brady 's left knee was seriously injured midway through the first quarter on a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard ; he left the game and did not return . The team later confirmed that Brady would require surgery , and it would prematurely end his 2008 season . Brady tore both his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament . The injury ended Brady 's streak of 111 consecutive starts ( seventh in the list of most consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , behind Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , Ron Jaworski , and Joe Flacco ) . Dr. Neal ElAttrache performed the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the Los Angeles Kerlan - Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic October 6 , using Brady 's patellar tendon graft to replace the torn ligament , and also repaired his medial collateral ligament , through a separate incision in his left knee . An infection in the wound resulted in further debridement surgery several times since the original procedure . Brady received IV antibiotics for this infection which , at the time , threatened to delay his rehab . Despite Brady 's absence , the Patriots managed to finish the 2008 season with an 11 -- 5 record ; however , due to tiebreakers , the Patriots not only failed to win the AFC East division title , but missed the playoffs altogether for the first time since the 2002 season . 2009 season Tom Brady in Landover , Maryland , on August 28 , 2009 , during warmups in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins . In his first game in nearly a year , Brady threw for 378 yards and two touchdowns in the 2009 season opener against the Buffalo Bills . In the final minutes of the game , the Patriots were down 24 -- 13 before Brady and tight end Benjamin Watson connected on two straight touchdowns to lead the Patriots to a 25 -- 24 win . Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance . On October 18 , 2009 , in an early season snowstorm , Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter , throwing five in the second quarter . Brady finished the game with six touchdowns , tying his career best , and 380 yards , completing 29 - of - 34 attempts , finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8 . The Patriots ' 59 -- 0 victory over the Titans tied the record for the largest margin of victory since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger , and set a record for largest halftime lead in NFL history , which was 45 -- 0 . Brady would finish the 2009 regular season with 4,398 yards passing and 28 touchdowns for a 96.2 rating , despite a broken right ring finger and three fractured ribs , all which were suffered over the course of the season . He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl and named the 2009 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2009 postseason Brady ended the 2009 season throwing three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 14 , his first career home playoff loss , and the first playoff loss at home by a New England Patriots quarterback since 1978 ( Andy Johnson ) . 2010 season On September 10 , 2010 , Brady signed a four - year , $72 million contract extension , making him the highest - paid player in the NFL . The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money . Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41 -- 14 on October 4 , 2010 . In a 31 -- 28 win over the Indianapolis Colts on November 21 , 2010 , Brady tied Brett Favre 's record of winning 25 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady 's last regular - season defeat at home was a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Jets on November 12 , 2006 . On December 6 , 2010 , Brady engineered a 45 -- 3 victory over the New York Jets and set an NFL record by winning 26 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady threw for 3,900 yards with 36 touchdowns and only four interceptions on the season . He had a 111.0 passer rating ; this gave him -- at the time -- two of the top five season ratings in NFL history and made him the first player to finish with a rating above 110 in two different seasons . Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl . However , he pulled out of the game ( and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs ) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008 . Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All - Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year . By unanimous decision , he won the MVP award for the second time in his career . 2010 postseason After earning the # 1 seed and a bye week , the Patriots lost to the New York Jets in the Divisional Round by a score of 28 -- 21 . Brady finished the game 29 of 45 for 299 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception . His one pick ended his NFL record of consecutive passes without an interception at 340 . 2011 season In Week 1 of the 2011 NFL season , Brady threw for 517 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception in a game against the Miami Dolphins . This was the second time that he had thrown for 400 or more yards in a single game . In the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills , Brady became the fourth quarterback to throw for 5,000 yards in a single season , finishing with 5,235 ; although Brady surpassed Dan Marino 's longstanding record of 5,084 passing yards , he finished the season second in passing yards behind only Drew Brees 's 5,476 . In the end , the Patriots finished the season 13 -- 3 and clinched the AFC 's # 1 seed . 2011 postseason There 's no quarterback I 'd rather have than Tom Brady . He 's the best . He does so much for us in so many ways on so many different levels . I 'm very fortunate that he 's our quarterback and what he 's able to do for this team . It 's good to win with him and all the rest of our players . If that 's more than somebody else did , I do n't really care about that . -- Bill Belichick In the Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round , Brady set a personal postseason best with 363 passing yards , and tied an NFL playoff record shared by Daryle Lamonica and Steve Young , throwing for six touchdown passes . The win , his first postseason win since January 2008 , gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick sole possession of the NFL record for postseason wins by a quarterback - head coach combo with 15 . In the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Ravens , Brady failed to throw a touchdown pass for the first time in 36 games , though he did pass for 239 yards and scored a one - yard rushing touchdown late in the game . A missed field goal from Ravens kicker Billy Cundiff gave Brady and the Patriots a 23 - 20 victory , sending the Patriots to the Super Bowl for the fifth time since Brady joined the team . In Super Bowl XLVI , Brady and the Patriots met the New York Giants in a rematch of their Super Bowl XLII meeting four years earlier . Brady played well , leading a Super Bowl record - tying 96 - yard touchdown drive to close the first half and at one point completing 16 passes in a row to give him a 20 - of - 23 mark partway into the third quarter , another Super Bowl record . Brady threw two touchdowns against one interception , and was penalized for intentional grounding in the end zone , giving up a crucial safety to the Giants . A final score of 21 -- 17 for the Giants prevented Brady from winning his fourth Super Bowl . 2012 season Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record . The Patriots scored 557 total points , the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles . With that point total , the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times , with Brady leading all four squads , which was a record as well . He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards , 34 touchdowns , only eight interceptions , and a passer rating of 98.7 . It was Brady 's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns . 2012 postseason Brady started both Patriots playoff games , winning against the Houston Texans . With the victory , Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins , with 17 . The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens , 28 -- 13 in the AFC Championship . On February 25 , 2013 , Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three - year contract extension , which kept him with the team through 2017 . Peter King called it an `` amazing '' deal , as Brady took just $27 million in new money over the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons , and also noted that it reflected Patriots owner Robert Kraft 's desire to make sure that Brady retired as a Patriot . 2013 season Brady and the Patriots began the season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball . Tight end Rob Gronkowski was injured and Aaron Hernandez was arrested . Wes Welker departed to the Denver Broncos , Danny Woodhead left in free agency for the San Diego Chargers , and Brandon Lloyd was released from the team . In order to replace the five players , the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency from the Rams , drafted rookie wide receivers Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce , and signed undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Kenbrell Thompkins . In the first two games of the season , Brady completed 52 % of his passes and had three touchdowns and one interception . Brady during the 2013 season Brady was in pursuit of Drew Brees 's record of at least one touchdown in 54 consecutive regular season games and saw the streak end at 52 games in a Week 5 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a Week 6 game against the Saints , the Patriots struggled in the first half and bounced back in the second with Brady passing for 269 yards with a touchdown to Kenbrell Thompkins as time expired to pull out the win over the Saints . In Week 11 , Brady faced - off against Peyton Manning for the fourteenth time in his career . After going to the half trailing by 24 points , Brady and the Patriots scored 31 unanswered points . The Patriots won after a muffed punt in overtime when Stephen Gostkowski scored a field goal . With a Week 16 win over the Ravens , Brady collected his 147th win as a starting quarterback to tie Dan Marino for fourth place all time , and the following week he defeated the Bills to tie John Elway for third place . 2013 postseason Brady 's Patriots finished the season 12 -- 4 , to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts , Brady made his 25th playoff appearance , breaking Brett Favre 's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback ( Jerry Rice appeared in 29 playoff games ) . The following week , the Patriots lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship , eliminating Brady and the Patriots from the playoffs . 2014 season Brady in September 2014 against the Vikings . Brady started the 2014 season with a 33 -- 20 loss to the Miami Dolphins . It was Brady 's first opening day loss since the 2003 season . Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss . New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings , but Brady struggled , throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Oakland Raiders Brady was pressured all day , but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16 -- 9 win . After a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , Brady led New England to back - to - back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills . Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261 - yard performance that included three touchdowns . The following week , a 51 -- 23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season - high five touchdowns . After passing for 333 yards , and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively , Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34 -- 9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception . The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13 . Down 13 -- 0 early , Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns . Still down 26 -- 21 , Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory . After trailing 14 -- 3 at the San Diego Chargers , Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception , to a 23 -- 14 comeback win . Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception . Brady struggled in his final two games , throwing for only 182 yards , a touchdown , and an interception in 17 -- 16 victory against the Jets , and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills , a 17 -- 9 loss , though Julian Edelman , Rob Gronkowski , and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game , and Brady only played in the first half . 2014 postseason In a 35 -- 31 Divisional Round win over the Ravens , Brady threw for three touchdowns and ran in a fourth , breaking Curtis Martin 's club record for rushing touchdowns in the playoffs ; Brady also broke Joe Montana 's record for playoff touchdowns with 46 . After the Ravens scored on their first two possessions , the Patriots were quickly down 14 -- 0 . Brady led New England on an eight - play , 78 - yard drive , and ran for a score to cut the Ravens lead to 14 -- 7 . In the second quarter , Brady 's 15 yard touchdown pass to Danny Amendola tied the score at 14 -- 14 . After getting the ball back , Brady threw an interception at the end of the first half . Joe Flacco capitalized on it by throwing an 11 - yard touchdown strike to tight end Owen Daniels to give Baltimore a 21 -- 14 halftime lead . Down 28 -- 14 , Brady engineered an 80 - yard drive , culminating in a touchdown to Rob Gronkowski to cut the lead to 28 -- 21 . The Patriots tied the game once again at 28 off of a trick play where Brady passed laterally to Julian Edelman who then threw a 51 - yard touchdown to Danny Amendola . Ravens kicker Justin Tucker drilled a 25 - yard field goal to give Baltimore a 31 -- 28 4th quarter lead . Brady got the ball back , and threw a 23 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Brandon LaFell to give the Patriots their first lead , up 35 -- 31 . After a Duron Harmon interception and a Joe Flacco Hail Mary attempt failed , Brady clinched his record ninth AFC Championship Game , fourth straight , and the third championship game against the Indianapolis Colts . After a 45 -- 7 blowout , Brady advanced to play in his sixth Super Bowl , breaking a tie with John Elway for most career Super Bowl appearances by a quarterback . In Super Bowl XLIX , Brady completed 37 - of - 50 passes for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions . He guided a then - record ten - point fourth quarter comeback as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28 -- 24 to give Brady his fourth Super Bowl ring , tying him with Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl victories by a starting quarterback . He was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time , tying Montana 's record . Brady 's 37 completed passes in the game set a Super Bowl record at the time , which Brady himself would break in Super Bowl LI two years later . 2015 season 2015 offseason Further information : Deflategate On May 6 , 2015 , the NFL published a 243 - page report regarding the deflation of footballs used in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game . The report concluded that , more likely than not , Brady was at least generally aware of the intentional deflation . On May 11 , Brady was suspended for four games by the NFL for his involvement based on `` substantial and credible evidence '' that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with the investigators . On May 11 , Troy Vincent -- NFL Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- penned a letter to Brady that stated in part : `` Your actions as set forth in the report clearly constitute conduct detrimental to the integrity of and public confidence in the game of professional football . '' Vincent 's letter further stated : `` With respect to your particular involvement , the report established that there is substantial and credible evidence to conclude you were at least generally aware of the actions of the Patriots ' employees involved in the deflation of the footballs and that it was unlikely that their actions were done without your knowledge . Moreover , the report documents your failure to cooperate fully and candidly with the investigation , including by refusing to produce any relevant electronic evidence ( emails , texts , etc . ) , despite being offered extraordinary safeguards by the investigators to protect unrelated personal information , and by providing testimony that the report concludes was not plausible and contradicted by other evidence . '' Brady , through the NFL Players Association , officially appealed the suspension on May 14 . On July 28 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced the upholding of Brady 's four game suspension . Brady gave permission to the NFLPA to appeal the suspension in federal court . Goodell cited Brady 's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor in his decision to uphold Brady 's suspension . The NFL also filed papers in federal court seeking to confirm Roger Goodell 's decision . On July 29 Brady released a statement on his Facebook page that criticized Goodell 's decision to uphold the suspension , saying in part `` I am very disappointed by the NFL 's decision to uphold the 4 game suspension against me . I did nothing wrong , and no one in the Patriots organization did either ... I will not allow my unfair discipline to become a precedent for other NFL players without a fight . '' Brady in 2015 Commentary on the initial punishment was mixed . Bleacher Report writer Mike Freeman made a statement agreeing with Goodell 's decision , saying the penalties were `` brutal , but it deserved to be . '' Various commentators also implied that the prior reputation of the Patriots organization as a team that bends rules appeared to factor into the harshness of the punishment . Others described the punishment as `` firm but fair '' . On September 3 , 2015 , Judge Richard M. Berman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated Brady 's suspension ; this ruling allowed Brady to play in the first four games of the 2015 NFL season . In his decision , Judge Berman cited the NFL 's failure to provide proper notice to Brady of the charges against him and the potential for a suspension . Post-appeal commentary also criticized Goodell for `` manipulating Brady 's testimony '' at the appeal hearing in his decision . 2015 regular season In the NFL Kickoff Game , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 21 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . He threw for 288 yards and four touchdowns , three of them to Rob Gronkowski . The Patriots ' victory was the 161st victory of Brady 's career , all with the Patriots , which surpassed the record held by former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre for most regular season wins by a starting quarterback with a single team . In Week 2 , Brady followed up his Week 1 performance by throwing for 466 yards and three touchdowns against the Bills . Through the first five games of the season , Brady threw a total of 14 touchdowns with one interception and had a quarterback rating of 118.4 . Despite Brady 's success , the Patriots were hit by many injuries to key players on offense , including wide receiver Julian Edelman , and the Patriots eventually lost their first game against the Broncos , who were without Peyton Manning , in Denver on the Sunday after Thanksgiving following a 10 -- 0 start . The Patriots then lost three of their remaining five games to finish 12 -- 4 for a fourth straight season , tied with the Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos for the AFC 's best record . Denver clinched the No. 1 seed due to their victories over both the Patriots and the Bengals , while the Patriots finished with the AFC 's No. 2 seed due to having a better record against common opponents than Cincinnati . Brady finished the regular season with a league - leading 36 touchdown passes and seven interceptions . He was named to his 11th Pro Bowl ( seventh straight ) , and was ranked as the second best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 behind only league MVP Cam Newton . 2015 postseason With a healthy Julian Edelman returning from a foot injury , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the divisional round by a score of 27 -- 20 after advancing with a first round bye . The Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium to face Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos . It was the 17th and final meeting between Brady and his rival Peyton Manning , as Manning would announce his retirement after the season ended . The Broncos ' top - ranked defense harassed Brady , who completed 27 - of - 56 passes with two interceptions and a touchdown , all day , and the Patriots eventually lost the game 20 -- 18 after a potential game - tying two - point conversion attempt failed with 17 seconds left in regulation . 2016 season 2016 offseason Brady at Michigan Stadium in September 2016 On February 29 , 2016 , Brady signed a two - year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons . Three days later , the NFL appealed Judge Richard M. Berman 's 2015 decision to vacate Brady 's four - game suspension as punishment for his alleged role in the Deflategate scandal . At the March 3 , 2016 , hearing in New York City , the three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit questioned Players Association lawyer Jeffrey L. Kessler more intensely than NFL lawyer Paul Clement , with Circuit Judge Denny Chin even stating that `` the evidence of ball tampering is compelling , if not overwhelming . '' On April 25 , 2016 , Judge Richard M. Berman 's decision to block Brady 's four - game suspension was overturned by the U.S. Appeals Court . Circuit Judge Barrington Daniels Parker Jr. , joined by Circuit Judge Chin , wrote that they could not `` second - guess '' the arbitration but were merely determining it `` met the minimum legal standards established by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 '' . Circuit Chief Judge Robert Katzmann dissented , writing that the NFL 's fines for using stickum was `` highly analogous '' and that here `` the Commissioner was doling out his own brand of industrial justice . '' On May 23 , 2016 , Brady appealed for his case to be reheard by the full U.S. 2nd Circuit Court . The 2nd Circuit Court denied Brady 's request for an en banc hearing on July 13 . Two days later , on Friday , July 15 , 2016 , Brady announced on his Facebook page that he would give up his Deflategate fight and accept his suspension for the first four regular season games of the 2016 season . Prior to Brady 's suspension , he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season . 2016 regular season After serving his four - game suspension , Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns ; he completed 28 - of - 40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33 -- 13 Patriots victory . In his home debut the following week , Brady completed 29 - of - 35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35 -- 17 Patriots victory over the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 7 , Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 16 . The next week , the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41 -- 25 , with Brady completing 22 - of - 33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns . Brady 's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October . Following a bye week , Brady and the Patriots faced the Seattle Seahawks in a Week 10 rematch of Super Bowl XLIX . Brady completed 23 - of - 32 passes for 316 yards , one interception , and no touchdowns in a 31 -- 24 loss that saw the two teams trade leads seven times . In Week 11 , Brady completed 24 - of - 40 passes for 280 yards , four touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 30 -- 17 road win against his childhood team , the San Francisco 49ers . Brady 's performance against San Francisco earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for Week 11 . Those four touchdown passes also gave him 444 career regular season touchdown passes with one team , breaking Brett Favre 's record . The following week , Tom Brady completed 30 - of - 50 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns in a 22 -- 17 road victory against the New York Jets . The win was also the Patriots ' 500th victory ( including playoffs ) in franchise history . During this victory , Brady also became the fifth quarterback to record 60,000 career regular season passing yards , joining Peyton Manning , Brett Favre , Drew Brees , and Dan Marino . The following week , Brady completed 33 - of - 46 passes for 269 yards and one touchdown as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 26 -- 10 . The Patriots ' win against the Rams gave Brady his 201st career victory , including playoff games , breaking Peyton Manning 's record of 200 . In Week 14 , Brady completed 25 of 38 passes for 406 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception during a 30 -- 23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football . The next week , Brady completed 16 - of - 32 passes for 188 yards in a 16 -- 3 victory in Denver . With this victory , the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first - round bye in the playoffs , both NFL records . On December 20 , 2016 , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall . In Week 16 , Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41 -- 3 win over the Jets . In Week 17 , Brady completed 25 - of - 33 passes for 276 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 -- 14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady 's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL 's all - time passing yards list . Brady 's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season . This broke the previous record of Nick Foles 's 27 : 2 TD : INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles . Brady was named to the AP All - Pro Second Team , behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons , who was named to the AP All - Pro First Team . He was also named to the pro bowl , and was ranked 1st on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2016 postseason Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round , hosting the Houston Texans , who had the league 's No. 1 total defense . Brady completed 18 - of - 38 passes for 287 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34 -- 16 , clinching a record sixth consecutive trip to the AFC Championship Game . The Patriots then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 36 -- 17 . Against the Steelers , Brady completed 32 - of - 42 passes for 384 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their record seventh conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots an NFL record ninth Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots faced the NFC champion Atlanta Falcons -- who boasted the league 's highest scoring offense -- in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 . Brady threw for 43 completions on 62 attempts for 466 passing yards -- all Super Bowl records . Brady also threw for two touchdowns and an interception . After trailing 28 -- 3 midway through the third quarter , Brady and the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at the end of regulation . This resulted in the first overtime in Super Bowl history . After winning the overtime coin toss , Brady marched the Patriots down the field to score a touchdown and win the game by a score of 34 -- 28 , completing the largest comeback win in both team history and Super Bowl history . With the victory , Brady won his fifth Super Bowl , which set a record for most Super Bowl victories of any quarterback in history and tied defensive player Charles Haley for the most Super Bowl victories for any player . In addition , Brady set another record by winning his fourth Super Bowl MVP award for his clutch performance . After the game , it was discovered that Brady 's jersey had gone missing from the Patriots ' locker room at NRG Stadium . The FBI , in collaboration with Mexican authorities , found the jersey in the home of Martin Mauricio Ortega , a Mexican tabloid writer , along with Brady 's jersey from Super Bowl XLIX . 2017 season 2017 offseason On May 12 , 2017 , Brady was announced as the cover athlete for Madden NFL 18 . Concussion reports In a CBS interview on May 17 , 2017 , Charlie Rose asked Brady 's wife , Gisele Bündchen , if she wanted Brady to retire , despite the fact that he was playing at a high level . Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season , saying , `` I mean he has concussions pretty much every -- I mean we do n't talk about -- but he does have concussions . I do n't really think it 's a healthy thing for anybody to go through '' . Following the Bündchen interview , the NFL released a statement : `` We have reviewed all reports relating to Tom Brady from the unaffiliated neurotrauma consultants and certified athletic trainer spotters who worked at Patriots ' home and away 2016 season games as well as club injury reports that were sent to the league office . There are no records that indicate that Mr. Brady suffered a head injury or concussion , or exhibited or complained of concussion symptoms . Today we have been in contact with the NFLPA and will work together to gather more information from the club 's medical staff and Mr. Brady '' . Brady 's agent , Don Yee , said that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season . 2017 regular season The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs . Brady had 267 passing yards in the game , which the Patriots lost 42 -- 27 . In Week 2 , Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36 - 20 win over the New Orleans Saints . He finished the game with 447 passing yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions , earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award . This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career . In Week 3 , Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36 - 33 comeback win against the Houston Texans . NFL career Statistics ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP & OPOTY Bold Career high Regular season New England Patriots Year Team Games Passing Rushing Sacked Fumbles Record GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2000 NE 0 33.3 6 2.0 0 0 42.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 2001 NE 15 14 264 413 63.9 2,843 6.9 18 12 86.5 36 43 0 41 216 12 11 -- 3 2002 NE 16 16 373 601 62.1 3,764 6.3 28 14 85.7 42 110 2.6 31 190 11 5 9 -- 7 2003 NE 16 16 317 527 60.2 3,620 6.9 23 12 85.9 42 63 1.5 32 219 13 5 14 -- 2 NE 16 16 288 474 60.8 3,692 7.8 28 14 92.6 43 28 0.7 0 26 162 7 5 14 -- 2 2005 NE 16 16 334 530 63.0 4,110 7.8 26 14 92.3 27 89 3.3 26 188 10 -- 6 2006 NE 16 16 319 516 61.8 3,529 6.8 24 12 87.9 49 102 2.1 0 26 175 12 12 -- 4 2007 NE 16 16 398 578 68.9 4,806 8.3 50 8 117.2 37 98 2.6 21 128 6 16 -- 0 2008 NE 7 11 63.6 76 6.9 0 0 83.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 2009 NE 16 16 371 565 65.7 4,398 7.8 28 13 96.2 29 44 1.5 16 86 10 -- 6 NE 16 16 324 492 65.9 3,900 7.9 36 111.0 31 30 1.0 25 175 14 -- 2 2011 NE 16 16 401 611 65.6 5,235 8.6 39 12 105.6 43 109 2.5 32 173 6 13 -- 3 2012 NE 16 16 401 637 63.0 4,827 7.6 34 8 98.7 23 32 1.4 27 182 0 12 -- 4 2013 NE 16 16 380 628 60.5 4,343 6.9 25 11 87.3 32 18 0.6 0 40 256 9 12 -- 4 2014 NE 16 16 373 582 64.1 4,109 7.1 33 9 97.4 36 57 1.6 0 21 134 6 12 -- 4 2015 NE 16 16 402 624 64.4 4,770 7.6 36 7 102.2 34 53 1.6 38 225 6 12 -- 4 2016 NE 12 12 291 432 67.4 3,554 8.2 28 112.2 28 64 2.3 0 15 87 5 0 11 -- 1 2017 NE 71 110 64.5 1,092 9.9 8 0 121.5 5 15 3.0 0 10 72 2 -- 1 Total ‡ 240 238 5,315 8,334 63.8 62,674 7.5 464 152 97.5 537 955 1.8 17 427 2,668 109 43 185 -- 53 ‡ Career totals accurate as of Week 3 of the 2017 regular season . Playoffs New England Patriots Passing Rushing Sacks Fumbles Record Year Team GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2001 NE 60 97 61.9 572 5.9 77.3 8 22 2.8 5 36 0 3 -- 0 2003 NE 75 126 59.5 792 6.3 5 84.5 12 18 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 3 -- 0 NE 55 81 67.9 587 7.2 5 0 109.4 7 0.4 0 0 3 -- 0 2005 NE 35 63 55.6 542 8.6 92.2 8 2.7 0 12 0 1 -- 1 2006 NE 70 119 58.8 724 6.1 5 76.5 8 18 0 22 0 2 -- 1 2007 NE 77 109 70.6 737 6.8 6 96.0 − 1 − 0.2 0 8 52 2 -- 1 2009 NE 23 42 54.8 154 3.7 49.1 0 0 0 0 22 0 -- 1 NE 29 45 64.4 299 6.6 89.0 1.0 0 5 40 0 0 -- 1 2011 NE 75 111 67.6 878 7.9 8 100.4 9 10 15 0 0 2 -- 1 2012 NE 54 94 57.4 664 7.1 84.7 1.3 0 9 0 0 1 -- 1 2013 NE 37 63 58.7 475 7.5 0 87.7 6 2.0 34 0 1 -- 1 2014 NE 93 135 68.9 921 6.8 10 100.3 9 13 1.4 16 0 0 3 -- 0 2015 NE 55 98 56.1 612 6.2 76.6 9 19 2.1 18 0 0 1 -- 1 2016 NE 93 142 65.5 1,137 8.0 7 97.7 9 13 1.4 0 9 42 0 0 3 -- 0 Total ‡ 34 34 831 1,325 62.7 9,094 6.8 63 31 89.1 86 135 1.6 6 53 318 10 25 -- 9 ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI . Super Bowl Super Bowl statistics Passing Rushing Result Record Year SB Team Opp Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Final Score W -- L 2001 XXXVI NE STL 16 27 59.3 145 5.4 0 86.2 3.0 0 W 20 -- 17 1 -- 0 2003 XXXVIII NE CAR 32 48 66.7 354 7.4 100.5 12 6.0 0 W 32 -- 29 1 -- 0 XXXIX NE PHI 23 33 69.7 236 7.2 0 110.2 − 1 − 1.0 0 W 24 -- 21 1 -- 0 2007 XLII NE NYG 29 48 60.4 266 5.5 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 L 17 -- 14 0 -- 1 2011 XLVI NE NYG 27 41 65.9 276 6.7 91.5 0 0 0 0 L 21 -- 17 0 -- 1 2014 XLIX NE SEA 37 50 74.0 328 6.6 101.1 − 3 − 1.5 0 W 28 -- 24 1 -- 0 2016 LI NE ATL 43 62 69.4 466 7.5 95.2 15 15.0 0 W 34 -- 28 ( OT ) 1 -- 0 Career 7 207 309 67.0 2,071 6.7 15 5 95.3 7 26 3.7 0 5 -- 2 NFL records Playoffs ( career ) Most games played : 34 Most games started by a quarterback : 34 Most games won by a starting quarterback : 25 Most consecutive wins , playoffs , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most career home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 15 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , tied with Jim Kelly Most touchdown passes : 63 Most passing yards : 9,094 Most passes completed : 831 Most passes attempted : 1,325 Most division titles won by a starting quarterback : 14 Most NFL conference championship appearances by a starting quarterback : 11 Most NFL conference championship wins by a starting quarterback : 7 Most career 300 + passing yard games , post-season : 12 Super Bowl ( career ) Most touchdown passes : 15 Most passing yards : 2,071 Most passes completed : 207 Most passes attempted : 309 Most wins as starting QB : 5 Most passes completed in first half of a single Super Bowl : 20 ( XLIX ) Most passes completed in a single Super Bowl : 43 ( LI ) Most passes attempted in a single Super Bowl : 62 ( LI ) Most passing yards in a single Super Bowl : 466 ( LI ) Most Super Bowl appearances : 7 Other endeavors On September 19 , 2017 , Simon & Schuster published Brady 's first book , The TB12 Method : How to Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance . Within 48 hours , it had become a number one best - seller on Amazon.com . Personal life Brady riding a bicycle for charity at the Best Buddies Ride in Hyannis , Massachusetts in May 2009 Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006 . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan confirmed to People magazine that she was more than three months pregnant with Brady 's child . Brady and Moynahan ended their relationship sometime in early December 2006 , around the time Moynahan became pregnant . John Edward Thomas Moynahan , was born on August 22 , 2007 , at Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , John 's middle names are Brady 's own first and middle names in reverse order , while Moynahan 's father 's first name is Edward . Brady began dating Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen in December 2006 . In 2009 , Brady revealed they had been set up on a blind date by a mutual friend . Brady and Bündchen married on February 26 , 2009 , in an intimate Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica , California . Together , they have two children : a son named Benjamin Rein was born December 8 , 2009 , and a daughter named Vivian Lake was born December 5 , 2012 . Brady has been featured as a guest star on some popular television programs , hosting Saturday Night Live in 2005 and voicing himself on The Simpsons in 2005 ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and Family Guy in 2006 ( `` Patriot Games '' ) ; both football - themed episodes were broadcast within a week of that year 's Super Bowl . In 2009 , he appeared as himself in a sixth season episode of Entourage . In 2015 , he had cameo appearances as fictionalized versions of himself in the Entourage movie and Ted 2 . Brady and baseball player Kevin Youkilis became brothers - in - law in 2012 , when Youkilis married Brady 's sister Julie . In 2007 , Brady was a model for the Stetson cologne . Brady has endorsed brands including Uggs , Under Armour , Movado , Aston Martin and Glaceau Smartwater . According to Forbes , he earned about $7 million from endorsements alone in 2014 . In 2016 , he began appearing in a Beautyrest Black commercial campaign for Simmons Bedding Company . In 2016 , he launched his own line of vegan snacks . Brady and his family live in Brookline , a suburb of Boston . Politics Brady attended the 2004 State of the Union Address as a special guest of then - President George W. Bush . In 2004 , he told ESPN The Magazine that being a U.S. Senator would be his `` craziest ambition '' . Brady is a friend of President Donald Trump ; in 2017 , Brady indicated he had known Trump `` for 16 years '' . At a political event in New Hampshire on the day before the 2016 presidential election , Trump said he had received a call from Brady , and that Brady told him `` Donald , I support you , you 're my friend , and I voted for you . '' However , after Gisele Bündchen was asked directly on Instagram whether she and Brady backed Trump , Bündchen answered `` NO ! '' . After a Trump campaign `` Make America Great Again '' cap was photographed in Brady 's locker , Brady said that Bündchen told him not to discuss politics anymore , which he thought was a `` good decision '' . While there has been speculation that Brady would run for political office in the future , in a 2015 interview he stated he had no interest in doing so . See also Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of Saturday Night Live guests American football portal Biography portal College football portal Michigan portal New England portal Notes Jump up ^ He did not start as a rookie , and missed nearly all of 2008 with a torn ACL . References Jump up ^ `` Sources : Brady out with ACL tear '' . Yahoo Sports . 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Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Pats confirm Brady out for the year '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Sources : Brady tore ACL and MCL '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronic right shoulder injury slows Brady '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2007 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Tom Brady 's doctor says knee recovery exceeds expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Has More Procedures Done on Knee , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2008 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Brady 's recovery hits snag '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Neil . `` Brady Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . NESN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws six TD passes as Patriots ice winless Titans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady sets a record for TDs in a quarter '' . The Washington Times . 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert R. ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Brady dealing with broken finger on throwing hand '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brady named Comeback Player of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' fast start puts Pats on heels , out of playoffs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady Signs League 's Richest Deal , at the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Tom Brady Gets 100th Career Win in NFL as Patriots Rout Dolphins 41 -- 14 '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhead keeps contributing as Pats withstand Colts comeback attempt '' . National Football League . Associated Press . 2010 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Steven ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Brady ties mark with 25th straight home W '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots destroy Jets '' . London Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira & Monique Walker ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Brady to have foot surgery today '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady unanimous as NFL MVP '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets back up talk as Sanchez throws three TDs , defense knocks down Brady '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady picks apart Dolphins as 517 - yard , 4 - TD opener fuels Pats '' . ESPN . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Chad Henne Combine For Slew of NFL Records On Monday Night Football '' . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick : ' No quarterback I 'd rather have ' '' . weei.com . Jump up ^ `` Quinton Carter , David Bruton exit hurt '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Patriots redefine postseason success for coach - quarterback duo '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Beat Ravens 23 -- 20 in AFC Championship Game '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For second time in five seasons , Giants top Brady , Patriots in Super Bowl '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady . `` Tom Brady , QB for the New England Patriots at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tom Brady , New England Patriots agree to extension '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) . `` More on Tom Brady 's amazing deal ; mail -- NFL -- Peter King -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Orton , Bills beat Patriots 17 -- 9 '' . New England Patriots . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patriots ' Tom Brady suspended 4 games '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL releases statement on Patriots ' violations '' . National Football League . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady NFLPA appeal four game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds four - game suspension of Tom Brady '' . cbsnews.com. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tom Brady Authorizes NFLPA To Appeal His Case In Federal Court '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell upholds Tom Brady suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell cites destroying phone in upholding Tom Brady 's suspension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ; et al. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL hopes to have expected Tom Brady lawsuit in New York and not Minnesota '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rips the NFL 's Deflategate decision on his Facebook page '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft attacks the NFL , apologizes to Patriots fans '' . Yahoo Sports . 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Freeman ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` NFL Deflategate Message : No Player Is Above the Rules , Not Even Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Eric Adelson ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady allowed the new NFL Way to smack Patriot Way in stunning fashion '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Somewhere along the line , the debate over what happened in the hours and minutes leading up to the AFC championship game in January went beyond air pressure and weather conditions , and became a referendum on the character of Tom Brady and his franchise . Jump up ^ Ian O'Connor . `` Tom Brady should skip appeal , tell truth now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSD Decision and Order '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell Made Tom Brady Seem Dishonest In Deflategate Appeal Ruling '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` New England at Denver -- 2016 - 01 - 24 -- National Football League -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss . `` New deal links Tom Brady to Patriots through 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Brady 's lawyer feels pressure from judges '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension reinstated '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Brady must serve ' Deflategate ' suspension , appeals court rules '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Why the NFL Won its ' Deflategate ' Appeal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady keeps Deflategate battle going with another appeal of suspension May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Deflategate appeal denied by court '' . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark E. ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , David Johnson are Players of the Month '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . `` Tom Brady wins NFL - record 201st game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots , despite miscues , outlast Ravens to move to 11 -- 2 '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots top Broncos , clinch AFC East , first - round bye '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage in AFC playoffs '' . Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record For Best TD - To - INT Ratio Of All Time '' . CBS Boston . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 1 Tom Brady Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Top Texans , Move on to AFC Championship '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Shred Steelers , Advance to Ninth Super Bowl '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's stolen Super Bowl jerseys returned to Patriots '' . Fox News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Super Bowl jersey thief investigation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOAT edition : Brady on ' Madden NFL 18 ' cover '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Gisele Bundchen : Tom Brady had a concussion last year '' . Jump up ^ Igel , Lee . `` Gisele Bündchen Casts Doubt On Adequacy Of NFL Concussion Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Investigating After Gisele Claims Tom Brady Suffered a Concussion '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking into Tom Brady concussion claim by Gisele Bundchen '' . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Tom Brady not diagnosed with concussion in ' 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : We did n't dig very deep on Thursday night '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : In Year 18 , Tom Brady finally does something he 's never done before '' . CBSSports.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , J.J. Nelson among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady takes another title away from his nemesis Peyton Manning '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Career Touchdown Plays '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris . `` Brady , Big Ben meet again in AFC title game '' . TribLIVE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Bill Belichick make NFL history with record 7th Super Bowl appearance '' . abcnews.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( 4 : 48 PM - 20 Sep 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady has No. 1 book on Amazon , Hillary at No. 2 . As they said at Michigan , all he does is winpic.twitter.com/glGlzkGGRd '' . @ Ian_OConnor . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dagostino , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Tom Brady , Bridget Moynahan Split Up '' . People . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` It 's Brady Baby For ' Sixy ' Star '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Ex-Brady Girlfriend Says She 's Pregnant With His Child '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Kristin ( 2007 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Bridget Moynahan ' Thankful ' for Healthy Baby '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen : New Couple ? '' . People . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady on Football , Fatherhood , and Gisele Bündchen '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen & Tom Brady Have a Boy '' . People . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Welcome Daughter Vivian Lake '' . People . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady is game for another ' SNL ' hosting gig '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Fox gets animated after the Super Bowl '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots News and Notes '' . Patriots Insider . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Entourage '' Fore ( TV Episode 2009 ) - IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entourage : Tom Brady replaced Manning brothers in Season 6 cameo '' . Sports Illustrated . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's ' Ted 2 ' Cameo Features Deflategate Line From Mark Wahlberg '' . NESN . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Boston ( in ) Common : Kevin Youkilis set to marry Tom Brady 's sister '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buttons NY -- Sound + Picture '' Vote for your favorite Stetson Cologne man , win a $10 gift card , and Listen to the latest Stetson Radio ad , with the original Stetson Jingle ! `` . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning vs. Tom Brady Endorsements : Who 's No. 1 In Commercial Appeal ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney Tom Brady Still a Key Part of Under Armour 's Broader Ad Push New York Times . August 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Beautyrest Black and Tom Brady Score for Sleep -- BedTimes '' . Jump up ^ Alex Reimer , `` Tom Brady 's Vegan Snacks Only Add to His Bourgeois Profile , '' Forbes , 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hua , Karen ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Inside The Multimillion - Dollar Homes Of Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best There Ever Was ? '' . GQ. 2005 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning For Republican Presidential Nomination ? Some Believe It 's Possible '' . WBZ - TV ( CBS Boston ) . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl QB Tom Brady 's No Patriot '' . The Smoking Gun . 2004 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Uncomfortable Love Affair Between Donald Trump and the New England Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports figures who support Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` ' It 's just a friendship ' : Tom Brady opens up a little about President Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan . `` Did Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen Back Donald Trump ? She Says No , and He 's Not Saying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael . `` Tom Brady Says Wife Gisele Bundchen Does n't Want Him Talking Politics '' . ET Online . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` 5 NFL stars who could run for office '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady Talks to Chuck Klosterman About Deflategate ( Sort Of ... ) '' . GQ . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Travis ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , America , Tom Brady will never run for president '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tack , Travis ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady Wo n't Talk Politics , Does n't Want To Run For Office '' . Politicus Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Further reading Pierce , Charles ( 2006 ) , Moving the Chains : Tom Brady and the Pursuit of Everything , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 0 - 374 - 21444 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Brady . New England Patriots profile Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Tom Brady on IMDb New England Patriots current roster Active roster 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 14 Brandin Cooks 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater 21 Malcolm Butler 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 28 James White 29 Johnson Bademosi 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Mike Gillislee 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 45 David Harris 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 48 Harvey Langi 49 Joe Cardona 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Cassius Marsh 59 Marquis Flowers 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Lawrence Guy 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers Reserve lists 11 Julian Edelman ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell ( IR ) 41 Cyrus Jones ( IR ) 51 Keionta Davis ( NF - Inj . ) 58 Shea McClellin ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia ( NF - Ill . ) 64 Caleb Kidder ( IR ) 66 Chase Farris ( NF - Inj . ) 76 Andrew Jelks ( NF - Inj . ) 82 Matt Lengel ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine ( IR ) Practice squad 8 Taylor Heinicke 27 Ryan Lewis 42 Jomal Wiltz 72 Jason King 81 Cody Hollister 84 Riley McCarron 94 Angelo Blackson -- James Ferentz -- David Jones -- Damarius Travis AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 3 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mike Glennon ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Aaron Rodgers ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) Brian Hoyer ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Tom Brady -- championships , awards , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Peyton Manning Record for NFL passing touchdowns in a single season 2007 Succeeded by Peyton Manning 1997 Michigan Wolverines football -- AP national champions Jeff Backus Tom Brady David Brandt Mark Campbell Scott Dreisbach Jay Feely Chris Floyd Ian Gold Brian Griese James Hall Tommy Hendricks Chris Howard Steve Hutchinson Jon Jansen Dhani Jones Marcus Knight DeWayne Patmon Marcus Ray Rob Renes Russell Shaw Aaron Shea Glen Steele Tai Streets Sam Sword Anthony Thomas Jerame Tuman Jason Vinson Andre Weathers Clarence Williams Josh Williams Maurice Williams Charles Woodson Head coach : Lloyd Carr Assistant coaches : Vance Bedford Erik Campbell Mike DeBord Jim Herrmann Brady Hoke Fred Jackson Terry Malone Stan Parrish New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVI champions 4 Adam Vinatierij 11 Drew Bledsoe 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 14 Walter Williams 15 Jimmy Farris 16 Scott McCready 19 Damon Huard 21 J.R. Redmond 22 Terrance Shaw 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 25 Leonard Myers 26 Matt Stevens 27 Terrell Buckley 28 Brock Williams 29 Hakim Akbar 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Ben Kelly 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Tebucky Jones 35 Patrick Pass 36 Lawyer Milloy 38 Ray Hill 44 Marc Edwards 45 Otis Smith 48 Arther Love 49 Jabari Holloway 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Bryan Cox 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Andy Katzenmoyer 60 Drew Inzer 61 Stephen Neal 62 Setema Gali 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Greg Randall 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Grey Ruegamer 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Chris Sullivan 72 Matt Light 74 Kenyatta Jones 75 Maurice Anderson 76 Grant Williams 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Charles Johnson 82 Curtis Jackson 83 Rod Rutledge 84 Fred Coleman 85 Jermaine Wiggins 86 David Patten 88 Terry Glenn 90 Marty Moore 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 David Nugent 93 Richard Seymour 94 Jace Sayler 95 Roman Phifer 96 Brandon Mitchell 97 Riddick Parker 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Kole Ayi Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Ned Burke Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Eric Mangini Josh McDaniels Randy Melvin Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D.J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre ' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy Super Bowl MVP Award I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Howley VI : Staubach VII : Scott VIII : Csonka IX : Harris X : Swann XI : Biletnikoff XII : Martin & White XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Riggins XVIII : Allen XIX : Montana XX : Dent XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Rice XXIV : Montana XXV : Anderson XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : E. Smith XXIX : Young XXX : Brown XXXI : Howard XXXII : Davis XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Lewis XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Jackson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Branch XL : Ward XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Holmes XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : M. Smith XLIX : Brady 50 : Miller LI : Brady Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. Manning LI : Brady Michigan Wolverines starting quarterbacks Barmore ( 1880 ) Horton ( 1881 ) Beach ( 1882 ) McNeil ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Morrow ( 1886 ) Farrand ( 1887 ) F. Smith ( 1888 ) Abbott ( 1889 ) Holden ( 1890 ) Sherman ( 1891 ) Sanderson ( 1892 ) Greenleaf ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Baird ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Richards ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Drumheller ( 1896 ) Felver ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Talcott ( 1898 ) Street ( 1899 ) McGinnis ( 1900 ) Weeks ( 1901 -- 1902 ) James ( 1903 ) Norcross ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Barlow ( 1905 ) Workman ( 1906 ) Wasmund ( 1907 -- 1909 ) McMillan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Huebel ( 1912 ) Hughitt ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roehm ( 1915 ) Sparks ( 1916 , 1919 ) Weston ( 1917 ) Knode ( 1918 ) Bank ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Uteritz ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Rockwell ( 1924 ) Friedman ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Hoffman ( 1927 ) Rich ( 1928 ) Simrall ( 1929 ) Tessmer ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Newman ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Fay ( 1933 ) Jennings ( 1934 ) Renner ( 1935 ) Barclay ( 1936 ) Farmer ( 1937 ) Evashevski ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Ceithaml ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Wiese ( 1943 ) Ponsetto ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Yerges ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Elliott ( 1948 ) Ghindia ( 1949 ) Putich ( 1950 ) Topor ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baldacci ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Maddock ( 1955 ) Van Pelt ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ptacek ( 1958 ) Noskin ( 1959 ) Stamos ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Glinka ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Timberlake ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Gabler ( 1965 ) Vidmer ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Den . Brown ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Moorhead ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Slade ( 1971 ) Franklin ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Leach ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dickey ( 1979 ) Wangler ( 1979 -- 1980 ) S. Smith ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Zurbrugg ( 1984 ) Harbaugh ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Dem . Brown ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Taylor ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Grbac ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Collins ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Dreisbach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Griese ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Brady ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Henson ( 2000 ) Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Mallett ( 2007 ) Sheridan ( 2008 ) Threet ( 2008 ) Forcier ( 2009 ) Robinson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Gardner ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Morris ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Rudock ( 2015 ) Speight ( 2016 -- 2017 ) O'Korn ( 2016 ) New England Patriots 2000 NFL draft selections Adrian Klemm J.R. Redmond Greg Randall Dave Stachelski Jeff Marriott Antwan Harris Tom Brady David Nugent Casey Tisdale Patrick Pass Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) NFL quarterbacks with a perfect passer rating game Ray Mallouf Sammy Baugh Len Dawson Y.A. Tittle Frank Ryan Sonny Jurgensen Joe Namath Johnny Unitas Don Meredith Craig Morton ( 2 ) Fran Tarkenton Daryle Lamonica Dick Shiner Bob Lee James Harris Ken Anderson Jim Hart Dan Fouts Scott Hunter Terry Bradshaw Steve Grogan Brian Sipe Bob Griese Vince Evans Dave Krieg ( 2 ) Steve Bartkowski Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) Steve Young Joe Montana Rich Gannon Bobby Hebert Mick Buck Drew Bledsoe Craig Erickson Chris Chandler Jeff Blake Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Doug Flutie Kerry Collins Chad Pennington Trent Green Ben Roethlisberger ( 3 ) Donovan McNabb Tom Brady ( 2 ) Eli Manning Drew Brees Robert Griffin III Nick Foles Alex Smith Geno Smith Marcus Mariota Ryan Tannehill Kirk Cousins Names in bold are still active Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James PFW / PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1972 : Morrall 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Namath 1975 : Hampton 1976 : Landry 1977 : Morton 1978 : Riggins 1979 : Csonka 1980 : Plunkett 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Alzado 1983 : B. Johnson 1984 : Stallworth 1985 : No Selection 1986 : Montana & Kramer 1987 : White 1988 : Bell 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Word 1991 : McMahon 1992 : Cunningham 1993 : Allen 1994 : Marino 1995 : Harbaugh 1996 : Bettis 1997 : Brooks 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : J. Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : McGahee 2005 : Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Moss 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2007 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB LaDainian Tomlinson RB Brian Westbrook FB Lorenzo Neal WR Randy Moss WR Terrell Owens TE Jason Witten OT Matt Light OT Walter Jones G Alan Faneca G Steve Hutchinson C Jeff Saturday Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Patrick Kerney DT Albert Haynesworth DT Kevin Williams OLB Mike Vrabel OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Lofa Tatupu ILB Patrick Willis CB Antonio Cromartie CB Asante Samuel FS Ed Reed SS Bob Sanders Special teams : P Andy Lee PK Rob Bironas KR Devin Hester 2010 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB Arian Foster RB Jamaal Charles FB Vonta Leach WR Roddy White WR Reggie Wayne TE Jason Witten OT Joe Thomas OT Jake Long G Jahri Evans G Logan Mankins C Nick Mangold Defense : DE Julius Peppers DE John Abraham DT Haloti Ngata DT Ndamukong Suh OLB Clay Matthews OLB James Harrison ILB Jerod Mayo ILB Patrick Willis CB Darrelle Revis CB Nnamdi Asomugha FS Ed Reed SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Shane Lechler PK Billy Cundiff KR Devin Hester National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick NFL annual passing touchdowns leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Masterson 1938 : Monnett 1939 : Filchock 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Filchock 1945 : Luckman & Waterfield 1946 : Luckman & Waterfield 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Thompson 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Ratterman 1951 : Layne 1952 : Finks & Graham 1953 : Thomason 1954 : Burk 1955 : Tittle & Rote 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Unitas 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Tittle 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Ryan 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Ryan 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Kilmer & Namath 1973 : Gabriel & Staubach 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton & Ferguson 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Grogan & Sipe 1980 : Bartkowski 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Fouts , Bradshaw , Montana 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Montana 1988 : Everett 1989 : Everett 1990 : Moon 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Young 1993 : Young 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre 1998 : Young 1999 : Warner 2000 : Manning & Culpepper 2001 : Warner 2002 : Brady 2003 : Favre 2004 : Manning 2005 : Palmer 2006 : Manning 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees & Rivers 2009 : Brees 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Luck 2015 : Brady 2016 : Rodgers NFL annual passing yards leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Baugh 1938 : Parker 1939 : O'Brien 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Comp 1945 : Luckman 1946 : Luckman 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Baugh 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Layne 1951 : Layne 1952 : Graham 1953 : Graham 1954 : Van Brocklin 1955 : Finks 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Wade 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Jurgensen 1963 : Unitas 1964 : Johnson 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Jurgensen 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Brodie 1969 : Jurgensen 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Namath 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Anderson 1975 : Anderson 1976 : Jones 1977 : Ferguson 1978 : Tarkenton 1979 : Fouts 1980 : Fouts 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Lomax 1988 : Marino 1989 : Majkowski 1990 : Moon 1991 : Moon 1992 : Marino 1993 : Elway 1994 : Bledsoe 1995 : Favre 1996 : Brunell 1997 : George 1998 : Favre 1999 : Beuerlein 2000 : Manning 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Culpepper 2005 : Brady 2006 : Brees 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Schaub 2010 : Rivers 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Brees & Roethlisberger 2015 : Brees 2016 : Brees NFL Top 100 No. 1 players Brady ( 2011 ) Rodgers ( 2012 ) Peterson ( 2013 ) Manning ( 2014 ) Watt ( 2015 ) Newton ( 2016 ) Brady ( 2017 ) Top 100 lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related NFL Network Lindsay Rhodes VIAF : 48590636 LCCN : n2002091647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Brady&oldid=802437731 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people American Conference Pro Bowl players American football quarterbacks American people of Irish descent American people of Polish descent American people of Scandinavian descent American Roman Catholics Merrill Lynch people Michigan Wolverines football players New England Patriots players People from San Mateo , California Players of American football from California Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl champions Super Bowl MVPs Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism New England Patriots currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text BLP articles lacking sources from November 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bislama Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 04 : 34 . 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-5657873207613214360	Taxonomy (biology)	Taxonomy ( biology ) - wikipedia Taxonomy ( biology ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 August 2018 . The science of identifying , describing , defining and naming groups of biological organisms For other uses , see Taxonomy ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the field of biology . For the practice of stuffing and mounting animals , see Taxidermy . `` Scientific classification '' redirects here . For other uses , see Scientific classification ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Evidence of evolution Common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Book Related topics Taxonomy ( from Ancient Greek τάξις ( taxis ) , meaning ' arrangement ' , and - νομία ( - nomia ) , meaning ' method ' ) is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics . Organisms are grouped together into taxa ( singular : taxon ) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank ; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank , thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy . The principal ranks in modern use are domain , kingdom , phylum ( division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum ) , class , order , family , genus and species . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy , as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms . With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics , cladistics , and systematics , the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms , both living and extinct . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Monograph and taxonomic revision 1.2 Alpha and beta taxonomy 1.3 Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy 2 History 2.1 Pre-Linnaean 2.1. 1 Early taxonomists 2.1. 2 Ancient times 2.1. 3 Medieval 2.1. 4 Renaissance and Early Modern 2.2 The Linnaean era 3 Modern system of classification 3.1 Kingdoms and domains 3.2 Recent comprehensive classifications 4 Application 4.1 Classifying organisms 4.2 Taxonomic descriptions 4.3 Author citation 5 Phenetics 6 Databases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definition ( edit ) The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source , but the core of the discipline remains : the conception , naming , and classification of groups of organisms . As points of reference , recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below : Theory and practice of grouping individuals into species , arranging species into larger groups , and giving those groups names , thus producing a classification . A field of science ( and major component of systematics ) that encompasses description , identification , nomenclature , and classification The science of classification , in biology the arrangement of organisms into a classification `` The science of classification as applied to living organisms , including study of means of formation of species , etc . '' `` The analysis of an organism 's characteristics for the purpose of classification '' `` Systematics studies phylogeny to provide a pattern that can be translated into the classification and names of the more inclusive field of taxonomy '' ( listed as a desirable but unusual definition ) The varied definitions either place taxonomy as a sub-area of systematics ( definition 2 ) , invert that relationship ( definition 6 ) , or appear to consider the two terms synonymous . There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy ( definitions 1 and 2 ) , or a part of systematics outside taxonomy . For example , definition 6 is paired with the following definition of systematics that places nomenclature outside taxonomy : Systematics : `` The study of the identification , taxonomy , and nomenclature of organisms , including the classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa '' . A whole set of terms including taxonomy , systematic biology , systematics , biosystematics , scientific classification , biological classification , and phylogenetics have at times had overlapping meanings -- sometimes the same , sometimes slightly different , but always related and intersecting . The broadest meaning of `` taxonomy '' is used here . The term itself was introduced in 1813 by de Candolle , in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique . Monograph and taxonomic revision ( edit ) A taxonomic revision or taxonomic review is a novel analysis of the variation patterns in a particular taxon . This analysis may be executed on the basis of any combination of the various available kinds of characters , such as morphological , anatomical , palynological , biochemical and genetic . A monograph or complete revision is a revision that is comprehensive for a taxon for the information given at a particular time , and for the entire world . Other ( partial ) revisions may be restricted in the sense that they may only use some of the available character sets or have a limited spatial scope . A revision results in a conformation of or new insights in the relationships between the subtaxa within the taxon under study , which may result in a change in the classification of these subtaxa , the identification of new subtaxa , or the merger of previous subtaxa . Alpha and beta taxonomy ( edit ) Not to be confused with Alpha diversity . The term `` alpha taxonomy '' is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding , describing , and naming taxa , particularly species . In earlier literature , the term had a different meaning , referring to morphological taxonomy , and the products of research through the end of the 19th century . William Bertram Turrill introduced the term `` alpha taxonomy '' in a series of papers published in 1935 and 1937 in which he discussed the philosophy and possible future directions of the discipline of taxonomy . ... there is an increasing desire amongst taxonomists to consider their problems from wider viewpoints , to investigate the possibilities of closer co-operation with their cytological , ecological and genetical colleagues and to acknowledge that some revision or expansion , perhaps of a drastic nature , of their aims and methods , may be desirable ... Turrill ( 1935 ) has suggested that while accepting the older invaluable taxonomy , based on structure , and conveniently designated `` alpha '' , it is possible to glimpse a far - distant taxonomy built upon as wide a basis of morphological and physiological facts as possible , and one in which `` place is found for all observational and experimental data relating , even if indirectly , to the constitution , subdivision , origin , and behaviour of species and other taxonomic groups '' . Ideals can , it may be said , never be completely realized . They have , however , a great value of acting as permanent stimulants , and if we have some , even vague , ideal of an `` omega '' taxonomy we may progress a little way down the Greek alphabet . Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a `` beta '' taxonomy . Turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole , such as ecology , physiology , genetics , and cytology . He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy ( pp. 365 -- 366 ) . Later authors have used the term in a different sense , to mean the delimitation of species ( not subspecies or taxa of other ranks ) , using whatever investigative techniques are available , and including sophisticated computational or laboratory techniques . Thus , Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species . An understanding of the biological meaning of variation and of the evolutionary origin of groups of related species is even more important for the second stage of taxonomic activity , the sorting of species into groups of relatives ( `` taxa '' ) and their arrangement in a hierarchy of higher categories . This activity is what the term classification denotes ; it is also referred to as beta taxonomy . Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy ( edit ) Main article : Species problem How species should be defined in a particular group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem . The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy . By extension , macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks , from subgenus and above only , than species . History ( edit ) While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations , a truly scientific attempt to classify organisms did not occur until the 18th century . Earlier works were primarily descriptive and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine . There are a number of stages in this scientific thinking . Early taxonomy was based on arbitrary criteria , the so - called `` artificial systems '' , including Linnaeus 's system of sexual classification . Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa , referred to as `` natural systems '' , such as those of de Jussieu ( 1789 ) , de Candolle ( 1813 ) and Bentham and Hooker ( 1862 -- 1863 ) . These were pre-evolutionary in thinking . The publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships . This was the concept of phyletic systems , from 1883 onwards . This approach was typified by those of Eichler ( 1883 ) and Engler ( 1886 -- 1892 ) . The advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of `` phylogenetic systems '' based on cladistics , rather than morphology alone . Pre-Linnaean ( edit ) Early taxonomists ( edit ) Naming and classifying our surroundings has probably been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate . It would always have been important to know the names of poisonous and edible plants and animals in order to communicate this information to other members of the family or group . Medicinal plant illustrations show up in Egyptian wall paintings from c. 1500 BC , indicating that the uses of different species were understood and that a basic taxonomy was in place . Ancient times ( edit ) Further information : Aristotle 's biology § Classification Organisms were first classified by Aristotle ( Greece , 384 -- 322 BC ) during his stay on the Island of Lesbos . He classified beings by their parts , or in modern terms attributes , such as having live birth , having four legs , laying eggs , having blood , or being warm - bodied . He divided all living things into two groups : plants and animals . Some of his groups of animals , such as Anhaima ( animals without blood , translated as invertebrates ) and Enhaima ( animals with blood , roughly the vertebrates ) , as well as groups like the sharks and cetaceans , are still commonly used today . His student Theophrastus ( Greece , 370 -- 285 BC ) carried on this tradition , mentioning some 500 plants and their uses in his Historia Plantarum . Again , several plant groups currently still recognized can be traced back to Theophrastus , such as Cornus , Crocus , and Narcissus . Medieval ( edit ) Taxonomy in the Middle Ages was largely based on the Aristotelian system , with additions concerning the philosophical and existential order of creatures . This included concepts such as the Great chain of being in the Western scholastic tradition , again deriving ultimately from Aristotle . Aristotelian system did not classify plants or fungi , due to the lack of microscope at the time , as his ideas were based on arranging the complete world in a single continuum , as per the scala naturae ( the Natural Ladder ) . This , as well , was taken into consideration in the Great chain of being . Advances were made by scholars such as Procopius , Timotheos of Gaza , Demetrios Pepagomenos , and Thomas Aquinas . Medieval thinkers used abstract philosophical and logical categorizations more suited to abstract philosophy than to pragmatic taxonomy . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) During the Renaissance , the Age of Reason , and the Enlightenment , categorizing organisms became more prevalent , and taxonomic works became ambitious enough to replace the ancient texts . This is sometimes credited to the development of sophisticated optical lenses , which allowed the morphology of organisms to be studied in much greater detail . One of the earliest authors to take advantage of this leap in technology was the Italian physician Andrea Cesalpino ( 1519 -- 1603 ) , who has been called `` the first taxonomist '' . His magnum opus De Plantis came out in 1583 , and described more than 1500 plant species . Two large plant families that he first recognized are still in use today : the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae . Then in the 17th century John Ray ( England , 1627 -- 1705 ) wrote many important taxonomic works . Arguably his greatest accomplishment was Methodus Plantarum Nova ( 1682 ) , in which he published details of over 18,000 plant species . At the time , his classifications were perhaps the most complex yet produced by any taxonomist , as he based his taxa on many combined characters . The next major taxonomic works were produced by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( France , 1656 -- 1708 ) . His work from 1700 , Institutiones Rei Herbariae , included more than 9000 species in 698 genera , which directly influenced Linnaeus , as it was the text he used as a young student . The Linnaean era ( edit ) Main article : Linnaean taxonomy Title page of Systema Naturae , Leiden , 1735 The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) ushered in a new era of taxonomy . With his major works Systema Naturae 1st Edition in 1735 , Species Plantarum in 1753 , and Systema Naturae 10th Edition , he revolutionized modern taxonomy . His works implemented a standardized binomial naming system for animal and plant species , which proved to be an elegant solution to a chaotic and disorganized taxonomic literature . He not only introduced the standard of class , order , genus , and species , but also made it possible to identify plants and animals from his book , by using the smaller parts of the flower . Thus the Linnaean system was born , and is still used in essentially the same way today as it was in the 18th century . Currently , plant and animal taxonomists regard Linnaeus ' work as the `` starting point '' for valid names ( at 1753 and 1758 respectively ) . Names published before these dates are referred to as `` pre-Linnaean '' , and not considered valid ( with the exception of spiders published in Svenska Spindlar ) . Even taxonomic names published by Linnaeus himself before these dates are considered pre-Linnaean . Modern system of classification ( edit ) Main articles : Evolutionary taxonomy and Phylogenetic nomenclature Evolution of the vertebrates at class level , width of spindles indicating number of families . Spindle diagrams are typical for Evolutionary taxonomy The same relationship , expressed as a cladogram typical for cladistics Whereas Linnaeus aimed simply to create readily identifiable taxa , the idea of the Linnaean taxonomy as translating into a sort of dendrogram of the animal and plant kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century , well before On the Origin of Species was published . Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species were Erasmus Darwin 's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809 . The idea was popularized in the Anglophone world by the speculative but widely read Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844 . With Darwin 's theory , a general acceptance quickly appeared that a classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent . Tree of life representations became popular in scientific works , with known fossil groups incorporated . One of the first modern groups tied to fossil ancestors was birds . Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis , Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced that they had evolved from dinosaurs , a group formally named by Richard Owen in 1842 . The resulting description , that of dinosaurs `` giving rise to '' or being `` the ancestors of '' birds , is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking . As more and more fossil groups were found and recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , palaeontologists worked to understand the history of animals through the ages by linking together known groups . With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s , an essentially modern understanding of the evolution of the major groups was in place . As evolutionary taxonomy is based on Linnaean taxonomic ranks , the two terms are largely interchangeable in modern use . The cladistic method has emerged since the 1960s . In 1958 , Julian Huxley used the term clade . Later , in 1960 , Cain and Harrison introduced the term cladistic . The salient feature is arranging taxa in a hierarchical evolutionary tree , ignoring ranks . A taxon is called monophyletic , if it includes all the descendants of an ancestral form . Groups that have descendant groups removed from them ( e.g. dinosaurs , with birds as offspring group ) are termed paraphyletic , while groups representing more than one branch from the tree of life are called polyphyletic . The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature or PhyloCode is intended to regulate the formal naming of clades . Linnaean ranks will be optional under the PhyloCode , which is intended to coexist with the current , rank - based codes . Kingdoms and domains ( edit ) The basic scheme of modern classification . Many other levels can be used ; domain , the highest level within life , is both new and disputed . Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) Well before Linnaeus , plants and animals were considered separate Kingdoms . Linnaeus used this as the top rank , dividing the physical world into the plant , animal and mineral kingdoms . As advances in microscopy made classification of microorganisms possible , the number of kingdoms increased , five and six - kingdom systems being the most common . Domains are a relatively new grouping . First proposed in 1977 , Carl Woese 's three - domain system was not generally accepted until later . One main characteristic of the three - domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria , previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria ( a kingdom also sometimes called Monera ) , with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus . A small number of scientists include a sixth kingdom , Archaea , but do not accept the domain method . Thomas Cavalier - Smith , who has published extensively on the classification of protists , has recently proposed that the Neomura , the clade that groups together the Archaea and Eucarya , would have evolved from Bacteria , more precisely from Actinobacteria . His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria , i.e. he rejected the three - domain system entirely . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five `` dominion '' system , adding Prionobiota ( acellular and without nucleic acid ) and Virusobiota ( acellular but with nucleic acid ) to the traditional three domains . Linnaeus 1735 Haeckel 1866 Chatton 1925 Copeland 1938 Whittaker 1969 Woese et al . Cavalier - Smith 1998 Cavalier - Smith 2015 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 2 empires , 6 kingdoms 2 empires , 7 kingdoms ( not treated ) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Archaea Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa Protozoa Chromista Chromista Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) § Summary Recent comprehensive classifications ( edit ) Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available , however comprehensive treatments of most or all life are rarer ; two recent examples are that of Adl et al. , 2012 , which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on protists , and Ruggiero et al. , 2015 , covering both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the rank of Order , although both exclude fossil representatives . Application ( edit ) Biological taxonomy is a sub-discipline of biology , and is generally practiced by biologists known as `` taxonomists '' , though enthusiastic naturalists are also frequently involved in the publication of new taxa . Because taxonomy aims to describe and organize life , the work conducted by taxonomists is essential for the study of biodiversity and the resulting field of conservation biology . Classifying organisms ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic rank Biological classification is a critical component of the taxonomic process . As a result , it informs the user as to what the relatives of the taxon are hypothesized to be . Biological classification uses taxonomic ranks , including among others ( in order from most inclusive to least inclusive ) : Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , and Species . Taxonomic descriptions ( edit ) See also : Species description Type specimen for Nepenthes smilesii , a tropical pitcher plant . The `` definition '' of a taxon is encapsulated by its description or its diagnosis or by both combined . There are no set rules governing the definition of taxa , but the naming and publication of new taxa is governed by sets of rules . In zoology , the nomenclature for the more commonly used ranks ( superfamily to subspecies ) , is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN Code ) . In the fields of botany , phycology , and mycology , the naming of taxa is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) . The initial description of a taxon involves five main requirements : The taxon must be given a name based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet ( a binomial for new species , or uninomial for other ranks ) . The name must be unique ( i.e. not a homonym ) . The description must be based on at least one name - bearing type specimen . It should include statements about appropriate attributes either to describe ( define ) the taxon or to differentiate it from other taxa ( the diagnosis , ICZN Code , Article 13.1. 1 , ICN , Article 38 ) . Both codes deliberately separate defining the content of a taxon ( its circumscription ) from defining its name . These first four requirements must be published in a work that is obtainable in numerous identical copies , as a permanent scientific record . However , often much more information is included , like the geographic range of the taxon , ecological notes , chemistry , behavior , etc . How researchers arrive at their taxa varies : depending on the available data , and resources , methods vary from simple quantitative or qualitative comparisons of striking features , to elaborate computer analyses of large amounts of DNA sequence data . Author citation ( edit ) Main articles : Author citation ( botany ) and Author citation ( zoology ) An `` authority '' may be placed after a scientific name . The authority is the name of the scientist or scientists who first validly published the name . For example , in 1758 Linnaeus gave the Asian elephant the scientific name Elephas maximus , so the name is sometimes written as `` Elephas maximus Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The names of authors are frequently abbreviated : the abbreviation L. , for Linnaeus , is commonly used . In botany , there is , in fact , a regulated list of standard abbreviations ( see list of botanists by author abbreviation ) . The system for assigning authorities differs slightly between botany and zoology . However , it is standard that if a species ' name or placement has been changed since the original description , the original authority 's name is placed in parentheses . Phenetics ( edit ) Main article : Phenetics In phenetics , also known as taximetrics , or numerical taxonomy , organisms are classified based on overall similarity , regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relationships . It results in a measure of evolutionary `` distance '' between taxa . Phenetic methods have become relatively rare in modern times , largely superseded by cladistic analyses , as phenetic methods do not distinguish common ancestral ( or plesiomorphic ) traits from new common ( or apomorphic ) traits . However , certain phenetic methods , such as neighbor joining , have found their way into cladistics , as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods ( such as Bayesian inference ) are too computationally expensive . Databases ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic database Modern taxonomy uses database technologies to search and catalogue classifications and their documentation . While there is no commonly used database , there are comprehensive databases such as the Catalogue of Life , which attempts to list every documented species . The catalogue listed 1.64 million species for all kingdoms as of April 2016 , claiming coverage of more than three quarters of the estimated species known to modern science . See also ( edit ) Automated species identification Consortium for the Barcode of Life Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Genetypes Glossary of scientific naming Identification ( biology ) Incertae sedis , or `` of uncertain placement '' , a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined Taxonomy ( general ) Type ( biology ) Virus classification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This ranking system can be remembered by the mnemonic `` Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets ? '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , J.S. ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` What is systematics and what is taxonomy ? '' . 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PMID 25206330 . Jump up ^ `` About -- The Plant List '' . www.theplantlist.org . Jump up ^ `` About the Catalogue of Life : 2016 Annual Checklist '' . Catalogue of Life . Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stace , Clive A. ( 1989 ) ( 1980 ) . Plant taxonomy and biosystematics ( 2nd . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521427852 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Datta , Subhash Chandra ( 1988 ) . Systematic Botany ( 4 ed . ) . New Delhi : New Age International . ISBN 978 - 8122400137 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Stuessy , Tod F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14712 - 5 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taxonomy ( biology ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxonomy ( biology ) . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Taxonomy What is taxonomy ? at the Natural History Museum London Taxonomy at NCBI the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy at UniProt the Universal Protein Resource ITIS the Integrated Taxonomic Information System CETaF the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Wikispecies free species directory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_(biology)&oldid=854536474 '' Categories : Taxonomy ( biology ) Biological nomenclature Biological classification Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2016 Good articles Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Català Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русиньскый Scots Sicilianu سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو West - Vlams Winaray 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who created the systematic classification of plants and life giving species its modern definition	[ "Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis), meaning 'arrangement', and -νομία (-nomia), meaning 'method') is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms.\n" ]	[ "Carl Linnaeus" ]
9021491074587974199	Ray Park	Ray Park - wikipedia Ray Park Jump to : navigation , search Ray Park Park in June 2011 Raymond Park ( 1974 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1974 ( age 43 ) Glasgow , Scotland , UK Nationality British Occupation Actor , martial artist , author Years active 1997 -- present Website raypark.com Raymond `` Ray '' Park ( born 23 August 1974 ) is a Scottish actor , author and martial artist . He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Toad in X-Men , Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation , and Edgar on Heroes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Ray Park was born in Glasgow , Scotland . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to London , England . Park was introduced to martial arts by his father , who was a fan of Bruce Lee , and began training in the traditional Chinese Northern Shaolin Kung Fu when he was seven years old . He added kickboxing , taekwondo and wushu to his hobbies by age 14 . When he was 16 , Park won Great Britain 's Martial Arts National Championship for his class and then went to Malaysia to try to improve his skills . He went on to compete in martial arts tournaments around the world and won awards before turning his attention to acting in the late 1990s . Career ( edit ) Park began working in films as a stunt double for the film Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , doing the stunts for both Robin Shou and James Remar. Park also did some cameos as monsters , including Baraka . All of these were non-speaking roles . In 1999 , Park appeared in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , as the Sith Lord Darth Maul . While the character had few lines , Park 's voice was dubbed over with that of actor Peter Serafinowicz . From his work on Star Wars , Park was cast in a cameo role in Fanboys as a Skywalker Ranch security guard who says , `` Time for you to get mauled , boy , '' as he pulls out two nightsticks . In addition to this acting work , he has also been Christopher Walken 's fight stunt double for the film Sleepy Hollow. Park appeared in the scene where Walken 's character , the Headless Horseman , murders the Killian family and Brom Bones , among others . Park posing with Vincent Pastore at the 2013 Wizard World New York Experience Park had his first real speaking part in X-Men as Toad . In December 2007 , Park was confirmed for the role of Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation involving a variation of the international G.I. Joe force who fought the minions of Cobra in the comics . He worked with comic book creator - turned - filmmaker Kevin VanHook in the film Slayer , starring in the dual roles of acrobatic twin vampires . This film also saw him appearing again with Sleepy Hollow co-star Casper Van Dien . ComiCon 2007 saw the premiere of the teaser trailer for Descendants , another comic book adaptation based on an independent comic by writer Joey Andrade . Park appeared as Edgar in the fourth season of the television series Heroes . Park was also included in the motion capture team of the 2008 James Bond video game adaptation of Quantum of Solace . In the comic book - styled film Hellbinders , he plays a soulless mercenary who , along with an elite assassin ( Johnny Yong Bosch ) and the last remaining member of the long dead Knights Templar , Esteban Cueto , must overcome their innate mistrust of each other and join forces to defeat Legion before it opens the gates of hell itself and overruns the entire world . Park narrated on 26 February 2010 the introduction of The FireBreather , a car from Classic Design Concepts in Detroit Autorama 2010 , which appears in Park 's supernatural thriller Jinn . In 2011 , Park guest starred in the TV series Nikita as the London Guardian , Brendan . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Mortal Kombat : Annihilation Raptor # 3 / Tarkatan ( Baraka ) # 2 Also stunt double for Robin Shou and James Remar 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Darth Maul Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor ) Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Sleepy Hollow Headless Horseman ( apart from Christopher Walken scenes ) 2000 X-Men Toad / Mortimer Toynbee 2002 Ballistic : Ecks vs. Sever A.J. Ross 2005 Potheads : The Movie Mr. D 2006 Slayer Acrobatic Vampire Twins 2007 What We Do Is Secret Brendan Mullen The Legend of Bruce Lee Chuck Norris 2009 Fanboys THX Security Guard # 2 G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra Snake - Eyes Heroes Edgar Season four , recurring role Hellbinders Max Lindermann 2009 Spartacus : Motion Comic Arkadios Narrator The King of Fighters Rugal Bernstein 2011 Nikita London Guardian , Brendan Episode : `` Into the Dark '' 2011 Supah Ninjas Harry Episode : `` Kickbutt '' 2013 G.I. Joe : Retaliation Snake - Eyes 2014 Jinn Gabriel 2015 Mortal Kombat X : Generations Erron Black 2016 Mortal Kombat : Legacy Erron Black TBA R.A.M. Damien Maxwell Pre-production TBA Future Fighters Henry `` Hank '' Liddell Pre-production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wetmore , Jr. , Kevin J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . The Empire Triumphant : Race , Religion and Rebellion in the Star Wars Films . McFarland & Company . p. 127 . ISBN 9781476611716 . Jump up ^ `` GI JOE -- YO JOE , The Snake Has Returned '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ray Park on the Set of G.I. Joe '' . IESB . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park : Unmasked on HEROES '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Official Ray Park Website . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Ray Park Picture Pages . Superior Pics . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 1 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 2 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Butler , Blair ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` g4tv. com - video17177 : ' The Descendants ' '' . G4TV . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park to Breathe Fire in Jinn ; Meet Him This Friday in Michigan '' . Dread Central . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray Park . Star Wars portal Scotland portal Official website Ray Park on IMDb Ray Park at the TCM Movie Database Ray Park at AllMovie VIAF : 107431118 LCCN : no2010025880 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Park&oldid=813891353 '' Categories : 1974 births Male actors from Glasgow Male actors from London British wushu practitioners Living people People from Govan English people of Scottish descent English male film actors English stunt performers 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Scottish male film actors Scottish stunt performers 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who acted as snake eyes in gi joe	[ "Raymond \"Ray\" Park (born 23 August 1974) is a Scottish actor, author and martial artist. He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace,[1] Toad in X-Men, Snake-Eyes in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra[2][3] and G.I. Joe: Retaliation, and Edgar on Heroes.[4]" ]	[ "Raymond \"Ray\" Park" ]
-1921688260294901087	Climate of the Tampa Bay area	Climate of the Tampa Bay area - wikipedia Climate of the Tampa Bay area Main articles : Tampa , Florida ; St. Petersburg , Florida ; and Tampa Bay Area Landsat 8 image of Tampa Bay Region The Tampa Bay area has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) . There are two basic seasons in the Tampa Bay area , a hot and wet season from May through October , and a mild and dry season from November through April . Nearly two - thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June through September . The area is listed by the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) as being in hardiness zone 10 , which is about the northern limit of where coconut palms and royal palms can be grown . Highs usually range between 65 and 95 ° F ( 18 and 35 ° C ) year round . Tampa 's official high has never reached 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) -- the city 's all - time record temperature is 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) . St. Petersburg 's all - time record high is exactly 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Pinellas County lies on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , and much of the city of Tampa lies on a smaller peninsula jutting out into Tampa Bay . This proximity to large bodies of water both moderates temperatures and introduces large amounts of humidity into the atmosphere . In general , the local communities farthest from the coast have larger temperature ranges , both during a single day and throughout the seasons of the year . Contents 1 Seasonal weather 1.1 Wet Season 1.2 Dry Season 1.3 Precipitation and sunshine trends 2 Tropical systems 2.1 The 2004 Tropical Season 3 Tampa and St. Petersburg climate summaries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Seasonal Weather ( edit ) Tampa Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.3 70 52 2.7 72 54 2.8 76 59 1.8 81 62 2.9 86 69 5.5 89 74 6.5 90 75 7.6 90 75 6.5 89 74 2.3 84 68 1.6 78 61 2.3 72 55 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : NOAA show Metric conversion J J J O 58 21 11 68 22 12 72 25 15 46 27 17 72 30 21 140 32 23 165 32 24 193 32 24 166 32 24 58 29 20 41 26 16 58 22 13 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Wet season ( edit ) Cumulus clouds building over the Tampa Convention Center on a summer afternoon The hot and wet season begins in May and lasts through October . Seasonal high temperatures average about 90s ° F ( around 32 ° C ) and lows in the mid-70s ° F ( around 24 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity and an almost daily chance of thundershowers , especially in the afternoon . Day to day weather is remarkably consistent , with wet season average high and low temperatures usually only about five degrees above or below the record highs and lows . The typical summer weather pattern is for heat - produced thermals , powered by either the Gulf or Atlantic sea breeze ( and occasionally both simultaneously ) , to build puffy white cumulus clouds into threatening thunderheads over the interior of the Florida peninsula . Usually , the resulting storms drift slowly westward to the bay area , though they may rain themselves out before reaching Tampa if the easterly winds are light or the sea breeze from the Gulf of Mexico is too strong . Stronger storm cells often survive to move out over the Gulf of Mexico , where they can be seen from the beaches as spectacular nighttime lightning shows . Occasionally , storms form offshore overnight along the land - breeze front which is the dermal counterpart of the daytime sea - breeze front . If the prevailing winds are from the west or southwest , these storms can push ashore into the Tampa Bay area in the morning and move inland , reversing the more common pattern . Summer thunderstorms typically bring brief periods of heavy rain and gusty winds with frequent cloud - to - ground lightning . Afternoon storms are usually followed by a pleasantly clear and cooler evening , while morning storms usually bring very high humidity levels and a chance for more rain in the afternoon . At times , these storms can grow severe , bringing damaging winds , small hail , and torrential rain , and an occasional tornado . While Florida does rank # 1 in the USA in terms of tornadoes per square mile , the majority of the twisters are small , weak , and short - lived . Waterspouts are relatively common in Tampa Bay and off the gulf coast during strong summer thunderstorms , occasionally moving onshore as a short - lived tornado . Though the Tampa Bay area is sometimes referred to as the `` Lightning Capital of the World '' , it is more accurately called the `` Lightning Capital of North America '' if measured by average number of days with thunderstorm activity per year . During the summer , west - central Florida receives as much lightning as the world 's true lightning leaders such as the Lake Victoria region of Africa and the central Amazon River Basin . However , there are few thunderstorms in the Tampa Bay area from approximately October to May , decreasing the yearly average . Every year , Florida averages 10 deaths and 30 injuries from lightning strikes , with several of these usually occurring in or around Tampa . University of Florida lightning expert Martin A. Uman has calculated that the average resident is within a half - mile of 10 to 15 lightning strikes every year . TECO Energy , Tampa 's electric utility , spends over millions of dollars annually to repair transformers and other equipment damaged by lightning strikes . Dry season ( edit ) The dry season often begins in early November and can last into early May . The local weather during these months is normally sunny , mild , and quite dry , with a general cooling trend through the fall and a slow increase in temperatures starting in February . Highs during the coolest part of the winter average around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , usually with sunny skies . The occasional passage of a cold front will bring rain followed by a few days of cooler temperatures . Lows rarely reach freezing 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) , an occurrence which happens , on average , once every other year in areas away from the water and less frequently in areas on Tampa Bay or the Gulf of Mexico . While deep freezes are very infrequent , serious cold snaps are a significant concern due to the diverse range of freeze - sensitive agriculture and aquaculture industries in the area as well as tropical landscaping such as coconut palms and royal palms . Frozen precipitation is very rare in the Tampa Bay area . The only known measurable snowfall in Tampa after 1900 occurred on January 19 , 1977 . While the accumulation amounted to less than 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) , the city is so unaccustomed to snow that public schools closed for the day and many businesses and roadways closed until it melted away that afternoon . Many residents of southern Pinellas County reported a light snowfall on December 23 , 1989 . However , no snow fell at official weather stations , and the weather record indicates that light sleet fell on St. Petersburg that day . The winter of 2009 - 2010 was one of the coldest in local history . Both Tampa and St. Petersburg set records for consecutive days in which the high temperature did not reach 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , and Tampa experienced ten consecutive days with a low temperature below freezing . Much of the area received a `` wintry mix '' of rain and sleet on January 9 -- 10 . Tampa 's all - time record low temperature is 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) and St. Petersburg 's is 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) , both occurring during the same cold snap on December 13 , 1962 . During El Niño , the Tampa Bay area receives cooler and wetter conditions during the dry season while during La Niña , the Tampa Bay area becomes drier and warmer than normal . Precipitation and sunshine trends ( edit ) Due to the frequent summer thunderstorms , Tampa has a pronounced wet season , receiving an average total of 28 inches ( 710 mm ) of rain from June and September but only about 18 inches ( 460 mm ) during the remaining eight months of the year combined . The historical averages during the late summer , especially September , are augmented by tropical cyclones , which can easily deposit many inches of rain in one day . Outside of the summer rainy season , most of the area 's precipitation is delivered by the occasional passage of a weather front . Tampa 's precipitation data falls near the median for the area . Nearby communities to the interior tend to receive a bit more rain every year ; those closer to the coast a bit less . The area receives plentiful sunshine throughout the year , averaging a total of 2920 hours , or 66.7 % of the possible total . The daily sunshine amount is highest in May , when the sun 's angle of incidence has increased the hours of daylight and the rainy season has not yet begun . Tropical systems ( edit ) Hurricane Frances over Florida in 2004 June through November is hurricane season in the Atlantic Basin and Caribbean Sea , with the most tropical activity occurring between mid-August to mid-October . Rain dropped by tropical systems is an important component of the area 's annual precipitation and is vital for replenishing the water supply of communities around Tampa Bay . The area is threatened by tropical systems almost every year and feels some effect from passing storms several times per decade . However , due to Tampa Bay 's location on the west coast and the typical steering winds for storms , landfall in the area is very uncommon , with estimates of the probability of a hurricane making landfall in the Tampa Bay area during any given year ranging from 1 in 25 to 1 in 50 . The small village of Tampa was devastated by the Great Gale of 1848 , and the area suffered major damage during the Tampa Bay Hurricane of 1921 . Since then , however , Tampa Bay has not seen the landfall of any hurricane . Manatee County , which is technically not part of the Tampa Bay area , in 1946 was the site of a Category 1 hurricane that lost hurricane strength immediately after landfall . On September 10 , 2017 , Hurricane Irma struck the Florida Keys and made landfall near Marco Island in southwest Florida as a Category 3 storm . Irma moved north up the length of the Florida peninsula and had weakened to a Category 1 storm by the time it neared central Florida . On the night of September 10 and 11 , the eye passed east of Tampa through eastern Hillsborough County , bringing at least tropical storm winds to the entire Tampa Bay area . Irma caused significant damage to the region , particularly to the electrical grid . The 2004 tropical season ( edit ) The 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Season was historically busy for the Tampa Bay area . The region was affected by a record four hurricanes that year ; Frances , Jeanne , Charley , and to a lesser extent , Ivan . Jeanne and Frances passed over Tampa as tropical storms after making their way across the state from the east coast . Charley was forecast to make a direct hit on Tampa Bay from the south - southwest , which would have been the worst - case scenario for local storm surge flooding . But the storm made a sudden and unexpected turn to the northeast and brought only tropical storm force winds to the region , devastating the Ft . Myers / Port Charlotte area instead . Ivan also threatened the area as it moved north up the eastern Gulf of Mexico . It remained far to the west of central Florida , however , and brought only a bit of rain and wind to Tampa Bay before eventually slamming into coastal Alabama and the Florida Panhandle . Tampa and St. Petersburg climate summaries ( edit ) hide Climate data for Tampa , Florida ( Tampa Int'l ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1890 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 86 ( 30 ) 88 ( 31 ) 92 ( 33 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 86 ( 30 ) 99 ( 37 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 82.3 ( 27.9 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 93.3 ( 34.1 ) 94.8 ( 34.9 ) 94.8 ( 34.9 ) 94.4 ( 34.7 ) 93.5 ( 34.2 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 86.2 ( 30.1 ) 82.4 ( 28 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 84.3 ( 29.1 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 73.4 ( 23 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 54.2 ( 12.3 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 37.0 ( 2.8 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 68.3 ( 20.2 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 21 ( − 6 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 38 ( 3 ) 49 ( 9 ) 53 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) 66 ( 19 ) 54 ( 12 ) 40 ( 4 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 18 ( − 8 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.23 ( 56.6 ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.03 ( 51.6 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 6.68 ( 169.7 ) 7.07 ( 179.6 ) 7.77 ( 197.4 ) 6.30 ( 160 ) 2.26 ( 57.4 ) 1.55 ( 39.4 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 46.3 ( 1,176 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 6.8 6.6 6.6 4.9 5.5 12.7 15.9 16.0 12.2 6.5 5.1 5.8 104.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.9 73.0 71.8 69.0 69.8 74.4 76.6 78.4 77.6 74.2 75.0 75.0 74.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 199.9 202.7 267.5 299.1 314.5 277.8 265.3 249.5 223.0 233.9 201.7 191.6 2,926.5 Percent possible sunshine 61 65 72 78 75 67 62 61 60 66 62 60 66 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Weather Channel hide Climate data for St. Petersburg , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 96 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 100 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 89.2 ( 31.8 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 83 ( 28 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 63 ( 17 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 78.3 ( 25.7 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 83.4 ( 28.6 ) 83.4 ( 28.6 ) 82 ( 28 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 54 ( 12 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 70 ( 21 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 27 ( − 3 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 61 ( 16 ) 63 ( 17 ) 65 ( 18 ) 61 ( 16 ) 47 ( 8 ) 35 ( 2 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 22 ( − 6 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.76 ( 70.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 1.92 ( 48.8 ) 2.80 ( 71.1 ) 6.09 ( 154.7 ) 6.72 ( 170.7 ) 8.26 ( 209.8 ) 7.59 ( 192.8 ) 2.64 ( 67.1 ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 49.58 ( 1,259.3 ) Average rainy days 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.2 5 10.3 13.5 14.2 12 5.9 5 5.5 94.1 Source : NOAA See also ( edit ) Climate of Florida Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Tampa were kept at downtown from April 1890 to December 1940 , Peter O. Knight Airport from January 1941 to 5 June 1946 , and at Tampa Int'l since 7 June 1946 . For more information , see ThreadEx References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tampa Weather Forecasts on Yahoo ! Weather Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Weather.yahoo.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Winsberg , Morton ( 2003 ) . Florida Weather . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2684 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` National Weather Service - Tampa climate data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Tornado Lists '' . Tornadoproject.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeff Klinkenberg ( 2008 ) . Meet Thunderman . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times ( 1999 ) . Lightning capital of the nation . Archived 2011 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lightning Research Laboratory ( UF ) . Lightning.ece.ufl.edu . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , James ( 1998 ) . The Climate and Weather of Florida . Sarasota , Florida : Pineapple Press ( FL ) . ISBN 1 - 56164 - 036 - 0 . Jump up ^ ShannonMulaire ( 2009 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Will it snow in Tampa ? '' . Myfoxtampabay.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Great Tampa Bay snow of ' 89 . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Coldest winter in Tampa since 1969 ends Saturday '' ... tbo.com. 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breaking 10 Straight Days Below 60 Degrees WTSP.com 10 Connects '' . Wtsp.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sleet falls in the Tampa Bay area Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Tampa , FL - Temperature and Precipitation '' . www.weather.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Channel ( weather.com ) '' . The Weather Channel Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Climatological Information for Almaty , Kazakhstan . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Office in Tampa Bay , Florida ( 2009 ) . Tampa Bay Area Tropical Weather Page . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Craig Pittman ( 2009 ) . Tampa Bay Water likely to overdraw from aquifer this spring . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bob Macpherson ( 2008 ) . Experts brief citizens on hurricane preparedness . Tampa Bay Beach Beacon . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jay . `` Florida 's Hurricane History '' . Jump up ^ Jamie Thompson and Chase Squires ( 2004 ) . 2004 Hurricane Season Ends . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Miles B. Lawrence and Hugh D. Cobb ( 2005 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Jeanne 13 - 28 September 2004 . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ John L. Beven II ( 2004 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Frances 25 August - 8 September 2004 . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Weather : Shrinking core reduced storm surge Jump up ^ State : Countdown to landfall Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch , Daniel P. Brown , and Eric S. Blake ( 2005 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Charley 9 - 14 August 2004 . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Stacey R. Stewart ( 2005 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Ivan 2 - 24 September 2004 . Archived September 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : FL TAMPA INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for TAMPA / INT'L ARPT FL 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Tampa , FL - Temperature and Precipitation '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC : U.S. Climate Normals '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . City of Tampa History Timeline Flag Nickname Metro Area People Downtown Cityscape Education Neighborhoods Mayors City Council Geography Sports Skyscrapers Law enforcement Fire Recue Department Climate Media Public Transit City Seal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Tampa_Bay_area&oldid=856866085 '' Categories : Climate by city in the United States Climate of Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Galego Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does it get cold in tampa florida	[ "The dry season often begins in early November and can last into early May. The local weather during these months is normally sunny, mild, and quite dry, with a general cooling trend through the fall and a slow increase in temperatures starting in February. Highs during the coolest part of the winter average around 70 °F (21 °C), usually with sunny skies. The occasional passage of a cold front will bring rain followed by a few days of cooler temperatures.[2] Lows rarely reach freezing 32 °F (0 °C), an occurrence which happens, on average, once every other year in areas away from the water and less frequently in areas on Tampa Bay or the Gulf of Mexico.[2] While deep freezes are very infrequent, serious cold snaps are a significant concern due to the diverse range of freeze-sensitive agriculture and aquaculture industries in the area as well as tropical landscaping such as coconut palms and royal palms.\n" ]	[ "begins in early November and can last into early May" ]
3196430040538382660	Liam Garrigan	Liam Garrigan - wikipedia Liam Garrigan Jump to : navigation , search Liam Garrigan Liam Thomas Garrigan ( 1981 - 10 - 17 ) 17 October 1981 ( age 35 ) Kingston upon Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England Residence London Occupation Theatre and Television Actor Spouse ( s ) Beth Rowley ( m . 2017 ) Liam Thomas Garrigan ( born 17 October 1981 ) is an English theatre and television actor . As a youth he attended classes at Kingston upon Hull 's Northern Stage Company and was a student at Wyke College , Kingston upon Hull . His first television role was as Nic Yorke in the BBC continuing drama series Holby City . He is best known for his roles as Ian Al - Harazi on the Fox series 24 : Live Another Day and King Arthur in the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Transformers : The Last Knight . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Garrigan trained as a professional actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in the City of London . He has appeared in BBC TV dramas Holby City , Doctors , The Chase and ITV1 's Agatha Christie 's Marple . He also portrayed Alfred in the Starz TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth . He appeared in Ultimate Force as Corporal Edward Dwyer during the third series . He also starred in the 2008 and 2010 seasons of Irish drama series , RTÉ 's Raw . In January 2011 , Garrigan starred in the second series of BBC One 's wartime drama serial Land Girls . In January 2014 , Garrigan appeared in Silent Witness . In 2015 Garrigan played the recurring role of King Arthur on Once Upon a Time . Personal life ( edit ) Garrigan was born in Kingston upon Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England . In September 2016 , Garrigan became engaged to singer - songwriter Beth Rowley . The two were married on 1 July 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes New Blood Steve Short film 2014 The Legend of Hercules Iphicles 2017 Transformers : The Last Knight King Arthur Television Year Title Role Notes 2003 Holby City Nic Yorke Main role , 25 episodes 2005 Ultimate Force Edward Dwyer Main role , 4 episodes 2005 Silent Witness Nathan Archer Episodes : `` Ghosts : Part 1 '' & `` Ghosts : Part 2 '' 2005 Totally Frank Dan Episode : `` Bad Girl '' 2006 - 07 The Chase Matt Lowe Main role , 20 episodes 2008 He Kills Coppers Jonathan Young TV movie 2008 - 11 Raw Bobby Breen Main role , 16 episodes 2009 Agatha Christie 's Marple Stephen Restarick Episode : `` They Do It with Mirrors '' 2009 Blue Murder Billy Radfield Episode : `` This Charming Man '' Inn Mates Pete TV movie The Pillars of the Earth Alfred Main role , 9 episodes 2011 Land Girls Reverend Henry Jameson Recurring role , 4 episodes 2011 The Night Watch Reggie Nigri TV movie 2012 - 13 Strike Back Sgt . Liam Baxter Main role , 11 episodes 2014 Silent Witness Dr. Christy Nash Episodes : `` Fraternity : Part 1 '' & `` Fraternity : Part 2 '' 2014 24 : Live Another Day Ian Al - Harazi Recurring role , 7 episodes 2015 Spotless Victor Clay Recurring role 2015 - 16 Once Upon a Time King Arthur Recurring role , 11 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Holby City Characters : Nic Yorke Jump up ^ `` After the acting bug hits ... '' . this is hull and east yorkshire.co.uk . Mail News & Media Ltd. 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Liam Garrigan '' . RTE1 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : Once Crowns King , HBO Casts MLK Jr. , Rick and Morty and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BJ795Rngsjh/ Jump up ^ `` Warham 's Church of England - July Monthly News '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Liam Garrigan on IMDb VIAF : 129434645 LCCN : no2010137733 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liam_Garrigan&oldid=793605656 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people English male television actors English male stage actors Male actors from London Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Male actors from Kingston upon Hull Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Português Русский தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays arthur in once upon a time	[ "Liam Thomas Garrigan (born 17 October 1981) is an English theatre and television actor. As a youth he attended classes at Kingston upon Hull's Northern Stage Company and was a student at Wyke College, Kingston upon Hull. His first television role was as Nic Yorke in the BBC continuing drama series Holby City. He is best known for his roles as Ian Al-Harazi on the Fox series 24: Live Another Day and King Arthur in the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Transformers: The Last Knight." ]	[ "Liam Thomas Garrigan" ]
6618801700094223906	The Green Mile (film)	The Green Mile ( film ) - Wikipedia The Green Mile ( film ) The Green Mile Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Frank Darabont Produced by Frank Darabont David Valdes Screenplay by Frank Darabont Based on The Green Mile by Stephen King Starring Tom Hanks David Morse Bonnie Hunt Michael Clarke Duncan James Cromwell Michael Jeter Graham Greene Doug Hutchison Sam Rockwell Barry Pepper Jeffrey DeMunn Patricia Clarkson Harry Dean Stanton Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 189 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $290.7 million The Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from Stephen King 's 1996 novel of the same name . The film stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey , with supporting roles by David Morse , Bonnie Hunt , and James Cromwell . The film also features Dabbs Greer in his final film , as the older Paul Edgecomb . The film , told in a flashback format , tells the story of Paul 's life as a death row corrections officer during the U.S. Great Depression , and the supernatural events he witnessed . The film received positive reviews from critics , and was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor for Michael Clarke Duncan , Best Sound , and Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In a Louisiana assisted - living home in 1999 , Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat . His companion Elaine becomes concerned , and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935 , which took place when he was a prison officer , in charge of death row , what they refer to as the `` Green Mile '' . In 1935 , Paul supervises officers Brutus Howell , Dean Stanton , Harry Terwilliger , and Percy Wetmore at Cold Mountain Penitentiary . Paul is suffering from a severe bladder infection and receives John Coffey , a physically imposing but mentally challenged black man , into his custody . John had been sentenced to death after being convicted of raping and murdering two white girls . One of the other inmates is a Native - American named Arlen Bitterbuck , who is charged with murder and is the first to be executed . Percy demonstrates a severe sadistic streak , but , as the nephew of Louisiana 's First Lady , he can not be held to account . He is particularly abusive with inmate Eduard Delacroix ; he breaks Del 's fingers with his baton , steps on a pet mouse named Mr. Jingles , which Del had adopted , repeatedly calls him by a gay slur , and ultimately sabotages his execution by failing to soak the sponge used to conduct electricity to Del 's head ; as a result Del suffers a much more painful and graphic death by catching fire . John begins to demonstrate supernatural powers ; he cures Paul 's bladder infection , resurrects Mr. Jingles , and heals Melinda Moores , wife of the prison 's chief warden , of a brain tumor . This last affliction he releases into Percy , who under its influence shoots another prisoner , mass murderer William Wharton , dead . Wharton had from the moment of his arrival been a troublemaker ; he assaulted the guards as he was being escorted into the block , made mischief on two occasions that later caused Paul to order him restrained in the block 's padded cell , groped Percy , racially insulted John , and revealed psychically to John that he is , in fact , responsible for the crime for which John was condemned . John then reveals the story psychically to Paul , and , when doing so , he also transfers a snippet of his supernatural energy into Paul . Meanwhile , Percy is committed to an insane asylum after entering a vegetative state . Although distraught over the notion of being executed while innocent , John tells Paul that he does , in fact , wish to die , as he psychically experiences the humanity 's cruelty . Mentioning that he had never seen a movie before , John watches Top Hat with the other guards as a last request . John is executed that night but refuses the customary hood , as he is afraid of the dark . Paul concludes his story by telling Elaine that John 's was the last execution that he and Brutus supervised ; following Coffey 's execution , they both took jobs in the juvenile system . Elaine realizes that , since he had a grown son in 1935 , Paul must be much older than he looks . Paul reveals that he is , in fact , 108 years of age . Not only is he still alive , but so is Del 's mouse , Mr. Jingles . Paul continues to explain that although John never intended for it to happen , his curing of Paul has given him an extraordinary lifespan as well as outlive his family and friends , which he percives is punishment for executing him , and will also outlive Elaine . Paul later attends her funeral and muses that if John 's power could make a normally short - lived mouse live for six decades as Mr. Jingles has , how much longer will he himself be required to live . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb Dabbs Greer as Old Paul Edgecomb David Morse as Brutus `` Brutal '' Howell Bonnie Hunt as Jan Edgecomb Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey James Cromwell as Warden Hal Moores Michael Jeter as Eduard Delacroix Graham Greene as Arlen Bitterbuck Doug Hutchison as Percy Wetmore Sam Rockwell as `` Wild Bill '' Wharton Barry Pepper as Dean Stanton Jeffrey DeMunn as Harry Terwilliger Patricia Clarkson as Melinda Moores Harry Dean Stanton as Toot - Toot Eve Brent as Elaine Connelly The Detterick family , which John Coffey was wrongly convicted of victimizing , is played by William Sadler and Paula Malcomson as the parents , with young sisters Evanne and Bailey Drucker playing their murdered daughters . Barry Pepper had worked with Tom Hanks in the previous year 's release , Saving Private Ryan ; Hanks ' costar from Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) and Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Gary Sinise , has a cameo as John Coffey 's former defense attorney . Production ( edit ) Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay in under eight weeks . The film was shot at Warner Hollywood Studios , West Hollywood , California , and on location in Shelbyville , Tennessee and Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Casting ( edit ) Hanks and Darabont met at an Academy Award luncheon in 1994 . Stephen King stated he envisioned Hanks in the role and was happy when Darabont mentioned his name . Morse had not heard about the script until he was offered the role . He stated he was in tears by the end of it . Darabont wanted Cromwell from the start , and after he read the script , Cromwell was moved and agreed . Duncan credited his casting to Bruce Willis , with whom he had worked on the film Armageddon one year earlier . According to Duncan , Willis introduced him to Darabont after hearing of the open call for John Coffey . Soundtrack ( edit ) The official film soundtrack , Music from the Motion Picture The Green Mile , was released on December 19 , 1999 by Warner Bros. It contains 37 tracks , primarily instrumental tracks from the film score by Thomas Newman . It also contains four vocal tracks : `` Cheek to Cheek '' by Fred Astaire , `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' by Billie Holiday , `` Did You Ever See a Dream Walking ? '' by Gene Austin , and `` Charmaine '' by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 80 % based on 132 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The critical consensus states `` Though The Green Mile is long , critics say it 's an absorbing , emotionally powerful experience . '' The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 and a half stars out of 4 , writing `` The film is a shade over three hours long . I appreciated the extra time , which allows us to feel the passage of prison months and years . '' Forbes commentator Dawn Mendez referred to the character of John Coffey as a `` ' magic Negro ' figure '' -- a term describing a stereotypical fictional black person depicted in a fictional work as a `` saintly , nonthreatening '' person whose purpose in life is to solve a problem for or otherwise further the happiness of a white person . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1999 Academy Awards Nominated -- Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Best Picture -- David Valdes , Frank Darabont Nominated -- Best Sound -- Robert J. Litt , Elliot Tyson , Michael Herbick and Willie D. Burton Nominated -- Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published -- Frank Darabont 2000 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films Won -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Won -- Best Supporting Actress -- Patricia Clarkson Won -- Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Nominated -- Best Director -- Frank Darabont Nominated -- Best Music -- Thomas Newman 2000 Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards Won -- Film Music Award -- Thomas Newman 2000 Black Reel Awards Won -- Theatrical -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Won -- Favorite Actor -- Drama -- Tom Hanks Nominated -- Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Favorite Supporting Actress -- Drama -- Bonnie Hunt 2000 Bram Stoker Awards Nominated -- Best Screenplay -- Frank Darabont 2000 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Won -- Best Screenplay , Adaptation -- Frank Darabont Won -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Best Film 2000 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Most Promising Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Directors Guild of America Nominated -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures -- Frank Darabont 2000 Golden Globe Awards Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 NAACP Image Awards Nominated -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 MTV Movie Awards Nominated -- Best Breakthrough Male Performance -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Motion Picture Sound Editors ( Golden Reel Awards ) Nominated -- Best Sound Editing -- Dialogue and ADR -- Mark A. Mangini , Julia Evershade Nominated -- Best Sound Editing -- Effects and Foley -- Mark A. Mangini , Aaron Glascock , Howell Gibbens , David E. Stone , Solange S. Schwalbe 2000 People 's Choice Awards Won -- Favorite All - Around Motion Picture Won -- Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture 2001 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( Nebula Award ) Nominated -- Best Script -- Frank Darabont 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Cast Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role -- Michael Clarke Duncan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile ( 1999 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Information for The Green Mile . The Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Film '' . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Darabont , Frank ( Director ) ( December 10 , 1999 ) . The Green Mile ( Motion picture ) . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bruce Willis helped Michael Clarke Duncan get his Oscar caliber role '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile '' . Roger Ebert dot com . December 10 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Mendez , Dawn ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Magic Negro ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 72nd Academy Awards ( 2000 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Oscar Victory Finally Lifts the Cloud for DreamWorks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Green Mile ( film ) Official website The Green Mile on IMDb The Green Mile at the TCM Movie Database The Green Mile at AllMovie The Green Mile at Rotten Tomatoes The Green Mile at Box Office Mojo Frank Darabont Feature films Buried Alive ( 1990 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) The Majestic ( 2001 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) TV series developed or created The Walking Dead ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mob City ( 2013 ) Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Green_Mile_(film)&oldid=866106260 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s drama films 1990s prison films American films American drama films American fantasy films American prison films Castle Rock Entertainment films Films scored by Thomas Newman Films about capital punishment Films about old age Films based on works by Stephen King Films directed by Frank Darabont Films set in 1935 Films set in 1999 Films set in Louisiana Films shot in California Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Tennessee Great Depression films Magic realism films Screenplays by Frank Darabont Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 08 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year was the movie the green mile set in	[ "In a Louisiana assisted-living home in 1999, Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat. His companion Elaine becomes concerned, and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935, which took place when he was a prison officer, in charge of death row, what they refer to as the \"Green Mile\".\n", "In a Louisiana assisted-living home in 1999, Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat. His companion Elaine becomes concerned, and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935, which took place when he was a prison officer, in charge of death row, what they refer to as the \"Green Mile\".\n" ]	[ "1999", "1935" ]
-2708185687405470163	Ryan Michelle Bathe	Ryan Michelle Bathe - wikipedia Ryan Michelle Bathe Jump to : navigation , search Ryan Michelle Bathe ( 1976 - 07 - 27 ) July 27 , 1976 ( age 41 ) St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Alma mater Stanford University ( B.A. ) New York University ( M.F.A. ) Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sterling K. Brown ( m . 2007 ) Children Ryan Michelle Bathe ( pronounced ba - THAY , born July 27 , 1976 ) is an American actress , known for her roles on television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Selected filmography 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Bathe grew up in Stamford , Connecticut . She graduated from Stanford University , and she received a Master of Fine Arts from New York University . In June 2007 , Ryan Michelle Bathe married fellow actor ( and Stanford alum ) Sterling K. Brown . They have two sons . Career ( edit ) Bathe has had guest starring roles in a number of television shows , include ER , Half & Half , Girlfriends , Brothers & Sisters , and How I Met Your Mother . She was regular cast member during the second season of the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal playing attorney Sara Holt . From 2009 to 2010 , she had a recurring role on the short - lived NBC medical drama Trauma , and in 2011 had starring role in the TV Land sitcom Retired at 35 . She had main roles in the independent films All About Us and April Moon . In 2012 , Bathe co-starred opposite Katherine Heigl in the crime comedy film One for the Money . Later that year , she had a recurring role opposite her real life husband Sterling K. Brown in the Lifetime drama series Army Wives . In 2014 , she was a female lead opposite Kevin Hart in the ABC comedy pilot Keep It Together . In 2016 , Bathe was cast in a recurring role in the NBC drama series , This Is Us , also starring Brown . Selected filmography ( edit ) This Is Us as Yvette ( Season 1 ) ( 2016 ) Army Wives as Charlie ( Season 6 recurring character ) ( 2012 ) One for the Money as Jackie ( hooker ) ( 2011 ) Retired at 35 as Jessica ( Season 1 main cast member ) ( 2011 ) Private Practice ( 2010 ) Trauma ( 2009 ) Leaving Barstow ( 2008 ) How I Met Your Mother ( April 2008 ) as Lily 's friend Michelle Boston Legal as Sara Holt ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Good Fences ( 2003 ) Bones ( 2009 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ryan Michelle Bathe Biography '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Lauren ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` 6 Things To Know About Sterling K. Brown And His Wife Ryan Michelle Bathe Love Story '' . Essence . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Former Bay Area resident Sterling K. Brown feels ' blessed beyond words ' '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Three New Cast Members Join ABC 's `` Boston Legal '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land greenlights George Segal sitcom '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Army Wives Enlists Stars of ER , Rescue Me and Boston Legal For Season 6 '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` Ryan Michelle Bathe Cast In ABC 's Kevin Hart Comedy Pilot As Role Gets Reworked '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Adds Ryan Michelle Bathe As Recurring '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ryan Michelle Bathe on IMDb Ryan Michelle Bathe at AllMovie Ryan Michelle Bathe on tvland.com African American portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Michelle_Bathe&oldid=832394459 '' Categories : 1976 births Living people Stanford University alumni Tisch School of the Arts alumni Actresses from St. Louis Actresses from Stamford , Connecticut 21st - century American actresses African - American actresses American actresses American television actresses American film actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did ryan michelle bathe play on this is us	[ "This Is Us as Yvette (Season 1) (2016)" ]	[ "Yvette" ]
2744335221771924731	Despicable Me	Despicable Me - wikipedia Despicable Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2010 film . For the franchise , see Despicable Me ( franchise ) . For the soundtrack , see Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . For the ride , see Despicable Me Minion Mayhem . Despicable Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Pierre Coffin Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri John Cohen Janet Healy Screenplay by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Story by Sergio Pablos Starring Steve Carell Jason Segel Russell Brand Kristen Wiig Miranda Cosgrove Will Arnett Julie Andrews Music by Heitor Pereira Pharrell Williams Edited by Pamela Ziegenhagen - Shefland Gregory Perler Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 19 ) ( MIFF ) July 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $69 million Box office $546.1 million Despicable Me is a 2010 American 3D computer - animated comedy film from Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment that was released on July 9 , 2010 , in the United States . It is the debut film of Illumination Entertainment . The film was animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff , which was later acquired by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud as their feature debut film , with a story by Sergio Pablos . The film stars the voice of Steve Carell as Gru , a supervillain who adopts three girls ( voiced by Miranda Cosgrove , Dana Gaier , and Elsie Fisher ) from an orphanage ; and the voice of Jason Segel as Vector , a rival of Gru who steals the Great Pyramid of Giza . When Gru learns of Vector 's heist , he plans an even greater heist : to shrink and steal the Earth 's moon . The film grossed over $546 million worldwide , against a budget of $69 million . It launched the Despicable Me franchise with a series of films , including the sequel Despicable Me 2 in 2013 , and the prequel Minions released in 2015 featuring Gru 's Minions as the main characters . Another sequel , Despicable Me 3 , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Books 5.3 Video games 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 Prequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Gru , a supervillain , is disheartened when an unknown supervillain steals the Great Pyramid of Giza . Gru , with the assistance of his colleague Dr. Nefario and his Minions , resolves to one - up this mystery rival by shrinking and stealing the Moon . As it would be costly to steal the moon , Gru seeks a loan from the Bank of Evil . Bank president Mr. Perkins is impressed by the plan but will provide the money only if Gru can obtain the necessary shrink ray first . Upon learning that an up - and - coming villain named Vector was responsible for the pyramid theft , Gru starts a rivalry with him . Gru and the Minions steal the shrink ray from a secret base in East Asia , but Vector intercepts them and steals it for himself . Gru attempts to break into Vector 's fortress to recover the shrink ray but is defeated by numerous booby traps . However , he notices three orphan girls , Margo , Edith , and Agnes , who are able to easily walk into the base because they are selling cookies . Gru disguises himself and adopts the girls , planning on using them to infiltrate Vector 's base so he can get the shrink ray back . However , Gru has trouble nurturing them properly due to their rambunctiousness , their ballet classes , and his own ineptitude as a parent . Eventually , Gru and the girls arrive at Vector 's fortress , and Gru steals the shrink ray . The girls then suggest a day at a theme park ; Gru agrees , believing he can abandon the girls there , but instead he warms up to them . Later , Gru contacts Perkins via video chat , stating that he finally has the shrink ray . Margo , Edith , and Agnes interrupt the meeting , and Perkins announces that he has lost confidence in Gru and will no longer fund his operations . As Gru tells the Minions he can no longer pay them for their services , the girls offer the contents of their piggy bank . Gru , inspired , sells parts of his lair to construct a spacecraft . Gru plans to steal the Moon when it is nearest the Earth , but this is the same day as the girls ' ballet recital . Gru becomes conflicted , and Dr. Nefario , seeing the recital as interfering with the plan , arranges for the girls to be returned to the orphanage . At the same time , Perkins informs Vector , revealed to be Perkins ' son , of Gru 's possession of the shrink ray and the adoption of the three girls , encouraging Vector to act . Gru successfully shrinks and steals the Moon , and rushes back to Earth to attend the recital -- only to find a ransom note from Vector , who has kidnapped the girls . After arriving at Vector 's headquarters , Gru surrenders the Moon , but Vector reneges on the deal , flying off with the girls and the Moon . Meanwhile , Dr. Nefario has discovered that the effects of the shrink ray are temporary ; the bigger the object 's original size , the faster the shrinkage will wear off . As the Moon starts to expand in Vector 's ship , Gru , Dr. Nefario , and the Minions execute a daring mid-air rescue of the girls just as the Moon explodes out of Vector 's ship and launches itself back into orbit , with Vector trapped on it . Sometime later , Gru has returned the Great Pyramid and re-adopted the girls , writing them a bedtime storybook framed around his own experience . The film ends with the girls performing their own ballet recital for Gru , his mother Marlena , Dr. Nefario , and the Minions . Cast ( edit ) Steve Carell as Gru , a mean supervillain Jason Segel as Victor `` Vector '' Perkins , Mr. Perkins ' son and Gru 's rival Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario , Gru 's elderly gadget man and a friendly scientist Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , the oldest of the three girls Dana Gaier as Edith , the middle sister of the three girls Elsie Fisher as Agnes , the youngest of the three girls Will Arnett as Mr. Perkins , the President of the Bank of Evil and Vector 's father Kristen Wiig as Miss Hattie , owner of the orphanage Miss Hattie 's Home for Girls Julie Andrews as Marlena , Gru 's mother Pierre Coffin as Kevin , Tim , Bob , Mark , Phil and Stuart , six of Gru 's Minions Chris Renaud as Dave , one of Gru 's Minions Jemaine Clement as Jerry , one of Gru 's Minions Jack McBrayer as a carnival barker / tourist Father Danny McBride as Fred McDade , Gru 's neighbor Mindy Kaling as a tourist mother , Justin 's mother Rob Huebel as an anchorman Ken Daurio as an Egyptian guard Ken Jeong as a talk - show host Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) Despicable Me was initially developed by Sergio Pablos under the original title Evil Me . He later participated in development during the early stages of the production and took the package unsolicited to Universal Pictures where he became the first of several screenwriters on the project as well as executive producer.In November 2008 , Illumination Entertainment announced the beginning of the development on its first CGI animated film Despicable Me . Music ( edit ) Main article : Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film of the same name , and it was released on July 6 , 2010 . It featured new songs from the film written and performed by Pharrell Williams , and performances by Destinee & Paris , The Sylvers , Robin Thicke and the Bee Gees . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) NBC ( which is owned by Universal ) had an extensive marketing campaign leading up to the film 's release . Sneak peeks were shown in episodes of The Biggest Loser . Despicable Me was also featured on Last Comic Standing when Gru comes in to audition . IHOP restaurants promoted the film by introducing three new menu items , a kids ' breakfast meal , and a drink all having the word `` minion '' in them . Best Buy released a free smartphone application called `` Best Buy Movie Mode '' , which translated what the Minions were saying during the end credits of the 3D theatrical release . For the home media release of the film , the application was updated to translate the Minions ' language throughout the entire film . Books ( edit ) In May 2010 , three books related to the movie were published , as well as the children 's puppet book featured in the film . The first , My Dad the Super Villain ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 08382 - 8 ) , was rated as a preschool book . The second , Despicable Me : The Junior Novel ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 08380 - 1 ) , was rated as being a Junior Reader for ages 8 to 12 . The third , Despicable Me : The World 's Greatest Villain ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 08377 - 1 ) , was rated for ages 3 -- 6 years . The puppet book Sleepy Kittens ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 08381 - X ) was written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio and illustrated by Eric Guillon . Video Games ( edit ) A video game titled Despicable Me : The Game was released for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii . A Nintendo DS version was released under the name Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem . Namco also released a version for the iPhone and iPad platform entitled Despicable Me : Minion Mania , developed by Anino Games . An application for iOS and Androids was also released under the name Despicable Me : Minion Rush . It was developed by Gameloft and made available to the public in 2013 . Home media ( edit ) Despicable Me was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on December 14 , 2010 . The release included three new short films , titled Home Makeover , Orientation Day and Banana . The film was released on Ultra HD Blu - ray on June 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a rating of 81 % based on 192 reviews and an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Borrowing heavily ( and intelligently ) from Pixar and Looney Tunes , Despicable Me is a surprisingly thoughtful , family - friendly treat with a few surprises of its own . '' Metacritic , another review aggregation website , assigned the film a score of 72 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars , saying the directors were skilled at `` springing surprises '' from the writers ' `` ingenious '' screenplay . Peter Debruge of Variety wrote , `` Since villains so often steal the show in animation , Despicable Me smartly turns the whole operation over to megalomaniacal rogue Gru . '' Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice wrote , `` The result is pleasant and diverting , if ultimately forgettable , and it 's one of the rare instances in the recent history of 3 - D 's resurrection as The Savior of Cinema in which the technology does n't dim the screen or distract the focus . '' Keith Uhlich of Time Out New York gave the film three out of five stars , saying , `` The setup is pure Looney Tunes , and indeed , Despicable Me is at its best when trading in the anything - for - a-laugh prankery that was a specialty of the Termite Terrace crowd . '' Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despicable Me is a 3D cartoon comedy of whiplash - quick laughs , funny punch lines and a wickedly gimmicky appreciation for 3D . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press wrote , `` Kids will dig it , adults will smile with amusement , and no one will be any different afterward than they were walking into the theater . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying , `` Neither as rich in story nor stunning in animation as Pixar offerings , Despicable Me instead settles for simply being goofy good fun , and it hardly seems like settling at all . '' Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Short , sweet - and - sour , and amusing rather than funny , Despicable Me ca n't help but be likable . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` You 'll probably leave the theater smiling , but do n't expect to be emotionally engaged , Pixar - style . You 'll be tickled , not touched . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` A whip - smart family movie that makes inventive use of the summer 's ubiquitous 3 - D technology is something worth cheering . '' Tom Keogh of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Despicable Me appeals both to our innocence and our glee over cartoon anarchy . '' Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despicable Me may not match the stratospherically high standards set by Up and WALL - E but that hardly matters when it 's this much fun . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despicable Me has enough visual novelty and high spirits to keep the kiddies diverted and just enough wit to placate the parents . '' Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` The film is funny , energetic , teeth - gnashingly venomous and animated with an eye to exploiting the 3 - D process with such sure - fire techniques as a visit to an amusement park . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` By taking the `` heart '' part just seriously enough , and in the nick of time , the movie saves itself from itself . '' Kim Newman of Empire gave the film three out of five stars , saying , `` It 's no first - rank CGI cartoon , but shows how Pixar 's quality over crass is inspiring the mid-list . Fun , with teary bits , for kids ; fresh and smart for adults . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` The film throws so much ersatz cleverness and overdone emotion at the audience that we end up more worn out than entertained . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Unfortunately Despicable Me is just , predictably -- eh . And the one thing the larcenous Gru never steals is our heart . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying , `` Right now , any excuse for air conditioning will do . So it 's a happy bonus to find that Despicable Me is more than just a heat - busting baby - sitter . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` This is a smartly written comedy with a soft emotional core . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despicable Me may not be the most sophisticated kids movie ever , but it stacks up against recent animated fare like How To Train Your Dragon the way The New York Review of Books compares to USA Today . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` An improbably heartwarming , not to mention visually delightful , diversion . '' Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film four out of four stars , saying , `` This animated thing pretty near out - Pixars Pixar . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film two out of four stars , saying , `` When compared with the ambition and achievement of recent animated films , such as Coraline and Toy Story 3 , Despicable Me hardly seems to have been worth making , and it 's barely worth watching . '' Bob Mondello of NPR gave the film an eight out of ten , saying , `` It 's all thoroughly adorable , and with an overlay that 's nearly as odd as Carell 's accent : Despicable Me looks a lot like other computer - animated pictures . '' Mary F. Pols of MSN Movies gave the film four out of five stars , saying , `` The movie finishes strong , managing to be sweet without being saccharine . It 's no Toy Story 3 , but Despicable Me is a solid alternative . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film two out of five stars , saying , `` So much is going on in this movie that , while there 's nothing worth despising , there 's not much to remember either . '' Laremy Legel of Film.com gave the film an A - , saying , `` Despicable Me is darned cute . I know cute is n't to the lofty level of `` message storytelling '' but it can be entertaining to watch when done correctly . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Despicable does n't measure up to Pixar at its best . Nonetheless , it 's funny , clever and warmly animated with memorable characters . '' Steve Persall of the Tampa Bay Times gave the film a B , saying , `` Directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud craft a fun stretch run , wrapping the story with warm , fuzzy funnies and nothing to suggest a sequel , which is probably wise . '' Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a B , saying , `` Until the `` creep + orphans = happy family '' formula starts demanding abrupt , unconvincing character mutations , Despicable Me is a giddy joy . '' Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars , saying , `` Everyone knows that the villains are usually the most interesting characters in any movie . So the makers of Despicable Me were wise to cut to the chase and make the megalomaniacal Gru the central character in this animated film . '' Box Office ( edit ) Released on July 9 , 2010 , in the United States , Despicable Me opened at the number one spot at the box office and pulled in $56.3 million , making it the third - biggest opening grossing for an animated film in 2010 behind Toy Story 3 and Shrek Forever After . In its second weekend , the film dipped 42 % to second place behind Inception with $32.8 million earned . The film then had another drop of 27 % in its third weekend and finished in third place with $23.8 million . On August 5 , 2010 , the film crossed the $200 million mark , becoming the first Universal film to reach the milestone since 2007 's The Bourne Ultimatum . On the weekend lasting from September 3 -- 5 , 2010 , it surpassed Shrek Forever After to become the second - highest - grossing animated film of 2010 in the United States and Canada , behind Toy Story 3 . It was also the highest - grossing non-DreamWorks / non-Disney Pixar animated film of all time in these territories , since overtaken by its sequel . The film has made $251,513,985 in the United States and Canada as well as an estimated $291.6 million internationally for a worldwide total of $546,010,705 , against its $69 million budget . This film is also Universal 's sixth - highest - grossing film ( unadjusted for inflation ) and the tenth - highest - grossing animated feature of all time in North America . In worldwide earnings , it is the sixth - biggest film of Universal Studios , the fourth - highest - grossing animated film of 2010 trailing Toy Story 3 , Shrek Forever After , and Tangled , the 25th - highest - grossing animated film of all time and the 9th - highest - grossing film of 2010 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category / Recipient ( s ) Result Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Voice Acting in a Feature Production ( Steve Carell ) Character Design In an Animated Film ( Carter Goodrich ) Directing in a Feature Production ( Pierre Coffin ) Music in a Feature Production ( Pharrell Williams and Heitor Pereira ) Production Design in a Feature Production ( Yarrow Cheny and Eric Guillon ) Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Feature Best Animated Female ( Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , Dana Gaier as Edith , and Elsie Fisher as Agnes ) BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Animated Film Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Heartland Film Festival 2010 Truly Moving Picture Award Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Favorite Buttkicker ( Steve Carell ) Nominated Peoples Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated film Women Film Critics Circle Best Animated Females Won Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Despicable Me 2 A sequel , titled Despicable Me 2 , was released on July 3 , 2013 . It is produced by the same team that was behind the first film -- along with directors Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud , and writers Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . Steve Carell , Russell Brand , and Miranda Cosgrove reprise their roles ; Kristen Wiig and Ken Jeong returned but voiced new characters ( Lucy Wilde and Floyd Eagle - san ) . New cast members include Benjamin Bratt as Eduardo , Gru 's nemesis , and Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom . Another sequel , titled Despicable Me 3 , was released on June 30 , 2017 . Prequel ( edit ) Main article : Minions ( film ) A prequel feature film titled Minions , featuring the Minions as the main characters , was released on July 10 , 2015 . Written by Brian Lynch , it is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healey . The film , set in the 1960s , focuses on the Minions before they met Gru , where they compete for the right to become henchmen of an ambitious villain , Scarlet Overkill , voiced by Sandra Bullock . See also ( edit ) Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem , an amusement ride open at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood Despicable Me ( franchise ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MIFF Daily # 1 '' ( PDF ) . Moscow Film Festival . 2010 . p. 11 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paikova , Valeria ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` Multicultural masterpiece makes a mark in Moscow '' . RT . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Universal benefit in Mac Guff accord '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal , Illumination Move their ' Minions ' to Summer 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me - The SPA Studios '' . December 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Production Details '' . Movie Insider . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Despicable Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best Viral Movie Marketing At The Moment Despicable Me Empire '' . www.empireonline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Despicable '' Minions Invade IHOP This Summer `` . 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Buy Enhances Theatrical and Home Movie Viewing Experience with a First - of - Its - Kind Mobile Application '' . Business Wire . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : My Dad the Super Villain '' . Hachette Book Group . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : The Junior Novel '' . Hachette Book Group . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : The World 's Greatest Villain '' . Hachette Book Group . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sleepy Kittens '' . Hachette Book Group . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : The Game : Nintendo Wii : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : The Game : Minion Mayhem : Nintendo DS : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : Minion Mania '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me : Minion Rush '' . iTunes . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me Blu - ray and 3D BD Announced '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 4K Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge Chief International Film Critic @ AskDebruge ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Wilonsky ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Childish , Funny , 3 - D Delights of Silly Despicable Me -- Page 1 -- Movies -- New York '' . Village Voice . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me -- Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blogs '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Despicable Me ' is cool - looking but slight '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Despicable Me ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Archvillain has a soft spot for orphans -- Philly.com '' . Articles.philly.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` '' Despicable Me `` : Bad guys young and old '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` Rollicking ' Despicable Me ' is delectable fun -- USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keogh , Tom ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Movies ' Despicable Me ' : Steve Carell does a wickedly wonderful job as supervillain Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Seattletimes.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ January 26 , 2014 1 : 07 AM EST Facebook Twitter RSS ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me review : Kids ' flick tons of fun Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me movie review -- Despicable Me showtimes -- The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger , Ebert ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2010 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' Despicable Me ' Metromix Chicago '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Despicable Me Movie Review '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' Despicable Me ' -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ; Illumination Entertainment ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Despicable Me ' movie review : Despicable , but not memorable '' . NJ.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me ' review : Steve Carell 's hater Gru is lovable villain '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Meet your new best fiend in ' Despicable Me ' New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3D Review and Showtimes , Jason Segel in Despicable Me 3D '' . Washingtonpost.com . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Groen ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Despicable Me : Deliciously despicable '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ; Chronicle Movie Critic ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Despicable Me ' '' . SFGate . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review -- ' Despicable Me ' -- Oddly Adorable '' . NPR . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me ( 2010 ) -- Critics ' Reviews -- MSN Movies '' . Movies.msn.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me Lunar Toons and Cookie Capers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laremy Legel ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Despicable Me Brings the Funny '' . Film.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Despicable Me : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Persall , Times Movie Critic View all Articles . `` ' Despicable Me ' : Steve Carell gives voice to a supervillain with a heart of gold Tampa Bay Times '' . Tampabay.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me -- Film Calendar '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Despicable Me ' Dominates , ' Predators ' Solid But Unspectacular '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Seven - Day Summary : ' Inception 's Reign Continues '' . Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for September 3 - 5 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNIVERSAL All Time Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 6 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annual Annie Nominations '' . The Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Alliance of Women Film Journalists Nominees '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Film Awards Winners and Nominees '' . BAFTA . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE 16th CRITICS ' CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS NOMINEES '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE 68TH ANNUAL GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' . The Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2010 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lu , Anne ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominations '' . Breaking Global News . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 WAFCA Award Winners '' . The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` '' Bone , '' `` Mother '' Among Women 's Film Critics Circle Award Winners `` . IndieWire . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Despicable Me 2 : evil genius or just plain bad ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintcok , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal , Illumination Move their ' Minions ' to Summer 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Bullock To Voice Super-Villain In ' Minions ' Spinoff For Illumination / Universal '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Despicable Me Despicable Me on IMDb Despicable Me at The Big Cartoon DataBase Despicable Me at Rotten Tomatoes Despicable Me at Metacritic Despicable Me at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Films directed by Pierre Coffin Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Despicable Me Films Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions ( characters ) `` Happy '' Minions Paradise Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Despicable_Me&oldid=806918899 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010 animated films American comedy science fiction films 2010 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s criminal comedy films 2010s comedy science fiction films American films American 3D films American children 's animated comedy films American comedy films American computer - animated films American criminal comedy films Animated comedy films Animated films about orphans Despicable Me ( franchise ) Directorial debut films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Moon in film Size change in fiction Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Film scores by Pharrell Williams Film scores by Heitor Pereira Films directed by Pierre Coffin Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the characters in despicable me called	[ "Gru, a supervillain, is disheartened when an unknown supervillain steals the Great Pyramid of Giza. Gru, with the assistance of his colleague Dr. Nefario and his Minions, resolves to one-up this mystery rival by shrinking and stealing the Moon. As it would be costly to steal the moon, Gru seeks a loan from the Bank of Evil. Bank president Mr. Perkins is impressed by the plan but will provide the money only if Gru can obtain the necessary shrink ray first. Upon learning that an up-and-coming villain named Vector was responsible for the pyramid theft, Gru starts a rivalry with him." ]	[ "Minions" ]
1734915084245210162	You Are So Beautiful	You Are So Beautiful - wikipedia You Are So Beautiful Jump to : navigation , search For the song by Donna Summer , see You 're So Beautiful . `` You Are So Beautiful '' 1980s UK vinyl re-release Single by Joe Cocker from the album I Can Stand a Little Rain B - side `` It 's a Sin When You Love Somebody '' Released January 1975 Recorded Genre Pop , blue - eyed soul Length 2 : 41 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Billy Preston , Bruce Fisher Producer ( s ) Jim Price Joe Cocker singles chronology `` Midnight Rider '' ( 1972 ) `` You Are So Beautiful '' ( 1975 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' ( 1983 ) `` Midnight Rider '' ( 1972 ) `` You Are So Beautiful '' ( 1975 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' ( 1983 ) `` You Are So Beautiful '' is a song written by Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher . Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys contributed to the song 's genesis , but his official credit was omitted . It was first recorded by Preston and made popular by Joe Cocker . Preston 's original version first appeared on his 1974 album The Kids & Me and as the B - side on the 45rpm pressing of his pop hit , `` Struttin ' '' . Cocker 's producer , Jim Price , created a slowed - down arrangement for Cocker 's version , which first appeared on the album , I Can Stand a Little Rain ( released later in 1974 ) . In 1975 , the Joe Cocker version was released as a single and peaked number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number 12 on the Easy Listening chart . The Cocker version helped the album become successful and was his biggest hit until his duet with Jennifer Warnes , `` Up Where We Belong '' , which reached # 1 in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable renditions 4 In other media 5 References 6 External links Authorship ( edit ) Though not officially credited as the song 's writer , Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys and Preston spontaneously collaborated on the words and music to the song at a party . Wilson never sought to reclaim his share of the song 's authorship . The song 's tone has been related to the style of his solo material . Without instrumental accompaniment , Wilson sang `` You Are So Beautiful '' as an encore at Beach Boys shows intermittently from 1975 until his death in 1983 . A live rendition , circa 1978 , and an edited 1983 live rendition both appear in the 1985 film The Beach Boys : An American Band . A live rendition was released on the group 's live album Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 in 2002 . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 32 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 10 France 70 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 12 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 53 US Billboard Hot 100 65 Notable renditions ( edit ) Ray Stevens recorded it in 1976 for his album Just for the Record . Stevens ' version reached number 16 on the Hot Country Songs charts . Kenny Rogers recorded the song as the closing track on his best - selling album We 've Got Tonight from 1983 . It was also used as the B - side to the single release of the title track . Irish singer Brian Kennedy covered the song on his 2008 album `` Interpretations '' . In 2009 , Hong Kong singer Susan Wong included a cover of the song on her smooth jazz / bossa nova album 511 . Former Isley Brother Chris Jasper covered the song on his 2016 album `` Share With Me '' . In other media ( edit ) Television programs have used commercial recordings of the song . Seventies - themed sitcom The Wonder Years used a recorded version of the song in Season 6 , Episode 16 , `` Nose , '' where it played at the end of the episode at a school dance where Kevin 's friend Ricky loses a girl with a large nose just as Ricky had come to appreciate her . An episode of Home Improvement ( `` Jill 's Birthday '' ) accompanied the song with a montage of photos of Jill Taylor ( Patricia Richardson ) in her early age . The song played in Season 5 , Episode 9 of Full House . The film Modern Romance ( 1981 ) includes an instrumental version of the song in its opening and closing titles , and also uses Joe Cocker 's version to underscore its final scene . Joe Cocker 's version was also used in the film Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) and plays during Gail 's apartment scene and over the film 's end credits . In the American comedy movie `` The Little Rascals '' ( 1994 ) , the song is sung by Alfalfa to Darla on a boat . In 2016 , the song appears in the season one finale of Quantico entitled `` Yes '' , first sung by a drunk Caleb Haas ( Graham Rogers ) and Brandon Fletcher ( Jacob Artist ) celebrating their graduation , then leading into the Joe Cocker version for the remainder of the scene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2013 ) . Music for Your Heart : Reflections from Your Favorite Songs and Hymns . Abingdon Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4267 - 7604 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hlavaty , Craig . `` The Secret History of ' You Are So Beautiful ' '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 5 , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billy Preston Studio albums The Most Exciting Organ Ever Early Hits of ' 65 Wildest Organ in Town ! Club Meeting Greazee Soul That 's the Way God Planned It Encouraging Words I Wrote a Simple Song Music Is My Life Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music The Kids & Me It 's My Pleasure Billy Preston A Whole New Thing Late at Night Billy Preston & Syreeta The Way I Am Pressin ' On On the Air Live albums Live European Tour Singles `` That 's the Way God Planned It '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Outa - Space '' `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' `` Space Race '' `` Nothing from Nothing '' `` Get Back '' `` With You I 'm Born Again '' Songs `` You Are So Beautiful '' Book : Billy Preston Bonnie Tyler songs Discography The World Starts Tonight `` Lost in France '' `` More Than a Lover '' Natural Force `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Living for the City '' `` Heaven '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Here Am I '' Diamond Cut `` Too Good to Last '' `` My Guns Are Loaded '' Goodbye to the Island `` I 'm Just a Woman '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' Faster Than the Speed of Night `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` Straight from the Heart '' Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Lovers Again '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Hide Your Heart `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` The Best '' Bitterblue `` Against the Wind '' `` Bitterblue '' `` Where Were You '' Angel Heart `` Fools Lullaby '' `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' Silhouette in Red `` You Are So Beautiful '' Free Spirit `` You 're the One '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' All in One Voice `` Angel of the Morning '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` The Rose '' `` He 's the King '' `` Silent Night '' Heart Strings `` Human Touch '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Amazed '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Lean on Me '' `` In My Life '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` It 's Over '' Simply Believe `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) `` Darlin ' '' Wings `` Louise '' Rocks and Honey `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' `` Believe in Me '' `` What You Need from Me '' `` Love Is the Knife '' `` Mom '' Collaborations `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Islands '' `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' `` Love 's Holding On '' Other songs `` Sayonara Tokyo '' `` Here She Comes '' `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' Dennis Wilson Albums Pacific Ocean Blue Bambu ( The Caribou Sessions ) Singles `` Sound of Free '' / `` Lady '' `` River Song '' / `` Farewell My Friend '' `` You and I '' / `` Friday Night '' Other songs Solo `` Dreamer '' `` Pacific Ocean Blues '' Beach Boys `` All I Want to Do '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Cuddle Up '' `` Denny 's Drums '' `` Forever '' `` Friends '' `` It 's About Time '' `` Little Bird '' `` Love Surrounds Me '' `` Morning Christmas '' `` Never Learn Not to Love '' `` Slip On Through '' Related articles Songs Murry Wilson Brian Wilson Carl Wilson Mike Love The Beach Boys Two - Lane Blacktop `` You Are So Beautiful '' Brother Studios Gregg Jakobson Christine McVie Charles Manson `` Cease to Exist '' The Beach Boys Tanya Tucker Studio albums Delta Dawn What 's Your Mama 's Name Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) Tanya Tucker Lovin ' and Learnin ' Here 's Some Love Ridin ' Rainbows You Are So Beautiful TNT Tear Me Apart Dreamlovers Should I Do It Changes Girls Like Me Love Me Like You Used To Strong Enough to Bend Tennessee Woman What Do I Do with Me Ca n't Run from Yourself Soon Fire to Fire Complicated Tanya My Turn Compilation and live albums Live Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Encore Greatest Hits 1990 -- 1992 Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Notable singles `` Delta Dawn '' `` Love 's the Answer '' `` What 's Your Mama 's Name '' `` Blood Red and Goin ' Down '' `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Lizzie and the Rainman '' `` San Antonio Stroll '' `` Do n't Believe My Heart Can Stand Another You '' `` You 've Got Me to Hold On To '' `` Here 's Some Love '' `` It 's a Cowboy Lovin ' Night '' `` You Are So Beautiful '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` Pecos Promenade '' `` Dream Lover '' `` Can I See You Tonight '' `` Feel Right '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` One Love at a Time '' `` Just Another Love '' `` I 'll Come Back as Another Woman '' `` It 's Only Over for You '' `` Love Me Like You Used To '' `` I Wo n't Take Less Than Your Love '' ( with Paul Davis and Paul Overstreet ) `` If It Do n't Come Easy '' `` Strong Enough to Bend '' `` Highway Robbery '' `` Call on Me '' `` My Arms Stay Open All Night '' `` Walking Shoes '' `` Do n't Go Out '' ( with T. Graham Brown ) `` It Wo n't Be Me '' `` Oh What It Did to Me '' `` Down to My Last Teardrop '' `` ( Without You ) What Do I Do with Me '' `` Some Kind of Trouble '' `` If Your Heart Ai n't Busy Tonight '' `` Two Sparrows in a Hurricane '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Tell Me About It '' `` Soon '' `` We Do n't Have to Do This '' `` Hangin ' In '' `` You Just Watch Me '' `` Between the Two of Them '' `` Find Out What 's Happenin ' '' `` Little Things '' `` A Memory Like I 'm Gonna Be '' Related articles Albums discography Singles discography LaCosta `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_So_Beautiful&oldid=802013243 '' Categories : 1974 singles Joe Cocker songs Westlife songs Songs written by Bruce Fisher Songs written by Billy Preston Ray Stevens songs The Beach Boys songs Tanya Tucker songs Bonnie Tyler songs A&M Records singles MCA Records singles 1974 songs Song recordings produced by Rob Fraboni Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote you are so beautiful to me	[ "\"You Are So Beautiful\" is a song written by Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher. Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys contributed to the song's genesis, but his official credit was omitted. It was first recorded by Preston and made popular by Joe Cocker.", "\"You Are So Beautiful\" is a song written by Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher. Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys contributed to the song's genesis, but his official credit was omitted. It was first recorded by Preston and made popular by Joe Cocker." ]	[ "Billy Preston", "Bruce Fisher" ]
-8067136635614216999	United States Congress	United States Congress - wikipedia United States Congress For the current Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For the building , see United States Capitol . United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 50 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independent ( 2 ) Vacant ( 1 ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 237 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 5 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States . The legislature consists of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C . Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and Washington , D.C. in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote , these members can sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two - year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at - large in their state for a six - year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one - third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent . The Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States and first met in 1789 , replacing in its legislative function the Congress of the Confederation . Although not legally mandated , in practice since the 19th century , Congress members are typically affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 1780s -- 1820s : formative era 2.2 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era 2.3 1910s -- 1960s : committee era 2.4 1970s -- present : contemporary era 3 Congress in the United States government 3.1 Powers of Congress 3.1. 1 Overview of congressional power 3.1. 2 Enumerated powers 3.1. 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 3.1. 4 Territorial Government 3.2 Checks and balances 4 Structure 4.1 Committees 4.1. 1 Specializations 4.1. 2 Power 4.1. 3 Officer 4.2 Support services 4.2. 1 Library of Congress 4.2. 2 Congressional Research Service 4.2. 3 Congressional Budget Office 4.2. 4 Lobbyists 4.2. 5 United States Capitol Police 4.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5 Procedures of Congress 5.1 Sessions 5.2 Joint sessions 5.3 Bills and resolutions 6 Congress and the public 6.1 Advantage of incumbency 6.1. 1 Citizens and representatives 6.1. 2 Expensive campaigns 6.1. 3 Television and negative advertising 6.1. 4 Public perceptions of Congress 6.2 Smaller states and bigger states 6.3 Members and constituents 6.4 Congressional style 7 Privileges and pay 7.1 Privileges protecting members 7.2 Pay and benefits 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Other notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media Overview of the United States legislative process , as explained by the Library of Congress In 1868 , this committee of representatives prosecuted president Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial , but the Senate did not convict him . Article One of the United States Constitution states , `` All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process -- legislation can not be enacted without the consent of both chambers . However , the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers . The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue - raising bills . The House initiates impeachment cases , while the Senate decides impeachment cases . A two - thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office . The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature . A Congress covers two years ; the current one , the 115th Congress , began on January 3 , 2017 , and will end on January 3 , 2019 . The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd - numbered year . Members of the Senate are referred to as senators ; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives , congresswomen , or congressmen . Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the `` historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom '' and insisted it was a `` driving force in American government '' and a `` remarkably resilient institution '' . Congress is the `` heart and soul of our democracy '' , according to this view , even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that `` legislators remain ghosts in America 's historical imagination '' . One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure . Several academics described Congress : Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses . It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies , our ethnic , religious , and racial diversity , our multitude of professions , and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values . Congress is the government 's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day . -- Smith , Roberts , and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux . In recent times , the American south and west have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more minorities and women although both groups are still underrepresented , according to one view . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change , the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so - called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap : local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state 's at - large representation to the federal government by senators . Most incumbents seek re-election , and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent . The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives , which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Congress The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America . On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the `` United States of America '' . The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions . Congress had executive but not legislative authority , and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes , regulate commerce , or enforce laws . George Washington presiding over the signing of the United States Constitution . Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two -- chamber or bicameral congress . Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state . The two - chamber structure had functioned well in state governments . A compromise plan was adopted with representatives chosen by population ( benefiting larger states ) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments ( benefiting smaller states ) . The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual was subjected to both the power of state government and the national government . To protect against abuse of power , each branch of government -- executive , legislative , and judicial -- had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore , there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers . The new government became active in 1789 . Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) . 1780s -- 1820s : formative era ( edit ) Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced , surprising the Constitution 's Founding Fathers of the United States . With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted . Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790 -- 91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic - Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Democrat Party and began the era of the First Party System . Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties in 1800 . John Marshall , 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation . 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era ( edit ) These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties . The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority , but weakened the power of states rights . The Gilded Age ( 1877 -- 1901 ) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress . During this time , lobbying activity became more intense , particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool . Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace . The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform ; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics . The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men . 1910s -- 1960s : committee era ( edit ) United States Congress meeting , c. 1915 A system of seniority -- in which long - time Members of Congress gained more and more power -- encouraged politicians of both parties to serve for long terms . Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s . Important structural changes included the direct election of senators by popular election according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in April 8 , 1913 , with positive effects ( senators more sensitive to public opinion ) and negative effects ( undermining the authority of state governments ) . Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution 's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy . One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate . Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability . The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 . 1970s -- present : contemporary era ( edit ) Historical graph of party control of the Senate , House , and Presidency . Since 1980 , the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms , but because of the Senate filibuster , have only been able to freely legislate in two years . The Republicans have been similarly disabled . Congress enacted Johnson 's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger . The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups ; the scandal `` substantially reshaped '' relations between the branches of government , suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned , particularly after 1994 ; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority . Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions . While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates , the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates . Reforms such as the 2002 McCain - Feingold act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions . One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the `` influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs '' instead `` legitimized PACs '' since they `` enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates '' . From 1974 to 1984 , PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress . In 2009 , there were 4,600 business , labor and special - interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008 , 175 members of Congress received `` half or more of their campaign cash '' from PACs . From 1970 to 2009 , the House expanded delegates , along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas , beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico 's Resident Commissioner in 1970 . In 1971 , a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized , and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. 1978 saw an additional delegate for American Samoa , and another for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009 . These six Members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions , and in recent congresses they vote in permanent and select committees , in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate . They have Capitol Hill offices , staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies . While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes , recent Congresses have not allowed for that , and they can not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . In the late 20th century , the media became more important in Congress 's work . Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused `` more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions '' . Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress , and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage . Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty - second soundbite . A report characterized Congress in 2013 as being unproductive , gridlocked , and `` setting records for futility '' . In October 2013 , with Congress unable to compromise , the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments , causing 60 % of the public to say they would `` fire every member of Congress '' including their own representative . One report suggested Congress posed the `` biggest risk to the US economy '' because of its brinksmanship , `` down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises '' and `` indiscriminate spending cuts '' , resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed . There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress , with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5 % in October 2013 . Congress in the United States government ( edit ) Powers of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress Overview of congressional power ( edit ) Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and printing currency . Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress . Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure . Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws , and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers . Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have , and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state , some of which may only be granted by Congress . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to `` lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States '' . There is vast authority over budgets , although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress 's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since `` entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress 's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm '' . Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds , and this power of the purse is one of Congress 's primary checks on the executive branch . Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority , although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard ( CV - 31 ) . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's constitutionally defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval . In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a `` police action '' . According to Time magazine in 1970 , `` U.S. presidents ( had ) ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times . '' In 1993 , Michael Kinsley wrote that `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congress 's war power ) began after World War II . '' Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . '' Congress can establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . Congress oversees other government branches , for example , the Senate Watergate Committee , investigating President Nixon and Watergate , in 1973 -- 74 . One of Congress 's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress 's subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions . Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection . Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president , federal judges and other federal officers . There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress . So - called signing statements are one way in which a president can `` tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch , '' according to one account . Past presidents , including Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it , and commentators including the American Bar Association have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution . There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress . In 2008 , George F. Will called the Capitol building a `` tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters . '' Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress 's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . Territorial government ( edit ) Main article : Territories of the United States Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington , D.C. , the federal district and national capital and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress . The republican form of government in territories is devolved by Congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors , the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures . Each territory and Washington , D.C. elect a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout Congressional history . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They are assigned offices and allowances for staff , participate in debate , and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . Washington , D.C. citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States , although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories . Checks and balances ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court View of the United States Capitol from the United States Supreme Court building . Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government : To me the key to understanding it is balance . The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other -- balancing powers among the three branches : Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court ; between the House of Representatives and the Senate ; between the federal government and the states ; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests ; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens , as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other . The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government . Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One . The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach both executive and judicial officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official . The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official ; however , a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this ; however , a convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . Only two presidents have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials , judges , and other high officers `` by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate . '' It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore , treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result , presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote ; for example , President Obama 's secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials , other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president ; in such a case , a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president 's nomination of a vice president . In 1803 , the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding , however , that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review ; however , the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example , mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should , might or could have said . Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially . In 1857 , for example , the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision . At the same time , the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation , to test the effectiveness of laws already passed , and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches . Committees may hold hearings , and , if necessary , compel individuals to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate by issuing subpoenas . Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public ( the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception ) ; important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards . Congress , in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters , generates an incredible amount of information in various forms , and can be described as a publisher . Indeed , it publishes House and Senate reports and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats . Congress also plays a role in presidential elections . Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes , and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority . The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws , most of which are contained in the United States Code , arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws `` in a concise and usable form '' . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Congress Congress is split into two chambers -- House and Senate -- and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas . Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees . Further , Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information , and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well . In addition , a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests . Committees ( edit ) Play media Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress . Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia Main article : United States congressional committee Specializations ( edit ) The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely . It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress . As time goes by , members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects . Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade - offs . The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member 's constituency , important regional issues , prior background and experience . Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap . Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation ; for example , the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs . Power ( edit ) Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer ( edit ) At the start of each two - year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party 's leader . In the Senate , the Vice President is the ex officio president of the Senate . In addition , the Senate elects an officer called the President pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate 's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there 's a change in party control . Accordingly , the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress . In both the House and Senate , the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber . Support services ( edit ) Library of Congress ( edit ) Library of Congress Jefferson Building Main article : Library of Congress The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800 . It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites : the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington , D.C. ; the National Audio - Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia ; a large book storage facility located at Ft . Meade , Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices . The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812 , but the library 's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library . One of the Library 's missions is to serve the Congress and its staff as well as the American public . It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books , films , maps , photographs , music , manuscripts , graphics , and materials in 470 languages . Congressional Research Service ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service provides detailed , up - to - date and non-partisan research for senators , representatives , and their staff to help them carry out their official duties . It provides ideas for legislation , helps members analyze a bill , facilitates public hearings , makes reports , consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure , and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements . It has been called the `` House 's think tank '' and has a staff of about 900 employees . Congressional budget office ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office or CBO is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress . It was created as an independent nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process . It makes projections about such matters as the national debt as well as likely costs of legislation . It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate 's Appropriations Committee . The Speaker of the House and the Senate 's President pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO Director for a four - year term . Lobbyists ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Main article : Lobbying in the United States Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients ' needs . Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills . In 2007 , there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington . They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations . Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested . United States Capitol Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol Police Partisanship versus bipartisanship ( edit ) Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties known as bipartisanship and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship as is the case today . It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible . Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution . Procedures of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States Congress Sessions ( edit ) A term of Congress is divided into two `` sessions '' , one for each year ; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently . The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house . Joint sessions ( edit ) Main article : Joint session of the United States Congress Joint Sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate . These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president 's State of the Union address . The constitutionally - mandated report , normally given as an annual speech , is modeled on Britain 's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913 . Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House except when counting presidential electoral votes when the Vice President ( acting as the President of the Senate ) presides . Bills and resolutions ( edit ) See also : Act of Congress and List of United States federal legislation An Act of Congress from 1960 . The House Financial Services committee meets . Committee members sit in the tiers of raised chairs , while those testifying and audience members sit below . Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms : Bills are laws in the making . A House - originated bill begins with the letters `` H.R. '' for `` House of Representatives '' , followed by a number kept as it progresses . Joint resolutions . There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly ; a joint resolution originating from the House , for example , begins `` H.J. Res . '' followed by its number . Concurrent Resolutions affect only both the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president for approval later . In the House , they begin with `` H. Con. Res . '' Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with `` H. Res . '' or `` S. Res . '' Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk 's desk . It 's assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage . Drafting statutes requires `` great skill , knowledge , and experience '' and sometimes take a year or more . Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction . Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war . On the other hand , concurrent resolutions ( passed by both houses ) and simple resolutions ( passed by only one house ) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives . '' While the Senate can not originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has power to amend or reject them . Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels . Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law . In the House , a Rules Committee guides legislation ; in the Senate , a Standing Rules committee is in charge . Each branch has its own traditions ; for example , the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting `` unanimous consent '' for noncontroversial matters . House and Senate rules can be complex , sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before becoming a law . Members sometimes use experts such as Walter Oleszek , a senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service , to learn about proper procedures . Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations . The House has twenty standing committees ; the Senate has sixteen . Standing committees meet at least once each month . Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes , publicly , to close the meeting . A committee might call for public hearings on important bills . Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party . Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill . Then , a bill may go to what 's called a mark - up session where committee members debate the bill 's merits and may offer amendments or revisions . Committees may also amend the bill , but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments . After debate , the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house . If a bill is tabled then it is rejected . If amendments are extensive , sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so - called clean bill with a new number . Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used . Generally , members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power . A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex and begins with an enacting formula such as `` Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled . '' Consideration of a bill requires , itself , a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate -- time limits , possibility of further amendments , and such . Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak . Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it . Generally , discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives , before discussion can begin , although there are exceptions . The house may debate and amend the bill ; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ . A final vote on the bill follows . Once a bill is approved by one house , it is sent to the other which may pass , reject , or amend it . For the bill to become law , both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill . If the second house amends the bill , then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills . Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay - as - you - go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts which increase budget deficits . If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee , the bill passes , otherwise it fails . The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house . However , the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary . Since representatives and senators who are present rarely demand quorum calls , debate often continues despite the lack of a majority . Voting within Congress can take many forms , including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting . Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout `` aye '' or `` no '' and the presiding officer announces the result . The Constitution , however , requires a recorded vote if demanded by one - fifth of the members present . If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial , a recorded vote usually happens . The Senate uses roll - call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators , each senator stating `` aye '' or `` no '' when their name is announced . In the Senate , the vice president may cast the tie - breaking vote if present . The House reserves roll - call votes for the most formal matters , as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time ; normally , members vote by using an electronic device . In the case of a tie , the motion in question fails . Most votes in the House are done electronically , allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose ; in addition , paper ballots are used on some occasions -- yea indicated by green and nay by red . One member can not cast a proxy vote for another . Congressional votes are recorded on an online database . After passage by both houses , a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval . The president may sign it making it law or veto it , perhaps returning it to Congress with their objections . A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two - thirds majority . Finally , the president may do nothing -- neither signing nor vetoing the bill -- and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days ( not counting Sundays ) according to the Constitution . But if Congress is adjourned during this period , presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it ; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and can not be overridden by the adjourned Congress . Congress and the public ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress and citizens Advantage of incumbency ( edit ) Citizens and Representatives ( edit ) Senators face reelection every six years , and representatives every two . Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts . Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund - raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing , according to some critics although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters . In this example , the more even distribution is on the left and the gerrymandering is presented on the right . Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive campaigns ( edit ) In 1971 , the cost of running for congress in Utah was $70,000 but costs have climbed . The biggest expense is television ads . Today 's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat , and six million or more for a Senate seat . Since fundraising is vital , `` members of Congress are forced to spend ever - increasing hours raising money for their re-election . '' Nevertheless , the Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue . Some see money as a good influence in politics since it `` enables candidates to communicate with voters . '' Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection . Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens . Elections are influenced by many variables . Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect ( when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by `` riding on the president 's coattails '' ) , although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s . Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected , and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising . But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent . If a seat becomes vacant in an open district , then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races ; in California in 1992 , only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive . Television and negative advertising ( edit ) Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television , this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent 's character without focusing on the issues . Negative advertising is seen as effective because `` the messages tend to stick . '' However , these ads sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame . One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election , which leads to a culture of risk avoidance , a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors , and concentrating publicity efforts in the members ' home districts . Public perceptions of Congress ( edit ) The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives . Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty , and that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential and that `` frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured . '' In 2009 , however , few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress . The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did , in fact , vote was 63 % in 1960 , but has been falling since , although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election . Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have , in the last few decades , hovered around 25 % with some variation . Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the `` size , messiness , virtues , and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency , Congress is difficult to conceptualize . '' Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism , `` Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources '' and that most members behave ethically . They contend that `` Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend '' and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress , which is an `` old form of American politics '' that further undermines Congress 's reputation with the public : The rough - and - tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil , human frailties too often taint its membership , and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still , we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy . We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society , conducted a public debate on the major issues , found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully , and limited the power of our executive , military , and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public 's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike -- it often generates political posturing and grandstanding , it necessarily involves compromise , and it often leaves broken promises in its trail . Also , members of Congress often appear self - serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial . Scandals , even when they involve a single member , add to the public 's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution 's low ratings in opinion polls. -- Smith , Roberts & Wielen An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science , engineering and economics . As a result , Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch . Since 2006 , Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9 % having `` a great deal '' or `` quite a lot '' of confidence in their legislators . Since 2011 , Gallup poll has reported Congress 's approval rating among Americans at 10 % or below three times . Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5 % in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed ' nonessential government ' shut down . Smaller States and bigger States ( edit ) When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance . Members and constituents ( edit ) A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . Constituents request assistance with problems . Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races . Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies . One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . Congressional style ( edit ) One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation : Reelection . These are lawmakers who `` never met a voter they did n't like '' and provide excellent constituent services . Good public policy . Legislators who `` burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership . '' Power in the chamber . Lawmakers who spend serious time along the `` rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues . '' Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an `` issue entrepreneur '' who looked for issues to serve his ambitions . Privileges and pay ( edit ) Privileges protecting members ( edit ) Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace and freedom of speech in debate . This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions . The term arrest has been interpreted broadly , and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege ; a member may not waive the privilege on their own , but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so . Senate rules , however , are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose . The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress . Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation -- the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case . If convicted in court , an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year . The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense . Though they are not permitted to send election materials , borderline material is often sent , especially in the run - up to an election by those in close races . Indeed , some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers . Pay and Benefits ( edit ) See also : Salaries of members of the United States Congress From 1789 to 1815 , members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session . Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817 , then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855 ; since then they have received an annual salary , first pegged in 1855 at $3,000 . In 1907 , salaries were raised to $7,500 per year , the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010 . In 2006 , members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200 . Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year . The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually . The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500 , equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate . Privileges include having an office and paid staff . In 2008 , non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually . Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women . Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . Another criticism is that members of Congress have access to free or low - cost medical care in the Washington D.C. area . The petition , `` Remove health - care subsidies for Members of Congress and their families '' , has already gathered over 1,076,000 signatures on the website Change.org . In January 2014 , it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires . Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute . Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress . Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving -- -- that Congress was a `` Farm League for K Street '' -- -- instead of on public service . Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) . Like other federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants ' contributions . Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . And like Federal employees , members contribute one - third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two - thirds . The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary . By law , the starting amount of a member 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Members of Congress make fact - finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed , but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing . For example , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas , $300 - per - night extra unused rooms , and shopping excursions . Lawmakers respond that `` traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington '' and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations . See also ( edit ) Caucuses of the United States Congress Elections in the United States § Congressional elections Current members of the United States House of Representatives Current members of the United States Senate List of United States Congresses Lobbying in the United States 115th United States Congress Oath of office § United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Term limits in the United States United States Congressional Baseball Game United States congressional hearing United States presidents and control of congress United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee H. Hamilton ( 2004 ) . How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34425 - 5 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Joanne Barrie Freeman , Jack N. Rakove , Alan Taylor ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Bacon Jr . ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Post Politics Hour : Weekend Review and a Look Ahead '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Archives of the United States Senate '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation '' . * Pauline Maier ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Collier ( 1986 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ James Madison ( 1787 ) . `` James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 -- Engendering a National Government '' . The Library of Congress -- American memory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : New Jersey '' . The Charters of Freedom . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Vetoes '' . Time . March 9 , 1931 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 362 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Founding Fathers via FindLaw ( 1787 ) . `` U.S. Constitution : Article I ( section 8 paragraph 3 ) -- Article Text -- Annotations '' . FindLaw . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` The Convention Timeline '' . U.S. Constitution Online . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eric Patashnik , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaret S. Thompson , The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth S. Clemens , The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : 72nd Made '' . Time . November 17 , 1930 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Democratic Senate '' . Time . November 14 , 1932 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICAL NOTES : Democratic Drift '' . Time . November 16 , 1936 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONGRESS : The 76th '' . Time . November 21 , 1938 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE VICE PRESIDENCY : Undeclared War '' . Time . March 20 , 1939 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRESS : New Houses '' . Time . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Finance : Turn of the Tide '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Congress : Effort toward Efficiency '' . Time . May 21 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES '' . Time . November 15 , 1954 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Ahead of the Wind '' . Time . November 17 , 1958 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Schulman ( author ) , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 638 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE HOUSE : New Faces and New Strains '' . Time . November 18 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( March 30 , 2004 ) . `` Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Tifft ; Richard Homik ; Hays Corey ( August 20 , 1984 ) . `` Taking an Ax to the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ADAM CLYMER ( October 29 , 1992 ) . `` Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey H. Birnbaum ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Cohen ( August 12 , 1990 ) . `` PAC Paranoia : Congress Faces Campaign Spending -- Politics : Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Evan Thomas , other bureaus ( October 25 , 1982 ) . `` Running with the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John Fritze ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` PACs spent record $416 M on federal election '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas Frank ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff & Dina Fine Maron ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Congress -- Follow the Bailout Cash '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( February 14 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Finance ; Problems in the PAC 's : Study Finds Frustration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Betsy . Delegates to the U.S. Congress : history and current status , Congressional Research Service ; U.S. House of Representatives , `` The House Explained '' , viewed January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Michael Schudson ( author ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Murray , NBC News , June 30 , 2013 , Unproductive Congress : How stalemates became the norm in Washington DC . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress ... they would ... '' Jump up ^ Andy Sullivan of Reuters , NBC News , October 17 , 2013 , Washington : the biggest risk to US economy . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 , `` ... the biggest risk to the world 's largest economy may be its own elected representatives ... Down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises , indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16 - day government shutdown ... '' Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' ^ Jump up to : Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( 2013 ) . American Epic : Reading the U.S. Constitution . New York : Oxford . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938971 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Patashnik ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 671 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Zernike ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` References about congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . June 29 , 1950 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The proceedings of congress. ; senate '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell & Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Cantor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lee ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Froomkin ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Playing by the Rules '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Undercuts Whistle - Blowers , Senator Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum & David Cho ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George F. Will -- op - ed columnist ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. Leslie Kincaid ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` To Make the Militia a National Force : The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy E. Barnett ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The ' United States ' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local ' Administrative Center ' , with ' Short form names ' , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important ... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government . '' -- Hon . John Charles Thomas ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Susan Sachs ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Impeachment : The Past ; Johnson 's Trial : 2 Bitter Months for a Still - Torn Nation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Richard ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kings in the White House '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Wolfson ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way '' . Center For Individual Freedom . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1851 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank Askin ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ben 's Guide to US Government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Hearings : About '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Reports : Main Page '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 112th Congress , 1st session ( 2011 ) . `` Tying It All Together : Learn about the Legislative Process '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ English , p. 46 Jump up ^ Schiller , Wendy J. ( 2000 ) . Partners and Rivals : Representation in U.S. Senate Delegations . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04887 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Committees '' . U.S. Senate . 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Committee Types and Roles , Congressional Research Service , April 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` General Information - Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- About CBO '' . Cbo.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9781139446990 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partnership for Public Service ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Walter Oleszek : A Hill Staffer 's Guide to Congressional History and Habit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLACKS : Confronting the President '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News from Washington '' . The New York Times . December 3 , 1861 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Congress -- Votes Database -- Members of Congress / Robert Byrd '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Califano Jr . ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` PAC 's Remain a Pox '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Kalish ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` GOP exits to cost party millions '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Page ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` 5 keys to who will control Congress : How immigration , gas , Medicare , Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a more democratic Congress ? Our imperfect democratic constitution : the critics examined '' . Boston University Law Review . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Essay : Campaign Costs : Floor , Not Ceiling '' . Time . May 17 , 1971 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Borst , Associated Press ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Froomkin ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Campaign Finance -- Introduction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Evan ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` At What Cost ? -- Sen. John Warner and Congress 's money culture '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . Jean Merl ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman , Kuykendall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Shanto Iyengar -- Director , Political Communications Lab , Stanford University ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Election 2008 : The Advertising '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dave Lesher ( September 12 , 1994 ) . `` COLUMN ONE -- TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune -- Once obscure , Huffington now is pressing Feinstein . His well - financed rapid - response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Howard Kurtz ( October 28 , 1998 ) . `` Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Oliphant ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' 08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion . Is it worth it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act '' . Reuters . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Balzar ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress : An Idea on the March '' . Time . January 11 , 1963 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decision ' 92 -- SPECIAL VOTERS ' GUIDE TO STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RACES '' . Los Angeles Times . October 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about prevalence of attack ads '' . Brooks Jackson & Justin Bank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Radio , Radio -- New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead - up to the 2010 midterm elections do n't tell the whole story '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Fredreka Schouten ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Ruth Marcus ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Attack Ads You 'll Be Seeing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Chris Cillizza ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ads , Ads Everywhere ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . SAMANTHA GROSS Associated Press ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Coming Soon : Personalized Campaign Ads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` CAMPAIGN ON TELEVISION People May Dislike Attack Ads , but the Messages Tend to Stick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hamilton or James Madison ( February 8 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Paper No. 52 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Peterson ( October 21 , 1996 ) . `` Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Maki Becker ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Informed Opinions on Today 's Topics -- Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Daniel Brumberg ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Re-emerging Democracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Karen Tumulty ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Janet Hook ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` As U.S. Economy Flows , Voter Vitriol Ebbs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress gets $4,100 pay raise '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallup Poll / Newsweek ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Congress and the Public : Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend ( 1974 -- present ) '' . The Gallup Organization . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about low approval ratings '' . `` Congress ' Approval Rating Jumps to 31 % '' . Gallup . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . John Whitesides ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Bush , Congress at record low ratings : Reuters poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Seung Min Kim ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Congress ' job approval at 31 % '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ interview by David Schimke ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Politics In , Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. xiv -- xv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , Jim ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Americans ' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise '' . Connecticut Judicial Branch : Law Libraries . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass R. Sunstein ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` It Could Be Worse '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reviewed by Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` OUR UNDEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION : WHERE THE CONSTITUTION GOES WRONG ( AND HOW WE THE PEOPLE CAN CORRECT IT ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson ( 2006 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution '' . p. 60 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Labunski interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles L. Clapp , The Congressman , His Work as He Sees It ( Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1963 ) , p. 55 ; cf . pp. 50 -- 55 , 64 -- 66 , 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 ( September 3 , 1977 ) : 1855 . English , op . cit. , pp. 48 -- 49 , notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district , and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state . Jump up ^ Robert Preer ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Malloy ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Incumbents battle association with stimulus , Obama '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Gardner ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Wolf 's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William T. Blanco , editor ( 2000 ) . `` Congress on display , Congress at work '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08711 - 8 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Simpson , G.R. ( October 22 , 1992 ) . `` Surprise ! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 79 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Salaries since 1789 . United States Senate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Legislative , Executive , and Judicial Officials ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lui , Kevin ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures '' . Time Magazine . Washington D.C . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Raise -- Congressional Pay -- special report '' . The Washington Post . 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lessig , Lawrence ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lessig , Lawrence ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 30 : 13 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade column : Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care ? '' . New York , NY : Parade . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , February 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brody Mullins & T.W. Farnam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Travels More , Public Pays : Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer - Financed Journeys ; Five Days in Scotland '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Other notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The two independent senators formally caucus with the Democratic Party . References ( edit ) `` How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System , A Plea -- And A Plan -- To Reform Campaign Finance Before It 's Too '' . NEWSWEEK . October 28 , 1996 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Bacon , Donald C. ; Davidson , Roger H. ; Keller , Morton , editors ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( 4 vols . ) . Simon & Schuster . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Collier , Christopher & Collier , James Lincoln ( 1986 ) . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52346 - 6 . Davidson , Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek ( 2006 ) . Congress and Its Members ( 10th ed . ) . Congressional Quarterly ( CQ ) Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 325 - 7 . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) English , Ross M. ( 2003 ) . The United States Congress . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6309 - 4 . Francis - Smith , Janice ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoma City Journal Record . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Herrnson , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Elections : Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 826 - 1 . Huckabee , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge , New York : Novinka Books , an imprint of Nova Science Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 509 - 0 . Huckabee , David C. -- Analyst in American National Government -- Government Division ( March 8 , 1995 ) . `` Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790 -- 1990 Summary ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service -- The Library of Congress . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Maier , Pauline ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 477 - 6 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Price , David E. ( 2000 ) . The Congressional Experience . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1157 - 8 . Struble , Robert , Jr. ( 2007 ) . chapter seven , Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Baker , Ross K. ( 2000 ) . House and Senate , 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton . ( Procedural , historical , and other information about both houses ) Barone , Michael and Richard E. Cohen . The Almanac of American Politics , 2006 ( 2005 ) , elaborate detail on every district and member ; 1920 pages Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress ( Term of congress ) Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . ( Legislative procedure ) Bianco , William T. ( 2000 ) Congress on Display , Congress at Work , University of Michigan Press . Hamilton , Lee H. ( 2004 ) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press . Herrick , Rebekah ( 2001 ) . `` Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives '' . Women and Politics . 23 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1300 / J014v23n04_04 . Hunt , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom '' . OAH Magazine of History . 12 ( Summer ) : 34 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 12.4. 34 . Imbornoni , Ann - Marie , David Johnson , and Elissa Haney . ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Firsts by American Women . '' Infoplease . Lee , Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer . ( 1999 ) . Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . ( Equal representation in the Senate ) Rimmerman , Craig A. ( 1990 ) . `` Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making . '' Political Science Teacher , 3 ( Winter ) : 16 -- 18 . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . ( History , representation , and legislative procedure ) Smith , Steven S. , Jason M. Roberts , and Ryan Vander Wielen ( 2007 ) . The American Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 19704 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) Story , Joseph . ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . ( 2 vols ) . Boston : Brown & Little . ( History , constitution , and general legislative procedure ) Tarr , David R. and Ann O'Connor . Congress A to Z ( CQ Congressional Quarterly ) ( 4th 2003 ) 605pp Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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-3151034892692981801	GEICO advertising campaigns	GEICO advertising campaigns - wikipedia GEICO advertising campaigns Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GEICO advertising campaigns are known for using surreal humor and satire , often featuring distinctive characters such as the company 's mascot , the GEICO gecko . The advertising strategy incorporates a saturation - level amount of print ( primarily mail circulars ) and television parody advertisements , as well as radio advertisements . A common line used by GEICO is `` 15 minutes could save you 15 % or more on car insurance . '' Investor Warren Buffett , chairman and CEO of GEICO parent Berkshire Hathaway , has stated that he would spend $2 billion on GEICO ads if he could , approximately double the spending in 2012 , which was $1.1 billion , over twice that of second place Progressive Corporation , with 6.8 % of premiums going into commercials . In 2016 , GEICO was the top spending brand in the United States , with over $1.4 billion in advertising , ousting second place Verizon and previous leader AT&T . However , this is offset by not paying agents commissions , since GEICO uses a direct to consumer model . This has resulted in GEICO being the second largest auto insurer in the United States ( behind State Farm ) . Many of the most prominent TV ad campaigns , such as the GEICO Gecko , the GEICO Cavemen , the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone , Maxwell the Pig , and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by The Martin Agency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Animated advertisements 2 The Gecko 3 Maxwell the pig 4 Cavemen 5 Parodies 6 `` I 've got good news '' 7 Bland salesman 8 `` Real service , real savings '' 9 My Great Rides 10 GEICO Racing 11 TRS : The Real Scoop 12 `` The money you could be saving '' 13 Rhetorical question campaign 13.1 Television 13.2 Radio 14 Short Stories and Tall Tales 15 Xtranormal 16 `` Easier Way to Save '' 16.1 Television 16.2 Radio commercials 17 `` Brighter side '' 18 `` Get Happy , Get GEICO '' 19 Museum of Modern Insurance 20 `` Did You Know ? '' 21 `` It 's what you do '' 22 `` Unskippable '' freeze frames 23 Fast Forward 24 Surprising 24.1 TV 24.2 Radio 25 Great Answer 25.1 Radio 26 Take a Closer Look 27 You Had One Job 28 Expect more 29 We Interrupt Your Life 30 Count on GEICO 31 A GEICO Commercial ? 32 References 33 External Links Animated advertisements ( edit ) Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the `` Dumb Things '' campaign . The 15 - second long commercials , animated by Bill Plympton , featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object . One of the commercials , for example , involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button , causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face . The original saying in the commercial was `` You could still save money on car insurance . Even if you made a few mistakes . '' ; later modified to `` We all do dumb things . Paying too much for car insurance does n't have to be one of them . '' The Gecko ( edit ) The company 's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot , The Gecko , an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency , modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore . The gecko first appeared in 1999 , during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors . The original commercial features the Gecko , voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer , who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters `` This is my final plea : I am a gecko , not to be confused with GEICO , which could save you hundreds on car insurance . So , STOP CALLING ME ! '' , before licking his eye . Later `` wrong number '' ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko . In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood ( which portray him as a representative of the company ) , the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent , because it would be unexpected , according to Martin Agency 's Steve Bassett . In 2010s commercials , the gecko 's accent is more working - class , perhaps in an effort to further `` humanize '' him . `` As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better , we did a few things , '' says Steve Bassett , creative director at The Martin Agency . `` We wanted to make him a little more guy - next - door . And he looks a lot more real than he 's looked before . '' Chelsea Clinton , daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then - Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton , interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013 . He had since became GEICO 's longest - running mascot , appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017 . Maxwell the pig ( edit ) Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements . Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the `` little piggy who cried ' wee wee wee ' all the way home '' ( referencing the famous nursery rhyme `` This Little Piggy '' ) being driven home by a friend 's mother , squealing along the way . While Maxwell was originally intended as a one - time character , the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech - savvy , informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO - related objects . Cavemen ( edit ) Main article : GEICO Cavemen A popular series of well - received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen . Also developed by the Martin Agency , the ads center on Neanderthal - like cavemen , no different from modern - day individuals ( outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features ) , encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline `` GEICO : so easy a caveman could do it , '' followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity . The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day , behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman . The main characters presented in the ads are affluent , educated , and cultured , eating at fancy restaurants , going to exclusive parties , and seeing their therapists ( portrayed in the commercials by two - time Oscar - nominated actress Talia Shire ) . The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen 's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads , and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype . The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at Caveman 's Crib and most recently , iHeartcavemen . A spin - off TV series , titled Cavemen and starring new actors , debuted on ABC in October 2007 to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction . It was canceled after only six episodes were aired . Parodies ( edit ) Another common theme is misdirection , in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product ( or , in fact , may not even be a commercial ) , suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO . The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer , Chatty Cathy , Jed Clampett , and Bill Dutchess . Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO , a nature show about a fish , workout with Tony Little , and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up . Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called `` Tiny House '' in which contestants were forced to live in a half - scale house . An additional commercial theme is the promotion of fictional products . In 2006 parody ads featured such products as long distance phone service , tomato soda , fast - food , a reality TV show , dolls , and even poking fun at the Old Navy commercials -- in all cases , the parody portion of the ad ends with `` but it wo n't save you any money on car insurance . '' After the GEICO slogan is heard , the commercials end with `` Why have n't you called GEICO ? '' Including Wonder Glue . The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007 , in a 10 - second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview , but features the popular caveman . In response to some of the parody ads , Seth Green and Matthew Senreich wrote a sketch using the character C in a parody of one of the celebrity ads for their second Robot Chicken Star Wars special . MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo ( who was performed by Frank Caeti ) and Carlos Mencia ( who was played by Johnny Sanchez ) . Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies , calling the company , `` Schmeiko '' , while performing a series of impressions . `` I 've got good news '' ( edit ) In another ad campaign , a character would be breaking bad news to another ( such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever ) , but then offers helpfully , `` I 've got good news : I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO ! '' That news , of course , is of no immediate use at all to the other character ( s ) . Some of the ads were parodies and / or featured celebrities including , for example , Esteban ; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer . The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular . One of the most watched `` I 've got good news '' spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel . Bland salesman ( edit ) In another series of ads , a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way , parodying the stereotype of an insurance man , such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance , watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch , relaxing on a hot tub with a couple , and a flashback about `` Honk If You Like '' . In one segment , he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be `` da bomb '' ( i.e. , something good ) , if the Gecko would do a dance called `` The Robot '' . Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully ( to the tune of a not - for - public - sale melody called `` Sweet World '' by a group called Omega Men , which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2 ) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance , seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would . The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman , in order to present a more professional appearance , but he declines . `` Real service , real savings '' ( edit ) In this campaign , a real GEICO customer would present his / her testimonials , while a celebrity standing next to , or behind , the customer uses his / her signature styles to help get the customer 's word across . Some of these celebrities included : Peter Graves ( 1926 -- 2010 ) Peter Frampton Burt Bacharach Little Richard Mrs. Butterworth Joan Rivers ( 1933 -- 2014 ) The Pips ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Charo James Lipton Michael Winslow Verne Troyer Don LaFontaine ( 1940 -- 2008 ) The slogan exclusive to this campaign is `` GEICO : Real service , real savings '' . My Great Rides ( edit ) In 2007 , GEICO also launched a social networking site , My Great Rides , for motorcycle owners . My Great Rides is a place for cycle owners to share stories about trips they have taken on their bikes , as well as post pictures of their motorcycles , and comment on other members ' stories and pictures . My Great Rides was taken down on 27 February 2012 . GEICO racing ( edit ) The number 7 car of the NASCAR Nationwide Series is driven by Mike Wallace and was sponsored by GEICO prior to 2009 . Commercials involving the race team are of a memorably disdainful young boy , played by actor Eddie Heffernan claiming to be a relative of Mike Wallace and being a better driver . The boy says , `` When people see Mike Wallace and the GEICO number 7 doing well , they 'll think of saving a bunch of money on car insurance . But when they see me , they 'll say , ' There goes Lauren Wallace ; the greatest thing to ever climb into a race car . ' '' The commercials are sometimes presented in an interview fashion , where an unseen narrator speaks to the ambitious go - kart driver . `` What do you think of Mike Wallace ? '' the child is asked , to which he responds , `` Whatever , he 's out there selling car insurance , I 'm out there to win . '' When questioned on his relation to the NASCAR driver , Lauren shakes his head and concludes , `` I did n't say I would n't go fishing with the man , all I 'm saying is if he comes near me , I 'll put him in the wall . '' To which the narrator questions him , `` You do n't race in the Busch Series . '' Lauren replies `` Listen , go - kart track , grocery store , those remote controlled boats ; when it comes to Mike Wallace the story ends with me putting him in the wall . '' New ads in this lineup include Lauren referring to himself as being , `` 100 miles away and ready to strike , '' and `` lightning in a bottle . '' The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at GEICO Garage . The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace , his daughter Chrissy Wallace , Speed TV 's Tommy Kendall , Paul Tracy , Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis . Trs : the real scoop ( edit ) Introduced in 2 August 2007 , this series of ads features an E ! True Hollywood Story - type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone , Jed Clampett , and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars ( the Flintmobile , Jed 's 1923 Oldsmobile truck , and a Plymouth Reliant / Dodge Aries , respectively ) insured by GEICO , featuring interviews with made - up investigators ( however , the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview ) . These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien . `` The money You could be saving '' ( edit ) Starting in 2008 , GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper - banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big , googly eyes on top . Kash , who never says anything , just sits and stares at people ( in a manner intended to be unsettling ) , set to a remix of a Rockwell / Michael Jackson song , `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' by Mysto & Pizzi . Rhetorical question campaign ( edit ) Toward the end of 2009 until mid 2012 , GEICO introduced another advertising campaign in which Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and queries the viewer , `` Could switching to GEICO really save you 15 % or more on car insurance ? '' After this , he pauses and then asks a rhetorical and / or obvious question which is immediately followed by a scene cut to the subject at hand . Such questions have included ( in no particular order ) : Television ( edit ) Is Ed `` Too Tall '' Jones too tall ? : ( Cuts to Jones in a doctor 's office being measured for his height , even though he is too tall for the maximum length of the measure . The nurse then says , `` I 'm just gon na guesstimate . '' ) Does Charlie Daniels play a mean fiddle ? : ( Cuts to Daniels energetically playing a fiddle in a classy restaurant after taking it from a violinist . Once he finishes , he hands it back and states `` That 's how you do it , son '' . ) Does Elmer Fudd have trouble with the letter R ? : ( Cuts to Elmer hunting and telling the audience to be `` vewy quiet '' while he 's `` hunting wabbits '' , the director correcting his rhotacism to the former 's frustration , and eventually stalking off the screen while muttering about how `` this diwector is starting to wub ( him ) the wong way '' . ) Did The Waltons take way too long to say good night ? : ( Cuts to the Walton family saying `` good night '' to each other numerous times . ) Does a ten - pound bag of flour make a really big biscuit ? : ( Cuts to a child buttering an enormous biscuit on the kitchen counter humming as his mom walks in with a dismayed look upon her face . ) Did the caveman invent fire ? : ( Cuts to the GEICO caveman sitting in a living room on a couch with a female companion . He looks disdainfully at the camera , then activates the fireplace by remote control before scowling at the camera once more . ) Was Abe Lincoln honest ? : ( Cuts to an old - style black and white film of Mary Todd Lincoln asking `` Does this dress make my backside look big ? '' After a lengthy pause and deliberation , Lincoln sheepishly responds , saying `` Perhaps a ... '' , interrupted as she gets up and walks out perturbed . ) Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to Johnson helping a man to his feet , the latter with a hole in the arm of his jacket , in a snowy street . After lamenting the heavily damaged garage door behind them , they agree to go sledding instead . ) Is a bird in the hand worth two in the bush ? : ( Cuts to an Antiques Roadshow appraiser examining a small statue of a human hand holding a bird . He tells the statue 's owner that it is indeed worth at least two in the bush . ) Can fútbol announcer Andrés Cantor make any sport exciting ? : ( Cuts to Cantor loudly and energetically calling a slow - paced chess match . When one player makes a move , he yells his trademark `` GOOAAALLL ! '' much to the players ' annoyance ) Does a former drill sergeant make a terrible therapist ? : ( Cuts to R. Lee Ermey talking to a man on a psychiatrist 's couch , then abruptly yelling at him for crying and then throws a box of tissues at him , calling him a crybaby . ) Do woodchucks chuck wood ? : ( Cuts to a jovial pair of woodchucks throwing chopped logs into a pond and being admonished by the farmer who chopped them . ) Did the little piggy cry ' wee wee wee ' all the way home ? ? ( Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels , yelling `` wee wee wee '' out the window , before being dropped off at his house by his friend 's exasperated mother . ) ( See section Maxwell the Pig ) Does it take two to tango ? : ( Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them . ) What , do you live under a rock ? : ( Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside , and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek . ) Does the buck stop here ? ; ( The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone , who then shrugs his shoulders . ) Do dogs chase cats ? : ( Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt - style car chase . ) Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator ? : ( Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities -- his ad - libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club . ) Is the pen mightier than the sword ? : ( Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent , who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser , with which he promptly dispatches the ninja . ) Do people use smartphones to do dumb things ? : ( Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek . ) Radio ( edit ) Would helium make opera sound less stuffy ? : ( Cuts to male opera singer singing in a deep voice , then inhaling helium , and continuing in a high - pitched voice . ) Do mimes make even less sense when you ca n't see them ? : ( Cuts to a narrator describing a mime pretending to be inside an invisible box . ) Is sneaking out of a really boring meeting while wearing tap shoes a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to a boring meeting with tap shoes in the background , until the boss catches on . ) Does a rolling stone gather no moss ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a boulder rolling through various things until it crashes to a stop , with McGlone then saying , `` No moss -- you 're gon na have to trust me on this one . '' ) Do only dogs hear dog whistles ? : ( Cuts to the sound of someone breathing in , then blowing in a dog whistle a few times , before being interrupted by several barking dogs . ) If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , does it make a noise ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a tree falling and crashing , with McGlone then saying , `` Yep . '' ) Is texting getting way out of hand ? : ( McGlone then begins to elaborate , but is interrupted and distracted by several incoming texts , ultimately responding to one message with `` LOL , UR my BFF . '' ) Short stories and tall Tales ( edit ) Starting in 2010 , there have been TV commercials in which a nursery rhyme , being read to the audience from an illustrated book entitled Short Stories and Tall Tales , turns into an ad for GEICO homeowner 's and renters insurance : In one , the cow who jumped over the moon crashes down through someone 's roof ; luckily , the owner was insured with GEICO . In another , Jack Be Nimble accidentally knocked over a candlestick onto the shagged carpeting and insured with GEICO because of his flaming pants , his new pants are bought from Banana Republic . In another , Baa Baa Black Sheep got three bags of wool taken and insured GEICO , but the hooligan down the lane is caught , selling the stolen goods online . In another , the Itsy Bitsy Spider 's home is flooded as a result of a clogged downspout , and his mattress is ruined ; thanks to GEICO , he now has a `` Sleep Number '' bed . His sleep number is 25 . Little Jack Horner sat in a corner on a department and insured GEICO with renters insurance , it turns out Little Jack Horner got his stomach pumped because of eating a 6 - month - old Christmas pie . Little Bo Peep accidentally broke into her apartment and got her sheep stolen . A burglar breaks into Little Miss Muffet 's house and steals her tuffets , which were fortunately insured . The burglar was later caught , given away by a whey stain . Goldilocks breaks into the home of the Three Bears , eats some porridge , breaks a chair , and steals their laptop . Thanks to GEICO insurance , the Bears are able to replace their things , including a new chair from Crate & Barrel . After his straw house is blown away by the Big Bad Wolf , the Little Pig is able to build a more elaborate straw house thanks to GEICO homeowner 's insurance . The Wolf then gets a job blowing at a wind farm . Hansel and Gretel broke outside the Gingerbread house and ate the whole roof , then GEICO Homeowners Insurance gets the roof covered for the witch . Hansel and Gretel are sent through the candy cane forest . An old woman who lived in a shoe buys groceries when burglars broke into her shoe and avoids stolen things with juice press for GEICO Homeowners Insurance , then gets a job for the Mountain Bike Juice Delivery Service . Mary and her lamb turned out her dress is ruined by an electrical fire and takes a hobby at Bloomingdale 's for her new dress and exclusively for little lambs after using GEICO Renters Insurance . Jack and Jill are about to fetch water from a well until an overflowing kitchen sink sprung a leak , and they use GEICO Homeowners Insurance , and they went to fetch lattes and almond milk instead of just water . Xtranormal ( edit ) Near the end of 2010 , a new advertising campaign began made up of amateurish computer animated advertisements , supposedly made in 15 minutes , created with the computer software program Xtranormal . `` Easier way to save '' ( edit ) Starting in the summer of 2011 , a new series of advertising involved people discovering unusual ways to save money . Television ( edit ) A couple teaching their 6 - year - old son how to dunk a basketball in order to help him get a scholarship , with him getting stuck on the basket . A dog and a cockatoo playing A-Ha 's `` Take on Me '' because their owner ca n't afford to keep downloading music . A sea captain living as a roommate , rehearsing `` Major - General 's Song . '' A woman turning her daughter 's pet fish into her husband 's meal . Robots hired in a daycare center because they `` work for free '' . Three guinea pigs rowing their boat to produce electricity for their owner 's computer . A couple adopting a black rescue panther who can protect their house . A man singing a personal ad to the tune of Bonnie Tyler 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' because dating websites cost too much money . Three middle school girls criticize on what the man is eating , only to watch his weight . A family forming their own theme park . Boy Scouts using paintball guns to decorate a couple 's living room . A man adopting a pet possum for his kids , as a cheaper alternative to a puppy . Radio commercials ( edit ) A man who tries to cut his wife 's hair , while she sleeps , instead of going to the hairstylist . A man who can only rely on toll - free numbers . A man consolidating his 5 daughters ' weddings into one day . A woman carpooling with her daughter 's school bus . An umpire who can not pay for his contacts , using the lost pair of eyeglasses he found . A man turning his bathroom shower into an amusement attraction , instead of taking his family to an amusement park . A man using carrier pigeons to send letters because of the high cost of postage stamps . A man who ca n't spend money on the Internet for his home , thus using his neighbor 's unprotected connection . A woman who is dreaming of being in Machu Picchu because she can not buy airline tickets . `` Brighter side '' ( edit ) This campaign shows two people in a sticky situation . One of them is not as worried as the other , explaining `` I 'm looking on the brighter side . I save over 15 % on my car insurance by switching to GEICO . '' Commercials from this campaign include : A magician feels guilty for sawing his assistant in half . A woman and her neighbor observe a fallen giant in the middle of her garden . Two fisherman are being abducted by aliens and fear what the aliens are going to do with them . Divers have been swallowed by a whale . `` Get happy , get GEICO '' ( edit ) From early - 2012 to early 2013 , GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie ( played by director / musician Alex Harvey ) and Jimmy ( played by actor / comedian Timothy Ryan Cole ) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous : Happier than Gallagher at a Farmer 's market : Gallagher runs amok at a farmer 's market , smashing watermelons with a huge mallet and laughing maniacally . Happier than a Bodybuilder Directing Traffic : A smiling bodybuilder is standing in an intersection and directing traffic while striking poses . This was the last commercial from the Get Happy , Get GEICO series to ever come on TV , having last aired on 19 March 2016 . Happier than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats : Christopher Columbus is shown on a speeding motoboat , accompanied by two other boats , while a crew member looks seasick . Happier than Eddie Money running a travel agency : A family is shown sitting in front of a desk in an office . An excited Eddie Money is then shown behind the desk holding airline tickets , where he begins singing ( a cappella ) , `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' while the family appears increasingly annoyed . Happier than a Witch at a Broom Factory : A witch is seen flying around on a broom inside of a broom factory . She lands and demands another broom from one of the employees and begins flying again , laughing and having fun . Happier than a Slinky on an Escalator : A Slinky is seen stepping backwards on an up escalator . While the Slinky goes backwards , others try to avoid it as they go to work and the slinky says `` This is Awesome ! '' Happier than an Antelope with Nightvision Goggles : Two antelopes are seen watching a lion through nightvision goggles . The two are secretly laughing at the lion and his poor stealth skills ( they incorrectly and sarcastically label the lion as `` king of the jungle '' -- the correct term is `` king of beasts '' ) . Happier than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot : Dikembe Mutombo appears blocking various things that people throw , such as a crumpled piece of paper , a pile of laundry , and a box of cereal . The GEICO Logo then appears and Mutombo knocks off the `` G '' . It 's `` EICO '' now . Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell phone : Paul Revere who is inside a home in Concord , Massachusetts , notices a bell ringing from a church . As he looks out the window , he calls on his cell phone and warns that the British are coming . Afterwards , he returns to his guests and plays charades . Happier than Dracula Volunteering at a Blood Drive : At a blood drive , Dracula Actor Frankie Ray asks a man his blood type and what he ate today . The man replies either A or B positive and that he ate Lebanese food . Dracula says that he loves the Lebanese . He then excitedly decides to skip the formalities and `` get started '' . He is then seen following the man out at the end . Happier than the Pillsbury Doughboy on his way to a Baking Convention : At an airport , the Pillsbury Doughboy is going through airport security , but every time the security guard tries to pat him down , he is easily tickled . He promises to hold it together , but keeps failing . Once he gets on his way , the Doughboy sings along as Ronny and Jimmy continue playing the guitar . Happier than a Camel on Wednesday / Hump Day : At an office , a camel asks workers what day it is . A woman ( originally named Leslie ) tells him that it is Hump day . The camel whoops with excitement . This commercial soon received over 22 million views on YouTube and inspired a popular Internet meme . The camel appeared in the pregame show of Super Bowl XLVIII where he was named Caleb . Caleb also appeared with the Gecko in a crossover ad with M&M 's . Museum of modern insurance ( edit ) This campaign involves paintings in a museum encouraging their fellow paintings to switch to GEICO . A mountain climber in an `` ACHIEVEMENT '' motivational picture feels accomplished for climbing the mountain . The cat in the painting beneath says he saved hundreds on car insurance with GEICO , and draws a question mark next to `` ACHIEVEMENT '' . An excited cat tells a mouse on a teeter - totter that he saved a bunch on car insurance with GEICO , and that they should celebrate . The mouse thinks this is a bad idea . The cat launches the mouse into the air and prepares to eat him , but is beaten to it by an eagle in the motivational picture above . A teacher asks his student to fill in the blank : `` Fifteen Minutes could save you ( blank ) on car insurance . '' The student answers 9 % , which the teacher says is incorrect and asks his pterodactyls , Steve and Rick , to `` go to work , '' to which the student replies `` Not again ! '' . A painting of Washington crossing the Delaware River notices a cat in front of them , and proceeds to ask the cat to get out of the way , claiming he does n't want her to scratch the vessel , `` for ( he is ) drifting , uninsured . '' She tells him that he needs to get insured right `` meow , '' via calling GEICO . Her torso then falls off the painting to reveal a phone keypad , and one of the rowers pushes the buttons with his oar . Dogs player poker ask for their friend called Rudy / Mr. Tickles , who is in a photo of him and his owner . The owner saved so much money by switching to GEICO that he wanted a photo to commemorate the occasion . Uncle Sam talks to a family of people wearing `` mom jeans '' . A little girl asks her mother where babies come from , and in return the mother asks if her daughter knew that GEICO was saving people money for over 75 years . The mother then shouts `` DINNER ! '' before the daughter can ask her question again . Two 1980s valley girls fall for a band student whose grandparents have been saving money with GEICO for more than 75 years . The photo for the band student is the same photo used for the meme `` PTSD Clarinet Boy '' . `` Did You Know ? '' ( edit ) From mid-June 2013 to late 2014 , a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad , which has the well - known tagline ( often with the Gecko in it as well ) and a second person says `` Everybody knows that . '' to which the first person says , `` Well , did you know ... '' followed by an amusing ( and fictional ) `` fact '' which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene . Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? , the closing line was temporarily changed to `` GEICO : 15 minutes could save you ... well , you know . '' Did You Know That Some Owls Are n't That Wise ? : A female owl is talking to her owl husband about having lunch with her co-worker Meghan , and the husband owl constantly responds `` Who ? '' Did You Know Old MacDonald Was a Really Bad Speller ? : Old MacDonald is a contestant in a spelling bee , and is asked to spell `` cow '' . He spells it `` C-O-W , E-I-E-I-O . '' The buzzer goes off , indicating that he 's wrong , and he exclaims , `` Dangnabbit '' and exits the stage , exasperated ( the `` Dangnabbit '' line would since then evolve into a viral quote ) . Did you know the Ancient Pyramids were actually a mistake ? : An overseer is monitoring the construction of the Pyramids when he looks at the blueprints and sees that they were supposed to be cubes . He then says , `` Uh - oh . '' Did you know that when a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , it does make a sound ? : An anthropomorphized tree starts to tip , leading the tree to start shouting that it 's going to fall . As it falls , the tree screams until it hits the ground . The tree then asks , `` A little help ? '' Did You Know That Houdini Could n't Escape from Everything ? : Houdini comes up with something stuck in between his fingers and ca n't escape from them . He says to his mom , `` Help , you got ta get me out of this ! '' Did You Know There Is an Oldest Trick in the Book ? : In the Medieval era , an old man reads to a young apprentice from a large book : `` Trick Number One ... Lookest over there . '' The apprentice looks in the direction indicated , and the old man says , `` Ha - ha ! Made - est thou look . So end - eth the trick . '' Did You Know Auctioneers Make Bad Grocery store Clerks ? : A cashier in a grocery store tells a customer what the total of her purchase is , then starts rapidly `` auctioning '' it , taking bids from the woman and the man in line behind her . Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? : A life - size Pinocchio gives a speech about noticing untapped potential . He points to a select few saying , `` You have potential '' , but his nose grows every time , shocking the audience and indicating that he was lying . An extended version of this commercial was posted on YouTube . In it , Pinocchio begins feeling stressed out from his book failing , ultimately he decides to write a new book . Did You Know Bad News Does n't Always Travel Fast ? : A boss , personified as a snail , fires one of his employees , Todd . He then says , `` Well , got ta run '' , and slowly crawls away . Did You Know Game Show Hosts Should Only Host Game Shows ? : A game show host delivers the wedding vows at a wedding , but he asks the bride if she takes her husband or a new sports car , at which point the camera cuts to the car being given away as a prize . She dumps her husband for the car right there at the altar . Did You Know Playing Cards with Kenny Rogers Gets Old Pretty Fast ? : Rogers plays poker while singing the lyrics from `` The Gambler '' , which annoys the others . This was the last commercial from the Did You Know ? series to ever be played on TV , having last aired on 30 November 2015 . Did You Know Words Really Can Hurt You ? : A cowboy breaks up with his girlfriend , and rides off into the sunset , but when the words `` The End '' appear , he crashes into the `` E '' in `` End '' and is knocked off his horse . Did You Know the Great Wall of China Was n't Always So Great ? : An army of Mongols ride up to a fence - sized Wall of China . After a few moments of contemplation , they simply step over it and proceed on their way . Did You Know Former Pro Football Player Ickey Woods Will Celebrate Almost Anything ? : Woods is seen at a deli counter and does his touchdown dance , the Ickey Shuffle , and yells out , `` Gonna get some cold cuts today ! '' when his number 44 is called . Did You Know Certain Cartoon Characters Should Never Have an Energy Drink ? : A commercial for an energy drink is being filmed , starring the Tasmanian Devil ; after drinking the product , he spins out of control and leaves the set . The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the `` Birds of America collection '' ( 50 state bird hand - painted china plate collection ) . It is then promptly given a `` bull in a china shop '' treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays . Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal ? : A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for `` a million bucks '' , clearly meaning `` $1 million '' . The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers . This bit was extended into a web series . `` It 's what You do '' ( edit ) From late 2014 to 2017 , a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions , while in the end the long - time endboard narrator says , `` If ( you 're ) ( ... ) , you ( ... ) . It 's what you do . If you want to save 15 % or more on car insurance , you switch to GEICO . It 's what you do . '' When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start , the second line would be replaced with , `` If you 're in the movie theater , you silence your cell phone . It 's what you do . '' If You 're in a Horror Movie , You Make Poor Decisions : Four teenagers representing characters in a generic horror movie are running from a madman near an eerie farmhouse . They argue about whether to hide in the basement or the attic of the house , and when one girl suggests they get into the conveniently running car just behind them , the others call her crazy . Someone else suggests they go into the barn filled with chainsaws , and as they hide there the madman lurking behind them takes off his mask and shakes his head at their stupidity . The advertisement ends with the teenagers running from the madman toward the cemetery . If You 're Salt - N - Pepa , You Tell People to Push It - Salt - N - Pepa sing `` Push It '' to various people , including a businessman at the entrance doors , a woman on an elevator , a pregnant woman practicing the Lamaze technique , football players pushing against tackling dummies , and a man mowing his front lawn . If You 're a Camel , You Put Up with This All the Time - In reference to the viral `` Hump Day '' ad , a bunch of people at the zoo quote the ad to the camels , who are annoyed by it . One camel , named Phil , even complains that it is not even Wednesday . If Something Goes Wrong , You Find a Scapegoat - At a peanut butter factory , the machines act haywire . The boss asks who is to blame , and a worker points to a goat named Rick , who then screams . If You 're a Free Range Chicken , You Roam Free : A chicken travels the world and texts selfie MMS 's to its owners while `` Ride Away '' by Roy Orbison plays . If You 're a Cat , You Ignore People : A guy out in the desert falls into some quicksand , sees a cat and asks it for help , but the cat just stands there . If You 're Dora the Explorer , You Explore : A group of people struggle against harsh polar conditions to travel to the South Pole , but just as they 're about to plant their flag to stake their claim , they find that Dora the Explorer and Boots are already there to greet them . The travelers walk away while Dora and Boots do a dance and say , `` You did it ! Yay ! '' If You 're a Fisherman , You Tell Tales : A fisherman exaggerates the day he caught a small fish . If Your Boss Stops By , You Act Like You 're Working : In medieval times , a group of armored knights led by an imposing leader enter a room lit only by torches . He 's come to check on the progress of his men with their interrogation of a prisoner who is strapped to a large table . The two men sternly reply that the prisoner will tell them everything very shortly as they each hold a sharp , pointy weapon . As soon as the leader and his entourage take off , however , a bunch of other men emerge from their hiding spots and the group resumes their ping - pong match on the table . As it turns out , the prisoner is acting as their net and keeping score the entire time . If You 're the Guy from the Operation Game , You Get Operated On : A patient is rushed into an operating room ; he 's said to have several foreign objects in his body . The surgeon tries to remove one with tweezers , and a buzzer sounds . The patient turns out to be Cavity Sam . If You 're a Golf Commentator , You Whisper : Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament , when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people . The commentators continue to describe the scene , calmly and quietly . If You 're the Band Europe , You Love a Final Countdown : In a company break room , an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven ; suddenly , the rock band Europe is in the room with him , singing `` The Final Countdown '' while the timer on the microwave counts down . If You 're Peter Pan , You Stay Young Forever : Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion . If You 're a Mom , You Call at the Worst Time -- An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him . If You 're a Couple , You Fight Over Directions -- Tarzan and Jane are lost . Tarzan is confident about his way , but Jane asks Cheeta for directions . If You Have Alligator Arms , You Avoid Picking up the Check -- A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill , and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it , but he can not reach it because of his tiny arms . If You Sit on Your Phone , You Butt Dial People -- A man is about to propose to his girlfriend , but her brother calls her . She answers , but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event . If You 're a Parrot , You Repeat Things -- A parrot on a pirate 's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone , causing the crew to mutiny against him . The parrot even repeats the voiceover 's GEICO slogan `` It 's What You Do '' . If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone , You Pretend Like You 're Sleeping -- Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber , but fails . After he leaves , Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television . If You Taste Something Bad , You Want Someone Else to Try It -- Some talking raccoons are rummaging through the garbage , and one of them comes upon something foul and wants the others to taste it as well . This commercial appeared in the 2017 film The Dark Tower . If You Walk the Walk , You Talk the Talk -- A western sheriff confronts the villains and tells them to vamoose , and speaks his every move every time he walks . If You 're a Stuntman , You Cheat Death -- A stunt man and the Grim Reaper compete in a 10K , but neither play fair . If You 're Boyz II Men , You 'd Make Anything Sound Good -- At a pharmacy , the Grammy - winning R&B group sing the possible side effects of a drug . If You 're a Ref , You Way Over-explain Things -- A referee yells his order to a waiter at a restaurant . `` Unskippable '' freeze frames ( edit ) Debuted in 2015 , these ads employ a satire of the technique of frame freezing , by showing live actors attempting to mimic a freeze - frame , often in awkward positions and sometimes assisted by intentionally visible stunt tools , such as suspension cords when paused in mid-air . The premise is that when viewing ads on sites like YouTube , usually a viewer can not skip the ad until 5 seconds in then the commercial announcer saying `` You ca n't skip this GEICO ad because it 's already over '' then the commercial announcer saying the GEICO slogan . If a user watches the entire video , events turn disastrous . Family : At the dinner table , a mother tells her family that they can `` thank the savings '' . During the freeze - frame , the family dog starts eating from the father 's plate . High Five : Two friends celebrate saving money by performing a jumping high - five . During the freeze - frame , the stunt wires become visible and one of the actors ' feet catches fire . Cleaning Crew : A janitor mishears a businessman saying `` savings '' . He loses control of the vacuum cleaner which runs over the cord and causes the electricity to short out . Elevator : Two businessmen shake hands in an elevator . A woman enters the elevator asking to get off at the second floor , but the men are in a freeze - frame so she must press the button herself . Preceded by The Epic Split feat . Jean - Claude Van Damme and Sorry , I Spent It on Myself Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix Winner 2015 Succeeded by Love freebies ? Get them legally aka Shoplifters Fast forward ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads show the beginning portion of a 45 -- 90 - second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster . If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15 - second ad is shown on sites like YouTube , the viewer is usually welcome to skip the ad when 5 seconds have been used . Forest : In the lodge in the forest , two brothers were sawing a log when they were talking about savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to one of the brothers hugging a bear thinking that `` he 's my brother '' . Hike : Two hikers were walking a mountain telling that GEICO has been around for a very long time until a disclaimer appears skipping to the hikers being taken by an eagle while one of them holds a saxophone claiming that `` not everyone likes smooth jazz ! '' Lake : Two fishermen were talking in the canoe in the lake talking about 24 / 7 claims from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to the fishermen being hung as plaques in a fish 's house calling each other `` gullible '' . Going up : Almost similar to the `` Unskippable '' version of `` Elevator '' , two women and a man discuss about their savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping two bald women coming out from the elevator leaving the man behind and declaring that they are `` taking the stairs '' next time . Surprising ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads depict celebrities or historical figures in outlandish situations . TV ( edit ) Playing Marco Polo with Marco Polo : Two kids play Marco Polo in their pool to the confusion of the historical Marco Polo , who eventually joins them in playing . Ice - T at a Lemonade Stand : The famous American rapper runs a lemonade stand with two young boys but gets frustrated when customers repeatedly ask `` Is that Ice T ( iced tea ) and yells that it 's lemonade . A Sumo Wrestler Figure skating : A Sumo Wrestler skates around and does some silly moves , including his signature `` Flying Dutchman '' only to get an applause from the crowd . Tiki Barber Running a Barber Shop : Another barber says football plays before giving a buzzer to Tiki Barber , who sprints to each client and shaves a large part of their hair off . Once Tiki is done , he starts to celebrate and a person waiting leaves when he asks `` Who 's next ? '' Ordering a Getaway Car with an App : A group of robbers escape with valuables but get upset when they find out their getaway car they ordered on a rideshare app is late . One remains optimistic and comments on how the driver 's name , Randy , is trustworthy , but when the car comes , the police catch up to them . Caesar on a Caesar Salad : A man portraying as Julius Caesar stands on top of a Caesar salad on the table in a restaurant . Runway models on a runway : A group of notorious models delay a flight to hold a fashion show on an airport runway . The Running of the Bulldogs : A runner trips in the Running of the Bulls race and faces imminent danger from ... bulldogs . A Triangle solo : An orchestra is performing Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major , when the trianglist begins stealing the spotlight . ( Side note : None of the Brandenburg Concertos call for a triangle . ) Casual Fridays at Buckingham Palace - A British royal guard slacker takes the place of a formal royal guard . Randy Jackson Judging a Dog Show - The ex-American Idol judge gives his trademark critiques to a dog show . Washington Crossing the Delaware Turnpike - The general holds up traffic by having his men drag his boat across the turnpike . Manatees in Novelty Tees - A family at an aquarium visits the manatee exhibit , and sees that all the manatees are wearing T - shirts with slogans on them like `` Come at Me , Bro '' and `` I 'm with Stupid '' . Radio ( edit ) A Computer with a Virus : A computer suddenly comes down with a ( literal ) virus , admitting he ate spoiled Oysters Rockefeller . A Really Charming Snake Charmer : A Fortune Bank Teller : A man goes to the bank , but the teller is a gypsy woman who tells him his future . Supermarket Beatboxing : A bored supermarket employee , told cleanup is needed in one of the aisles , begins beatboxing the announcement , and then continues the beatboxing with various other announcements ( such as informing shoppers of a parked minivan with its headlights on ) . The spot won the Westwood One Sports Sounds Awards Media Choice Award for best commercial heard during the radio network 's coverage of Super Bowl LII . The Wicked Witch of the West on the Water Slide : An Emotional Rollercoaster : Great Answer ( edit ) These ads show a person seemingly in trouble , until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance ; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer . Courtroom : A defendant in court is accused of robbing a safe . The prosecution has fingerprint evidence , photo evidence , and even a Twitter post using # JustRobbedTheSafe . The defendant 's response is to tell everyone that switching to GEICO could save them money on car insurance , at which point he is dismissed . Undercover : An undercover agent , wearing a disguise , is caught . When forced to explain himself , he says that you can save money on car insurance , at which point the people he was spying on let him go . Meteor : After it is discovered that a meteor is heading toward earth , one of the people in the room tells everybody that switching to GEICO could save them money . Adrift and Hungry : There are three men in a lifeboat , starving when one of them notices cheese on one of the men 's beard . The man simply mentions that switching to GEICO could save them money . At the end , a fish jumps into their raft and they fight over it . He - Man vs. Skeletor : He - Man and his posse are about to defeat Skeletor , until Skeletor tells them they should switch to GEICO and makes his escape . Radio ( edit ) Painting : A man is showing a woman his new painting and asks for her opinion . Instead , she tells him that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Call - in Show : A woman is hosting a talk radio show , until the guy she once dated calls in asking why she never called back , so she says switching to GEICO could save hundreds on car insurance . Trivia Contest : The question being asked is `` What color is the White House ? '' When the contestant does not know the answer to this simple question , he says that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Love Advice : Take a Closer Look ( edit ) Since late 2016 , a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO , and one of them saying he / she should `` take a closer look '' at it ; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background , which starts talking about the insurance company . Plate : In this ad , painted figures on a decorative plate -- a woman on a balcony and a man with a guitar in the garden below -- talk about GEICO , and then the man plays music while the woman goes back inside . Cuckoo clock : In this ad , moving figures on a cuckoo clock talk about GEICO and also about the futility of their repetitive actions . RV : Three bumper stickers on the back of a recreational vehicle talk about GEICO , and the one shaped like a moose is shocked to learn that he 's not a real moose . Pigeon : A group of pigeons on a telephone wire talk about GEICO saying they have umbrella coverage , which gets one pigeon to say a person below them will wish he had an umbrella and to `` fire at will . '' He later becomes frustrated at how none of the other pigeons understand that `` fire at will '' is a saying . Fleas : Two fleas ( actually two humans in badly - made flea suits ) play badminton on a golden retriever until a disagreement results in the loss of a shuttlecock . You had one job ( edit ) Since 2017 on ESPN , the VO 's tagline : `` You had one job , brought to you by GEICO '' and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right . Expect more ( edit ) Since 2017 , there have been ads in which one person is talking to another person about switching to GEICO and during each cut , the one who switched to GEICO gets more stuff . Bro - Two `` bros '' working out in the gym , who keep using `` bro - '' words ( `` broheem '' , `` Teddy Brosevelt '' , etc . ) , the one who switched to GEICO keeps gaining more muscles . Sandcastle - Two dads are building sandcastles . Every time it cuts back to the dad who switched to GEICO , his sandcastle gets bigger and more elaborate until it becomes an actual sand - mansion complete with a sand - fountain and sand - butler . Christmas lights - Two guys putting up Christmas lights discuss switching to GEICO , the one who switched to GEICO 's house becomes more and more elaborate , to the point where it is seen from space . Still - life drawing - At a painting class , a man and a woman discuss switching to GEICO , while the woman 's drawing becomes more detailed , and at the end , even comes to life . We interrupt your life ( edit ) Since 2018 , the announcer proclaims interrupting your life for multiple GEICO ads at the end of each ad and proclaims `` We interrupt this message to bring you our logo . '' Count on GEICO ( edit ) Since 2017 , there has been a new campaign in which humorous situations are presented as spokesman Steve Tom says , `` As long as ( such and such ) , you can count on GEICO saving folk money . '' As Long As Sloths are Slow ... : A three - toed sloth is playing Pictionary with a group of humans . Of course , he only draws a single line , due to his speed , leaving the contestants to guess random things . As Long As People Misplace Their Keys ... : A space captain is about to fight a huge battle , but he ends up not being able to find his keys . As Long AS GPS Can Still Get You Lost ... : Two Emperor penguins separate from the Great Penguin Migration and use an unreliable mapping app on their phone . As Long As Hecklers Love to Heckle ... : At a jousting tournament , an audience member makes fun of one of the competitors , much to the delight of everyone else in the audience . As Long as People Talk Baby Talk to Dogs ... : McGruff the Crime Dog wants to be taken seriously in a police precinct , but the others act very condescending towards him . A GEICO commercial ? ( edit ) Since 2018 , there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO , as revealed by spokesman David Ebert . Weekend Gardening Shopping Trip Tea Time Couple in the Park Family Dinner Vending Machine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How Big Data Spawned the Geico Gecko Retrieved 6 April 2013 Jump up ^ 43rd Annual Marketer of the Year Archived 1 Dec 20111 Jump up ^ Ben ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` The Inoculated Investor : 2009 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting Notes '' . Inoculatedinvestor.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How a Lizard Became the Biggest Ad Spender ( and Nine More Marketer Facts ) '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Success Highlights Advertising Dollars vs. Agent Commissions Debate '' . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Plymptoons ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` GEICO DIRECT commercials -- Bill Plympton '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 1994 Geico commercial . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gecko was n't first choice for GEICO . USA Today , 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising > Animal Mascots > Geico Gecko ( GEICO Insurance ) '' . tvacres.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Little Lizard Says ' Ello To A New Inflection '' , The Hartford Courant , Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` This Is What Chelsea Clinton Does at NBC '' . NY Mag . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` ABC developing ' Cavemen ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Geico Gecko Doing the Robot '' . Auto Insurance helper . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The Ride , and The Ride Goes On -- GEICO '' . Jump up ^ `` Mike Wallace -- NASCAR -- Nationwide Series drivers '' . autoevolution . Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lee ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Mike Wallace scrambling to find sponsor for 2009 Nationwide season '' . scenedaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Wallace : ' I 'm a hundred miles away , son , ready to strike ' '' . NASCAR News . 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Geico Has the Best Car Insurance Ads in the Industry Bar None '' . Car Insurance 357 . 25 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( 26 October 2010 ) , `` Video : Robo - Talking Superhero Ad Uses Text - to - Voice Trick '' , Wired Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Bodybuilder Commercial -- Happier Than a Body Builder Directing Traffic '' . YouTube . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Bodybuilder Directing Traffic ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Christopher Columbus Commercial -- Happier Than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats '' . YouTube . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Two Tickets to Paradise Commercial -- Happier Than Eddie Money Running a Travel Agency '' . YouTube . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Witch Commercial -- Happier Than a Witch in a Broom Factory '' . YouTube . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Slinky Commercial -- Happier Than A Slinky on an Escalator '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Night Vision Commercial -- Happier than an Antelope with Night Vision Goggles '' . YouTube . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Dikembe Mutombo Commercial -- Happier Than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot '' . YouTube . 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bruce Allen Clark ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` GEICO Paul Revere Commercial Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell Phone YouTube '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Camel on Hump Day ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ NoMoreBoredom ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` GEICO TV Commercial -- Did You Know : Houdini Could n't Escape '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO : Did You Know Game Show Hosts should only host game shows ? '' Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Kenny Rogers : Did You Know ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ GEICO Taz energy drink commercial at MarketMeNot.com Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Motel 6 , GEICO Win Westwood One 's Sports Sounds Awards . '' Inside Radio , February 7 , 2018 . Accessed 02 - 07 - 2018 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Cuckoo Clock : Take a Closer Look '' , YouTube . GEICO. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 External links ( edit ) Who provided the voice of the Geico Insurance Company gecko in its TV ad debut ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GEICO_advertising_campaigns&oldid=835395863 '' Categories : Advertising campaigns GEICO Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who provided the voice of the geico insurance	[ "The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017.", "The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017.", "The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017." ]	[ "Kelsey Grammer", "Dave Kelly", "Jake Wood" ]
-4172317711052176947	List of Cleveland Browns seasons	List of Cleveland Browns seasons - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the league 's four championships . The National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships ; however , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team 's championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1996 , then - Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team 's history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modell 's new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record - keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . Seasons ( edit ) For a complete team history , see History of the Cleveland Browns . The finish , wins , losses and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any post-season results . They are combined only at the bottom of this list . AAFC champions ( 1946 -- 1949 ) NFL champions ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season results Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties All - America Football Conference 1946 1946 AAFC Western 1st 12 0 Won AAFC championship ( 1 ) ( Yankees 14 -- 9 ) 1947 1947 AAFC Western 1st 12 Won AAFC championship ( 2 ) ( Yankees 14 -- 3 ) 1948 1948 AAFC Western 1st 14 0 0 Won AAFC championship ( 3 ) ( Bills 49 -- 7 ) 1949 1949 AAFC 1st 9 Won AAFC playoff game ( Bills 31 -- 21 ) Won AAFC championship ( 4 ) ( 49ers 21 -- 7 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) National Football League ( 1950 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- present ) 1950 1950 NFL American T - 1st 10 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Giants 8 -- 3 ) Won NFL Championship ( 5 ) ( L.A. Rams 30 -- 28 ) 1951 1951 NFL American 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( L.A. Rams 17 -- 24 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1952 1952 NFL American 1st 8 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 7 -- 17 ) 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 16 -- 17 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 1st 9 0 Won NFL Championship ( 6 ) ( Lions 56 -- 10 ) 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Won NFL Championship ( 7 ) ( L.A. Rams 38 -- 14 ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1956 1956 NFL Eastern T - 4th 5 7 0 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 14 -- 59 ) Paul Brown ( COY ) Jim Brown ( MVP , ROY ) 1958 1958 NFL Eastern T - 1st 9 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Giants 0 -- 10 ) Jim Brown ( MVP ) 1959 1959 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 7 5 0 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 3rd 8 5 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 2nd 10 0 Jim Brown ( BBA , MVP ) 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Won NFL Championship ( 8 ) ( B. Colts 27 -- 0 ) 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Packers 12 -- 23 ) Jim Brown ( MVP , MVP ) 1966 1966 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 9 5 0 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 1st 9 5 0 Lost Conference Championship ( Cowboys 14 -- 52 ) 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 0 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 20 -- 31 ) Lost NFL Championship ( B. Colts 34 -- 0 ) Leroy Kelly ( MVP ) 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 38 -- 14 ) Lost NFL Championship ( Vikings 7 -- 27 ) 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 7 0 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 3 -- 20 ) 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 14 -- 20 ) 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 5 NFL AFC Central 4th 10 0 NFL AFC Central 4th 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 5 0 Forrest Gregg ( COY ) 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 8 0 1978 1978 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 8 0 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders 12 -- 14 ) Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) Brian Sipe ( MVP , MVP , POY ) 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 1982 1982 NFL AFC 8th 5 0 Lost First Round Playoffs ( L.A. Raiders 10 -- 27 ) Chip Banks ( Def . ROY ) NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 1st 8 8 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 21 -- 24 ) Kevin Mack ( ROY ) 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets 23 -- 20 ) ( 2 OT ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 20 -- 23 ) Marty Schottenheimer ( COY ) NFL AFC Central 1st 10 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 38 -- 21 ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 33 -- 38 ) 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers 23 -- 24 ) 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills 34 -- 30 ) Lost Conference Championship ( Broncos 21 -- 37 ) Michael Dean Perry ( Def . POY ) 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 4th 13 0 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Patriots 20 -- 13 ) Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers 9 -- 29 ) 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 Inactive from 1996 -- 1998 1997 1998 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 6th 14 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 6th 13 0 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Steelers 33 -- 36 ) 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 4th 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 2nd 10 6 0 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 3rd 5 11 0 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 4th 7 9 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 4th 13 0 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 4th 15 0 2017 2017 NFL AFC North 4th 0 8 0 Totals 4 AAFC Championships 4 NFL Championships 12 Conference Titles 9 NFL Division Titles 47 All - America Football Conference regular season results 5 0 0 AAFC post-season results 462 477 10 National Football League regular season results 11 20 0 NFL post-season results 525 490 13 AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships . For the purposes of this list , however , they are included in final totals . Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The other three teams are the Detroit Lions , the Houston Texans , and the Jacksonville Jaguars . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 10 -- 2 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Browns won , 8 -- 3 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season , the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 9 -- 3 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Giants shut the Browns out 10 -- 0 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ The Browns ' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area . The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9 -- 5 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive , in which quarterback John Elway , over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds , lead the Broncos on a 98 - yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation . The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal , 23 -- 20 . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble , in which , while on a potentially game - winning drive , the Browns ' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3 - yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock . The Broncos recovered the ball , allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety , and won the game , 38 -- 33 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season , the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record . Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season , the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7 -- 9 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season , the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6 -- 10 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season , the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . References ( edit ) `` Year By Year Season Results '' . Cleveland Browns official Web site . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1950 -- ) '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . `` NFL History -- Past Standings '' . National Football League official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Franchise History -- Cleveland Browns '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1946 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) `` History of the Cleveland Browns '' . Football @ JT-SW.com . John Troan . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager ( de facto ) : Sashi Brown Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Paul Brown `` The Best Man '' The Express The Fortune Cookie Lore Kardiac Kids Miracle at the Met Red Right 88 Marty Ball The Drive The Fumble Relocation controversy Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AAFC championship ( through 1949 ) or NFL championship NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks NFL on Sports Network Incorporated ( SNI ) Related programs NFL on CBS ( 1959 ) Related articles Carling Beer Hughes Television Network NFL on television ( history ) Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( The Browns ' SNI arrangement from 1956 to 1958 was national in scope . ) 1959 1960 1961 ( For 1960 and 1961 seasons , the Browns - SNI network was reduced to a Midwest regional network . ) Commentators Ken Coleman Jimmy Dudley Otto Graham Cliff Lewis Curly Morrison Bob Wolff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&oldid=807782332 '' Categories : Cleveland Browns seasons National Football League teams seasons Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the browns have a winning season	[ "Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33." ]	[ "1988 Conference Championship" ]
4748124838600510712	William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe	William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe - wikipedia William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe Jump to : navigation , search The Right Honourable The Viscount Howe KB PC Engraving by Henry Bryan Hall Member of Parliament for Nottingham In office 1758 -- 1780 Serving with Willoughby Aston ( 1758 -- 1761 ) Serving with John Plumptre ( 1761 -- 1774 ) Serving with Charles Sedley ( 1774 -- 1778 ) Serving with Abel Smith ( 1778 -- 1779 ) Serving with Robert Smith ( 1779 -- 1780 ) Preceded by George Howe Succeeded by Daniel Parker Coke Personal details ( 1729 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1729 England 12 July 1814 ( 1814 - 07 - 12 ) ( aged 84 ) Twickenham , United Kingdom Resting place Twickenham Political party Whig Spouse ( s ) Frances Connolly ( m . 1765 ) Military service Allegiance Great Britain / British Empire Service / branch British Army Years of service 1746 -- 1803 Rank General Commands Colonel , 60th ( later 58th ) Regiment of Foot Colonel , 46th Regiment of Foot Commander - in - Chief , North America Colonel , 19th Light Dragoons Northern District Battles / wars War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years ' War Siege of Louisbourg Battle of the Plains of Abraham Capture of Belle Île Battle of Havana American War of Independence Boston campaign New York and New Jersey campaign Philadelphia campaign French Revolutionary Wars General William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe , KB , PC ( 10 August 1729 -- 12 July 1814 ) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander - in - Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence . Howe was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers . Having joined the army in 1746 , Howe saw extensive service in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years ' War . He became known for his role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 when he led a British force to capture the cliffs at Anse - au - Foulon , allowing James Wolfe to land his army and engage the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . Howe also participated in the campaigns to take Louisbourg , Belle Île and Havana . He was appointed Lieutenant - Governor of the Isle of Wight , a post he would hold until 1795 . Howe was sent to North America in March 1775 , arriving in May after the American War of Independence broke out . After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill , Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year . Howe 's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia . However , poor British campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign , which played a major role in the entry of France into the war . Howe 's role in developing those plans and the degree to which he was responsible for British failures that year ( despite his personal success at Philadelphia ) have both been subjects of contemporary and historic debate . He was knighted after his successes in 1776 . He resigned his post as Commander in Chief , North America , in 1777 , and the next year returned to England , where he was at times active in the defence of the British Isles . He sat in the House of Commons from 1758 to 1780 . He inherited the Viscountcy of Howe upon the death of his brother Richard in 1799 . He married , but had no children , and the viscountcy was extinguished with his death in 1814 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Seven Years ' War 3 American War of Independence 3.1 Bunker Hill and Boston 3.2 New York campaign 3.3 Philadelphia campaign 3.4 Impact on Burgoyne 's campaign 3.5 Resignation 4 Later life 5 Popular culture 6 References 6.1 Sources 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 8 External links Early life and career ( edit ) William Howe was born in England , the third son of Emanuel Howe , 2nd Viscount Howe and Charlotte , the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Leinster and Darlington , an acknowledged illegitimate half - sister of King George I. His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III . This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all four sons , but all were also very capable officers . His father was a politician , who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735 . William 's eldest brother , General George Howe , was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga . Another brother , Admiral Richard Howe , rose to become one of Britain 's leading naval commanders . A third brother , Thomas , commanded ships for the East India Company , Winchelsea in 1762 -- 4 and Nottingham in 1766 , and made observations on Madeira and on the Comoro Islands . William entered the army when he was 17 by buying a cornet 's commission in the Duke of Cumberland 's Dragoons in 1746 . He then served for two years in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession . After the war he was transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot , where he became a friend of James Wolfe . Seven years ' War ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War During the Seven Years ' War Howe 's service first brought him to America , and did much to raise his reputation . He joined the newly formed 58th ( Rutlandshire ) Regiment of Foot in February 1757 , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year . He commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758 , leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire . This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Wolfe . Howe commanded a light infantry battalion under General Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec . He was in the Battle of Beaufort , and was chosen by Wolfe to lead the ascent from the Saint Lawrence River up to the Plains of Abraham that led to the British victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759 . After spending the winter in the defence of Quebec City , his regiment fought in the April 1760 Battle of Sainte - Foy , and led a brigade in the capture of Montreal under Jeffery Amherst before returning to England . Howe led a brigade in the 1761 Capture of Belle Île , off the French coast , and turned down the opportunity to become military governor after its capture so that he might continue in active service . He served as adjutant general of the force that captured Havana in 1762 , playing a part in a skirmish at Guanabacoa . Engraving from contemporary sketch depicting the British ascent to the Plains of Abraham in 1759 In 1758 , Howe was elected a member of parliament for Nottingham , succeeding to the seat vacated by his brother George 's death . His election was assisted by the influence of his mother , who campaigned on behalf of her son while he was away at war , and may very well have been undertaken because service in Parliament was seen as a common way to improve one 's prospects for advancement in the military . In 1764 he was promoted to colonel of the 46th ( South Devonshire ) Regiment of Foot , and in 1768 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the Isle of Wight . As tensions rose between Britain and the colonies in the 1770s , Howe continued to rise through the ranks , and came to be widely regarded as one of the best officers in the army . He was promoted to major general in 1772 , and in 1774 introduced new training drills for light infantry companies . In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies . He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts , and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against the Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America . He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage , whom he knew was unpopular in government circles . In early 1775 , when King George called on him to serve , he accepted , claiming publicly that if he did not , he would suffer `` the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress . '' He sailed for America in March 1775 , accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne . In May 1775 his colonelcy was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers . American War of Independence ( edit ) Main article : American War of Independence Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne , Howe arrived at Boston aboard the HMS Cerberus on 25 May 1775 , having learned en route that war had broken out with the skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April . It provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He led a force of 4,000 troops sent to reinforce the 5,000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles . Gage , Howe , and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege . They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack the besieging colonial militia forces , setting its execution for 18 June . However , the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed 's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16 -- 17 June , forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy . Bunker Hill and Boston ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Bunker Hill and Boston campaign In a war council held early on 17 June , the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification , and Gage gave Howe command of the operation . Despite a sense of urgency ( the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council ) , the attack , now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill , did not begin until that afternoon . With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack , the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by the colonial defenders . Howe 's third assault gained the objective , but the cost of the day 's battle was appallingly heavy . The British casualties , more than 1,000 killed or wounded , were the highest of any engagement in the war . Howe described it as a `` success ... too dearly bought . '' Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield , his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised . One subordinate wrote that Howe 's `` absurd and destructive confidence '' played a role in the number of casualties incurred . Depiction of the Battle of Bunker Hill by Percy Moran , 1909 Although Howe was not injured in the battle , it had a pronounced effect on his spirit . According to British historian George Otto Trevelyan , the battle `` exercised a permanent and most potent influence '' especially on Howe 's behaviour , and that Howe 's military skills thereafter `` were apt to fail him at the very moment when they were especially wanted . '' Despite an outward appearance of confidence and popularity with his troops , the `` genial six - footer with a face some people described as ' coarse ' '' , privately often exhibited a lack of self - confidence , and in later campaigns became somewhat dependent on his older brother Richard ( the admiral in the Royal Navy , also on station in the Colonies ) for advice and approval . On 11 October 1775 , General Gage sailed for England , and Howe took over as Commander - in - Chief of the British Army in America . British military planners in London had , with the outbreak of hostilities , begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America . Their plans , made with recommendations from Howe , called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport , Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England . When orders arrived in November to execute these plans , Howe opted to remain in Boston for the winter and begin the campaign in 1776 . As a result , the remainder of the Siege of Boston was largely a stalemate . Howe never attempted a major engagement with the Continental Army , which had come under the command of Major General George Washington . He did , however , spend a fair amount of time at the gambling tables , and allegedly established a relationship with Elizabeth Lloyd Loring , the wife of Loyalist Joshua Loring , Jr . Loring apparently acquiesced to this arrangement , and was rewarded by Howe with the position of commissary of prisoners . Contemporaries and historians have criticised Howe for both his gambling and the amount of time he supposedly spent with Mrs. Loring , with some going so far as to level accusations that this behaviour interfered with his military activities ; historian John Alden does not give these ideas credence . The alleged relationship is also mentioned in The Battle of the Kegs , an American propaganda ballad written by Francis Hopkinson . In January 1776 Howe 's role as commander in chief was cemented with a promotion to full general in North America . The siege was broken in March 1776 when Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox brought heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston during the winter , and General Washington used them to fortify Dorchester Heights , overlooking Boston and its harbour . Howe at first planned an assault on this position , but a snowstorm interfered , and he eventually decided to withdraw from Boston . On 17 March , British troops and Loyalists evacuated the city , and sailed for Halifax , Nova Scotia . New York campaign ( edit ) A period map depicting the British Army movements in Westchester County , New York Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign Howe and his troops began to arrive outside New York Harbour and made an uncontested landing on Staten Island to the west in early July . Howe , whose orders from Lord George Germain , the Secretary of State responsible for directing the war from Westminster , were fairly clear that he should avoid conflict before the arrival of reinforcements , then waited until those reinforcements arrived in mid-August , along with the naval commander , his brother Richard . This delay proved to be somewhat costly , since the Americans used this time to improve fortifications on northwestern Long Island ( at Brooklyn Heights along the East River shoreline ) and increased the size of their Continental Army with additional militia . After moving most of his army by amphibious barges across the Verazzano Narrows to southwestern Long Island without opposition , he attacked the American positions on 27 August in what became known as the Battle of Long Island . In a well - executed manoeuvre , a large column led by Howe and Clinton passed around the American left flank , through the lightly guarded Jamaica Pass far to the east , ( a ridge of hills running east to west bisected the island , with a series of lower entrances that were all guarded by Continentals except inexplicably to the farthest east at Jamaica ) , catching the Patriots off - guard and routing the Americans from their forward positions back into the entrenchments on Brooklyn Heights . Despite the urging of Clinton and others , Howe decided against an immediate assault on these fortifications , claiming `` the Troops had for that day done handsomely enough . '' He instead began siege operations , methodically advancing on the entrenched Americans . This decision allowed General Washington to successfully orchestrate a nighttime strategic withdrawal across the East River on the night of 29 -- 30 August , aided by a thick morning fog . Historian George Bilias notes that had Howe attacked Brooklyn Heights , the capture of even half of Washington 's army , and possibly Washington himself , might have had a significant effect on the rebellion . Some officers , notably General Clinton , were critical of Howe 's decision not to storm the American works . Howe was knighted as a reward for his victory on Long Island . Howe and his brother Richard had , as part of their instructions , been assigned roles as peace commissioners , with limited authority to treat with the rebels . After Long Island , they pursued an attempt at reconciliation , sending the captured General John Sullivan to Philadelphia with a proposal for a peace conference . The meeting that resulted , conducted by Admiral Howe , was unsuccessful . The Howes had been given limited powers , as had the Congressional representatives , and the latter were insistent that the British recognise the recently declared colonial independence . This was not within the Howes ' powers , so the conference failed , and Howe then continued the campaign . He first landed troops on Manhattan on 15 September , and occupied New York City ( which then occupied only Lower Manhattan ) , although his advance northward on Manhattan was checked the next day at Harlem Heights . He then paused , spending nearly one month consolidating control of New York City and awaiting reinforcements . During this time he ordered the execution of Nathan Hale for espionage , and had to deal with the effects of a major fire in the city . He then attempted a landing on the mainland at Throgs Neck , intending to flank Washington 's position at Harlem Heights . However , the narrow causeway between the beach and the mainland was well - defended , and he ended up withdrawing the troops . He then made a successful landing of troops at Pell 's Point in Westchester County ; Washington managed to avoid being flanked , retreating to White Plains . Howe successfully forced Washington out of the New York area in the 28 October Battle of White Plains , and then turned his attention to consolidate British hold on Manhattan . In November he attacked the remaining Continental Army stronghold in the Battle of Fort Washington , taking several thousand prisoners . Howe often disagreed with Henry Clinton , his second in command , on military strategy . Washington then retreated across New Jersey , followed by Howe 's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis . At this point , Howe prepared troops under the command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport , the other major goal of his plan . Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey , either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River , trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress , Philadelphia . Howe rejected these proposals , despatching Clinton and General Hugh , Earl Percy , two vocal critics of his leadership , to take Newport . In early December Howe came to Trenton , New Jersey to arrange the disposition of his troops for the winter . Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware , and Howe returned to New York , believing the campaign to be ended for the season . When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776 , Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington . Cornwallis was frustrated in this , with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton . Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter . Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat the Continental Army during the New York campaign . Contemporaries complained that his landing in Westchester failed to trap Washington , but failed to understand that his goal in the campaign was to secure Manhattan , and not necessarily to defeat Washington . However , historian George Billias observes that Howe 's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action . Philadelphia campaign ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia campaign On 30 November 1776 , as Washington was retreating across New Jersey , Howe had written to Germain with plans for the 1777 campaign season . He proposed to send a 10,000 - man force up the Hudson River to capture Albany , New York , in conjunction with an expedition sent south from Province of Quebec . He again wrote to Germain on 20 December 1776 with more elaborate proposals for 1777 . These again included operations to gain control of the Hudson River , and included expanded operations from the base at Newport , and an expedition to take Philadelphia . The latter Howe saw as attractive , since Washington was then just north of the city : Howe wrote that he was `` persuaded the Principal Army should act offensively ( against Philadelphia ) , where the enemy 's chief strength lies . '' Germain acknowledged that this plan was particularly `` well digested '' , but it called for more men that Germain was prepared to provide . After the setbacks in New Jersey , Howe in mid-January 1777 proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and a sea - based attack , thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army . This plan was developed to the extent that in April , Howe 's army was seen constructing pontoon bridges ; Washington , lodged in his winter quarters at Morristown , New Jersey , thought they were for eventual use on the Delaware River . However , by mid-May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition : `` I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon the Jersies . '' A 1777 mezzotint of Howe When the campaign season opened in May 1777 , General Washington moved most of his army from its winter quarters in Morristown , New Jersey to a strongly fortified position in the Watchung Mountains . In June 1777 , Howe began a series of odd moves in New Jersey , apparently in an attempt to draw Washington and his army out of that position onto terrain more favourable for a general engagement . His motives for this are uncertain ; historian John Buchanan argues that Howe was determined to attempt to draw Washington into a major engagement while both were in northern New Jersey , writing that `` Washington 's shift in position had whetted Howe 's appetite for a major action when , if everything went right , he would finally accomplish what he and his brother 's policies had denied him the previous year : the destruction of the Continental Army '' , but that Howe 's underlying campaign goal for the season was Philadelphia . One British major wrote that `` ( t ) he report circulated by those in power is that it was thought necessary to march to Hilsborough ( sic ) to offer Washington battle . '' Americans like Henry Knox were perplexed but also concluded that was its purpose : `` It was unaccountable that ( the British ) should stop short when they had gone only nine miles ... In the course of a day or two ( we ) discovered that they ... had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain . '' Washington had intelligence that Howe had moved without taking the heavy river - crossing equipment , and was apparently not fooled at all . When Washington failed to take the bait , Howe withdrew the army to Perth Amboy , under harassment by Colonel Daniel Morgan 's elite light unit , Morgan 's Riflemen , who used their superior weapons to snipe at and harry his forces as they moved . Washington moved down to a more exposed position , assuming Howe was going to embark his army on ships . Howe then launched a lightning strike designed to cut Washington 's retreat off . This attempt was foiled by the Battle of Short Hills , which gave Washington time to retreat to a more secure position . Howe then did in fact embark his army and sailed south with his brother 's fleet . Howe maintained an effective secrecy surrounding the fleet 's destination : not only did Washington not know where it was going , neither did many British rank and file . Howe 's campaign for Philadelphia began with an amphibious landing at Head of Elk , Maryland , southwest of the city in late August . Although Howe would have preferred to make a landing on the Delaware River below Philadelphia , reports of well - prepared defences dissuaded him , and the fleet spent almost an entire extra month at sea to reach Head of Elk . Howe 's army left Head of Elk early on 3 September 1777 and pushed back an advance guard of American light infantry at Cooch 's Bridge . On 11 September 1777 , Howe 's army met Washington 's near Chadds Ford along the Brandywine Creek in the Battle of Brandywine . Howe established his headquarters at the Gilpin Homestead , where it stayed until the morning of 16 September . In a reprise of earlier battles , Howe once again flanked the Continental Army position and forced Washington to retreat after inflicting heavy casualties . After two weeks of manoeuvre and engagements ( including The Battle of the Clouds , The Paoli Massacre , and an engagement at Valley Forge where Alexander Hamilton was nearly lost ) , Howe triumphantly entered the city on 26 September . The reception the British received was not quite what they had expected , however . They had been led to believe that `` Friends thicker than Woods '' would greet them upon their arrival ; they instead were greeted by women , children , and many deserted houses . Despite Howe 's best attempts to minimise the plundering by his army ( he authorised the execution of violators of his orders against it ) , this activity by the army had a significant negative effect on popular support . One week after Howe entered Philadelphia , on 4 October , Washington made a dawn attack on the British garrison at Germantown . He very nearly won the battle before being repulsed by late - arriving reinforcements sent from the city . This forced Howe to withdraw his troops a little closer to the city , where they were also needed to help clear the American Delaware River defences , which were preventing the navy from resupplying the army . It was late November before this task was accomplished , which included a poorly executed attack on Fort Mercer by a division of Hessians . Impact on Burgoyne 's campaign ( edit ) Howe made the Masters - Penn mansion his headquarters during the 1777 -- 78 British occupation of Philadelphia . It later served as the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams , 1790 -- 1800 . Concomitant with Howe 's campaign , General Burgoyne led his expedition south from Montreal to capture Albany . Burgoyne 's advance was stopped in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October , and he surrendered his army on 17 October . Burgoyne 's surrender , coupled with Howe 's near defeat at Germantown , dramatically altered the strategic balance of the conflict . Support for the Continental Congress , suffering from Howe 's successful occupation of Philadelphia , was strengthened , and the victory encouraged France to enter the war against Britain . Burgoyne 's loss also further weakened the British government of Lord North . Burgoyne made his advance under the assumption that he would be met in Albany by Howe or troops sent by Howe . Burgoyne was apparently not aware that Howe 's plans had evolved as they had . Although Germain knew what Howe 's plans were , whether he communicated them to Burgoyne is unclear . Some sources claim he did while others state that Burgoyne was not notified of the changes until the campaign was well underway . Whether Germain , Howe and Burgoyne had the same expectations about the degree to which Howe was supposed to support the invasion from Quebec is also unclear . Some historians argue that Howe failed to follow instructions and essentially abandoned Burgoyne 's army , while others suggest that Burgoyne failed on his own and then tried to shift the blame to Howe and Clinton . Howe 's decision to focus his own activity on an expedition to Philadelphia may have been motivated by competition with General Burgoyne , who was given command of the northern force despite lobbying by Howe for its command to be given to Clinton . John Alden notes the jealousies among the British leaders , saying , `` It is likely that ( Howe ) was as jealous of Burgoyne as Burgoyne was of him and that he was not eager to do anything which might assist his junior up the ladder of military renown . '' Along the same lines historian Don Higginbotham concludes that in Howe 's view , `` It ( the northern campaign ) was Burgoyne 's whole show , and consequently he ( Howe ) wanted little to do with it . With regard to Burgoyne 's army , he would do only what was required of him ( virtually nothing ) . '' Howe himself wrote to Burgoyne on 17 July that he intended to stay close to Washington : `` My intention is for Pennsylvania , where I expect to meet Washington , but if he goes to the northward contrary to my expectations , and you can keep him at bay , be assured I shall soon be after him to relieve you . '' This suggested that Howe would follow Washington if he went north to assist in the defence of the Hudson . Howe , however , sailed from New York on 23 July . On 30 August , shortly after his arrival at Head of Elk , Howe wrote to Germain that he would be unable to assist Burgoyne , citing a lack of Loyalist support in the Philadelphia area . A small force sent north from New York by General Clinton in early October was also unable to assist Burgoyne . Resignation ( edit ) Artwork on the tickets to the Mischianza In October 1777 Howe sent his letter of resignation to London , complaining that he had been inadequately supported in that year 's campaigns . He was finally notified in April 1778 that his resignation was accepted . A grand party , known as the `` Mischianza '' , was thrown for the departing general on 18 May . Organized by his aides John André and Oliver De Lancey Jr. , the party featured a grand parade , fireworks , and dancing until dawn . Washington , aware that the British were planning to evacuate Philadelphia , sent the Marquis de Lafayette out with a small force on the night of the party to determine British movements . This movement was noticed by alert British troops , and Howe ordered a column out to entrap the marquis . In the Battle of Barren Hill , Lafayette escaped the trap with minimal casualties . On 24 May , the day Howe sailed for England , General Clinton took over as commander - in - chief of British armies in America , and made preparations for an overland march to New York . Howe arrived back in England on 1 July , where he and his brother faced censure for their actions in North America . It is likely that the resignation of both William and his brother Richard was due to their desire to hurry home to vindicate their conduct during the campaign . In 1779 Howe and his brother demanded a parliamentary inquiry into their actions . The inquiry that followed was unable to confirm any charges of impropriety or mismanagement levelled against either of them . Because of the inconclusive nature of the inquiry , attacks continued to be made against Howe in pamphlets and the press , and in 1780 he published a response to accusations levelled by Loyalist Joseph Galloway , who issued a reply that harshly criticized the general 's conduct and accused him of deliberately undermining the war effort for the benefit of the anti-war Whig faction in Parliament . Later life ( edit ) In 1780 Howe lost in his bid to be re-elected to the House of Commons . In 1782 he was named lieutenant general of the ordnance and appointed to the Privy Council . His colonelcy was transferred from the 23rd Fusiliers to the 19th Light Dragoons in 1786 . He resumed limited active duty in 1789 , when a crisis with Spain over territorial claims in northwestern North America threatened to boil over into war . The crisis was resolved , and Howe did not see further action until 1793 , when the French Revolutionary Wars involved Britain . He was promoted to full general in 1793 , and commanded Northern District from 1793 and Eastern District from 1795 . In 1795 he was also appointed governor of Berwick - on - Tweed . When his brother Richard died in 1799 without surviving male issue , Howe inherited the Irish titles and became the 5th Viscount Howe and Baron Clenawly . In 1803 he resigned as lieutenant general of the ordnance , citing poor health . In 1805 he was appointed governor of Plymouth , and died at Twickenham in 1814 after a long illness . He was married in 1765 to Frances Connolly , but the marriage was childless , and his titles died with him . His wife survived him by three years ; both are buried in Twickenham . Popular culture ( edit ) Howe appears as an antagonist in the supernatural TV series Sleepy Hollow , depicted in flashbacks by Nicholas Guest and described in the present as being notorious for his brilliant tactics and ruthless cruelty . In his historical role as the British military leader in the War for Independence , Howe was acquainted with Ichabod Crane ( Tom Mison ) before Crane defected to America ; his first major flashback appearance sees him offer Crane a chance to return to Britain if he identifies Washington 's spies in the British forces , with Crane feeling guilty that he was briefly tempted by the offer . Howe also plays a key role in the crossover episodes between Sleepy Hollow and crime drama Bones ; his body is discovered in a small American church in the present ( characters noting that he is recorded as being buried in Twickenham ) , with his skull being identified as the ' murder weapon ' in Bones episode `` The Resurrection in the Remains '' , and he is resurrected as a zombie - like warrior in the following Sleepy Hollow episode `` Dead Men Tell No Tales '' , requiring Crane to destroy him with Greek fire . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alden ( 1989 ) , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 67 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Alden ( 1989 ) , p. 223 Jump up ^ Madeira . ( Signed : T.H. , i.e. the Hon . Thomas Howe . Edited by A. Dalrymple . ) Jump up ^ Memoir of a Chart of the N.W. Coast of Madagascar by Capt . David Inverarity ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Chichester Jump up ^ Leckie , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Gruber , p. 56 Jump up ^ Pocock , p. 208 Jump up ^ Billias , p. 44 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 58 Jump up ^ Billias , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1999 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Mainwaring , p. 346 ^ Jump up to : Kathy Abbass and Rod Mather . `` The History of the HMS Cerberus and HMS Lark '' . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Willcox , p. 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , pp. 151 -- 183 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 47 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 1 : 338 Jump up ^ Fleming , p. 44 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 48 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 72 Jump up ^ Alden ( 1989 ) , p. 504 ^ Jump up to : Hadden , p. 375 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , pp. 214 -- 217 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1999 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 32 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 53 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 114 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 116 -- 119 Jump up ^ Leckie , pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 127 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 106 -- 108 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 129 -- 131 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 113 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 117 -- 132 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 135 Jump up ^ Fredriksen , p. 386 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 137 -- 138 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 259 -- 295 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 154 -- 156 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 133 Jump up ^ Billias , p. 55 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 81 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 11 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 183 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 61 Jump up ^ Mintz , p. 117 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 22 Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 23 -- 27 Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 206 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 198 -- 199 ^ Jump up to : McGuire , p. 39 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 23 Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 24 -- 31 Jump up ^ Billias , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania '' ( Searchable database ) . CRGIS : Cultural Resources Geographic Information System . Note : This includes Pennsylvania Register of Historic Sites and Landmarks ( August 1971 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form : Gilpin Homestead '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 240 -- 241 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 241 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 242 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 243 Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 99 -- 120 Jump up ^ Gruber , pp. 247 -- 260 ^ Jump up to : Griffith , p. 369 Jump up ^ Mintz , p. 234 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 3 : 249 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 442 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Boatner , pp. 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Mintz , p. 124 Jump up ^ Alden ( 1954 ) , p. 118 Jump up ^ Higginbotham , p. 180 Jump up ^ Mintz , p. 164 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 31 Jump up ^ Pancake , p. 167 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 385 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 181 Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 182 -- 186 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 198 Jump up ^ Gruber , p. 325 Jump up ^ Syrett , p. 74 Jump up ^ Billias , p. 62 Jump up ^ Galloway , Joseph . A reply to the observations of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe ( 1780 ) ^ Jump up to : Billias , p. 63 Jump up ^ Hadden , p. 379 Jump up ^ Hadden , p. 380 Jump up ^ Many sources , including the DNB , assume he was at Plymouth when he died . This is probably based on an early misreading of his obituary , published in the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1814 ( Gentleman 's Magazine , Volume 116 , p. 93 ) . The obituary does not state he died there ; an annual register records his death at Twickenham , as do the editors of Hadden 's Journal . ( Edinburgh Annual Register , for 1814 , p. cdxlvii ; Hadden , p. 380 ) Jump up ^ Cokayne , p. 269 Jump up ^ `` Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frith , Vanessa ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' Season 3 : Bones Crossover Plot Revealed ! How Will Science & The Supernatural Mix ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Alden , John R ( 1954 ) . The American Revolution : 1775 -- 1783 . New York : Harper . OCLC 165049515 . Alden , John R ( 1989 ) ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Revolution . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . OCLC 19846752 . Anderson , Troyer ( 1936 ) . The Command of the Howe Brothers During the American Revolution . New York and London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 403 - 00816 - 2 . OCLC 1281930 . Billias , George Athan ( 1969 ) . George Washington 's Opponents . New York : William Morrow . OCLC 11709 . Boatner , Mark M ( 1994 ) ( 1966 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 3 . OCLC 29595553 . Brooks , Victor ( 1999 ) . The Boston Campaign . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 007 - 9 . OCLC 42581510 . Buchanan , John ( 2004 ) . The Road to Valley Forge : How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 44156 - 4 . OCLC 231991487 . Chichester , Henry M ( 1885 -- 1900 ) . `` Howe , William ( 1729 - 1814 ) '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Cokayne , George Edward ( 1892 ) . Complete Peerage of England , Scotland , Ireland , Great Britain and the United Kingdom , Extant , Extinct , or Dormant , Volume 4 . London : G. Bell and Sons . OCLC 2052386 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 2004 ) . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518159 - X . Fleming , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Washington 's Secret War . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 082962 - 9 . OCLC 61529854 . Fredriksen , John C ( 2001 ) . America 's Military Adversaries : From Colonial Times to the Present . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC -- CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . OCLC 248864750 . Griffith , Samuel B ( 2002 ) . The War for American Independence : From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02745 - 1 . OCLC 48222590 . Gruber , Ira ( 1972 ) . The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution . New York : Atheneum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1229 - 7 . OCLC 1464455 . Hadden , James M ; Rogers , Horatio ( 1884 ) . A Journal Kept in Canada and Upon Burgoyne 's Campaign in 1776 and 1777 by Lieut . James M. Hadden. J. Munsell 's Sons . OCLC 2130358 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1971 ) . The War of American Independence . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 142627 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1999 ) . Decisive Day : The Battle of Bunker Hill . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41897 - 3 . OCLC 24147566 . ( Paperback : ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6099 - 5 ) Leckie , Robert ( 1993 ) . George Washington 's War : The Saga of the American Revolution . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092215 - 3 . OCLC 29748139 . Mainwaring , Rowland Broughton ( 1889 ) . Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers . London : Hatchards , Piccadilly . OCLC 220264572 . Martin , David G ( 1993 ) . The Philadelphia Campaign : June 1777 -- July 1778 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 19 - 5 . 2003 Da Capo reprint , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81258 - 4 . McGuire , Thomas J ( 2006 ) . The Philadelphia Campaign , Vol . I : Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0178 - 5 . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04778 - 3 . OCLC 644565187 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University , AL : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . OCLC 59831925 . Pocock , Tom ( 1998 ) . Battle for Empire : The Very First World War , 1756 -- 63 . London : Michael O'Mara Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85479 - 332 - 4 . OCLC 185667821 . Syrett , David ( 2006 ) . Admiral Lord Howe : A Biography . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 006 - 1 . OCLC 70660963 . Trevelyan , George Otto ( 1898 ) . The American Revolution , Part 1 . New York : Longmans , Green , and Co . OCLC 20011020 . Willcox , William ( 1964 ) . Portrait of a General : Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence . New York : Alfred A Knopf . OCLC 245684727 . The Edinburgh Annual Register , for 1814 . Edinburgh : Archibald Constable . 1816 . OCLC 55271916 . The Gentleman 's Magazine , Volume 116 . London : E. Cave. 1814 . OCLC 7898058 . Further reading ( edit ) Gruber , Ira D . The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ( 1974 ) O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( 2014 ) . Smith , David . William Howe and the American War of Independence ( London : Bloomsbury , 2015 ) 201 pp . Moomaw , W.H. `` The Denouement of General Howe 's Campaign of 1777 '' . English Historical Review ( Vol. 79 , No. 312 ( July 1964 ) ) : pp. 498 -- 512 . JSTOR 560990 . Primary sources ( edit ) Howe , Viscount William ( 1780 ) . The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe : in a Committee of the House of Commons , on the 29th of April , 1779 , Relative to his Conduct , During his Late Command of the King 's Troops in North America . London : H. Baldwin . OCLC 474948690 . Howe 's 1780 pamphlet defending his conduct in North America Galloway , Joseph ( 1780 ) . A Reply to the Observations of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe , on a Pamphlet , entitled Letters to a Nobleman . London : G. Wilkie . OCLC 671515186 . Joseph Galloway 's response to Howe 's pamphlet External links ( edit ) Biography portal United Kingdom portal Great Britain portal British Army portal General Howe 's Orderly book June 30 , 1776 -- Oct 1776 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Howe , William Howe , 5th Viscount '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Court offices Preceded by Hon . Bluett Wallop Page of Honour 1744 -- 1747 Succeeded by Hon . George West Parliament of Great Britain Preceded by The Viscount Howe Sir Willoughby Aston , Bt Member of Parliament for Nottingham 1758 -- 1780 With : Sir Willoughby Aston , Bt 1758 -- 1761 John Plumptre 1761 -- 1774 Sir Charles Sedley 1774 -- 1778 Abel Smith 1778 -- 1779 Robert Smith 1779 -- 1780 Succeeded by Robert Smith Daniel Parker Coke Military offices Preceded by Hon . Thomas Murray Colonel of the 46th Regiment of Foot 1764 -- 1775 Succeeded by Hon . John Vaughan Preceded by Hon . George Boscawen Colonel of the 23rd Regiment of Foot 1775 -- 1786 Succeeded by Richard Grenville Preceded by Thomas Gage Commander - in - Chief , North America 1775 -- 1778 Succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton Preceded by The Lord Amherst Lieutenant - General of the Ordnance 1782 -- 1804 Succeeded by Sir Thomas Trigge Preceded by Sir John Burgoyne , Bt Colonel of the 19th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons 1786 -- 1814 Succeeded by Sir William Payne , Bt Preceded by New Post GOC Northern District 1793 -- 1795 Succeeded by The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Preceded by Hon . John Vaughan Governor of Berwick - upon - Tweed 1795 -- 1808 Succeeded by Banastre Tarleton Preceded by The Viscount Lake Governor of Plymouth 1808 -- 1814 Succeeded by The Duke of Richmond Peerage of Ireland Preceded by Richard Howe Viscount Howe 1799 -- 1814 Extinct BNF : cb15138981w ( data ) GND : 124617387 ISNI : 0000 0000 7374 9507 LCCN : n50029814 NARA : 10582756 SNAC : w6js9zfj SUDOC : 129813869 VIAF : 60021303 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe&oldid=842677326 '' Categories : 1729 births 1814 deaths People connected with Plymouth Lancashire Fusiliers officers 58th Regiment of Foot officers British Army generals British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession British military personnel of the French and Indian War English people of German descent Pages of Honour Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland Whig ( British political party ) MPs Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies British MPs 1754 -- 61 British MPs 1761 -- 68 British MPs 1768 -- 74 British MPs 1774 -- 80 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Good articles Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the commander of the british forces in boston	[ "General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers." ]	[ "William Howe" ]
-7920542576341821919	Superman (1978 film)	Superman ( 1978 film ) - wikipedia Superman ( 1978 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Superman Theatrical release poster by Bob Peak Directed by Richard Donner Produced by Pierre Spengler Screenplay by Mario Puzo David Newman Leslie Newman Robert Benton Story by Mario Puzo Based on Superman by Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Starring Marlon Brando Gene Hackman Christopher Reeve Ned Beatty Jackie Cooper Glenn Ford Trevor Howard Margot Kidder Valerie Perrine Maria Schell Terence Stamp Phyllis Thaxter Susannah York Music by John Williams Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Edited by Stuart Baird Michael Ellis Production companies Film Export A.G. Dovemead Limited International Film Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. ( United States ) Columbia - EMI - Warner ( United Kingdom ) Release date December 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 10 ) ( Kennedy Center ) December 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 14 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United Kingdom Switzerland Panama United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $300.2 million Superman ( informally titled Superman : The Movie in some listings and reference sources ) is a 1978 superhero film directed by Richard Donner and based on the DC Comics character of the same name . The film is a British , Swiss , Panamanian and American joint venture , produced by Warner Bros. , Film Export A.G. , Dovemead Limited and International Film Productions . Superman features an ensemble cast of Marlon Brando , Gene Hackman , Christopher Reeve , Jeff East , Margot Kidder , Glenn Ford , Phyllis Thaxter , Jackie Cooper , Trevor Howard , Marc McClure , Terence Stamp , Valerie Perrine , Ned Beatty , Jack O'Halloran , Maria Schell , and Sarah Douglas . The film depicts Superman 's origin , including his infancy as Kal - El of Krypton and his youthful years in the rural town of Smallville . Disguised as reporter Clark Kent , he adopts a mild - mannered disposition in Metropolis and develops a romance with Lois Lane , while battling the villainous Lex Luthor . Several directors , most notably Guy Hamilton , and screenwriters ( Mario Puzo , David and Leslie Newman , and Robert Benton ) , were associated with the project before Richard Donner was hired to direct . Tom Mankiewicz was drafted in to rewrite the script and was given a `` creative consultant '' credit . It was decided to film both Superman and its sequel Superman II ( 1980 ) simultaneously , with principal photography beginning in March 1977 and ending in October 1978 . Tensions arose between Donner and the producers , and a decision was made to stop filming the sequel , of which 75 percent had already been completed , and finish the first film . The most expensive film made up to that point with a budget of $55 million , Superman was released in December 1978 to critical and financial success ; its worldwide box - office earnings of $300 million made it the second highest - grossing release of the year . Reviewers particularly praised Reeve 's performance . It was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Best Film Editing , Best Music ( Original Score ) , and Best Sound Mixing , and received a Special Achievement Academy Award for Visual Effects . Groundbreaking in its use of special effects and science fiction / fantasy storytelling , the film 's legacy presaged the mainstream popularity of Hollywood 's superhero film franchises . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Casting of Superman 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 3.4. 1 2000 Rhino Complete album 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Beyond theatrical release 5.3 Broadcast television version details 6 Legacy 6.1 Comic book continuity 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the planet Krypton , using evidence provided by scientist Jor - El , the Council sentences attempted insurrectionists General Zod , Ursa , and Non to the Phantom Zone . For this , Zod swears revenge on Jor - El and his family . Jor - El , despite his eminence , is unable to convince the Council that Krypton will soon be destroyed when its red supergiant sun goes supernova . To save his infant son , Kal - El , Jor - El launches a spacecraft containing him toward Earth , a planet with a suitable atmosphere where Kal - El 's dense molecular structure will give him superhuman powers . Shortly after the launch , Krypton 's sun explodes , destroying the planet . The ship crash lands on Earth near Smallville , Kansas . Kal - El , who is now three years old , is found by Jonathan and Martha Kent , who are astonished when he is able to lift their truck . They take him to their farm and raise him as their own , naming him Clark after Martha 's maiden name . At 18 , soon after Jonathan 's death due to a heart attack , Clark hears a psychic `` call '' and discovers a glowing crystal in the remains of his spacecraft . It compels him to travel to the Arctic , where the crystal builds the Fortress of Solitude . Inside , a holographic vision of Jor - El appears and explains Clark 's origins , educating him on his powers and responsibilities . After 12 years of training , with his powers fully developed , he leaves the Fortress wearing a blue and red suit with the House of El family crest on his chest and becomes a reporter at the Daily Planet in Metropolis . He meets and develops an unrequited romantic attraction to co-worker Lois Lane . Lois becomes involved in a helicopter accident where conventional means of rescue are impossible , requiring Clark to use his powers in public for the first time to save her , and goes on to thwart a jewel thief attempting to scale the Solow Building using suction cups , captures robbers fleeing police in the Fulton Market , depositing their cabin cruiser on Wall Street , and rescues a girl 's cat from a tree in Brooklyn Heights . Clark also rescues Air Force One after a lightning strike destroys the port outboard engine , making the `` caped wonder '' an instant celebrity . He visits Lois at her home the next night and takes her for a flight over the city , allowing her to interview him for an article in which she names him `` Superman '' . Meanwhile , criminal genius Lex Luthor has developed a plan to make a fortune in real estate by buying large amounts of barren desert land . After learning that the U.S Army and U.S. Navy will launch a twin nuclear missile test , he diverts one missile to a weak point in the San Andreas Fault . Knowing Superman could stop his plan , Luthor lures him to an underground lair and reveals his plan and exposes him to Kryptonite . As Superman weakens , Luthor further taunts him by revealing that the first missile is headed east toward Hackensack , New Jersey , aware that even Superman can not stop both impacts . Eve Teschmacher , Luthor 's accomplice , is horrified because her mother lives in Hackensack , but Luthor does not care and leaves Superman to a slow death . Knowing his reputation for keeping his word , Teschmacher rescues Superman on the condition that he will deal with the New Jersey missile first . After Superman diverts the eastbound missile into outer space , the other one explodes near the San Andreas Fault . He is able to mitigate the effects of the nuclear explosion , getting rid of the pollution from the fallout and shoring up the crumbling Earth , but the aftershocks damage the Golden Gate Bridge and cause the Hollywood Sign and the Hoover Dam to collapse . While Superman is busy saving others from the aftershocks , Lois 's car ends up falling into a crevice that opens from one of them . It quickly fills with dirt and debris and she suffocates to death . Angered at being unable to save her , Superman defies Jor - El 's earlier warning not to manipulate human history , preferring to heed Jonathan 's advice that he must be on Earth for `` a reason '' . He accelerates around the Earth , rewinding time , in order to save Lois . He then delivers Luthor and Otis to prison and flies into the sunrise for further adventures . Cast ( edit ) Marlon Brando as Jor - El : Superman 's biological father on Krypton . He has a theory about the planet exploding , yet the Council refuses to listen . He dies as the planet explodes but successfully sends his infant son to Earth as a means to help the innocent . Brando sued the Salkinds and Warner Bros. for $50 million because he felt cheated out of his share of the box office profits . This stopped Brando 's footage from being used in Richard Lester 's version of Superman II . Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor : A scientific genius and businessman who is Superman 's nemesis . It is he who discovers Superman 's weakness and hatches a plan that puts millions of people in danger . Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman : Born on Krypton as Kal - El and raised on Earth , he is a being of immense power , strength and invulnerability who , after realizing his destiny to serve mankind , uses his powers to protect and save others . As a means to protect his identity , he works in Metropolis at the Daily Planet as mild - mannered newspaper reporter Clark Kent and changes his clothes into a red - blue red caped suit with an S shield on its chest and known for his dubbing as `` Superman '' by Lois . Reeve was picked from over 200 actors who auditioned for the role . Jeff East as the teenage Clark Kent : As a teenager , he is forced to hide his superhuman abilities , making him unpopular among his classmates and frustrating his efforts to gain the attention of classmate Lana Lang ( Diane Sherry ) . Following the death of his adoptive father , he travels to the Arctic to discover his Kryptonian heritage . East 's dialogue in the film is redubbed by Christopher Reeve for the final cut . Ned Beatty as Otis : Lex Luthor 's bumbling henchman . Jackie Cooper as Perry White : Clark Kent 's hot - tempered boss at the Daily Planet . He assigns Lois to uncover the news of an unknown businessman purchasing a large amount of property in California . Keenan Wynn was originally cast , but dropped out shortly before filming because of heart disease . Cooper , who originally auditioned for Otis , was subsequently cast . Glenn Ford as Jonathan Kent : Clark Kent 's adoptive father in Smallville during his youth . He is a farmer who teaches Clark skills that will help him in the future . He later suffers a fatal heart attack that changes Clark 's outlook on his duty to others . Trevor Howard as the First Elder : Head of the Kryptonian Council , who does not believe Jor - El 's claim that Krypton is doomed . He threatens Jor - El , `` Any attempt by you to create a climate of fear and panic amongst the populace must be deemed by us an act of insurrection . '' Margot Kidder as Lois Lane : A reporter at the Daily Planet , who becomes a romantic interest to Clark Kent . The producers and director had a very specific concept for Lois : liberated , hard - nosed , witty and attractive . Kidder was cast because her performance had a certain spark and vitality , and because of her strong interaction with Christopher Reeve . Over 100 actresses were considered for the role . Margot Kidder ( suggested by Stalmaster ) , Anne Archer , Susan Blakely , Lesley Ann Warren , Deborah Raffin and Stockard Channing screen tested from March through May 1977 . The final decision was between Channing and Kidder , with the latter winning the role . Jack O'Halloran as Non : Large and mute , the third of the Kryptonian villains who are sentenced to be isolated in the Phantom Zone . Valerie Perrine as Eve Teschmacher : Lex Luthor 's girlfriend and accomplice . Already cynical of his increasing grandiosity and disturbed by his cruelty , she saves Superman 's life after learning that Luthor has launched a nuclear missile toward her mother 's hometown of Hackensack , New Jersey . She shows a romantic interest in Superman , implied by her fixing her hair before she makes her presence known to him , and then by kissing him before she saves his life . Maria Schell as Vond - Ah : Like Jor - El , a top Kryptonian scientist ; but she too is not swayed by Jor - El 's theories . Terence Stamp as General Zod : Evil leader of the three Kryptonian criminals who swears vengeance against Jor - El when he is sentenced to the Phantom Zone . Phyllis Thaxter as Martha Kent ( née Clark ) : Clark Kent 's faithful adoptive mother . A kindly woman who dotes on her adoptive son and is fiercely devoted to her husband , Jonathan . She is her son 's emotional support after Clark is devastated by Jonathan 's death . Thaxter was producer Ilya Salkind 's mother - in - law . Susannah York as Lara : Superman 's biological mother on Krypton . She , after learning of Krypton 's fate , has apprehensions about sending her infant son to a strange planet alone . Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen : A teenage photographer at the Daily Planet . Jeff East , who portrayed the teenage Clark Kent , originally auditioned for this role , but outranked following his portrayal of the teen Clark . Sarah Douglas as Ursa : General Zod 's second in command and consort , sentenced to the Phantom Zone for her unethical scientific experiments . Harry Andrews as the Second Elder : Council member , who urges Jor - El to be reasonable about plans to save Krypton . Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill have cameo appearances as Lois Lane 's father and mother in a deleted scene that was restored in later home media releases . Alyn and Neill portrayed Superman and Lois Lane in the film serials Superman ( 1948 ) and Atom Man vs. Superman ( 1950 ) , and were the first actors to portray the characters onscreen in a live - action format . Neill reprised her role in the 1950s Adventures of Superman TV series , and also appeared as Lex Luthor 's elderly wife in the opening scene of the film Superman Returns ( 2006 ) . Larry Hagman and Rex Reed also make cameos ; Hagman plays an army major in charge of a convoy that is transporting one of the missiles , and Reed plays himself as he meets Lois and Clark outside the Daily Planet headquarters . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Ilya Salkind had first conceived the idea for a Superman film in late 1973 . In November 1974 , after a long , difficult process with DC Comics , the Superman film rights were purchased by Ilya , his father Alexander Salkind , and their partner Pierre Spengler . DC wanted a list of actors that were to be considered for Superman , and approved the producer 's choices of Muhammad Ali , Al Pacino , James Caan , Steve McQueen , Clint Eastwood and Dustin Hoffman . The filmmakers felt it was best to film Superman and Superman II back - to - back , simultaneously , and to make a negative pickup deal with Warner Bros. William Goldman was approached to write the screenplay , while Leigh Brackett was considered . Ilya hired Alfred Bester , who began writing a film treatment . Alexander felt , however , that Bester was not famous enough , so he hired Mario Puzo ( The Godfather ) to write the screenplay at a $600,000 salary . Francis Ford Coppola , William Friedkin , Richard Lester , Peter Yates , John Guillermin , Ronald Neame and Sam Peckinpah were in negotiations to direct . Peckinpah dropped out when he produced a gun during a meeting with Ilya . George Lucas turned down the offer because of his commitment to Star Wars . Ilya wanted to hire Steven Spielberg to direct , but Alexander was skeptical , feeling it was best to `` wait until ( Spielberg 's ) big fish opens . '' Jaws was very successful , prompting the producers to offer Spielberg the position , but by then Spielberg had already committed to Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Guy Hamilton was hired as director , while Puzo delivered his 500 - page script for Superman and Superman II in July 1975 . Jax - Ur appeared as one of General Zod 's henchmen , with Clark Kent written as a television reporter . Dustin Hoffman , who was previously considered for Superman , turned down Lex Luthor . In early 1975 , Brando signed on as Jor - El with a salary of $3.7 million and 11.75 % of the box office gross profits , totaling $19 million . He horrified Salkind by proposing in their first meeting that Jor - El appear as a green suitcase or a bagel with Brando 's voice , but Donner used flattery to persuade the actor to portray Jor - El himself . Brando hoped to use some of his salary for a proposed 13 - part Roots - style miniseries on Native Americans in the United States . Brando had it in his contract to complete all of his scenes in 12 days . He also refused to memorize his dialogue , so cue cards were compiled across the set . Fellow Oscar winner Hackman was cast as Lex Luthor days later . The filmmakers made it a priority to shoot all of Brando and Hackman 's footage `` because they would be committed to other films immediately . '' Though the Salkinds felt that Puzo had written a solid story for the two - part film , they deemed his scripts too long and so hired Robert Benton and David Newman for rewrite work . Benton became too busy directing The Late Show , so David 's wife Leslie was brought in to help her husband finish writing duties . George MacDonald Fraser was later hired to do some work on the script , but he says he did little . Their script was submitted in July 1976 , and carried a camp tone , including a cameo appearance by Telly Savalas as his Kojak character . The scripts for Superman and Superman II were now at over 400 pages combined . Pre-production started at Cinecittà Studios in Rome , with sets starting construction and flying tests being unsuccessfully experimented . `` In Italy , '' producer Ilya Salkind remembered , `` we lost about $2 million ( on flying tests ) . '' Marlon Brando found out he could not film in Italy because of a warrant out for his arrest : a sexual - obscenity charge from Last Tango in Paris . Production moved to England in late 1976 , but Hamilton could not join because he was a tax exile . Mark Robson was strongly considered and was in talks to direct , but after seeing The Omen , the producers hired Richard Donner . Donner had previously been planning Damien : Omen II when he was hired in January 1977 for $1 million to direct Superman and Superman II . Donner felt it was best to start from scratch . `` They had prepared the picture for a year and not one bit was useful to me . '' Donner was dissatisfied with the campy script and brought in Tom Mankiewicz to perform a rewrite . According to Mankiewicz `` not a word from the Puzo script was used . '' `` It was a well - written , but still a ridiculous script . It was 550 pages . I said , ' You ca n't shoot this screenplay because you 'll be shooting for five years ' , '' Donner continued . `` That was literally a shooting script and they planned to shoot all 550 pages . You know , 110 pages is plenty for a script , so even for two features , that was way too much . '' Mankiewicz conceived having each Kryptonian family wear a crest resembling a different letter , justifying the ' S ' on Superman 's costume . The Writers Guild of America refused to credit Mankiewicz for his rewrites , so Donner gave him a creative consultant credit , much to the annoyance of the Guild . Casting of Superman ( edit ) It was initially decided to first sign an A-list actor for Superman before Richard Donner was hired as director . Robert Redford was offered a large sum , but felt he was too famous . Burt Reynolds also turned down the role , while Sylvester Stallone was interested , but nothing ever came of it . Paul Newman was offered his choice of roles as Superman , Lex Luthor or Jor - El for $4 million , turning down all three roles . When it was next decided to cast an unknown actor , casting director Lynn Stalmaster first suggested Christopher Reeve , but Donner and the producers felt he was too young and skinny . Over 200 unknown actors auditioned for Superman . Olympic champion Bruce Jenner had auditioned for the title role . Patrick Wayne was cast , but dropped out when his father John Wayne was diagnosed with stomach cancer . Both Neil Diamond and Arnold Schwarzenegger lobbied hard for the role , but were ignored . James Caan , James Brolin , Lyle Waggoner , Christopher Walken , Nick Nolte , Jon Voight , and Perry King were approached . Kris Kristofferson and Charles Bronson were also considered for the title role . James Caan said he was offered the part but turned it down . `` I just could n't wear that suit . '' `` We found guys with fabulous physique who could n't act or wonderful actors who did not look remotely like Superman , '' creative consultant Tom Mankiewicz remembered . The search became so desperate that producer Ilya Salkind 's wife 's dentist was screen tested . Stalmaster convinced Donner and Ilya to have Reeve screen test in February 1977 . Reeve stunned the director and producers , but he was told to wear a `` muscle suit '' to produce the desired muscular physique . Reeve refused , undertaking a strict physical exercise regime headed by David Prowse . Prowse had wanted to portray Superman , but was denied an audition by the filmmakers because he was not American . Prowse also auditioned for Non . Reeve went from 188 to 212 pounds during pre-production and filming . Reeve was paid a mere $250,000 for both Superman and Superman II , while his veteran co-stars received huge sums of money : $3.7 million for Brando and $2 million for Hackman for Superman I . However , Reeve felt , `` ' Superman ' brought me many opportunities , rather than closing a door in my face . '' Jeff East portrays teenage Clark Kent . East 's lines were overdubbed by Reeve during post-production . `` I was not happy about it because the producers never told me what they had in mind , '' East commented . `` It was done without my permission but it turned out to be okay . Chris did a good job but it caused tension between us . We resolved our issues with each other years later . '' East also tore several thigh muscles when performing the stunt of racing alongside the train . He applied 3 to 4 hours of prosthetic makeup daily to facially resemble Reeve . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 28 , 1977 at Pinewood Studios for Krypton scenes , budgeted as the most expensive film ever made at that point . Since Superman was being shot simultaneously with Superman II , filming lasted 19 months , until October 1978 . Filming was originally scheduled to last between seven and eight months , but problems arose during production . John Barry served as production designer , while Stuart Craig and Norman Reynolds worked as art directors . Derek Meddings and Les Bowie were credited as visual effects supervisors . Stuart Freeborn was the make - up artist , while Barry , David Tomblin , John Glen , David Lane , Robert Lynn and an uncredited Peter Duffell and André de Toth directed second unit scenes . Vic Armstrong was hired as the stunt coordinator and Reeve 's stunt double ; his wife Wendy Leech was Kidder 's double . Superman was also the final complete film by cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth , who died during post-production while working on Tess for director Roman Polanski . The Fortress of Solitude was constructed at Shepperton Studios and at Pinewood 's 007 Stage . Upon viewing the footage of Krypton , Warner Bros. decided to distribute in not only North America , but also in foreign countries . Due to complications and problems during filming , Warner Bros. also supplied $20 million and acquired television rights . New York City doubled for Metropolis , while the New York Daily News Building served as the location for the offices of the Daily Planet . Brooklyn Heights was also used . Filming in New York lasted five weeks , during the time of the New York City blackout of 1977 . Production moved to Alberta for scenes set in Smallville , with the cemetery scene filmed in the canyon of Beynon , Alberta , the high school football scenes at Barons , Alberta , and the Kent farm constructed at Blackie , Alberta . Brief filming also took place in Gallup , New Mexico , Lake Mead and Grand Central Terminal . Director Donner had tensions with the Salkinds and Spengler concerning the escalating production budget and the shooting schedule . Creative consultant Tom Mankiewicz reflected , `` Donner never got a budget or a schedule . He was constantly told he was way over schedule and budget . At one point he said , ' Why do n't you just schedule the film for the next two days , and then I 'll be nine months over ? ' . '' Richard Lester , who worked with the Salkinds on The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers , was then brought in as a temporary co-producer to mediate the relationship between Donner and the Salkinds , who by now were refusing to talk to each other . With his relationship with Spengler , Donner remarked , `` At one time if I 'd seen him , I would have killed him . '' Lester was offered producing credit but refused , going uncredited for his work . Salkind felt that bringing a second director onto the set meant there would be someone ready in the event that Donner could not fulfill his directing duties . `` Being there all the time meant he ( Lester ) could take over , '' Salkind admitted . `` ( Donner ) could n't make up his mind on stuff . '' On Lester , Donner reflected , `` He 'd been suing the Salkinds for his money on Three and Four Musketeers , which he 'd never gotten . He won a lot of his lawsuits , but each time he sued the Salkinds in one country , they 'd move to another , from Costa Rica to Panama to Switzerland . When I was hired , Lester told me , ' Do n't do it . Do n't work for them . I was told not to , but I did it . Now I 'm telling you not to , but you 'll probably do it and end up telling the next guy . ' Lester came in as a ' go - between ' . I did n't trust Lester , and I told him . He said , ' Believe me , I 'm only doing it because they 're paying me the money that they owe me from the lawsuit . I 'll never come onto your set unless you ask me ; I 'll never go to your dailies . If I can help you in any way , call me . '' It was decided to stop shooting Superman II and focus on finishing Superman . Donner had already completed 75 % of the sequel . The filmmakers took a risk : if Superman was a box office bomb , they would not finish Superman II . The original climax for Superman II had General Zod , Ursa and Non destroying the planet , with Superman time traveling to fix the damage . Donner commented , `` I decided if Superman is a success , they 're going to do a sequel . If it ai n't a success , a cliffhanger ai n't gon na bring them to see Superman II . '' Effects ( edit ) Publicity still emulating screen shot in which Superman ( Christopher Reeve ) , with his traditional suit , flies toward the sky , with Metropolis underneath him . Actual screen shot for comparison . Suit has greenish hue , for use with blue - screen effects . Superman is well known for its large - scale visual effects sequences , all of which were created before the digital age . The Golden Gate Bridge scale model stood 70 feet long and 20 feet wide . Other miniatures included the Krypton Council Dome and the Hoover Dam . Slow motion was used to simulate the vast amount of water for the Hoover Dam destruction . The Fortress of Solitude was a combination of a full - scale set and matte paintings . Young Clark Kent 's long - distance football punt was executed with a wooden football loaded into an air blaster placed in the ground . The Superman costume was to be a much darker blue , but the use of blue screen made it transparent . The first test for the flying sequences involved simply catapulting a crash test dummy out of a cannon . Another technique had a remote control cast of Superman flying around . Both were discarded due to lack of movement . High - quality , realistic - looking animation was tried , with speed trails added to make the effect more convincing . As detailed in the Superman : The Movie DVD special effects documentary ' The Magic Behind The Cape ' , presented by optical effects supervisor Roy Field , in the end , three techniques were used to achieve the flying effects . For landings and take - offs , wire flying riggings were devised and used . On location , these were suspended from tower cranes , whereas in the studio elaborate rigs were suspended from the studio ceilings . Some of the wire - flying work was quite audacious considering computer - controlled rigs were not then available -- the penultimate shot where Superman flies out of the prison yard for example . Although stuntmen were used , Reeve did much of the work himself , and was suspended as high as 50 ft in the air . Counterweights and pulleys were typically used to achieve flying movement , rather than electronic or motorized devices . The thin wires used to suspend Reeve were typically removed from the film in post-production using rotoscope techniques , although this was n't necessary in all shots ( in certain lighting conditions or when Superman is very distant in the frame , the wires were more or less imperceptible ) . For stationary shots where Superman is seen flying toward or away from the camera , blue screen matte techniques were used . Reeve would be photographed suspended against a blue screen . While a special device made his cape flap to give the illusion of movement , the actor himself would remain stationary ( save for banking his body ) . Instead , the camera would use a mixture of long zoom - ins and zoom - outs and dolly in / dolly outs to cause him to become larger or smaller in the frame . The blue background would then be photochemically removed and Reeve 's isolated image would be ' inserted ' into a matted area of a background plate shot . The zoom - ins or zoom - outs would give the appearance of flying away or toward the contents of the background plate . The disparity in lighting and color between the matted image and the background plate , the occasional presence of black matte lines ( where the matte area and the matted image -- in this case Superman -- do not exactly match up ) , and the slightly unconvincing impression of movement achieved through the use of zoom lenses is characteristic of these shots . Where the shot is tracking with Superman as he flies ( such as in the Superman and Lois Metropolis flying sequence ) , front projection was used . This involved photographing the actors suspended in front of a background image dimly projected from the front onto a special screen made by 3M that would reflect light back at many times the original intensity directly into a combined camera / projector . The result was a very clear and intense photographic reproduction of both the actors and the background plate , with far less image deterioration or lighting problems than occur with rear projection . A technique was developed that combined the front projection effect with specially designed zoom lenses . The illusion of movement was created by zooming in on Reeve while making the front projected image appear to recede . For scenes where Superman interacts with other people or objects while in flight , Reeve and actors were put in a variety of rigging equipment with careful lighting and photography . This also led to the creation of the Zoptic system . The highly reflective costumes worn by the Kryptonians are made of the same 3M material used for the front projection screens and were the result of an accident during Superman flying tests . `` We noticed the material lit up on its own , '' Donner explained . `` We tore the material into tiny pieces and glued it on the costumes , designing a front projection effect for each camera . There was a little light on each camera , and it would project into a mirror , bounce out in front of the lens , hit the costume , ( and ) millions of little glass beads would light up and bring the image back into the camera . '' Music ( edit ) Jerry Goldsmith , who scored Donner 's The Omen , was originally set to compose Superman . Portions of Goldsmith 's work from Capricorn One were used in Superman 's teaser trailer . He dropped out over scheduling conflicts and John Williams was hired . Williams conducted the London Symphony Orchestra to record the soundtrack . The music was one of the last pieces to come into place . Williams liked that the film did not take itself too seriously and that it had a theatrical camp feel to it . Kidder was supposed to sing `` Can You Read My Mind ? , '' the lyrics to which were written by Leslie Bricusse , but Donner disliked it and changed it to a composition accompanied by a voiceover . Maureen McGovern eventually recorded the single , `` Can You Read My Mind ? , '' in 1979 , although the song did not appear on the film soundtrack . It became a mid-chart hit on the Billboard Hot 100 that year ( # 52 ) , spending three weeks at number five on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart , as well as making lesser appearances on the corresponding Canadian charts . It was also a very minor hit on the U.S. Country chart , reaching # 93 . The score earned John Williams an Academy Award nomination , but he lost to Giorgio Moroder 's score for Midnight Express . 2000 Rhino Complete album ( edit ) ( show ) Disc One No . Title Length 1 . `` Prelude and Main Title March * * '' 5 : 30 2 . `` The Planet Krypton * * '' 6 : 40 3 . `` Destruction of Krypton * * '' 7 : 52 4 . `` Star Ship Escapes * '' 2 : 21 5 . `` The Trip to Earth '' 2 : 29 6 . `` Growing Up * * '' 2 : 35 7 . `` Death of Jonathan Kent * '' 3 : 24 8 . `` Leaving Home '' 4 : 52 9 . `` The Fortress of Solitude * * '' 9 : 18 10 . `` Welcome to Metropolis * '' 2 : 12 11 . `` Lex Luthor 's Lair * * '' 4 : 48 12 . `` The Big Rescue * '' 5 : 55 13 . `` Super Crime Fighter * * '' 3 : 20 14 . `` Super Rescues * * '' 2 : 14 15 . `` Luthor 's Luau ( Source ) * '' 2 : 48 16 . `` The Planet Krypton ( Alternate ) * * '' 4 : 25 17 . `` Main Title March ( Alternate ) '' 4 : 37 ( show ) Disc Two No . Title Length 1 . `` Superman March ( Alternate ) * * '' 3 : 49 2 . `` The March of the Villains '' 3 : 36 3 . `` The Terrace * '' 1 : 34 4 . `` The Flying Sequence '' 8 : 14 5 . `` Lois and Clark * '' 0 : 50 6 . `` Crime of the Century * '' 3 : 24 7 . `` Sonic Greeting * '' 2 : 22 8 . `` Misguided Missiles and Kryptonite * '' 3 : 27 9 . `` Chasing Rockets * * '' 4 : 55 10 . `` Superfeats * * '' 4 : 53 11 . `` Super Dam and Finding Lois * * '' 5 : 11 12 . `` Turning Back the World '' 2 : 07 13 . `` Finale and End Title March * * '' 5 : 42 14 . `` Love Theme from Superman '' 5 : 06 15 . `` Can You Read My Mind ( Alternate ) * '' 2 : 58 16 . `` The Flying Sequence / Can You Read My Mind '' 8 : 10 17 . `` Can You Read My Mind ( Alternate Instrumental ) * '' 2 : 57 18 . `` Theme from Superman ( Concert Version ) '' 4 : 24 * Previously unreleased selection * * Contains previously unreleased material Themes ( edit ) See also : Christ figure `` You will travel far , my little Kal - El . But we will never leave you , even in the face of our deaths . The richness of our lives shall be yours . All that I have , all that I 've learned , everything I feel -- all this and more I bequeath you , my son . You will carry me inside you all the days of your life . You will make my strength your own , and see my life through your eyes , as your life will be seen through mine . The son becomes the father and the father the son . This is all I , all I can send you , Kal - El . '' -- Jor - El Superman is divided into three basic sections , each having a distinct theme and visual style . The first segment , set on Krypton , is meant to be typical of science fiction films , but also lays the groundwork for an analogy that emerges in the relationship between Jor - El and Kal - El . The second segment , set in Smallville , is reminiscent of 1950s films , and its small - town atmosphere is meant to evoke a Norman Rockwell painting . The third ( and largest ) segment , set mostly in Metropolis , was an attempt to present the superhero story with as much realism as possible ( what Donner called `` verisimilitude '' ) , relying on traditional cinematic drama and using only subtle humor instead of a campy approach . In each of the three acts , the mythic status of Superman is enhanced by events that recall the hero 's journey ( or monomyth ) as described by Joseph Campbell . Each act has a discernible cycle of `` call '' and journey . The journey is from Krypton to Earth in the first act , from Smallville to the Fortress of Solitude in the second act , and then from Metropolis to the whole world in the third act . Many have noted the examples of apparent Christian symbolism . Donner , Tom Mankiewicz and Ilya Salkind have commented on the use of Christian references to discuss the themes of Superman . Mankiewicz deliberately fostered analogies with Jor - El ( God ) and Kal - El ( Jesus ) . Donner is somewhat skeptical of Mankiewicz ' actions , joking `` I got enough death threats because of that . '' Several concepts and items of imagery have been used in Biblical comparisons . Jor - El casts out General Zod from Krypton , a parallel to the casting out of Satan from Heaven . The spacecraft that brings Kal - El to Earth is in the form of a star ( Star of Bethlehem ) . Kal - El comes to Jonathan and Martha Kent , who are unable to have children . Martha Kent states , `` All these years how we 've prayed and prayed that the good Lord would see fit to give us a child , '' which was compared to the Virgin Mary . Just as little is known about Jesus during his middle years , Clark travels into the wilderness to find out who he is and what he has to do . Jor - El says , `` Live as one of them , Kal - El , to discover where your strength and power are needed . But always hold in your heart the pride of your special heritage . They can be a great people , Kal - El , and they wish to be . They only lack the light to show the way . For this reason above all , their capacity for good , I have sent them you , my only son . '' The theme resembles the Biblical account of God sending his only son Jesus to Earth in hope for the good of mankind . More were seen when Donner was able to complete Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut , featuring the fall , resurrection and his battle with evil . Another vision was that of The Creation of Adam . The Christian imagery in the Reeve films has provoked comment on the Jewish origins of Superman . Rabbi Simcha Weinstein 's book Up , Up and Oy Vey : How Jewish History , Culture and Values Shaped the Comic Book Superhero , says that Superman is both a pillar of society and one whose cape conceals a `` nebbish '' , saying `` He 's a bumbling , nebbish Jewish stereotype . He 's Woody Allen . '' Ironically , it is also in the Reeve films that Clark Kent 's persona has the greatest resemblance to Woody Allen , though his conscious model was Cary Grant 's character in Bringing Up Baby . This same theme is pursued about 1940s superheroes generally in Disguised as Clark Kent : Jews , Comics , and the Creation of the Superhero by Danny Fingeroth . In the scene where Lois Lane interviews Superman on the balcony , Superman replies , `` I never lie . '' Salkind felt this was an important point in the film , since Superman , living under his secret identity as Clark Kent , is `` telling the biggest lie of all time . '' His romance with Lois also leads him to contradict Jor - El 's orders to avoid altering human history , time traveling to save her from dying . Superman instead takes the advice of Jonathan Kent , his father on Earth . Release ( edit ) Superman was originally scheduled to be released in June 1978 , the 40th anniversary of Action Comics 1 , which first introduced Superman , but the problems during filming pushed the film back by six months . Editor Stuart Baird reflected , `` Filming was finished in October 1978 and it is a miracle we had the film released two months later . Big - budgeted films today tend to take six to eight months . '' Donner , for his part , wished that he had `` had another six months ; I would have perfected a lot of things . But at some point , you 've got ta turn the picture over . '' Warner Bros. spent $7 million to market and promote the film . Superman premiered at the Uptown Theater in Washington , D.C. on December 10 , 1978 , with director Richard Donner and several cast members in attendance . Three days later , on December 13 , it had a European Royal Charity Premiere at the Empire , Leicester Square in London in the presence of HM Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Andrew . It went on to gross $134.21 million in North America and $166 million internationally , totaling $300.21 million worldwide . Superman was the second highest - grossing film of 1978 ( behind only Grease ) , and became the sixth - highest - grossing film of all time after its theatrical run . It was also Warner Bros . ' most successful film at the time . Critical reception ( edit ) Based on 53 reviews and an average rating of 8 / 10 collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 93 % of reviewers enjoyed Superman , with the consensus , `` Superman deftly blends humor and gravitas , taking advantage of the perfectly cast Reeve to craft a loving , nostalgic tribute to an American pop culture icon . '' By comparison , Metacritic collected an average score of 88 , resulting in `` universal acclaim '' , based on 12 reviews . The film was widely regarded as one of top 10 films of 1978 . Superman creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster gave a positive reaction . Shuster was `` delighted to see Superman on the screen . I got chills . Chris Reeve has just the right touch of humor . He really is Superman . '' Roger Ebert gave a very positive review . `` Superman is a pure delight , a wondrous combination of all the old - fashioned things we never really get tired of : adventure and romance , heroes and villains , earthshaking special effects and wit . Reeve is perfectly cast in the role . Any poor choice would have ruined the film . '' Ebert placed the film on his 10 best list of 1978 . He would later go on to place it on his `` Great Movies '' list . James Berardinelli believed `` there 's no doubt that it 's a flawed movie , but it 's one of the most wonderfully entertaining flawed movies made during the 1970s . It 's exactly what comic book fans hoped it would be . Perhaps most heartening of all , however , is the message at the end of the credits announcing the impending arrival of Superman II . '' Harry Knowles is a longtime fan of the film , but was critical of elements that did not represent the Superman stories as seen in the comics . Dave Kehr felt `` the tone , style , and point of view change almost from shot to shot . This is the definitive corporate film . It is best when it takes itself seriously , worst when it takes the easy way out in giggly camp . When Lex Luthor enters the action , Hackman plays the arch - villain like a hairdresser left over from a TV skit . '' Neal Gabler similarly felt that the film focused too much on shallow comedy . He also argued that the film should have adhered more to the spirit of Mario Puzo 's original script , and referred to the first three Superman films collectively as `` simply puffed - up TV episodes . '' Beyond theatrical release ( edit ) The Salkinds prepared a three - hour - plus version for worldwide television reincorporating some 45 minutes of footage and music deleted from the theatrical cut , and specially prepared so that networks and stations can re-edit their own version at their discretion . ABC aired the broadcast television debut of Superman in 1982 , with a majority of the unused footage . A syndicated version of the film aired in local television stations in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. in the 1990s included two additional scenes never seen before , in addition to what had been previously reinstated . When Michael Thau and Warner Home Video started working on a film restoration in 2000 , some of the extra footage was not added because of poor visual effects . Thau felt `` the pace of the film 's storyline would be adversely affected ( and there were ) timing problems matching ( footage ) with John Williams ' ( sic ) musical score , etc ... The cut of the movie shown on KCOP was put together to make the movie longer when shown on TV as the Television Station paid per minute to air the movie . The `` Special Edition '' cut is designed for the best viewing experience in the true spirit of movie making . '' There was a special test screening of the Special Edition in 2001 in Austin , Texas , on March 23 with plans for a possible wider theatrical release later that year , which did not occur . In May 2001 , Warner Home Video released the special edition on DVD . Director Donner also assisted , working slightly over a year on the project . The release included making - of documentaries directed by Thau and eight minutes of restored footage . Thau explained , `` I worked on ' Ladyhawke ' and that 's how I really met Dick ( Donner ) and Tom Mankiewicz . I used to hear those wonderful stories in the cutting room that Tom and Dick and Stuart would tell about ' Superman ' and that 's how I kind of got the ideas for the plots of ' Taking Flight ' and ' Making Superman ' '' . Donner commented , `` There are a few shots where Chris ( Reeve ) 's costume looked green . We went in and cleaned that up , bringing the color back to where it should be . '' Thau wanted to make the film shorter : `` I wanted to take out the damn poem where Lois is reciting a poem ( '' Can You Read My Mind `` ) when they 're flying around . I also wanted to take out a lot of that car chase where it was just generic action ... It was like a two minute car chase . But Dick did n't want to take ( that ) out ( or ) the poem . '' It was followed by a box set release in the same month , containing `` bare bones '' editions of Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : The Quest for Peace . In November 2006 , a four - disc special edition was released , followed by an HD DVD release and Blu - ray . Also available ( with other films ) is the nine - disc `` Christopher Reeve Superman Collection '' and the 14 - disc `` Superman Ultimate Collector 's Edition . '' Broadcast television version details ( edit ) When the rights to the first Superman film reverted to the Salkinds in 1981 , it was their intention to prepare a television cut longer than what was released theatrically , for the aforementioned reasons . The so - called `` Salkind International Extended Cut '' , which ended up running 3 hours , 8 minutes , was shown internationally on television , and it is from this cut that later domestic TV versions were derived . The first network American television broadcast took place on Sunday , February 7 and Monday , February 8 , 1982 on ABC . The principal sponsor for the telecasts was Atari . At the time , ABC had a contract with Alexander Salkind for the television rights to his films . ABC 's 3 - hour - 2 - minute cut of Superman was broadcast over the course of two nights . On the first night it premiered , the film stopped when Lois Lane was falling from the helicopter ( the picture froze , creating a cliffhanger - type of ending for part one ) . The next evening , there was naturally a recap before the film continued . This expanded version was repeated in November of the same year , only this time , shown in one night . The next two ABC showings after that were the original theatrical version . Apparently , in their contract with ABC , the Salkinds were able to get money for every minute of footage shown on TV . So as a result , they crammed in as much footage as possible for the TV networks in order to maximize their revenues . During production of the film , Alexander and Ilya had been relegated to having to sell more and more of their rights back to Warner Bros. in exchange for financial help . Director Richard Donner was not consulted on any of the extended versions . However , due to a clause in his contract , Donner 's name remains in the credits . Also as previously mentioned , some 40 minutes of footage were reinstated for the initial ABC - TV telecasts of the film . Among the highlighted moments : A subplot of an Executioner ( a Kryptonian security officer ) being sent by the council to hunt down and capture Jor - El ( while the beginning of the scene is shown in the 2000 director 's cut restoration , the `` payoff '' ( with him getting killed ) is not in the latter version ) . When Superman is trying to get to Lex Luthor 's underground hideout , he is subjected to machine gun fire , a giant blow torch , and is frozen in ice . A tiny fraction of this footage was used in the theatrical version Superman II ( directed by Richard Lester ) , in the scene where Superman 's powers are stripped away by the molecule chamber in the Fortress of Solitude . Lex Luthor plays the piano in several scenes ; when he has Otis drop Eve Teschmacher into the lions ' den at the end he is singing `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby . '' After Superman saves Lois at the end and flies off , he 's seen rescuing Eve Teschmacher from the lions ' den , in which Lex had previously dropped her ; he pointedly notes for Luthor to hear , `` By the way , Miss Teschmacher , your mother sends her love , '' a reference to Luthor 's boast about Hackensack , NJ . The little girl who sees the teenage Clark Kent running faster than the train is revealed to be Lois Lane , a fact revealed when her parents ( Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill ) talk to her by name . This revelation scene is not present in the shorter theatrical release . Only in the ABC version are young Lois Lane and her father seen in the train . Also in the ABC version , Otis ' walk down the street is longer . Nearly all of John Williams ' score is restored ( some of which was dialed out of the theatrical cut ) . However , at least one noticeable removal occurred : the recording of `` Rock Around the Clock '' by Bill Haley & His Comets , heard in the original film in the minutes before the death of Glenn Ford 's character , is replaced with a generic piece of instrumental music in the ABC cut . When the rights reverted to Warner Bros. in 1985 , CBS aired the film one last time on network television in its theatrical version . When the movie entered the syndication market in 1988 ( following a play - out run on pay cable ) TV stations were offered the extended cut or the theatrical cut . The stations that showed the extended cut edited the second half to squeeze in commercials and ' What happened yesterday flashbacks ' . In May 1994 ( following a pay cable reissue and obligatory run on USA Network ) , Warner Bros. offered the aforementioned `` Salkind International Extended Cut '' ( a 3 - hour , 8 - minute version , prepared by the Salkinds , and from which the ABC version was derived ) , which was shown in Los Angeles on KCOP . This version also surfaced outside of Los Angeles . For example , WJLA Channel 7 , an ABC affiliate out of Washington , D.C. , aired the `` Salkind International Extended Cut '' in July 1994 . Part one aired from 9 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. before breaking for its half - hour late newscast . Part two was then aired from 12 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. The extended version has never been broadcast in the United Kingdom . The first showing of the theatrical version on UK television appeared on January 4 , 1983 on ITV . In 1985 , Ireland 's RTÉ television aired the extended versions of Superman and Superman II in one night . The films ran from roughly 3 : 00 until 9 : 00 , including the odd commercial and a break for the 6 : 00 news . The quality of the extended network TV version is inferior to any theatrical or current home video release because it was mastered in 16mm ( using the `` film chain system '' ) and a mono sound mix done , as by the time the extended cut was prepared in 1981 , stereo was not available in television broadcasts . Eight of the 45 minutes of extended scenes that were used in the later 2000 director 's cut restoration were taken from restored elements . There are various extended TV versions each broadcast in various countries . Most of these are in pan and scan , as they were made in the 1980s , when films were not letterboxed to preserve the theatrical aspect ratio on old TVs . None of the various extended versions have ever been made available officially on home video / DVD , although they have been widely bootlegged . Legacy ( edit ) Superman was nominated for three Academy Awards ( Best Film Editing -- ( Stuart Baird ) , Best Original Score -- ( John Williams ) and Best Sound -- ( Gordon K. McCallum , Graham V. Hartstone , Nicolas Le Messurier and Roy Charman ) ) and received a Special Achievement Academy Award for its visual effects . Donner publicly expressed disgust that production designer John Barry and cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth had not been recognized by the Academy . Superman was successful at the 32nd British Academy Film Awards . Reeve won Best Newcomer , while Hackman , Unsworth , Barry and the sound designers earned nominations . The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . At the Saturn Awards , Kidder , Barry , John Williams and the visual effects department received awards , and the film won Best Science Fiction Film . Reeve , Hackman , Donner , Valerie Perrine and costume designer Yvonne Blake were nominated for their work as well . In addition , Williams was nominated at the 36th Golden Globe Awards and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . In 2007 , the Visual Effects Society listed Superman as the 44th most influential use of visual effects of all time . In 2008 , Empire magazine named it the # 174 greatest film of all - time on its list of 500 . In 2009 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Superman 3rd on their list of The All - Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . With the film 's success , it was immediately decided to finish Superman II . Ilya and Alexander Salkind and Pierre Spengler did not ask Donner to return because Donner had criticized them during the film 's publicity phase . Donner commented in January 1979 , `` I 'd work with Spengler again , but only on my terms . As long as he has nothing to say as the producer , and is just liaison between Alexander Salkind and his money , that 's fine . If they do n't want it on those terms , then they need to go out and find another director , it sure as shit ai n't gon na be me . '' Kidder , who portrayed Lois Lane , was dissatisfied by the producers ' decision , and also criticized the Salkinds during publicity . As a result , Kidder was only given a cameo appearance for Superman III , and not a main supporting role . Jack O'Halloran , who portrayed Non , stated , `` It was great to work with Donner . Richard Lester was as big an asshole as the Salkinds . '' Two more films , Superman III ( 1983 ) and Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) , were produced . Superman Returns was released in 2006 . Director Bryan Singer credited the 1978 Superman as an influence for Superman Returns , and used restored footage of Brando as Jor - El . Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut also was released in 2006 . The film 's final sequence , which features Superman flying high above the Earth at sunrise , and breaking the fourth wall to smile briefly at the camera , featured at the end of every Superman film starring Reeve and was re-shot with Brandon Routh for Superman Returns . The series was rebooted with Man of Steel in 2013 . Because Superman went into production prior to the releases of Star Wars ( May 1977 ) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( November 1977 ) , some observers credit the three films collectively for launching the reemergence of a large market for science fiction films in the 1980s . This is certainly the view of Superman producer Ilya Salkind and some who have interviewed him , as well as of film production assistant Brad Lohan . Other observers of film history tend to credit the resurgence of science fiction films simply to the Lucas and Spielberg productions , and see Superman as the first of the new cycle of films launched by the first two . Ilya Salkind denies any connection between Superman -- which began filming in March 1977 -- and the other films , stating that `` I did not know about ' Star Wars ' ; ' Star Wars ' did not know about ' Superman ' ; ' Close Encounters ' did not know about ' Superman . ' It really was completely independent -- nobody knew anything about anybody . '' Superman also established the superhero film genre as viable outside the production of low - budget Saturday matinee serials . Director Christopher Nolan cited Richard Donner 's vision and scope of Superman when pitching the concept for Batman Begins to Warner Bros. in 2002 . The movie inspired The Kinks ' 1979 song `` ( Wish I Could Fly Like ) Superman '' , when the band 's main songwriter , Ray Davies , watched the film in late 1978 . In 2006 the `` Last Son '' comic book story arc debuted in Action Comics , co-written by Superman director Richard Donner . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Superman ( Clark Kent ) -- # 26 Hero Lex Luthor -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Can You Read My Mind ? '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Superman : `` I 'm here to fight for truth , justice , and the American way . '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Fantasy Film Comic book continuity ( edit ) Elements of the Superman mythos which originated in the film have since been incorporated into the regular continuity of the DC Comics universe : The crystalline - based technology of the planet Krypton. , along with the barren landscapes and cold , distant society . Superman 's `` S '' logo originates as the El family crest . Ursa and Non -- characters created specifically for the film -- are imprisoned in the Phantom Zone with General Zod . A computer - generated simulacrum of Jor - El survives in the Fortress of Solitude to advise his adult son Kal - El . Clark Kent commences his public superhero career as the adult Superman , rather than the teenage Superboy . ( This is also in keeping with the character 's earliest incarnation , who also began his superhero career as an adult . ) Lois Lane first meets Superman when he rescues her as she falls from a disabled helicopter in Metropolis . Lois is the one who first names the hero `` Superman . '' Jonathan Kent dies of a heart attack , but Martha survives as his widow . Although she is an excellent reporter , Lois frequently misspells words . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Superman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superman '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superman ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tonguette , Peter . `` Bright Lights Film Journal : : The Superman Films of Richard Lester '' . Brightlightsfilm.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Donner , Tom Mankiewicz , DVD audio commentary , 2001 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ `` Superman ( 1978 ) - Awards and Nominations '' , AwardsDatabase.oscars.org , Retrieved November 30 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Jack Kroll ( January 1 , 1979 ) . `` Superman to the Rescue '' . Newsweek . pp. 34 -- 41 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Freiman , Barry ( January 2006 ) . `` Special Edition Superman DVDs on the Way '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Younis ( November 17 , 2004 ) . `` Exclusive Jeff East Interview '' . Superman Homepage . 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Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Julius Schwartz ; Brian M. Thomsen ( 2000 ) . `` B.O. '' . Man of Two Worlds : My Life In Science Fiction and Comics . New York City : HarperCollins . pp. 135 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 81051 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ivor Davis ( December 1978 ) . `` Marketing The Man of Steel '' . Maclean 's . pp. 22 -- 26 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Peter Manso ( November 1995 ) . `` The Way It 's Never Been Done Before '' . Brando the Biography . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8128 - 3 . Jump up ^ George MacDonald Fraser , The Light 's on at Signpost , HarperCollins 2002 p55 - 65 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Dickholtz ( December 16 , 1998 ) . `` Steel Dreams : Interview with Tom Mankiewicz '' . Starlog . pp. 67 -- 71 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : David Hughes ( 2003 ) . `` Superman : The Movie '' . Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 5 -- 23 . 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Playing Piano in a Brothel : Memoirs of a Film Director . BearManor Media . ISBN 9781593936129 . ^ Jump up to : Making Superman : Filming The Legend , 2001 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman , 2006 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Peter Coutros ( June 1977 ) . `` Clark Kent Uses Our Lobby for a Phone Booth '' . Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Making of Superman the Movie , David Michael Petrou , New York : Warner Books , 1978 . Jump up ^ David Michael Petrou Jump up ^ Richard Fyrbourne ( January 1979 ) . `` The Man Behind Superman : Richard Donner '' . Starlog . pp. 40 -- 44 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : The Magic Behind The Cape , 2001 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Nicholas Leahy ( April 1982 ) . `` How Superman flies '' . Starburst . pp. 16 -- 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ London Symphony Orchestra and Film Music Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . LSO . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 51st Academy Awards - Music ( Original Score ) '' , AwardsDatabase.oscars.org , Retrieved November 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ Stucky , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The Superhero 's Mythic Journey : Death and the Heroic Cycle in Superman '' . Journal of Religion and Film . 10 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Elkin ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Super ... Mensch ? '' . The Jewish Exponent . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark Kent -- Superman is ' Jewish ' '' . Contact Music . June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superman ( 1978 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . 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Chicago Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Dan ( January 1988 ) . `` Neal Gabler '' . Comics Interview ( 54 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 61 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superman `` Special Edition '' Interview `` . Superman Homepage . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Bowers ( March 29 , 2001 ) . `` Superman San Antonio Report '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Superman : The Movie ( 1978 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Freiman , Barry ( December 2006 ) . `` Interview with Michael Thau '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Younis , Steve ( March 27 , 2001 ) . `` Exclusive Richard Donner Interview '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Superman Collection '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superman : The Movie ( 4 - disc special edition ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superman : The Movie ( 4 - disc special edition HD DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superman : The Movie ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Christopher Reeve Superman Collection '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superman Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday , February 7th . 9 : 00 -- 11 : 00 pm - ABC airs part 1 of ' Superman The Movie ' with footage not seen in theatres '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , February 8th . 9 : 00 -- 11 : 00 pm - ABC airs part 2 of ' Superman The Movie ' with footage not seen in theatres '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the 3 - hour cut '' . Supermanhomepage.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The Salkind International Cut at CapedWonder.com Jump up ^ `` Sunday , February 7th . 9 : 00 -- 11 : 00 pm - ABC airs ' ' ' part 1 ' ' ' of ' Superman The Movie ' with footage not seen in theatres '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , February 8th . 9 : 00 -- 11 : 00 pm - ABC airs ' ' ' part 2 ' ' ' of ' Superman The Movie ' with footage not seen in theatres '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday , November 14th. 8 : 00 -- 11 : 45 pm - ABC re-airs ' Superman The Movie ' with footage not seen in theatres '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , May 14th. 7 : 00 -- 10 : 00 pm - WPIX New York airs the theatrical version of ' Superman The Movie ' '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HBO premieres the theatrical version of ' Superman The Movie ' . Sunday , October 12th. - 7 : 00 -- 9 : 30 pm . Thursday , October 16th. - 7 : 30 -- 10 : 00 pm . Monday , October 20th. - 9 : 00 -- 11 : 30 pm . Saturday , October 25th. - 3 : 30 -- 6 : 00 pm . Wednesday , October 29th. -- 11 : 30 p.m - 2 : 00 a.m '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday , November 22nd . 8 : 00 -- 11 : 00 pm - KCOP L.A. airs the theatrical version of ' Superman The Movie ' '' . Supermanii.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Visual Effects Society Unveils 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time '' ( PDF ) . Visual Effects Society . May 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 20 All - Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barry Freiman ( February 8 , 2005 ) . `` One - on - One with Margot Kidder '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Younis ( October 25 , 2001 ) . `` Exclusive Jack O'Halloran Interview '' . Superman Homepage . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brad Lohan . `` What If `` Star Wars '' Had Never Been Made ? `` . Entertainment Buff . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Drate , Spencer ; Judith Salavetz ( 2009 ) . VFX Artistry : A Visual Tour of How the Studios Create Their Magic . Focal Press . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 81162 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy ( Blu - ray , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hasted , N. ( 2011 ) . You Really Got Me : The Story of The Kinks . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9781849386609 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Action Comics # 844 ( December 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Man of Steel # 1 ( July 1986 ) and # 6 ( September 1986 ) Jump up ^ Action Comics # 845 ( January 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Man of Steel # 1 ( July 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : Superman : Secret Origin # 3 ( January 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Man of Steel # 2 ( October 1986 ) Jump up ^ Action Comics # 870 ( December 2008 ) Cited works Andersen , Christopher ( 2008 ) . Somewhere in Heaven : The Remarkable Love Story of Dana and Christopher Reeve . Hyperion . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Superman ( 1978 film ) Official site Superman on IMDb Superman at Rotten Tomatoes Superman : The Movie at AllMovie Superman at Metacritic Superman : The Movie at TV.com Superman : The Movie at the TCM Movie Database Superman at Box Office Mojo Arn Saba ( December 16 , 1978 ) . `` Kidder on Kidder '' . Weekend Magazine . Jonathan Bristol ( March 1979 ) . `` Superman - The Effects '' . Starburst . pp. 21 -- 28 . Behind - the - scenes photos 1978 -- 1987 Superman film series Superman Superman II Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Soundtrack Soundtrack The Richard Donner Cut Soundtrack Soundtrack Adapted characters General Zod Jor - El Jonathan Kent Martha Kent Lara Lois Lane Lucy Lane Lana Lang Lex Luthor Jimmy Olsen Supergirl / Kara Zor - El Superman / Clark Kent Perry White Locations Smallville Daily Planet Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone Metropolis Krypton Argo City Kryptonopolis Related articles Supergirl Superman Returns Kryptonite Relationship of Clark Kent and Lois Lane Origin of Superman Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman Superman franchise media Newspaper comic strips Superman ( 1939 -- 66 ) The World 's Greatest Superheroes ( 1978 -- 85 ) Radio The Adventures of Superman ( US , 1940 -- 51 ) The Adventures of Superman ( UK , 1988 ) Live - action serials and films Serials Superman ( 1948 ) Atom Man vs. Superman 1951 film series Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman ( short film ) 1978 film series Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated films Featuring Superman Superman animated shorts ( 1941 -- 43 ) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday All - Star Unbound With other heroes Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Justice League : Doom Superman vs. The Elite Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Television Live - action Adventures of Superman Stamp Day for Superman The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy ( pilot ) Superboy Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Smallville Supergirl Krypton Animation New Adventures Adventures of Superboy Super Friends Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Justice League Justice League Unlimited Legion of Super Heroes Justice League Action Novels The Adventures of Superman ( 1942 ) Superman : Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Superman : Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark : A Superman Novel It 's Superman ! Superman Returns Enemies & Allies Video games Superman ( 1979 ) Superman : The Game ( 1985 ) Superman ( NES , 1987 ) Superman ( arcade , 1988 ) The Man of Steel ( 1989 ) Superman ( 1992 ) The Man of Steel ( 1993 ) The Death and Return of Superman Superman ( 1997 ) The New Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel ( Xbox , 2002 ) Countdown to Apokolips Superman Returns Superman Returns : Fortress of Solitude DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Music `` Jimmy Olsen 's Blues '' ( Spin Doctors ' song , 1991 ) `` Kryptonite '' ( 3 Doors Down song , 2000 ) `` Save Me '' ( Remy Zero song , 2001 ) `` Superman ( It 's Not Easy ) '' ( Five For Fighting song , 2001 ) Illinois ( Sufjan Stevens album , 2005 ) Parodies Captain Caveman ( The Flintstone Comedy Show segment ) Mighty Mouse My Hero ( UK TV series ) Stupor Duck `` Superduperman '' Super-Rabbit Underdog ( TV series ) Super Grover ( Sesame Street ) Documentaries Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of `` Superman Lives '' : What Happened ? Stage It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Toys Lego Superman Advertisement The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman ( 2004 ) Related articles Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Hollywoodland `` Lucy and Superman '' ( I Love Lucy episode , 1957 ) Kryptonite `` Man of Steel , Woman of Kleenex '' National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications Seinfeld episodes , 1994 -- 1996 `` The Race '' `` The Bizarro Jerry '' Steel ( 1997 film ) Sunman ( 1992 video game ) Superman curse Superman ice cream `` Superman and Paula Brown 's New Snowsuit '' Superwoman `` The Reign of the Superman '' See also Supergirl in other media Justice League in other media Lex Luthor in other media Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Richard Donner X-15 ( 1961 ) Salt and Pepper ( 1968 ) Twinky ( 1969 ) Sarah T. -- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic ( 1975 ) The Omen ( 1976 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Inside Moves ( 1980 ) The Toy ( 1982 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Scrooged ( 1988 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Radio Flyer ( 1992 ) Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) Assassins ( 1995 ) Conspiracy Theory ( 1997 ) Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 ) Timeline ( 2003 ) 16 Blocks ( 2006 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Works by Mario Puzo Novels The Dark Arena ( 1955 ) The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1965 ) The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw ( 1966 ) Six Graves to Munich ( 1967 , as Mario Cleri ) The Godfather ( 1969 ) Fools Die ( 1978 ) The Sicilian ( 1984 ) The Fourth K ( 1991 ) The Last Don ( 1996 ) Omertà ( 2000 ) The Family ( 2001 , with Carol Gino ) Screenplays The Godfather ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions ( 1972 ) Inside Las Vegas ( 1977 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_(1978_film)&oldid=801331884 '' Categories : 1978 films English - language films 1970s action films 1970s science fiction films British films American films American superhero films 1970s superhero films Superman films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films set in Kansas Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Nevada Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot in Alberta Films shot in New Mexico Films shot in New York City Films directed by Richard Donner Films about nuclear war and weapons Screenplays by Mario Puzo Screenplays by David Newman ( screenwriter ) Screenplays by Leslie Newman Screenplays by Robert Benton Screenplays by Tom Mankiewicz Superhero films Time travel films Film scores by John Williams Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Warner Bros. films Films set on fictional planets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Comics navigational boxes purge Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lex luthor in the original 1978 superman movie	[ "Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor: A scientific genius and businessman who is Superman's nemesis. It is he who discovers Superman's weakness and hatches a plan that puts millions of people in danger." ]	[ "Gene Hackman" ]
-5325827848883062343	With Every Beat of My Heart	With Every Beat Of My Heart - wikipedia With Every Beat Of My Heart Jump to : navigation , search `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' CD Single Cover Single by Taylor Dayne from the album Ca n't Fight Fate B - side `` All I Ever Wanted '' Released October 10 , 1989 ( 1 ) Format Cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Dance - pop Length 4 : 12 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Arthur Baker , Lotti Golden , Tommy Faragher Producer ( s ) Ric Wake Taylor Dayne singles chronology `` Do n't Rush Me '' ( 1988 ) `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Will Lead You Back '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Rush Me '' ( 1988 ) `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Will Lead You Back '' ( 1990 ) `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne , released in October 1989 as the lead single from her second album Ca n't Fight Fate . Written by Arthur Baker , Lotti Golden , and Tommy Faragher , the single became Dayne 's fifth consecutive top 10 single in the United States , reaching # 5 on Billboard 's Hot 100 in December 1989 . This was her first single to ever include a non-album track for a B - side ( `` All I Ever Wanted '' written by A. Forbes / P. Lallemend / T. Derkach , 1989 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 - 90 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 67 Canadian Dance / Urban Chart 8 Canadian Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart ( Tokyo ) 6 Swiss Singles Chart 18 UK Singles Chart 53 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart 22 U.S. Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs Chart 8 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 48 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` J - WAVE WEBSITE : TOKIO HOT100 '' . J-wave.co.jp . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Song artist 535 -- Taylor Dayne '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Taylor Dayne -- With Every Beat Of My Heart '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Taylor Dayne -- With Every Beat Of My Heart '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Dayne '' . AllMusic. 1962 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Music News , Reviews , Articles , Information , News Online & Free Music '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1990 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Taylor Dayne Studio albums Tell It to My Heart ( 1988 ) Ca n't Fight Fate ( 1989 ) Soul Dancing ( 1993 ) Naked Without You ( 1998 ) Satisfied ( 2008 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) Singles `` Tell It to My Heart '' `` Prove Your Love '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' `` Do n't Rush Me '' `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Love Will Lead You Back '' `` I 'll Be Your Shelter '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Original Sin '' `` Say a Prayer '' `` Whatever You Want '' `` Naked Without You '' `` Planet Love '' `` How Many '' `` Beautiful '' `` Facing a Miracle '' Related articles Arista Records Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_Every_Beat_of_My_Heart&oldid=804292852 '' Categories : 1989 singles Dance - pop songs Taylor Dayne songs Songs written by Arthur Baker ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Ric Wake Songs written by Lotti Golden Songs written by Tommy Faragher 1989 songs Arista Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 00 : 59 . About Wikipedia	who sings with every beat of my heart	[ "\"With Every Beat of My Heart\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne, released in October 1989 as the lead single from her second album Can't Fight Fate." ]	[ "Taylor Dayne" ]
8460031322241194125	Ancient Olympic Games	Ancient Olympic games - Wikipedia Ancient Olympic games Jump to : navigation , search For the modern event , see Olympic Games . The palaestra of Olympia , a place devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival , or celebration of and for Zeus ; later , events such as a footrace , a javelin contest , and wrestling matches were added . The Olympic Games ( Ancient Greek : Ὀλύμπια Olympia `` the Olympics '' ; also Ὀλυμπιάς Olympias `` the Olympiad '' ) were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city - states and one of the Panhellenic Games of ancient Greece . They were held in honor of Zeus , and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin . The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC . They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule , until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in AD 393 as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome . The games were held every four years , or olympiad , which became a unit of time in historical chronologies . During the celebration of the games , an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety . The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns . The games became a political tool used by city - states to assert dominance over their rivals . Politicians would announce political alliances at the games , and in times of war , priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean . The Olympics also featured religious celebrations . The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would - be patrons . The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games , and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate , although there were victorious women chariot owners . As long as they met the entrance criteria , athletes from any Greek city - state and kingdom were allowed to participate , although the Hellanodikai , the officials in charge , allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry . The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games . Victors at the Olympics were honored , and their feats chronicled for future generations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 History 3 Culture 4 Politics 5 Events 5.1 Running 5.2 Combat 5.3 Pentathlon 6 Equestrian 7 Famous athletes 8 Olympic festivals in other places 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) An artist 's impression of ancient Olympia To the Greeks , it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology . During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods , and competing legends persisted as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games . These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle , yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games . The earliest myths regarding the origin of the games are recounted by the Greek historian , Pausanias . According to the story , the dactyl Heracles ( not to be confused with the son of Zeus and the Roman god Hercules ) and four of his brothers , Paeonaeus , Epimedes , Iasius and Idas , raced at Olympia to entertain the newborn Zeus . He crowned the victor with an olive tree wreath ( which thus became a peace symbol ) , which also explains the four year interval , bringing the games around every fifth year ( counting inclusively ) . The other Olympian gods ( so named because they lived permanently on Mount Olympus ) would also engage in wrestling , jumping and running contests . Another myth of the origin of the games is the story of Pelops , a local Olympian hero . The story of Pelops begins with Oenomaus , the king of Pisa , Greece , who had a beautiful daughter named Hippodamia . According to an oracle , the king would be killed by her husband . Therefore , he decreed that any young man who wanted to marry his daughter was required to drive away with her in his chariot , and Oenomaus would follow in another chariot , and spear the suitor if he caught up with them . Now , the king 's chariot horses were a present from the god Poseidon and were therefore supernaturally fast . Pelops was a very handsome young man and the king 's daughter fell in love with him . Before the race , she persuaded her father 's charioteer Myrtilus to replace the bronze axle pins of the king 's chariot with wax ones . Naturally , during the race , the wax melted and the king fell from his chariot and was killed . At the same time , the king 's palace was struck by lightning and reduced to ashes , save for one wooden pillar that was revered in the Altis for centuries , and stood near what was to be the site of the temple of Zeus . Pelops was proclaimed the winner and married Hippodamia . After his victory , Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus , in order to be purified of his death . It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Olympic Games were inspired . Pelops became a great king , a local hero , and he gave his name to the Peloponnese . One other myth , this one occurring after the aforementioned myth , is attributed to Pindar . He claims the festival at Olympia involved Heracles , the son of Zeus . The story goes that after completing his labors , Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father . The games of previous millennia were discontinued and then revived by Lycurgus of Sparta , Iphitos of Elis , and Cleisthenes of Pisa at the behest of the Oracle of Delphi who claimed that the people had strayed from the gods , which had caused a plague and constant war . Restoration of the games would end the plague , usher in a time of peace , and signal a return to a more traditional lifestyle . The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion , that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods , and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace , harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life . Since these myths were documented by historians like Pausanias , who lived during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the AD 160 , it is likely that these stories are more fable than fact . It was often supposed that the origins of many aspects of the Olympics date to funeral games of the Mycenean period and later . Alternatively , the games were thought to derive from some kind of vegetation magic or from initiation ceremonies . The most recent theory traces the origins of the games to large game hunting and related animal ceremonialism . History ( edit ) A torch race The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece , the other being the much older religious festival , the Eleusinian Mysteries . The games started in Olympia , Greece , in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa ( both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos ) . The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess , Hera , and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple . The Heraean Games , the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium , were held as early as the sixth century BC . It originally consisted of foot races only , as did the competition for males . Some texts , including Pausanias 's Description of Greece , c . AD 175 , state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the `` Sixteen Women '' and made them administrators of the Heraea Games , out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops . Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the `` Sixteen Women '' were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and , because of their political competence , became administrators of the Heraea . Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology , Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era . The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13 - metre - high ( 43 ft ) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC . This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World . By the time of the Classical Greek culture , in the fifth and fourth centuries BC , the games were restricted to male participants . The historian Ephorus , who lived in the fourth century BC , is one potential candidate for establishing the use of Olympiads to count years , although credit for codifying this particular epoch usually falls to Hippias of Elis , to Eratosthenes , or even to Timaeus , whom Eratosthenes may have imitated . The Olympic Games were held at four - year intervals , and later , the ancient historians ' method of counting the years even referred to these games , using the term Olympiad for the period between two games . Previously , the local dating systems of the Greek states were used ( they continued to be used by everyone except the historians ) , which led to confusion when trying to determine dates . For example , Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year of the 113th Olympiad , which must be the eclipse of 316 BC . This gives a date of ( mid-summer ) 765 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad . Nevertheless , there is disagreement among scholars as to when the games began . The exedra reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north embankment of the stadium The only competition held then was , according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in AD 175 , the stadion race , a race over about 190 metres ( 620 feet ) , measured after the feet of Hercules . The word stadium is derived from this foot race . The Greek tradition of athletic nudity ( gymnos ) was introduced in 720 BC , either by the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus , and this was adopted early in the Olympics as well . Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary at Olympia , and hence the games , for prestige and political advantage . Pausanias later writes that in 668 BC , Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis , which he did and then personally controlled the games for that year . The next year , Elis regained control . The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games , four separate games held at two - or four - year intervals , but arranged so that there was at least one set of games every year . The Olympic Games were more important and more prestigious than the Pythian , Nemean , and Isthmian Games . The games were in decline for many years but continued past AD 385 , by which time flooding and earthquakes had damaged the buildings and invasions by barbarians had reached Olympia . In 394 Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals , but archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held . Culture ( edit ) The `` Discobolus '' is a copy of a Greek statue c. 5th century BC . It represents an ancient Olympic discus thrower The ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic event . The games were held in honor of the Greek god Zeus , and on the middle day of the games , 100 oxen would be sacrificed to him . Over time Olympia , the site of the games , became a central spot for the worship of the head of the Greek pantheon and a temple , built by the Greek architect Libon , was erected on the mountaintop . The temple was one of the largest Doric temples in Greece . The sculptor Pheidias created a statue of the god made of gold and ivory . It stood 42 feet ( 13 m ) tall . It was placed on a throne in the temple . The statue became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . As the historian Strabo put it , ... the glory of the temple persisted ... on account both of the festal assembly and of the Olympian Games , in which the prize was a crown and which were regarded as sacred , the greatest games in the world . The temple was adorned by its numerous offerings , which were dedicated there from all parts of Greece . Artistic expression was a major part of the games . Sculptors , poets , painters and other artisans would come to the games to display their works in what became an artistic competition . Sculptors created works like Myron 's Diskobolos or Discus Thrower . Their aim was to highlight natural human movement and the shape of muscles and the body . Poets would be commissioned to write poems in praise of the Olympic victors . Such victory songs or epinicians , were passed on from generation to generation and many of them have lasted far longer than any other honor made for the same purpose . Pierre de Coubertin , one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games , wanted to fully imitate the ancient Olympics in every way . Included in his vision was an artistic competition modeled on the ancient Olympics and held every four years , during the celebration of the Olympic Games . His desire came to fruition at the Olympics held in Athens in 1896 . Politics ( edit ) The Parthenon in Athens , one of the leading city - states of the ancient world Power in ancient Greece became centered around the city - state in the 8th century BC . The city - state was a population center organized into a self - contained political entity . These city - states often lived in close proximity to each other , which created competition for limited resources . Though conflict between the city - states was ubiquitous , it was also in their self - interest to engage in trade , military alliances and cultural interaction . The city - states had a dichotomous relationship with each other : On one hand , they relied on their neighbors for political and military alliances , while on the other they competed fiercely with those same neighbors for vital resources . The Olympic Games were established in this political context and served as a venue for representatives of the city - states to peacefully compete against each other . In the first 200 years of the games ' existence , they only had regional religious importance . Only Greeks in proximity to the mountain competed in these early games . This is evidenced by the dominance of Peloponnesian athletes in the victors ' rolls . The spread of Greek colonies in the 5th and 6th centuries BC is repeatedly linked to successful Olympic athletes . For example , Pausanias recounts that Cyrene was founded c. 630 BC by settlers from Thera with Spartan support . The support Sparta gave was primarily the loan of three - time Olympic champion Chionis . The appeal of settling with an Olympic champion helped to populate the colonies and maintain cultural and political ties with the city - states near Olympia . Thus , Hellenic culture and the games spread while the primacy of Olympia persisted . The games faced a serious challenge during the Peloponnesian War , which primarily pitted Athens against Sparta , but , in reality , touched nearly every Hellenic city - state . The Olympics were used during this time to announce alliances and offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . During the Olympic Games , a truce , or ekecheiria was observed . Three runners , known as spondophoroi were sent from Elis to the participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of the truce . During this period , armies were forbidden from entering Olympia and legal disputes and the use of the death penalty were forbidden . The truce was primarily designed to allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games and was , for the most part , observed . Thucydides wrote of a situation when the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games , and the violators of the truce were fined 2,000 minae for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the ekecheiria . The Spartans disputed the fine and claimed that the truce had not yet taken hold . While a martial truce was observed by all participating city - states , no such reprieve from conflict existed in the political arena . The Olympic Games evolved the most influential athletic and cultural stage in ancient Greece , and arguably in the ancient world . As such the games became a vehicle for city - states to promote themselves . The result was political intrigue and controversy . For example , Pausanias , a Greek historian , explains the situation of the athlete Sotades , Sotades at the ninety - ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan , as in fact he was . But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian , being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people . For this act he was banished by the Cretans . Events ( edit ) Three runners featured on an Attic black - figured Panathenaic prize amphora . 332 - 333 BC , British Museum . Events at the Olympics Olympiad Year Event first introduced 1st 776 BC Stade 14th 724 BC Diaulos 15th 720 BC Long distance race ( Dolichos ) 18th 708 BC Pentathlon , Wrestling 23rd 688 BC Boxing ( pygmachia ) 25th 680 BC Four horse chariot race ( tethrippon ) 33rd 648 BC Horse race ( keles ) , Pankration 37th 632 BC Boys stade and wrestling 38th 628 BC Boys pentathlon 41st 616 BC Boys boxing 65th 520 BC Hoplite race ( hoplitodromos ) 70th 500 BC Mule - cart race ( apene ) 93rd 408 BC Two horse chariot race ( synoris ) 96th 396 BC Competition for heralds and trumpeters 99th 384 BC Tethrippon for horse over one year 128th 266 BC Chariot for horse over one year 131st 256 BC Race for horses older than one year 145th 200 BC Pankration for boys Apparently starting with just a single foot race , the program gradually increased to twenty - three contests , although no more than twenty featured at any one Olympiad . Participation in most events was limited to male athletes except for women who were allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events . Youth events are recorded as starting in 632 BC . Our knowledge of how the events were performed primarily derives from the paintings of athletes found on many vases , particularly those of the Archaic and Classical periods . Running ( edit ) A section of the stone starting line at Olympia , which has a groove for each foot The only event recorded at the first thirteen games was the stade , a straight - line sprint of just over 192 metres . The diaulos ( lit . `` double pipe '' ) , or two - stade race , is recorded as being introduced at the 14th Olympiad in 724 BC . It is thought that competitors ran in lanes marked out with lime or gypsum for the length of a stade then turned around separate posts ( kampteres ) , before returning to the start line . Xenophanes wrote that `` Victory by speed of foot is honored above all . '' A third foot race , the dolichos ( `` long race '' ) , was introduced in the next Olympiad . Accounts of the race 's distance differ , it seems to have been from twenty to twenty - four laps of the track , around 7.5 km to 9 km , although it may have been lengths rather than laps and thus half as far . The last running event added to the Olympic program was the hoplitodromos , or `` Hoplite race '' , introduced in 520 BC and traditionally run as the last race of the games . Competitors ran either a single or double diaulos ( approximately 400 or 800 metres ) in full military armour . The hoplitodromos was based on a war tactic of soldiers running in full armor to surprise the enemy . Combat ( edit ) Pankration scene : the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent 's eye ; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul . Detail from an Attic red - figure kylix c. 490 - 480 BC , British Museum Wrestling ( pale ) is recorded as being introduced at the 18th Olympiad . Three throws were necessary for a win . A throw was counted if the body , hip , back or shoulder ( and possibly knee ) touched the ground . If both competitors fell nothing was counted . Unlike its modern counterpart Greco - Roman wrestling , it is likely that tripping was allowed . Boxing ( pygmachia ) was first listed in 688 BC , the boys event sixty years later . The laws of boxing were ascribed to the first Olympic champion Onomastus of Smyrna . It appears body - blows were either not permitted or not practised . The Spartans , who claimed to have invented boxing , quickly abandoned it and did not take part in boxing competitions . At first the boxers wore himantes ( sing . himas ) , long leather strips which were wrapped around their hands . The pankration was introduced in the 33rd Olympiad ( 648 BC ) . Boys ' pankration became an Olympic event in 200 BC , in the 145th Olympiad . As well as techniques from boxing and wrestling , athletes used kicks , locks , and chokes on the ground . Although the only prohibitions were against biting and gouging , the pankration was regarded as less dangerous than boxing . It was one of the most popular events : Pindar wrote eight odes praising victors of the pankration . A famous event in the sport was the posthumous victory of Arrhichion of Phigaleia who `` expired at the very moment when his opponent acknowledged himself beaten . '' Pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Olympic pentathlon The pentathlon was a competition made up of five events : running , long jump , discus throw , javelin throw and wrestling . The pentathlon is said to have first appeared at the 18th Olympiad in 708 BC . The competition was held on a single day , but it is not known how the victor was decided , or in what order the events occurred , except that it finished with the wrestling . Equestrian ( edit ) Horse racing and chariot racing were the most prestigious competitions in the games , due to only the wealthy being able to afford the maintenance and transportation of horses . These races consisted of different events : the four - horse chariot race , the two - horse chariot race , and the horse with rider race , the rider being hand picked by the owner . The four - horse chariot race was the first equestrian event to feature in the Olympics , being introduced in 680 BC . It consisted of two horses that were harnessed under a Yoke in the middle , and two outer horses that were attached with a rope . The two - horse chariot was introduced in 408 BC . The horse with rider competition on the other hand , was introduced in 648 BC . In this race , Greeks did n't use saddles or stirrups , so they required good grip and balance . In AD 67 , the Roman Emperor Nero competed in the chariot race at Olympia . He was thrown from his chariot and was thus unable to finish the race . Nevertheless , he was declared the winner on the basis that he would have won if he had finished the race . Famous athletes ( edit ) Main article : List of ancient Olympic victors Ancient list of Olympic victors of the 75th to the 78th , and from the 81st to the 83rd Olympiads ( 480 -- 468 BC , 456 -- 448 BC ) From Sparta Cynisca of Sparta ( owner of a four - horse chariot ) ( first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor ) From Rhodes : Diagoras of Rhodes ( boxing 79th Olympiad , 464 BC ) and his sons Akusilaos and Damagetos ( boxing and pankration ) Leonidas of Rhodes ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) ( His record of 12 individual olympic titans was broken in 2016 by Michael Phelps who received his 13th original title . ) From Croton : Astylos of Croton ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) Milo of Croton ( wrestling ) Timasitheos of Croton ( wrestling ) From other cities / kingdoms : Koroibos of Elis ( stadion , the very first Olympic champion ) Orsippus of Megara ( running : diaulos ) Theagenes of Thasos ( boxer , pankratiast and runner ) Alexander I of Macedon ( running : stadion ) Dionysodorus , Theban Non-Greek : Tiberius ( steerer of a four - horse chariot ) Nero ( steerer of a ten - horse chariot ) Varastades , Prince and future King of Armenia , last known Ancient Olympic victor ( boxing ) during the 291st Olympic Games in the 4th century Olympic festivals in other places ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Athletic festivals under the name of `` Olympic games '' , named in imitation of the original festival at Olympia , were established over time in various places all over the Greek world . Some of these are only known to us by inscriptions and coins ; but others , as the Olympic festival at Antioch , obtained great celebrity . After these Olympic festivals had been established in several places , the great Olympic festival itself was sometimes designated in inscriptions by the addition of Pisa . See also ( edit ) Archaeological Museum of Olympia Epinikion List of ancient Olympic victors Athletes and athletics in ancient Greek art Ludi , the Roman games influenced by Greek traditions New Testament athletic metaphors Olympic Games ceremony Panathenaic Games Prizes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ὀλύμπια . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 04 - 16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν. Φίλη και Α. Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών '' . Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν : τα Ολύμπια , που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός , Jump up ^ Francis Edward Jackson VALPY ( 1832 ) . Second Greek Delectus ; or , new Analecta Minora ... With English notes , and a copious Greek and English lexicon , etc . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden : ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd . H.C.A. Thieme. 1811 . p. 248 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Cary ( 1843 ) . A Lexicon to Herodotus , Greek and English , Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and . p. 279 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz ( 1818 ) . Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E.H. Barkeri , Innr . Bekkeri , Lud . Kulencampii , Amad . Peyronialiorumque . Weigel . p. 371 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ὀλυμπιάς in Middle Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ David Sansone , Ancient Greek civilization , Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Robert Malcolm Errington , A history of Macedonia , University of California Press , 1990 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman , Ian Worthington , A Companion to Ancient Macedonia , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Ancient Olympics '' . The Perseus Project . Tufts University . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ Wendy J. Raschke ( 15 June 1988 ) . Archaeology Of The Olympics : The Olympics & Other Festivals In Antiquity . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . HickokSports. 4 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Pausanias : v. 16 . 2 Jump up ^ Pindar : Pythian Odes ix Jump up ^ Plutarch , Numa Pompilius 1.4 Jump up ^ Dionysius , 1.74 - 1 - 3 . Little remains of Eratosthenes ' Chronographiae , but its academic influence is clearly demonstrated here in the Roman Antiquities by Dionysius of Halicarnassus . Jump up ^ Denis Feeney in Caesar 's Calendar : Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History . ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press , 2007 ) , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool '' by Kotynski , p. 3 ( Quote used with permission ) . For the calculation of the date , see Kotynski footnote 6 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Alfred Mallwitz 's article `` Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia '' p. 101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC . Hugh Lee , on the other hand , in his article `` The ' First ' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E '' p. 112 , follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty - seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776 . There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC . Jump up ^ Yalouris , N. 1976 . The Olympic Games - through the ages . Print Jump up ^ David C. Young ( 15 April 2008 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 77775 - 6 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Perrottet ( 8 June 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mark , p. 77 Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Raschke , 1988 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Peloponnesian War '' . Livius , Articles on Ancient History . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thucydides . The History of the Peloponnesian War . 5 . Translated by Richard Crawley . The Internet Classics Archive . ISBN 0 - 525 - 26035 - 8 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swaddling , 1999 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Strassler & Hanson , 1996 , pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Kyle , 2007 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Crowther Jump up ^ Young , p. 18 Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 33 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 44 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Golden , p. 55 . `` The dolichos varied in length from seven to twenty - four lengths of the stadium -- from 1,400 to 4,800 Greek feet . '' Jump up ^ Miller , p. 32 Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . `` The sources are not unanimous about the length of this race : some claim that it was twenty laps of the stadium track , others that it was twenty - four . It may have differed from site to site , but it was in the range of 7.5 to 9 kilometers . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ To judge from the story of Damoxenos and Kreugas who boxed at the Nemean Games , after a long battle with no result combatants could agree to a free exchange of hits . ( Gardiner , p. 432 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 435 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 60 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 445 - 6 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . `` Galen , in his skit on the Olympic games , awards the prize ( in the pakration ) to the donkey , as the best of all animals in kicking . '' Jump up ^ Finley , M.I. ; Pleket , H.W. ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` The Olympic Games : The First Thousand Years '' . Courier Corporation . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Young , p. 32 Jump up ^ Young , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . pp. 362 -- 365 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 363 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Four - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Two - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Horse with rider '' Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games We No Longer Play '' . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Phelps beats 2,168 - year - old Olympic record held by Leonidas of Rhodes '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Olympic Games '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Herodotus , parallel English / Greek : Book 5 : Terpsichore : 20 '' . www.sacred-texts.com . p. 22 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Anabasis of Alexander / Book II / Chapter XIV / Alexander 's Treatment of the Captured Greek Ambassadors. -- Submission of Byblus and Sidon . - Arrian Jump up ^ Tiberius , AD 1 ( or earlier ) -- cf . Ehrenberg & Jones , Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius ( Oxford 1955 ) p. 73 ( n. 78 ) Jump up ^ 369 according to Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Wilson , 2006 , Routledge ( UK ) or 385 according to Classical Weekly by Classical Association of the Atlantic States Jump up ^ William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1875 -- ancientlibrary.com Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Gardiner , E.N. ( 1910 ) . Greek athletic sports and festivals . London : Macmillan . Gardiner , E. Norman , Athletics of the Ancient World , 246 pages , 200 + illustrations , with new material , Oxford University Press , 1930 Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games ( PDF ) . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 5 . Miller , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Golden , Mark , Sport and Society in Ancient Greece , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . Hansen , Mogens Herman ( 2006 ) . Polis , an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City - State . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920849 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Hanson , Victor Davis ; Strassler , Robert B. ( 1996 ) . The Landmark Thucydides . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9087 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Kotynski , Edward J. The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool. 2006 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 25 ) ; new link Kyle , Donald G. ( 2007 ) . Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World . Oxford , England : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22970 - 4 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Mallowitz , Alfred . Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia . Raschke 79 -- 109 . Miller , Stephen . `` The Date of Olympic Festivals '' . Mitteilungen : Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts , Athenische Abteilung . Vol. 90 ( 1975 ) : 215 -- 237 . Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua Foundation . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Raschke , Wendy J. ( 1988 ) . The Archaeology of the Olympics : the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity . Madison , Wisconsin : Wisconsin University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Remijsen , Sofie . The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Spivey , Nigel ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Olympics . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280433 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Stanton , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions : The story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century . Victoria , Canada : Trafford . ISBN 1 - 55212 - 606 - 4 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The ancient Olympic Games . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77751 - 5 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Tufts -- `` Women and the Games '' Ancient Olympics . Research by K.U. Leuven and Peking University External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Olympic Games . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Olympic Games . The Ancient Olympic Games virtual museum ( requires registration ) Olympiakoi Agones Ancient Olympics : General and detailed information The Ancient Olympics : A special exhibit The story of the Ancient Olympic Games The origin of the Olympics Olympia and Macedonia : Games , Gymnasia and Politics . Thomas F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where were the olympic games held in greece	[ "The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate,[9] although there were victorious women chariot owners. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any Greek city-state and kingdom were allowed to participate, although the Hellanodikai, the officials in charge, allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry.[10][11] The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games.[12] Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations." ]	[ "Olympia" ]
4465974416622095661	Ages of consent in Europe	Ages of consent in Europe - Wikipedia Ages of consent in Europe Map showing ages of consent in European countries 14 15 16 17 18 The ages of consent vary by jurisdiction across Europe . The ages of consent are currently set between 14 and 18 . The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16 ; only four countries , Cyprus ( 17 ) , Ireland ( 17 ) , Turkey ( 18 ) and Vatican City ( 18 ) , do not fit into this pattern . The laws can also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or differentially specify the age at which a given sex can participate . Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject . The highlighted age is that at which , or above which , an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age . In 2014 , the self - declared state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus lifted the ban on sodomy , decriminalizing homosexual sex . All jurisdictions in Europe have an equal and gender - neutral age limit . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Europe as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe . Contents 1 International obligations 2 Albania 3 Andorra 4 Armenia 5 Austria 5.1 History 6 Azerbaijan 7 Belarus 8 Belgium 8.1 History 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 Bulgaria 11 Croatia 11.1 History 12 Cyprus 12.1 History 12.2 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13 Czech Republic 13.1 History 14 Denmark 14.1 History 15 Estonia 15.1 History 16 Finland 16.1 History 16.1. 1 Åland Islands 17 France 17.1 History 18 Georgia 19 Germany 19.1 History 20 Greece 21 Hungary 21.1 History 22 Iceland 22.1 History 23 Ireland 23.1 History 24 Italy 25 Kazakhstan 26 Kosovo 27 Latvia 27.1 History 28 Liechtenstein 29 Lithuania 29.1 History 30 Luxembourg 31 Republic of Macedonia 32 Malta 33 Moldova 34 Monaco 35 Montenegro 35.1 History 36 Netherlands 36.1 History 37 Northern Cyprus 37.1 History 38 Norway 38.1 History 38.2 Svalbard 39 Poland 39.1 History 40 Portugal 40.1 History 41 Romania 41.1 History 42 Russia 42.1 Article 134 . Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of Sexual Character with a Person Who Has Not Reached the Age of Sixteen Years 42.1. 1 Note 42.2 Article 135 . Depraved Actions 42.2. 1 Federal Law No. 14 - FZ of 29 February 2012 supplemented Article 135 of this Code with part 5 42.3 Former wording 42.3. 1 Wording prior to 2004 42.4 Further reading 42.5 History 43 San Marino 44 Serbia 44.1 History 45 Slovak Republic 45.1 History 46 Slovenia 46.1 History 47 Spain 47.1 History 48 Sweden 48.1 History 49 Switzerland 50 Turkey 50.1 History 51 Ukraine 52 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies 52.1 England and Wales 52.1. 1 History 52.2 Scotland 52.2. 1 History 52.3 Northern Ireland 52.3. 1 History 52.4 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 52.5 Gibraltar 52.5. 1 History 52.6 Guernsey ( including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) 52.6. 1 History 52.7 Isle of Man 52.7. 1 History 52.8 Jersey 52.8. 1 History 53 Vatican City 54 See also 55 References 56 Further reading 57 External links International obligations ( edit ) Neither the European Union nor the Council of Europe have suggested any specific age of consent , and there has not been any effort so far to standardize the age across member states . However , most countries in Europe now have binding legal obligations in regard to the sexual abuse of children under 18 . The Lanzarote Convention , which came into effect in 2011 , obligates the countries that ratify it to criminalize certain acts concerning children under 18 , such as the involvement of such children in prostitution and pornography . Other acts that must be criminalized include : `` Engaging in sexual activities with a child ( child is defined in Article 3 as `` person under the age of 18 years '' ) where : Use is made of coercion , force or threats ; or Abuse is made of a recognised position of trust , authority or influence over the child , including within the family ; or Abuse is made of a particularly vulnerable situation of the child , notably because of a mental or physical disability or a situation of dependence . '' The age of consent is called `` the legal age for sexual activities '' and must be chosen by states at the age they see fit . ( No specific age is recommended . ) As of December 2016 , the convention has been ratified by 42 states , while another 5 states have signed but not yet ratified the convention . In the European Union ( EU 28 ) , there is a directive regarding the sexual abuse of children under 18 , known as `` Directive 2011 / 92 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography '' . Albania ( edit ) Since 2001 , the age of consent in Albania is 14 , regardless of gender and sexual orientation . In the case of a girl , however , sex is illegal if she is over 14 but has not reached `` sexual maturity '' , as provided by article 100 of the criminal code . Andorra ( edit ) The age of consent in Andorra is 14 , as specified by Article 147 of the penal code , which reads : `` Whoever carries out a sexual act with a person younger than fourteen years ... shall be punished with imprisonment for between three months and three years . '' As specified by Articles 148 and 149 , it is illegal - regardless of age - for a person occupying a position of authority or superiority over a person to engage in sexual activity with them , or when it involves the abuse of trust or situation of need or dependence . The penalty is more severe when the subject is below the age of 18 . Armenia ( edit ) The age of consent in Armenia is 16 . Article 141 . Sexual acts with a person under 16 . Sexual intercourse or other sexual acts with a person obviously under 16 , by a person who reached 18 years of age , in the absence of elements of crime envisaged in Articles 138 , 139 or 140 of this Code , is punished with correctional labor for the term of up to 2 years , or with imprisonment for the term of up to 2 years . Austria ( edit ) The general age of consent in Austria is 14 , as specified by Section 206 of the penal code . ( The term unmündig is specified in Section 74 of the penal code . ) Paragraph 4 of Section 206 defines a close - in - age exception of maximum three years . However , Section 207b of the penal code contains an exception to the general age of consent : if one of the partners is younger than 16 years of age and `` not sufficiently mature to understand the significance of the act '' , then the act is punishable . The offence `` initiating sexual contacts with minors under 14 through the use of computer system '' is punishable by two years ' imprisonment ( Section 208a Penal Code ) . History ( edit ) The Austrian Criminal Code previously specified 18 as the age of consent for male homosexual sex in which the other partner was aged 14 -- 18 , while no equivalent provision existed for heterosexual sexual conduct ; this was Section 209 of the Criminal Code . In November 1996 , an amendment was put before the Austrian Parliament to remove Section 209 ; but the vote ended in a draw , and the amendment failed to pass . In July 1998 , a similar amendment was put forward ; it was voted down by the conservative majority . Section 209 came into force when homosexuality between males became legal in 1971 . On 24 June 2002 , the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled that Section 209 was unconstitutional . The Section was later repealed on 14 August 2002 . On 9 January 2003 , the European Court of Human Rights held , in L & V v Austria , that Section 209 violated Articles 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights . Azerbaijan ( edit ) The age of consent in Azerbaijan is 16 . Article 152 Sexual intercourse with the person below the age of 16 years , as well as the same offences linked with satisfaction of sexual passion in perverted forms shall be punished by imprisonment up to 3 years . Belarus ( edit ) The age of consent in Belarus is 16 , as specified by Articles 168 and 169 , which read : `` Sexual relations , sodomy , lesbian acts or other actions of sexual character of an adult , reached eighteen years of age , with a person who obviously has not reached sixteen years of age , at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 and 167 present codes , are punished by restriction of freedom of two years to four years or by imprisonment of two years to five years . '' and `` Dissolute actions accomplished by a person , reached eighteen years of age , concerning a person who obviously has not reached sixteen years of age , at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 , 167 and 168 present codes , are punished by arrest of about six months or imprisonment of one year to three years . '' Belgium ( edit ) The age of consent in Belgium is 16 , as specified by Article 372 of the Criminal Code ( Code pénal / Strafwetboek ) , which reads : `` Any indecent assault committed without violence or threat on the person or with the assistance of the person of a child of either sex , aged less than sixteen , shall be punished by imprisonment ( of five years to ten years ) . History ( edit ) The Belgian Criminal Code previously specified an age of consent of 18 for homosexual sex . This provision - Article 372bis - was added in 1965 and repealed in 1985 . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Sexual activity with children younger than 14 is illegal under Article 207 , which prohibits sexual acts with a `` child '' , and a `` child '' is defined in Article 2 ( 8 ) as a person under 14 . However , Article 209 mentions a `` juvenile '' who is defined in Article 2 ( 9 ) as a person under 18 , although it is not clear if this article refers only to sexual acts performed in view of a minor under 18 or if it can be used also to punish sexual acts performed with the minor : Article 207 , Sexual Intercourse with a Child : ( 1 ) Whoever performs sexual intercourse or equivalent sexual act on a child , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between one and eight years . Article 208 , Meaning of Terms as Used in This Code : ( 8 ) A child , as referred to in this Code , is a person who has not reached fourteen years of age . Article 209 , Satisfying Lust in the Presence of a Child or Juvenile : Whoever , in the presence of a child or juvenile , performs acts aimed at satisfying his own lust or the lust of a third person , or whoever induces a child to submit to such acts in his presence or in the presence of a third person , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between three months and three years . Article 205 : ( 2 ) prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile ( defined as a person under 18 ) by `` abuse of position '' . Bulgaria ( edit ) The age of consent in Bulgaria is 14 , as specified by Articles 149 and 151 ( 1 ) . However Article 151 ( 2 ) has a provision for those who are over 14 and do `` not understand the characteristics or the importance of the act . '' Art . 151 . ( 1 ) A person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not completed the age of 14 years , insofar as the act does not constitute a crime under Article 152 , shall be punished by deprivation of liberty for two to six years . Art . 149 . ( 1 ) A person who performs an act for the purpose of arousing or satisfying sexual desire , without copulation , with a person under 14 years of age , shall be punished for lewdness by deprivation of liberty for one to six years . Croatia ( edit ) The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Croatia under the new Criminal Code in force since 1 January 2013 is 15 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender , regulated by Article 158 . ( 1 ) Whoever performs sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or induces a child to commit sexual intercourse with a third person , shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of one to ten years . ( 2 ) Whoever commits lewd act with a child under fifteen years of age or induces a child to commit lewd act on itself or with a third person , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and five years . However , there is a close - in - age exemption of three years . History ( edit ) Before the year 2013 , the legal age of consent in Croatia was 14 . Homosexual acts were illegal until 1977 , when Croatia , then as a Yugoslav Federal Republic , changed its Penal Code . Age of consent was equalised in 1998 . Cyprus ( edit ) The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Cyprus under the 2002 Criminal Code is 17 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . History ( edit ) Until 1998 , homosexual acts between men were entirely forbidden under Section 171 ( 1929 ) . In 1989 , Alecos Modinos , president of the Cypriot Gay Liberation Movement , brought a case to the European Court of Human Rights . In 1993 , the Court held that the prohibition of homosexual acts was a violation of Article 8 . In January 1995 , the Cypriot Government introduced a Bill in the Cypriot Parliament that would have abolished the ban . Strong opposition from the Orthodox Church meant the Bill stalled when referred to the Parliament 's Legal Affairs Committee . The European Commission repeated its warning that Cyprus must follow the Court 's ruling . In May 1997 , again a government measure to repeal the ban failed because of the strength of the opposition . In April 1998 , the Council of Europe set a deadline for compliance of 29 May 1998 and on 21 May 1998 , the House of Representatives voted 36 to 8 in favour legalising homosexual acts . However it was set at 18 while heterosexual acts remained at 16 . In 2002 , under pressure from the EU the parliament finally ended the disparate provisions and changed the age of consent to 17 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts , under the revised Criminal Code . Akrotiri and dhekelia ( edit ) For both of these Sovereign Base Areas ( British military enclaves ) on the island of Cyprus , the age of consent is 16 . Czech Republic ( edit ) The age of consent in the Czech Republic is 15 . Additionally , the section of the new Czech penal code 40 / 2009 Sb . about `` crimes against family and children '' contains § 202 which criminalizes a `` seducing to sexual intercourse '' aimed at persons under 18 years with any promise or provide of payment , benefit / privilege or profit for a sexual intercourse , masturbation , exposure or similar behavior . This regulation was added to the old Czechoslovak penal code ( 140 / 1961 Sb . ) adopted by the Czech Republic as § 217a by the amendment Czech act No. 218 / 2003 Sb . efficient since 2004 January 1 . This also covers cases when there is any kind of trust / dependence , for example , teacher - student , employer - employee , etc . History ( edit ) The historic age limit in the Austrian Empire was 14 years by § 128 of the empire Penal Code from 1852 . Homosexual sexual intercourse ( as well as intercourses with animals ) were generally criminalized as `` crime against nature '' by § 131 . The Austrian Penal Code was not replaced in Czechoslovakia before 1950 . The Czechoslovak Penal Code 86 / 1950 Sb. in § 239 elevated the limit to 15 years . Almost identic regulation contained Czechoslovak penal code 140 / 1961 Sb. , which in § 242 reads : `` A person who has coitus with a person younger fifteen ( 15 ) years of age or who sexually abuses such a person by other way shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least one and at most eight years . '' The new Czech Penal Code ( 40 / 2009 Sb. , efficient since 2010 January 1 ) contents a similar regulation in § 187 . Around 2008 and 2009 , lowering of the limits of criminal responsibility as well as sexual restriction from 15 to 14 years was proposed by the Ministry of Justice and passed in Parliament within the new Penal Code 40 / 2009 Sb . efficient since 2010 January 1 . Both changes were criticized . Before its efficiency , the amendment act 306 / 2009 Sb . changed both limits back to 15 years . Until 1961 , homosexual sexual intercourses were generally illegal in Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovak 140 / 1961 Sb . Penal Code , introduced in that year , contained still a crime `` Sexual intercourse with a person of identic sex '' ( § 244 ) but affected only a person older 18 years which have an intercourse with a person younger 18 years . Between adult persons , payment receipt or provision and public nuisance were reasons for criminalization . In 1990 , the whole § 244 was removed by the Czechoslovak act 175 / 2009 Sb . efficient since 2009 - 07 - 01 . Denmark ( edit ) The age of consent in the Kingdom of Denmark is 15 as specified by Section 222 : § 222 . Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child under the age of 15 , shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 8 years , unless the situation is covered by § 216 paragraph 2 . In determining the penalty , it shall be an aggravating circumstance if the perpetrator has gained intercourse by exploiting his physical or mental superiority . Section 223 , part 1 , reads : `` Any person who has sexual intercourse with any child under 18 , who is said person 's adopted child , stepchild or foster child , or who is entrusted to said person for education or upbringing , will be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding four years . '' This applies , e.g. , to teachers . Further , part 2 of § 223 establishes that the same punishment is applicable to any person found to have grossly exploited their age - and experience based superiority over a person under the age of 18 to seduce said minor into intercourse . The laws in the Faroe Islands and Greenland are equivalent although regulated in separate penal codes for these autonomous countries . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were legalised in Denmark ( lesbianism was never illegal ) with an age of consent set at 18 , after a major reform of the Penal Code in 1930 ; At the same time the age of consent for heterosexual acts were raised from 12 to 15 . In 1976 , the age of consent was equalised at 15 for all acts . But sex with a child under the age of 12 gives double punishment , and sex with a minor at 15 , 16 and 17 is illegal for a person in charge of this child . Until 1866 , interaction `` against nature '' ( anal intercourse ) was punishable with the stakes . However , until the late 18th century the rule was never used , and , when it came into rule , the convicts were always pardoned to 7 years in jail : exactly the punishment introduced in the Penal Code 1866 but now only for homosexual acts . In 1969 , Denmark became the first country to legalise pictorial pornography , but this did not include specific laws related to the age of people participating in the production . Consequently , the legal age of consent ( 15 ) equaled the limit for pornography produced within the country , but material produced in other countries ( where the Danish consent law does not apply ) was not covered and therefore legal . In 1980 it became illegal to sell , spread or possess pornography involving children under the age of 15 , regardless of country of origin ( Danish Penal Code § 235 ) . The limit was later changed to 18 years , which is the standing law today , although it remains legal for a person over the age of 15 to take their own nude photos , as long as they are only shared with friends ( for example , with a boy / girlfriend ) , the receiver explicitly has received the right to possess them , and they are not shared or spread further . In the period between the legalisation of pornography and the 1980 amendment to the Danish Penal Code , some companies ( infamously Color Climax ) exploited the lack of age restrictions on material produced in other countries . Estonia ( edit ) The age of consent in Estonia is 14 , as specified by Section 145 ( sexual intercourse with a child ) , which reads : `` An adult person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person of less than 14 years of age shall be punished by up to 5 years ' imprisonment . '' Section 141 defines rape as `` Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation '' ; and Section 147 reads : Section 147 . Inability of person of less than 10 years to comprehend Within the meaning of the offences provided for in this Division , a person is deemed to be incapable to comprehend if he or she is less than 10 years of age . History ( edit ) Until 1992 , male homosexual sex was illegal , the Estonian SSR Penal Code , Article 118 , forbidding `` anal intercourse between men '' . Due to regaining independence from USSR in 1991 , the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse was fixed at 16 , whereas the age for heterosexual intercourse was 14 . The age of consent was equalised in 2001 when the law was amended , specifying an age of 14 for sexual intercourse . Finland ( edit ) The age of consent in Finland is 16 , as specified by Section 6 ( 1 ) ( Sexual abuse of a child ) , which reads : `` A person who has sexual intercourse with a child younger than sixteen years of age ... shall be sentenced for sexual abuse of a child to imprisonment for at most four years . '' The sexual act may not be punishable if `` there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved '' . The act may be punished as the lesser crime of `` aggravated sexual abuse '' rather than `` rape '' if courts determine there was no force or fear . The age is 18 when in connection with a person who has some formal power over the young person , like a school teacher . History ( edit ) Until 1971 , homosexual acts were prohibited . After decriminalisation , the age of consent was set to 18 for homosexual acts , and 16 for heterosexual acts . In 1999 , the age of consent was equalised to 16 for all sexual acts . Åland Islands ( edit ) According to the Åland Treaty , Finnish federal law is applied as the minimum standard . The age of consent is therefore 16 . France ( edit ) The age of consent in France is 15 , as specified by Article 227 - 25 of the Penal Code , which reads : `` The fact of the commission without violence , constraint , threat or surprise of a sexual offence by an adult on the person of a minor under fifteen years of age is punished by five years ' imprisonment and a fine of 75,000 € . '' Article 227 - 22 prohibits the `` organisation by an adult of meetings involving indecent exposure or sexual relations knowing that minors are present or participating '' . ( Minors refers to under 18s ; the text of the article can be subject to interpretation ) . Article 227 - 22 - 1 prohibits the `` soliciting of a minor under the age of fifteen , or a person pretending to be such minor , for sexual purposes through the use of a computer system '' . Article 227 - 27 prohibits sexual relations with minors over age 15 ( aged 15 , 16 or 17 ) `` 1 ° where they are committed by an ascendant or by any other person having a legal or factual authority over the victim ; 2 ° where they are committed by a person abusing the authority conferred by his functions . '' Further information : French petition against age of consent laws History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were illegal until 1791 , when the ancient sodomy laws were dropped from the Criminal Code of that year . This continued to be the case under the Napoleonic Code of 1810 . The age of consent was set at 11 in 1832 , at 13 in 1863 . In 1942 , the age of consent for homosexual acts was set at 21 , while that for heterosexual acts was still 13 . The latter was increased to 15 in 1945 . In 1974 , the age for homosexual acts was lowered to 18 . In 1982 , it was lowered to 15 , in line with that for heterosexual acts . Georgia ( edit ) The age of consent in Georgia is 16 as per Georgian Penal Code Art . 140 , and Art . 141 . Germany ( edit ) The age of consent in Germany is 14 , as long as a person over the age of 21 does not exploit a 14 - to 15 - year - old person 's lack of capacity for sexual self - determination , in which case a conviction of an individual over the age of 21 requires a complaint from the younger individual ; being over 21 and engaging in sexual relations with a minor of that age does not constitute an offense by itself . Otherwise the age of consent is 16 , although provisions protecting minors against abuse apply until the age of 18 ( under Section 182 ( 1 ) , it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with a person under 18 `` by taking advantage of an exploitative situation '' ) . As specified by Sections 176 ( Sexual abuse of children ) and 182 ( Sexual abuse of youths ) of the Penal Code , which read : § 176 : `` ( 1 ) Whoever commits sexual acts on a person under fourteen ( 14 ) years of age ( a child ) or allows them to be committed on themself by the child , shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to ten years ( ... ) '' § 180 : `` ( 1 ) Whoever abets the commission of sexual acts of a person under sixteen years of age on or in front of a third person or sexual acts of a third person on a person under sixteen years of age : by acting as an intermediary ; or by furnishing or creating an opportunity , shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine . ( ... ) '' § 182 : `` ( 2 ) A person over twenty - one years of age who abuses a person under sixteen years of age , in that he : 1 . commits sexual acts on the person or allows them to be committed on himself by the person ; or 2 . induces the person to commit sexual acts on a third person or to allow them to be committed on the person by a third person , and thereby exploits the victim 's lack of capacity for sexual self - determination , shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine . ( ... ) The act shall only be prosecuted upon complaint , unless the prosecuting authority considers ex officio that it is required to enter the case because of the special public interest therein . ( ... ) The court may dispense with punishment pursuant to these provisions if , in consideration of the conduct of the person against whom the act was directed , the wrongfulness of the act is slight . '' History ( edit ) The current rules for age of consent in Germany were set following a post-reunification penal law reform in 1994 . The ages of 14 and 16 had been relevant since the coming into force of the Criminal Code for the German Empire in 1872 : Under § 176 , sexual acts with children under 14 were illegal and have been always since . Under § 182 , seduction of an `` unblemished girl under the age of 16 '' was prosecuted upon complaint of parents or legal guardian only . In West Germany the latter rule was kept , with minor changes in 1973 : Unblemishedness was no longer required , and the court could refrain from punishment if the offender was under 21 years of age . The German Democratic Republic , by contrast , created a new socialist criminal code in 1968 . Under § 149 , sexual acts with persons of the opposite sex between the ages of 14 and 16 were punishable if the victim 's `` moral immaturity '' was exploited by using `` gifts , the promise of benefits or similar '' methods of persuasion `` to initiate intercourse or actions similar to intercourse '' . Male homosexuality had been illegal under § 175 regardless of age since 1872 . Female homosexuality was not prosecuted . In West Germany , male homosexuality was legalized in 1969 . The age of consent was set to 21 years and in 1973 reduced to 18 years . Offenders could be only men 18 or older , and courts could refrain from punishment if the offender was not yet 21 . In East Germany , the criminal code was supplemented in 1957 by a provision that allowed the waiving of prosecution if no harm had been done to socialist society by the unlawful act . Concerning § 175 , this meant that male homosexual acts were now almost prosecuted only if they involved minors , which meant persons under 18 . The new criminal code of 1968 officially legalized homosexuality and in § 151 , which now was gender - neutral , criminalized only homosexual acts of adults with minors . In 1987 the GDR supreme court ruled homosexuality was a variant of sexual behaviour just as heterosexuality . In 1989 § 151 was repealed and § 149 amended to include any sexual orientation . After German reunification , according to the Unification Treaty of 1990 , the § 149 code section stayed in force for the territory of the former GDR , and West German § 175 and § 182 were not enacted here . The need for gender - and sexual - orientation - neutrality and for a new balancing of sexual self - determination and youth protection was also being seen by West German lawmakers . In the ensuing 1994 reform , the minimum age of 14 for all of Germany was kept , and in building on legal traditions of both states , sexual acts committed by a person above 21 with a minor under 16 involving exploitation of the minor 's individual lack of capacity for sexual self - determination were made punishable in new § 182 . § 175 was abolished . In general , the need for complaint of the former West German law was kept , but in case of special public interest the offence was made prosecutable ex officio as had been the case in East German law . Greece ( edit ) The age of consent in Greece is 15 . The general provision for age of consent in Greece is 15 as specified by Article 339 , as well as Articles 337 , 348B of the Greek Penal Code . In 2015 , along with the legalization of same - sex civil unions , Article 347 which provided a further prohibition of seducing a male under 17 if the actor is a male adult was repealed , therefore equalising age of consent for homosexual acts . There are also several other prohibitions regarding positions of authority and acts of lewdness , as specified by Articles 342 and 343 . Furthermore , there is a close - in - age exemption of 3 years age difference for indecent acts between persons younger than 15 . Hungary ( edit ) The age of consent in Hungary is 14 . A close - in - age exemption allows sexual acts from age 12 if the older party is under 18 . The new criminal code in force since 1 July 2013 reads : `` The person who has completed eighteenth year has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his / her fourteenth year , commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from one year to five years '' . `` The person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his / her twelfth year , commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from five years to ten years '' . History ( edit ) Until 1961 homosexual acts were illegal . After decriminalisation the age of consent for homosexual acts was 20 and remained so until 1978 . From then until 1999 the age of consent for such acts was 18 , as specified by Section 199 . In 2002 the Hungarian Constitutional Court repealed Section 199 and the age of consent for homosexual acts was lowered to 14 in line with heterosexual acts . Iceland ( edit ) The age of consent in Iceland is 15 , as specified by Section 202 of the Icelandic Penal Code , which reads : `` Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child younger than 15 years shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 15 years . '' History ( edit ) The age of consent was raised from 14 to 15 in 2007 . Ireland ( edit ) The age of consent in Ireland is 17 , in relation to vaginal , oral , or anal sex , and vaginal or anal penetration . This is the joint highest , with Cyprus , age of consent in the European Union . Relevant offences are found in the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2017 , which amended the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 . Sentences are longer for offences on children under 15 , for repeat offences and where the offender is an authority - figure such as a close relative or teacher . In the case of offenses with children aged 15 and 16 , the relevant statute , Sexual act with child under 17 years of age , provides that `` 8 ) Where , in proceedings for an offence under this section against a child who at the time of the alleged commission of the offence had attained the age of 15 years but was under the age of 17 years , it shall be a defence that the child consented to the sexual act of which the offence consisted where the defendant -- ( a ) is younger or less than 2 years older than the child , ( b ) was not , at the time of the alleged commission of the offence , a person in authority in respect of the child , and ( c ) was not , at the time of the alleged commission of the offence , in a relationship with the child that was intimidatory or exploitative of the child . '' History ( edit ) Prior to the 1922 independence of the Irish Free State , the law in Ireland was that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( see the UK history section ) . Anal sex was illegal under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 , while the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 criminalised `` Defilement of girl between thirteen and sixteen years of age '' , with more severe penalties for `` Defilement of girl under thirteen years of age '' . The 1930 Carrigan Report into child sex abuse and underage prostitution recommended raising the age of consent to 18 years . The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 raised the age to 17 , with more severe penalties under age 15 , and disallowed a defence of mistake . The law on child sex abuse , including the age of consent , was the subject of a 1989 consultation paper and 1990 report by the Law Reform Commission ( LRC ) . The Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 1993 decriminalised male homosexual acts and created offences of `` Buggery of persons under 17 years of age '' and `` Gross indecency with males under 17 years of age '' . In 2006 , the 1935 law was struck out when the Supreme Court found that its prohibition of the mistake defence violated a defendant 's Constitutional rights . The Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 , quickly passed within the scope of the Supreme Court 's judgment , replaced the 1935 and 1993 offences with the current ones . The exemption for girls under 17 was recommended by the LRC and the Director of Public Prosecutions who felt `` it would be wrong to stigmatise mothers and pregnant girls of 15 or 16 years of age as if they were either the victims of violent rape or they had committed a crime '' . While this was controversial , the Minister pointed out that the previous law had not criminalised any sex act by a girl under 17 . The 2006 report of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Child Protection recommended changing the age of consent to 16 , and 18 with a person in authority . It advised that close - in - age cases should remain criminalised , but with more lenient guidelines for sentencing . It also recommended wider publicity of the age limits . Most of the changes were implemented in 2017 , although the age of consent remained 17 . Italy ( edit ) The age of consent in Italy is 14 years , with a close - in - age exception that allows those aged 13 to engage in sexual activity with partners who are under the age of 18 , provided that the age gap between them is less than 3 years . The age of consent rises to 16 if one of the participants has some kind of influence on the other ( e.g. teacher , tutor , adoptive parent , etc . ) . Not knowing that the victim is underage is not a legal defense , except when it was unavoidable ignorance . If the minor involved is under the age of 11 , the crime can be punished even without a complaint and the punishment is aggravated . It is also illegal to perform sexual acts in the presence of a minor aged less than 14 with the intent of allowing the minor to witness the acts , even if they do not take an active part . See also related Wikisource articles from the Italian Criminal Code ( in Italian ) . See also more related articles from Interpol . Kazakhstan ( edit ) The age of consent in Kazakhstan is 16 , according to article 122 of the Crime Criminal Code . Article 122 . Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of a Sexual Character with a Person Under Sixteen Years of Age Sexual intercourse , sodomy , or lesbianism or other acts of sexual nature , with a person who did not reach sixteen years of age , the guilty party being aware of that fact , shall be punished by restriction of freedom for a period up to three years , or by detention under arrest for a period up to six months , or deprivation of freedom for a period up to five years . Kosovo ( edit ) The age of consent in Kosovo is 16 . Article 228 of the Penal Penalty Code states that `` Term ' Consent ' means the voluntary agreement of a person who has reached the age of sixteen years to engage in the sexual act in question '' , and Article 230 states that , 1 . Whoever subjects another person to a sexual act without such person 's consent shall be punished by imprisonment of two ( 2 ) to ten ( 10 ) years `` . Latvia ( edit ) The age of consent in Latvia is 16 . The main legislation is specified by the Latvian Criminal Law , Section 161 ( Acts of a sexual nature with a Person who has not Attained the Age of Sixteen Years ) , which translated reads : `` Committing a sexual , anal or oral act or another unnatural sexual act of gratification , or other acts of a sexual nature committed in physical contact with the victim 's body , if it was done with a person who has not attained the age of sixteen years and if such offence has been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority , is punished by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to five years , or short - term imprisonment , or community service , or a fine and probationary supervision for a period of up to five years . '' Sections 159 and 160 provide harsher penalties for rape and forcible sexual assault of juveniles . History ( edit ) Until 1992 , male homosexual acts were illegal under Section 124.1 of the Latvian Criminal Code . This provision was repealed by the Latvian Parliament in 1992 and the age of consent for male homosexual acts was set at 18 . In 1998 , the Latvian Parliament adopted a new Criminal Code that contained a complex system of sexual offences : the age of consent for all sexual acts other than vaginal intercourse was 14 ; for vaginal intercourse it was 16 ( with a close - in - age exemption that allowed 14 and 15 year olds to have sex with a person under 18 ) . In 2001 , the law was amended to clarify the situation and confirm that the age of consent was 16 for all acts ( only a person aged 18 or older can be punished for having sex with a 14 -- 15 year old ) . Liechtenstein. ( edit ) The age of consent in Liechtenstein is 14 . Sexual activity with 14 -- 15 year olds is generally legal , but it can still be punished if sexual access to these children has been obtained by exploiting their lack of sexual self - determination . Lithuania ( edit ) The age of consent in Lithuania is 16 , as specified by the Lithuanian Criminal Code § 151.1 , introduced by the bill of 2 July 2010 . Previously the age of consent was set to 14 according to the Lithuanian Criminal Code § 153 prohibiting any sexual molestation or sexual relationships with a minor under 14 years . The age of consent ( 14 ) was not set directly in this article of the Lithuanian criminal code , though . It has been established by the Lithuanian case law . This meant that both heterosexual and homosexual acts were allowed once a child had reached the age of 14 . There was ( and remains ) an exception to this rule : § 151.1 ( 3 ) of the Lithuanian Criminal Code prohibits parents , guardians , or other people who are ex officio directly responsible for the upbringing and supervision of a child to have any relationships of sexual kind with the child , if he or she has not yet reached the age of 18 . History ( edit ) Until 1993 , male homosexual acts were prohibited under the Lithuanian Criminal Code , Article 1221 , which was repealed in that year . The new law set an age of consent of 17 for male oral and anal intercourse , 16 for other male homosexual acts , and 14 for lesbian and heterosexual acts . In 2004 , the law was amended to equalise the age of consent at 14 for all sexual acts ; the age of consent was raised to 16 in 2010 , regardless of gender and sexual orientation . Luxembourg ( edit ) The age of consent in Luxembourg is 16 , as specified by the Luxembourgish Penal Code , Article 372 , which reads : `` All indecent assaults on modesty committed without violence or threat , by a person or by aiding the person , of a child of either sex , aged less than sixteen , will be punished by imprisonment of one to five years . The penalty will be imprisonment of five to ten years if the child was less than eleven years old . '' Republic of Macedonia ( edit ) Article 188 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Code of Macedonia prohibits sexual conduct with a `` child '' and a `` child '' is defined by Article 71 as a person under 14 . Article 188 ( 1 ) A person who commits statutory rape or some other sexual act upon a child shall be punished with imprisonment of six months to five years . However , Article 197 prohibits an adult living in an extra-marital community with a Juvenile under 16 . Extra-marital life with a juvenile Article 197 ( 1 ) An adult who lives in an extra-marital community with a juvenile who has reached the age of fourteen years , but not the age of sixteen , shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to three years . Article 189 ( 2 ) prohibits sexual acts with a Juvenile under 18 `` who was entrusted to '' the offender `` for study , education , custody or care '' . Article 192 prohibits both procuring a Juvenile for sexual acts and enabling the performance of sexual acts with a juvenile . This could effectively make the age of consent at 18 . Article 71 defines `` Child '' as a person under 14 , while article 72 defines `` Juvenile '' as a person under 18 . Malta ( edit ) The age of consent in Malta is 16 . Sexual activity - typically by people over 16 - with people between 12 and 16 can be considered defilement of minors by lewd acts or corruption of a minor , which , at the discretion of prosecutors and the courts , depending on the circumstances , may result in a conviction . Art 201 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta ( Presumption of violence in cases of carnal knowledge and indecent assault ) states : 201 . Unlawful carnal knowledge and any other indecent assault , shall be presumed to be accompanied with violence - ( a ) when it is committed on any person under twelve years of age ; ( b ) when the person abused was unable to offer resistance owing to physical or mental infirmity , or for any other cause independent of the act of the offender , or in consequence of any fraudulent device used by the offender . The punishment is imprisonment from three to nine years , with or without solitary confinement , as described in Art . 198 ( Rape or carnal knowledge with violence ) . The punishment can be increased in certain cases described in Art . 202 , such as when the person has not attained the age of nine years . Art . 204 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta ( Defilement of minors ) reads : 203 . ( 1 ) Whosoever , by lewd acts , defiles a minor of either sex , shall , on conviction , be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years , with or without solitary confinement : ( ... ) A number of aggravating circumstances exist to this blanket provision including : Abuse of parental authority or tutorship , where the victim is under the age of 12 and if the offence is committed by means of threats or deceit . There is no definition of how old the offender must be : Even another minor can be guilty of this crime , although there is no evidence that any such case has ever been prosecuted . The age of majority is defined in Art 188 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Laws of Malta : 188 . ( 1 ) Majority is fixed at the completion of the eighteenth year of age . To apply Art . 203 , there are requirements : For the completed offence and apart from the formal element of the offence , there must be the lewd act ( atto di libidine ) and the actual defilement . The lewd act may be committed either on the person or in the presence of the minor . All acts which , either by their very nature or of the circumstances in which they are performed , either are directed to the indulgence of the sexual appetite , either of the agent or of the victim , and are capable of arousing sexual interest of the victim , are lewd acts for the purposes of the offence in question . The interpretation of the law is situational and at the discretion of the prosecution and the courts , based on relevant factors that may be taken into account to decide whether the minor was actually `` defiled '' . For example , in 2008 two brothers , aged 19 and 20 , were found not guilty of defiling a girl , then aged 16 ( until 2018 the age of consent was 18 ) . Their sexual encounters were consensual , and it was clear that the girl had had several previous sexual adventures with several youths . In 2007 a man of 30 was found guilty of defiling a boy , then aged 14 . He had set up a situation in which the boy came to his apartment ; as a result of both childish curiosity and what the court deemed to be the guile of the adult man , the boy remained in the apartment even while man first showered and then committed the lewd acts . There are also other cases , where offenders have been found guilty even though the circumstances were not clear , such as the case of a hotel manager aged 35 with a 14 - year - old girl on holiday , three men aged 18 , 19 and 20 with three 14 - year - old girls or another hotel manager of 46 and a boy of 14 , who had encounters over a longer time . In the wording of the law there is no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . However , discrimination can result from selective enforcement with regard to individual cases . `` This may therefore lead to a higher incidence of cases in which the minor and the perpetrator are of the same sex , given that there may be parents who would not resort to legal proceedings should their 17 - year - old child have sexual relations with another person of the opposite sex but would do so if the person is of the same sex . '' Marriage is allowed as early as the age of 16 , which until May 2018 theoretically would have allowed a case to arise in which a spouse press charges under this article . In practice , this problem has never arisen . The concept of age - banding employed in for example Canada is not present in the Maltese legal system and sexual activity between one partner who is 15 years old and another who is 16 years old can constitute defilement of minors , depending on the circumstances , with no exception being allowed purely on the basis of the proximity of their ages . In early 2018 Parliament voted in favour of the `` Gender - Based Violence and Domestic Violence Act , 2018 '' which came into effect on 14 May 2018 . The primary objective of the Act is to transpose the Council of Europe Convention on prevention and combating of violence against women and domestic violence , and it also includes amendments that lowered the age of consent to 16 . Moldova ( edit ) The age of consent in Moldova is 16 , per Article 174 - `` Sexual intercourse with a person under 16 '' , and Article 175 - `` Perverted Actions '' . Article 174 . Sexual Intercourse with a Person under the Age of 16 ( 1 ) Sexual intercourse other than rape as well as any other acts of vaginal or anal penetration committed with a person certainly known to be under the age of 16 shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 5 years . ( 2 ) The person who committed the act set forth in par . ( 1 ) shall not be subject to criminal liability if he / she is similar to the victim in terms of age and physical and mental development . ( Art. 174 in version of Law No. 277 - XVI dated 18.12. 2008 , in force as of 24.05. 2009 ) ( Art. 174 amended by Law No. 211 - XV dated 29.05. 03 , in force as of 12.06. 03 ) Articles 171 and 172 provide harsher penalties for Rape and Violent Sexual Actions ( including physical or mental coercion ) against juveniles . Monaco ( edit ) The age of consent in Monaco is 15 . Montenegro ( edit ) The age of consent in Montenegro is 14 , as set out in Article 206 of the Criminal Code . Article 207 makes it illegal for a teacher , instructor , guardian , adoptive parent , stepfather , stepmother or other person with a similar position to abuse one 's position or authority in order to perform sexual intercourse or an equal act with a minor ( under 18 ) entrusted for teaching , education , custody and care . Article 209 ( 2 ) makes it illegal for a person to `` provide for performing debauchery , an act equal to it or some other sexual act to a minor '' . Article 216 prohibits `` Extramarital community with a minor '' Article 216 reads : ( 1 ) An adult person who lives in an extramarital community with a minor , shall be punished by an imprisonment sentence of three months to three years . ( 2 ) A parent , adoptive parent or a guardian who enables a minor to live in an extramarital community with another person or incites him / her into it shall be punished by a penalty referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article . ' ' . History ( edit ) Montenegro decriminalized homosexual sex in 1977 , with an equal age of consent , set at 14 . Netherlands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Netherlands is 16 , as specified by the Dutch Criminal Code at Article 245 , and Article 247 which read : Art 245 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of the fifth category . '' Art 247 : `` A person who , with a person whom he knows to be unconscious or physically unable to resist or to be suffering from such a degree of mental defect or mental disease that he is incapable or not sufficiently capable of exercising or expressing his will in the matter or of offering resistance , performs indecent acts , or who , with a person who has not yet reached the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years , out of wedlock , performs indecent acts , or by whom the latter is enticed into performing , or submitting to such acts , out of wedlock , with a third party , is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than six years or a fine of the fourth category . '' Close - in - age exceptions ( for consensual acts between adolescents close in age , within `` social - ethical norms '' ) are at the discretion of the prosecution . Acts such as a ménage - a-trois , or an unequal relationship , e.g. the perpetrator ( 17 ) was n't in love while the victim ( 15 ) was , can also be considered outside `` social - ethical norms '' . History ( edit ) In the 1990s , the Netherlands gained international attention due to its policies regarding the age of consent . Between 1990 and 2002 the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12 , subject to qualifications . The relevant law , passed in November , 1990 , permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 in most circumstances , but allowed a challenge by parents or by the Protection of Children if there was evidence of exploitation . Although the age of consent was often reported internationally to be 12 , this was partly misleading , because sexual acts up to 16 remained open to prosecution . The Netherlands has gained an international reputation of being extremely liberal on sexual issues , with some of this is due to exaggerated reports in foreign media and claims by foreign politicians , rather than due to reality . For instance , during the 1980s , some conservative campaigners in the US claimed that children were sold into sexual slavery at `` auctions '' held in Amsterdam ; but did not produce any evidence to support their claims . Northern Cyprus ( edit ) Northern Cyprus has an age of consent of 16 as designated in the Penal Code ( Ceza Yasası , Art . 153 & 154 ) . History ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , sodomy was illegal , the age of consent only applied to females and sexual contact with a female between the ages of 13 and 16 was a misdemeanor . As of 2014 , the age of consent is set at 16 for both males and females , sexual contact with any child under 16 regardless of gender is a felony and the ban on sodomy is lifted , thereby legalizing homosexual sex . Norway ( edit ) The age of consent in Norway is 16 , as specified by the 2005 Penal Code § 304 : which reads : `` Any person who performs a sexual act with a child under 16 years of age shall be subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years , unless the conduct falls within the scope of section 299 . '' Aggravating circumstances as recidivism , multiple perpetrators , and unusual degree of degradation and pain , or physical harm ( including , specifically , sexually transmitted diseases ) may raise the maximum penalty . The penal code on the age of consent is three - tiered . If the child is under 14 years , § 299 of the same penal code , reads : `` A penalty of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years shall be applied to any person who : a ) engages in sexual activity with a child under 14 years of age , b ) makes a child under 14 years of age perform acts corresponding to sexual activity on himself / herself , or c ) performs an aggravated sexual act with a child under 14 years of age . '' § 300 and § 301 of the same penal code , sets minimum penalty , of any person who engages in sexual acts with children under 14 years , to 3 year of imprisonment , and up to 21 years . If the child is between 14 and 16 years , § 302 , reads : `` Any person who engages in sexual activity with a child between 14 and 16 years of age shall be subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six years , unless the conduct also falls within the scope of other provisions . The same penalty shall be applied to any person who makes a child between 14 and 16 years of age perform acts corresponding to sexual activity on himself / herself . '' According to Chapter 1 , § 5 , of the penal code , § 299 - 306 applies also if the act was committed outside Norway and by a non-Norwegian citizen or resident . Even though one may be found guilty of violating the age of consent code , if those involved are `` about equal as regards age and development '' , the court can exercise its own discretion to suspend passing a sentence . History ( edit ) Sexual relations between two women was never explicitly criminalized , but have been prosecuted under the general indecency law of the Civil Penal Code of 1842 . In 1951 a Norwegian ministry of justice white paper recommended de-criminalization of homosexual acts in the 1903 Civil Penal Code § 213 , but this was rejected by the Norwegian Parliament ( Stortinget ) . The ban on sex between men , which also outlawed cohabitation as well as sex with animals , was repealed in 1972 ( bestiality having been recriminalized in 2008 ) . The Penal Code of 2005 , replaced the 1902 General Civil Penal Code , and was entered into force on October 1 , 2005 . Svalbard ( edit ) According to the Svalbard Treaty , Norwegian law is applied as the minimum standard . The age of consent is therefore 16 . Poland ( edit ) The age of consent in Poland is 15 , as specified by the Polish Crime Criminal Criminality Penal Code , Article 200 , which reads : `` Article 200 . § 1 . Whoever subjects a minor under 15 years of age to sexual intercourse or makes him / her submit to another sexual act or to perform such an act shall be subject to the penalty of the deprivation of liberty for a term of between 2 and 12 years . '' `` § 2 . The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone , who records pornographic material with the participation of such a person . '' History ( edit ) Poland never imposed laws against homosexuality . However , in 1876 homosexuality was criminalised by the laws of occupying countries ( see Partitions of Poland ) . In 1932 the first Polish Criminal Code after regaining independence was introduced , making the age of consent of 15 for all sexual acts , regardless of sexual orientation . Portugal ( edit ) Since September 2007 , the age of consent laws of Portugal states 14 , regardless of sexual behaviour , gender or sexual orientation , as a result of the constitutional court of Portugal ruling on constitutional protection that explicitly includes `` sexual orientation '' , formally into the Constitution of Portugal back in 2004 . Since September 2007 , the age of consent was formally equalised as part of the Penal Code of September 2007 . Although the age of consent is stipulated at 14 in Portugal , the legality of sexual acts with a minor between 14 and 16 is open to legal interpretation since the law states that it is illegal to perform a sexual act with an adolescent between 14 and 16 years old `` by taking advantage of their inexperience '' . History ( edit ) Homosexual acts were legalised for the first time in Portugal in 1852 , with an equal age of consent at that time - although homosexuality was again re-criminalised in 1912 . They were decriminalised a second time in 1982 and an age of consent was set at 16 , in line with heterosexual activities . In 1995 , a new Penal Code was introduced with `` different circumstances '' for different sexual behaviours . Since September 2007 , the age of consent , regardless of sexual behaviour , gender or sexual orientation , is 14 . See also : LGBT rights in Portugal Romania ( edit ) The new Romanian Criminal Code , which came into force on 1 February 2014 , sets a general age of consent of 15 . However , sexual acts that do not include penetration may be performed from age 13 . There is also a close - in - age exemption : the sexual acts are not punished if the age difference between the partners is less than 3 years . The law sets several other restrictions in regard to children under 13 : it is illegal for an adult to perform sexual acts in view of such a child ; to show pornographic materials to such a child or to induce the child to view sex shows ; or to solicit such a child to meet for sexual acts ( such as on - line solicitation ) . In addition , it is illegal for an adult to engage in acts of sexual penetration with an adolescent under 18 , if the adult abuses the authority or influence they have over the minor in order to gain the sexual access . The relevant articles of the Criminal Code are Art . 220 , Art . 221 and Art . 222 . All these laws are gender neutral and apply regardless of the sexual orientation of those involved . History ( edit ) For a very long time , the age of consent in Romania was 14 . The Penal Code of 1864 , which followed shortly after the union of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia , and was in force between 1865 and 1936 , set an age of consent of 14 . Under this code , Article 263 read : `` Any assault against decency , whether completed or attempted , without violence , upon the person of a child , either male or female , aged less than 14 years , shall be punished with imprisonment between two and three years . '' Article 264 defined `` assault against decency with violence '' , the equivalent of the nowadays crime of rape ( although the term `` rape '' was not used in that code ) , and stipulated that the maximum penalty should be given if the victim was under 15 years of age . In 1936 , a new criminal code came into force . Article 421 read : `` The man who has sexual intercourse with a girl under 14 years of age commits the offense of assault against decency without violence , and is punishable by imprisonment between one and three years . '' However , if aggravated factors existed ( such as pregnancy , a sexually transmitted disease , or committed by a person with a specific relation to the victim , or by several persons ) the punishment was increased . With regard to rape ( article 419 ) the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor . After the installation of the communist regime , the code was modified several time , and , in 1969 , a new penal code came into effect . Nevertheless , the age of consent of 14 was maintained . Article 198 of the 1969 code read : `` Sexual intercourse with a female person who has not attained the age of 14 is punishable by imprisonment of one to five years . '' In a case of rape , similarly with the previous code , the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor ( Article 197 ) . The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw major modifications to the criminal code , in an effort to modify what was seen as outdated provisions , especially as Romania prepared to enter the EU . As such , homosexuality was decriminalized , the text of several criminal offences was modified by making it gender - neutral , the age of consent was lifted to 15 ( applicable to both girls and boys ) , punishments for several sexual crimes were increased , and the stipulation that a rapist could avoid punishment after rape if he married his victim was abolished . Changes were made through Law no . 140 / 1996 , Law No. 197 / 2000 , Emergency Ordinance no . 89 / 2001 , and Emergency Ordinance no . 143 / 2002 . Nevertheless , the rapid adoption of numerous laws led to poorly drafted and contradictory texts , which have caused difficulty among the jurisprudence and doctrine , and several cases ended to the High Court of Cassation and Justice in order to clarify the interpretation of the law . Finally , a new criminal code entered into force on 1 February 2014 . Russia ( edit ) The age of consent in Russia is 16 . The age of consent changed several times in Russian history : the Criminal Code of RSFSR ( Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic ) stated `` sexual maturity '' as the age of consent ; when the Criminal Code of Russia was adopted in 1996 , the age of consent was proclaimed to be the same regardless of sexual orientation and was set to 16 years old ; in 1998 it was lowered to 14 years ; and in 2003 it was returned again to 16 years ( which is the current age of consent in Russia ) . Law of early 2012 tightened the consent laws in Articles 134 and 135 considerably . However , only a person over 18 can be charged . Charges are relatively low ( up to 4 years of prison ) - regardless of gender - and `` obscene actions '' have even less charges . If the victim is not understanding the nature and consequences of the act ( due to their age being under 12 or mental abilities ) , it will be considered rape and charged much more severely ( up to 15 years of prison , or up to 20 if the victim is under 14 ) . Article 134 . Sexual intercourse and other actions of sexual character with a person who has not reached the age of sixteen years ( edit ) 1 . Sexual intercourse committed by a person who has reached the age of eighteen years with a person who has not reached the age of sixteen years - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 480 hours , or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to four years , or by compulsory labour for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 2 . Pederasty or lesbianism in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age effected by a person who has reached eighteen years of age - shall be punishable by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to six years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 3 . The deeds stipulated by Part One and Two of this Article committed to a person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to ten years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 4 . The deeds stipulated by Parts One , Two or Three of this Article committed in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of eight to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years . 5 . The deeds provided for by Parts One , Two , Three or Four of this article made by a group of persons , by a group of persons by previous concert or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of twelve to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 6 . The deeds provided for by Part Three of this article made by a person with a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of fifteen to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years or by life imprisonment . Note ( edit ) 1 . A person who for the first time has committed the crime stipulated by Part One of this Article , shall be relieved of punishment by court if it is established that such person and the action committed by him / her are no longer socially dangerous in connection with his / her entry into marriage with the victim . 2 . Where the age difference between the victim and the accused person is less than four years , the latter shall not be punishable by deprivation of liberty for the committed deed provided for by Part One of this article or by Part One of Article 135 of this Code . Article 135 . Depraved actions ( edit ) 1 . The commission of lecherous actions without using violence by a person who has reached eighteen years of age in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 440 hours , or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years , or by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 2 . The same deed committed in respect of the person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to eight years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 3 . The deeds provided for by Parts One or Two of this article made in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of five to twelve years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years . 4 . The acts stipulated by Parts one , two or three of this Article committed by a group of persons in preliminary collusion or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of seven to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . Federal law no 14 - fz of 29 February 2012 supplemented Article 135 of this Code with part 5 ( edit ) 5 . The deed provided for by Part Two of this article which is made by the person who has a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of ten to fifteen years with deprivation of the right to hold definite offices or to engage in definite activities for a term of up to twenty years . Former wording ( edit ) Article 134 . Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Reached 16 Years of Age Illicit sexual relations , pederasty , or lesbianism , committed by a person who has reached 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age , shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years . Federal Law No. 73 - FZ of 21 July 2004 amended Article 135 of the present Code Article 135 . Depraved Actions Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence by the person who has reached the age of 18 years in relations to a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age , shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 300 thousand roubles , or in the amount of the wage or salary , or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to two years , or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years . Wording prior to 2004 ( edit ) Article 134 . Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Attained 14 Years of Age Illicit sexual relations , pederasty , or lesbianism , committed by a person who has attained 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age , shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years . Article 135 . Depraved Actions Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence , in relations to a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age , shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 300 to 500 minimum wages , or in the amount of the wage or salary , or any other income of the convicted person for a period of three to five months , or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years . Further reading ( edit ) Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) Criminal Code of the Russian Federation -- Chapter 18 ( in Russian ) LGBT rights in Russia History ( edit ) The penalty for having sex with a minor is not always applied . For example , in 2005 , Valentina Isaeva gave birth to a girl in Moscow , Russia at the age of 11 years , 10 months . The father was 19 - year - old Habibula Patahonov from Tajikistan , who rented a room in a flat where Valentina was living with her grandmother . The child 's father was sentenced conditionally for child abuse but was not jailed because he was willing to support Valentina and their daughter . San Marino ( edit ) The age of consent in San Marino is 14 , per Article 173 . It is also illegal , under Article 177 , to `` incite a minor under 18 years to sexual corruption '' . Serbia ( edit ) The age of consent in Serbia is 14 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . This is regulated by Chapter 18 ( Sexual Offences ) of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia and especially Article 180 ( prohibiting sexual intercourse with a child ) . Article 112 defines a child as a person under 14 years of age . Article 181 prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile ( defined in Article 112 as a person under 18 ) if the juvenile is entrusted for learning , tutoring , guardianship or care . Article 190 furthermore forbids cohabitation with a minor ( person under 18 ) unless a marriage is conducted . History ( edit ) From 1977 to 1994 , sexual acts between men of any age was a criminal offence in Serbia , although the law has never been applied . Then in 1994 , the age of consent was 18 just for anal sex between males ; any male performing anal sexual conduct with another male , is punishable by up to 1 year in prison , 16 for all other sexual conduct . Since 2006 , an equal age of consent came into force , regardless of sexual orientation or gender - This is regulated by the section 110 of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia stating that `` lewd acts '' between a male adult and a male under the age of 16 is punishable by imprisonment from 1 to 8 years . There is no specific reference to `` lewd acts '' between two females of the same offence . The province of Vojvodina , a northern province of Serbia , had decriminalized homosexuality in 1978 , thus effectively making an equal age of consent for any sexual practice regardless of sex or gender . This lasted until Vojvodina lost its law - making power in 1990 . Slovak Republic ( edit ) The age limit of sexual acts in Slovakia is 15 , as specified by the Slovak Criminal Code , Section 201 . § 201 Sexual abuse 1 . Any person , who has sexual intercourse with a person less than fifteen years of age or who subjects such person to other sexual abuse , shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of three to ten years . History ( edit ) The history before 1993 within Czechoslovakia is commons with the Czech Republic . Until 1961 , homosexual acts were prohibited , however the Criminal Code of that year decriminalised such behaviour partially . However , under Paragraph 244 , the age limit of restriction for homosexual acts was set at 18 , besides the general limit 15 years . In 1990 , the whole Paragraph 244 was repealed and the age limit became 15 for all . Slovenia ( edit ) The age of consent in Slovenia is 15 , as specified by the Slovenian Penal Code , Article 173 , Section 1 , which reads : `` ( 1 ) Whoever has sexual intercourse or performs any lewd act with a person of the same or opposite sex under the age of fifteen ( 15 ) years where there is a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than six ( 6 ) months and not more than five ( 5 ) years . '' History ( edit ) Until 1959 , male homosexual acts were prohibited , as was the case in all of former Yugoslavia . A new Penal Code was introduced in 1977 , which decriminalised homosexual acts and all discriminatory provisions were removed . In 1995 , the age of consent was set at 14 for all acts . In 1999 , the code was amended to raise the age of consent to 15 years and added the condition for `` a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim ' '' . Spain ( edit ) The age of consent in Spain is 16 , under a new law which came into effect on 1 July 2015 . Spanish Criminal Code Article 183 : ( 1 ) . El que realizare actos de carácter sexual con un menor de dieciséis años , será castigado como responsable de abuso sexual a un menor con la pena de prisión de dos a seis años . Translation : Whoever performs sexual acts with a minor under sixteen years , shall be punished for sexual abuse of a minor with imprisonment of two to six years . ( 3 ) . Cuando el ataque consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal , anal o bucal , o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías , el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de ocho a doce años , en el caso del apartado 1 ... Translation : When the attack consists of penile entry vaginally , anally or orally , or introduction of body parts or objects in the first two ways , the offender shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to twelve years , in the case of paragraph 1 ... There is a close - in - age exemption : El consentimiento libre del menor de dieciséis años excluirá la responsabilidad penal por los delitos previstos en este Capítulo , cuando el autor sea una persona próxima al menor por edad y grado de desarrollo o madurez Translation : The free consent of the minor under sixteen excludes criminal responsibility for crimes under this chapter , if the perpetrator is a person close in age and level of development or maturity to that minor . The age of consent rises to 18 if there is deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust , authority or influence over the minor . Spanish Criminal Code Article 182 : ( 1 ) . El que , interviniendo engaño o abusando de una posición reconocida de confianza , autoridad o influencia sobre la víctima , realice actos de carácter sexual con persona mayor de dieciséis años y menor de dieciocho , será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años . Translation : Whoever performs sexual acts with a person over sixteen and under eighteen by deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust , authority or influence , shall be punished with imprisonment of one to three years . History ( edit ) Historically , the age of consent was usually twelve in the Christian kingdoms of Iberia . A new Penal Code was introduced in Spain in 1995 which specified an age of consent of 12 for all sexual acts , but this was raised to 13 in 1999 and to 16 in 2015 . Same - sex sexual acts were lawful in Spain from 1822 to 1954 , with the exception of the offence of `` unusual or outrageous indecent acts with same - sex persons '' between the years 1928 and 1932 . However , some homosexuals were arrested in the days of the Second Spanish Republic under the `` Ley de Vagos y Maleantes '' ( Vagrants and Common Delinquents Law ) . Homosexual acts were made unlawful during Francisco Franco 's time in power , first by an amendment to the `` Ley de Vagos y Maleantes '' in 1954 , and later by the `` Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social '' ( Social on Danger and Social Rehabilitation ) in 1970 . In 1979 Adolfo Suarez 's government reversed the prohibition of homosexual acts in that law . Sweden ( edit ) The age of consent in Sweden is 15 , as specified by the Swedish Penal Code , Chapter 6 ( On Sexual Crimes ) . The age of fifteen is referred to several times , for example in Section 4 , which reads : `` A person who has sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or who with such a child carries out another sexual act that , having regard to the nature of the violation and the circumstances in general , is comparable to sexual intercourse , shall be sentenced for rape of a child to imprisonment for at least two and at most six years . '' There is a position of trust rule in which the age of consent is raised to 18 . The section mentioned above continues : `` The same applies to the person who carries out an act referred to in the first paragraph to a child more than fifteen years of age but less than eighteen years of age and who is offspring to the perpetrator or in the perpetrator 's care or in a similar relationship to the perpetrator , or for whose care or guardianship the perpetrator is responsible due to the decision of a government agency . '' It is not legal to have sexual intercourse with related adults either , but the sentences for that ( up to two years ) are considerably milder than those for rape of a child ( two to six years , four to ten years if aggravated ) . There is also a close in age exception ( Chapter 6 , Section 14 ) `` ... not sentenced if it is obvious that the act is no violation of the child considered the small difference in age between the person who carries out the act and the child and other circumstances . '' In a verdict of 30 March 2007 , the Supreme Court found that a 17 - year - old boy had not committed a criminal act by having sexual intercourse with a girl 14 years and 7 months old . ( Case B 415 - 07 ) The Swedish age of consent also applies if the act takes place outside Sweden but the elder person later goes to Sweden . The elder person does n't have to be a Swedish citizen or resident , but could be a tourist on a temporary visit . This is regardless of the age of consent in the country where the act took place . History ( edit ) Homosexual acts , both between men and between women , were prohibited in Sweden since 1864 , then in 1944 homosexual acts became legal - but with a higher age of consent of 18 ( 21 if the younger part was in a situation of dependency ) than for heterosexual acts , which was always set at 15 . The age of consent was finally equalized to 15 regardless of sexual orientation in 1978 . Pornography laws were softened in the 1960s . In 1965 there was a review of previous laws governing pornography depicting children as part of the `` child 's rights to sexuality '' . From 1971 to 1980 it was legal to buy , sell , and possess child pornography that featured children as young as 10 or 11 . Switzerland ( edit ) The age of consent in Switzerland is 16 , as specified by the Swiss Federal Criminal Code , Article 187 ( 1 ) . However , there exists a close - in - age exception if the difference between the ages of the participants is three years or less ( Article 187 ( 2 ) ) . Swiss Federal Criminal Code Turkey ( edit ) The age of consent in Turkey is the age of majority ( set at 18 as per Article 11 of the Turkish Civil Code ) . According to Article 104 of the Turkish Penal Code ( Türk Ceza Kanunu ) , sexual intercourse with minors aged 15 , 16 and 17 can only be prosecuted upon a complaint . However , if the offender is a person who is forbidden to marry the child by law or is a person who is obliged to take care of the child due to adoption or foster care , then the prosecution does n't require a complaint and the punishment is aggravated . Article 103 regulates any kind of sexual activity with minors under 15 ( or minors under 18 who lack the ability to understand the legal meanings and consequences of such actions ) as child sexual abuse . History ( edit ) The Ottoman Empire , a predecessor state to the Republic of Turkey , decriminalized sodomy in 1858 . The age of consent in Turkey was set at 15 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex in the 1926 penal code , but this was raised to 18 in 1953 . The new penal code of 2004 also set the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual sex at 18 , with some differences , such as the act of having sexual intercourse with a minor over 15 being punishable upon a complaint . Ukraine ( edit ) The age of consent in Ukraine appears to be 16 , although it is not specifically set in any one statute . Article 155 states that sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person shall be punishable . Immaturity is irrefutably presumed in those under 14 ( Art . 120CC and court rulings ) . Those under 14 are considered children in Ukrainian law , additionally those under 16 are considered minors ( generally read from all articles and court rulings ) . However , sexual acts with those under 16 that are considered debauchery can also be prosecuted under Article 156 . Article 155 -- Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person 1 . Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person , -- shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to three years or imprisonment for the same term . ' ' 2 . The same actions committed by a parent or surrogate parent , or where they caused sterility or other grave consequences , -- shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to five years . Article 156 -- Debauchery of minors 1 . Debauched actions committed in regard of a person under 16 years of age , -- shall be punishable by arrest for a term up to six months , or restraint of liberty for a term up to three years . 2 . The same actions committed in regard of a young child , or by a parent or surrogate parent , -- shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to five years , or imprisonment for a term up to three years . United Kingdom and Crown dependencies ( edit ) The United Kingdom consists of the jurisdictions of England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . UK national age of consent legislation does not apply to its dependencies , but they all have it set as 16 . England and Wales ( edit ) The age of consent in England and Wales is 16 regardless of sexual orientation or gender , as specified by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 . The vast majority of law relating to sexual offences in the England and Wales is laid out in legislation under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 , of which contains upwards of 140 sections , of which around 70 of those sections relate directly to sexual offences . The main sections of the act that relate to sexual offences regarding children are sections 5 - 15 . The main 3 sections that relate to sexual activity with persons under 16 or under 13 are , If the victim is at least 13 , but under 16 , Section 1 : Rape `` ( 1 ) A person ( A ) commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally penetrates the vagina , anus or mouth of another person ( B ) with his penis , ( b ) B does not consent to the penetration , and ( c ) A does not reasonably believe that B consents . ( 2 ) Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances , including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents . ( 3 ) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offence under this section . ( 4 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . '' If the victim is under 13 , Section 5 : Rape of a child under 13 , `` ( 1 ) A person commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally penetrates the vagina , anus or mouth of another person with his penis , and ( b ) the other person is under 13 . ( 2 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . '' If the victim is under 16 , and the offence does not meet the category of Section 1 `` Rape '' , Section 9 : Sexual activity with a child , `` ( 1 ) A person aged 18 or over ( A ) commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally touches another person ( B ) , ( b ) the touching is sexual , and ( c ) either -- ( i ) B is under 16 and A does not reasonably believe that B is 16 or over , or ( ii ) B is under 13 . ( 2 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section , if the touching involved -- ( a ) penetration of B 's anus or vagina with a part of A 's body or anything else , ( b ) penetration of B 's mouth with A 's penis , ( c ) penetration of A 's anus or vagina with a part of B 's body , or ( d ) penetration of A 's mouth with B 's penis , is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years . ( 3 ) Unless subsection ( 2 ) applies , a person guilty of an offence under this section is liable -- ( a ) on summary conviction , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or both ; ( b ) on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years . '' Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person under the age 16 could be prosecuted . However this therefore means that even sexual intercourse between willing people of a similar age ( i.e. A 16 year old and a 15 year old ) could result in the older person being liable for prosecution for committing a sexual offence . Because of this , when the Sexual Offences Act 2003 was created , separate sections of the act were put in place to be used on how to appropriately prosecute a person who had sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 , depending on exactly how young a person under the age of 16 was at time the sexual intercourse took place . This therefore maintained a `` two - tier '' cut off age system regarding sexual intercourse when it involved a person under the age of 16 . Currently this depends on whether a younger person was Under 16 or Under 13 at the time of the sexual intercourse taking place , with the latter being automatically overall illegal , and the former still being illegal , but with defences due to the younger person 's older age , more flexibility in sentencing and flexibility overall whether to prosecute or not based on individual case . The age of a younger person matters substantially as under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 any sexual intercourse or any type of sexual activity with a person under the age of 13 is strictly illegal , with rape , assault by penetration and incitement offences carrying a maximum sentence of life imprisonment , and other non-penetration offences carrying a maximum sentence of 14 years depending on case . Where as if a younger person is aged between 13 -- 15 , the act does work more flexibly , as for example it is a reasonable defence by an older person to claim they thought a younger person aged 13 -- 15 was aged 16 or over at the time , or for example that two teenagers over the age of 13 were in a relationship before any sexual intercourse took place . It is rare that prosecution would be brought against persons aged 13 or over engaging in sexual intercourse / activity willingly , as long as all persons involved were of similar age , and it did not involve other matters such as violence , abuse or blackmail . However , if person A is over the age of 18 and is in a position of trust to person B who is under the age of 18 , it is illegal for A to engage in sexual activity with B. Section 47 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 makes it an offence to pay for or promise payment for sexual services of a person under 18 where the ' client ' does not reasonably believe that person is over 18 , or in any event for a person under 13 . Further reading : Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 History ( edit ) See also : LGBT rights in the United Kingdom The age of consent for heterosexual acts in England was set at 12 in 1275 during the reign of Edward I . The wording was along the lines of `` It shall be deemed illegal to ravage a maiden who is not of age '' - at the time `` of age '' being 12 . Therefore , there was technically no age of consent for the male participant . The English law became applicable in Wales following the Laws in Wales Acts ( 1536 and 1543 ) . In medieval Welsh law there was no actual equivalent of the concept of the age of consent as such , but a girl was marriageable at 12 -- 14 ( the onset of puberty ) and a fine was payable for the taking of a girl 's maidenhood by force ; the rules varied according to status and may not have been applied rigidly to commoners . A concern that young girls were being sold into brothels led Parliament to raise the age of consent to 13 in 1875 under the Offences against the Person Act 1875 . After W.T. Stead 's Maiden Tribute articles , the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raised the age of consent to 16 . Anal intercourse , both male - male and male - female , had been illegal and punishable by death since the Buggery Act 1533 . In 1861 , parliament passed the Offences against the Person Act 1861 , which abolished the death penalty for anal intercourse . The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 extended buggery laws to outlaw any kind of sexual activity between males . It is common folklore that an amendment that would have criminalised lesbian acts was rejected by Queen Victoria because she refused to believe that some women did such things ; but it is likelier that those presenting the amendment excluded it ( as did the House of Lords 40 years later ) on the assumption that it would give women ideas . Male homosexual acts were decriminalised under the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , Section 1 , although the age of consent for such acts was set at 21 , whereas the age of consent for heterosexual acts was 16 . However , this particular legislation applied only in England and Wales . In 1994 , on the second reading of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 , the Conservative Member of Parliament Edwina Currie introduced an amendment to lower the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16 , in line with that for heterosexual acts ; the amendment was defeated by 308 votes to 280 . A compromise amendment that lowered the age of consent to 18 was accepted by 427 votes to 162 . Also during the readings were motions to equalise the age of consent to 17 for all , to maintain the age of consent for homosexual acts to 21 , and a further attempt to lower the age of consent to 16 , all of which were rejected . In 1997 , the European Court of Human Rights case of Sutherland v the United Kingdom held that a higher age of consent for homosexuals than for heterosexuals was a breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention . In response , the Government introduced the Crime and Disorder Bill that contained a provision lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16 . Though accepted by the House of Commons , the provision was rejected by the House of Lords . The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Bill , introduced in 1998 , contained a similar provision , but once again it was rejected by the House of Lords . The Bill was reintroduced in 2000 and , despite opposition from the House of Lords , was passed under the Parliament Act 1911 ( which allows the House of Commons to overrule the House of Lords under certain circumstances ) . As the Scottish Parliament had been established prior to the reintroduction of the Bill , and the relevant legislation was a devolved issue , the consent of that Parliament under the Sewel Convention was required -- had that consent not been granted , the Scottish provisions would have had to be removed and it would not have been possible to use the Parliament Act . The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 , became law in January 2001 throughout the UK , and thus equalized , regardless of gender , the age of consent at 16 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts ( including , for the first time , lesbian acts ) , except those taking place between a 16 -- 17 year old and someone `` in a position of trust '' ( e.g. a teacher ) , where the age of consent was raised to 18 . The Sexual Offences Act 2003 officially ended the concept of buggery in British law , as technically , heterosexual anal intercourse had still been illegal until the passing of this law . The passing of this law meant that there was no legal difference made between vaginal and anal intercourse , as well as sexual touching and newly added oral penetration and penetration by other body parts than penis or anything else . The Act also raised the legal age for pornography and prostitution from 16 to 18 . There have been various suggestions to lower the age of consent to 14 -- in 1998 the New Labour government proposed this , but despite some Left wing and Youth support this had been dropped by early 2003 as lacking support , a decade later in early 2013 the suggestion by civil servants to lower the age of consent to 14 was rejected by the Conservative led coalition as offensive ( at least under some circumstances ) and attention was drawn to the impact of recent scandals on the reception to any proposals . If the child is 13 -- 15 inclusive and the other person concerned reasonably believed that she ( usually she ) was 16 or more no offence is committed . In practice this discourages prosecution where that defence might successfully be run . If a young woman , for example , goes willingly into a pub ( saloon ) where nobody under 18 can lawfully go the prosecuting authorities will probably decide that the defendant will readily be believed if he says he thought she was 18 , let alone 16 or up . Scotland ( edit ) Since 1 December 2010 , the age of consent in Scotland is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . Before that date , it was 16 for girls ( under a statutory offence ) and 14 for boys ( the common law age of puberty ) . However , consensual sex with a girl aged between 13 and 16 is not rape , but a lesser offence ; on 1 December 2010 this has been given the specific name of `` having intercourse with an older child '' . Aged between 13 and 16 does not include 16 , however . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were illegal in Scotland until 1980 when they were decriminalised by the Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 1980 , Section 80 , which specified an age of consent of 21 . The Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 lowered the age of consent of 18 and this was further lowered to 16 by the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 described above . Male rape was recognised along with a complete overhaul of sexual offences legislation under the Sexual Offences ( Scotland ) Act 2009 ( in force from 1 December 2010 , except for sections 52 and 53 ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The age of consent in Northern Ireland is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender , as specified by the Sexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 . The reason the age of consent was lowered from 17 to 16 in 2008 with the Order was to bring it in line with the rest of the UK ; Criminal Justice Minister Paul Goggins said there was no compelling reason for the age to be different in Northern Ireland than elsewhere . LGBT rights in the United Kingdom History ( edit ) Prior to 2008 , the age of consent in Northern Ireland was always 17 for heterosexuals and lesbian sexual conduct . Gay male sexual conduct was illegal in Northern Ireland until 1982 , when they were decriminalised by the Homosexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1982 , which specified an age of consent of 21 -- in line with the rest of the UK at the time . The change was a result of the judgement in the European Court of Human Rights case of Dudgeon v United Kingdom ( 1981 ) in which the ECHR held that a prohibition on homosexual acts was a breach of Article 8 of the Convention . The age of consent for gay male sexual conduct was lowered to 18 in 1994 when the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was implemented ( as to be in line with England and Wales ) . The age of consent in 2001 was then lowered to 17 for gay male sexual conduct - so that was in line with heterosexual and lesbian sexual conduct , by the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 , Section 1 . Then in 2008 , the Order mentioned above lowered the age of consent for all individuals to 16 so it was inline with the rest of the UK . Akrotiri and dhekelia ( edit ) For both of these Sovereign Base Areas ( British military enclaves ) on the island of Cyprus , the age of consent is 16 . Gibraltar ( edit ) Since 2011 , the age of consent is equal and gender - neutral at 16 in Gibraltar ( a British overseas territory ) . The gender - neutral Crimes Bill 2011 passed the Gibraltar Parliament and got assented - implementing the 2011 Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140 - year - old criminal laws of Gibraltar . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts have been decriminalised in Gibraltar since 1993 , where the age of consent was higher at 18 for gay men , 16 for lesbians and heterosexuals . Anal sex was illegal for heterosexuals regardless . An equal age of consent set at 16 and legalising heterosexual anal sex happened because of a Supreme Court decision in 2011 . Then in 2011 , the gender - neutral Crimes Act 2011 implemented an equal and gender - neutral age of consent of 16 and legalised anal sex for heterosexuals - reflecting the Supreme Court of Gibraltar 's decision and by repealing and updating 140 - year - old criminal laws of Gibraltar . Guernsey ( including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) ( edit ) Since 2012 , the age of consent in the Bailiwick of Guernsey ( a Crown Dependency including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) is 16 , regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . History ( edit ) In 1983 , male homosexual acts were decriminalised with the age of consent set at 21 ( in line with the UK at that time ) . In 1999 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 . Then in 2012 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was equalised at 16 , regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . Isle of man ( edit ) The age of consent in the Isle of Man , a Crown Dependency , is 16 , last amended in 2006 . History ( edit ) Prior to 1992 , sodomy was illegal , then under the Sexual Offences ( Isle Of Man ) Act 1992 ( after assent ) the age of consent was set at 21 for sodomy ( in line with the UK at that time ) . Then in 2001 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 under the Criminal Justice Act 2001 . In 2006 , under the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2006 the age of consent was lowered to 16 , and became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . See also : LGBT rights in the Isle of Man Jersey ( edit ) The age of consent in the Bailiwick of Jersey , a Crown Dependency , is 16 , last amended in 2007 . History ( edit ) Prior to 1990 , sodomy was illegal in Jersey for both men and women until 1990 although the age of consent for homosexual acts other than sodomy was the same as for heterosexual acts . In 1990 , the age of consent for sodomy between consenting males was set at 21 ( the UK at that time maintained the age of consent of 21 for all homosexual acts between males ) . In 1995 , the sodomy age of consent became 18 ( under the Sexual Offences ( Jersey ) Law 1995 ) . In 2007 , the age of consent was lowered to 16 , became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct ( including sodomy ) ; regardless of sexual orientation or gender . Further reading Sexual Offences ( Jersey ) Law 2007 ( became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct , including sodomy ; regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender at 16 , effective since 2007 ) Vatican City ( edit ) Law No . VIII of 11 July 2013 , entitled `` Supplementary Laws on Criminal Law Matters '' establishes the present law for the State of Vatican City regarding criminal penalties for sexual acts with minors . Article 4 of Law No . VIII defines `` minor '' for the purposes of that law to mean `` every human being below the age of eighteen years . '' Article 8 , paragraphs 1 through 4 , establish criminal penalties for anyone who engages in sexual acts with a person below the age of 18 . Paragraph 5 of Article 8 provides an exception to this by stating that `` the offence does not exist if the sexual acts take place within a marriage . '' Canon 1083 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law states that `` A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age and a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age can not enter into a valid marriage . '' Thus , in the context of this article , the age of consent in Vatican City may be considered 14 for married females who are having sexual relations with their husbands only , 16 for married males having relations with their wives only , but 18 for everyone else , whether married or not . It should also be noted that the `` Law of the Source of Law '' of the Vatican State requires that any local laws must first defer to divine law , to Papal decrees , and to canon law . As the Vatican understands divine law , even if not sanctioned with criminal penalties by the state , all sex outside of marriage is illicit regardless of the age or willingness of those who engage in it . When the Vatican City was first formed , it adopted the then - Italian age of consent of 12 as per the Lateran Treaty of 1929 . Until July 2013 it had the lowest age of consent in Europe , but after that month , when the Pope made his decree , it became the highest . See also ( edit ) Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Sex education Comprehensive sex education References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News - Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Liste complète '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . 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Hver sem hefur samræði eða önnur kynferðismök við barn , yngra en 15 ( fimmtán ) ára , skal sæta fangelsi ekki skemur en 1 ( eitt ) ár og allt að 16 ( sextán ) árum . Section 202 Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child younger than 15 years shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years . Jump up ^ `` Hver er samræðisaldur á Íslandi ? '' ( `` What is the age of consent in Iceland ? '' ) ( in Icelandic ) . Jump up ^ `` La Charte sociale européenne '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The law on sexual offences in Ireland '' . Citizens Information . Dublin , Ireland : Citizens Information Board . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 '' . Irish Statute Book . 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Dwyer , Peter . `` The age of consent debate : Where does Ireland stand ? '' ( Archive ) . Irish Examiner. April 9 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Published on Friday 11 August 2006 10 : 39 ( 11 August 2006 ) . `` GAY SEX AGE LOWERED TO 16 - Isle of Man News - Isle of Man Today '' . Iomtoday.co.im . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Offences ( Jersey ) Law 2007 '' . Jerseylegalinfo.je. 19 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Loi ( 1938 ) modifiant le droit criminel ( sodomie et bestialité ) '' . Jerseylegalinfo.je . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Law SEXUAL OFFENCES ( JERSEY ) LAW 1990 '' . Jerseylegalinfo.je. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Law SEXUAL OFFENCES ( JERSEY ) LAW 2007 '' . Jerseylegalinfo.je. 19 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ LAW N. VIII : SUPPLEMENTARY NORMS ON CRIMINAL LAW MATTERS Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . vaticanstate.va Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Ellen , Barbara . `` Keep the age of consent at 16 -- for children 's sake '' . The Guardian . Sunday 13 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Worldwide ages of consent ( last updated 23 August 2010 ) Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America Topical outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ages_of_consent_in_Europe&oldid=855176279 '' Categories : Age of consent by continent Adolescent sexuality in Europe Minimum ages Hidden categories : CS1 Catalan - language sources ( ca ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Ελληνικά Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 13 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age of consent in malta	[ "The age of consent in Malta is 16.[71] Sexual activity - typically by people over 16 - with people between 12 and 16 can be considered defilement of minors by lewd acts or corruption of a minor, which, at the discretion of prosecutors and the courts, depending on the circumstances, may result in a conviction.\n" ]	[ "16" ]
-7228099177565618533	Great Lakes	Great Lakes - wikipedia Great Lakes This article is about the Great Lakes of North America . For the African Great Lakes , see African Great Lakes . For the region , see Great Lakes region . For other uses of this term , see Great Lakes ( disambiguation ) . Satellite image of the Great Lakes , April 24 , 2000 Terra MODIS image of the Great Lakes , January 27 , 2005 , showing ice beginning to build up around the shores of each of the lakes , with snow on the ground . Location in North America The Great Lakes ( French : les Grands - Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada -- United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . They consist of Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron ( or Michigan -- Huron ) , Erie , and Ontario . The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second largest by total volume , containing 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94,250 square miles ( 244,106 km ) , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5,439 cubic miles ( 22,671 km ) , slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal ( 23,615 km3 ) . Due to their sea - like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area , and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major highway for transportation , migration , and trade , and they are home to a large number of aquatic species . Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade , and some threaten the region 's biodiversity . The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region , which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Bathymetry 1.2 Primary connecting waterways 1.3 Lake Michigan -- Huron 1.4 Other significant bodies of water 1.5 Islands 1.6 Peninsulas 1.7 Shipping connection to the ocean 1.8 Water levels 2 Name origins 3 Statistics 4 Geology 5 Climate 5.1 Lake effect 6 Ecology 6.1 Fauna 6.2 Flora 6.3 Pollution 7 History 8 Economy 8.1 Shipping 8.2 Drinking water and compact 8.3 Recreation 8.4 Great Lakes passenger steamers 8.5 Shipwrecks 9 Legislation 9.1 Coast Guard live fire exercises 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Geography ( edit ) A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins within . Left to right they are : Superior , including Nipigon 's basin , ( magenta ) ; Michigan ( cyan ) ; Huron ( pale green ) ; Erie ( yellow ) ; Ontario ( light coral ) . Though the five lakes lie in separate basins , they form a single , naturally interconnected body of fresh water , within the Great Lakes Basin . They form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean . From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River , water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan , southward to Erie , and finally northward to Lake Ontario . The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers , and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands . There are also several thousand smaller lakes , often called `` inland lakes , '' within the basin . The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom , while the surface area of the entire basin ( the lakes and the land they drain ) is about the size of the UK and France combined . Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States ; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada . The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes : Ontario does not border Lake Michigan , and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario . New York and Wisconsin 's jurisdictions extend into two lakes , and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes . Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior Surface area 9,910 sq mi ( 25,700 km ) 23,000 sq mi ( 60,000 km ) 22,300 sq mi ( 58,000 km ) 7,340 sq mi ( 19,000 km ) 31,700 sq mi ( 82,000 km ) Water volume 116 cu mi ( 480 km ) 850 cu mi ( 3,500 km ) 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) 393 cu mi ( 1,640 km ) 2,900 cu mi ( 12,000 km ) Elevation 571 ft ( 174 m ) 577 ft ( 176 m ) 577 ft ( 176 m ) 246 ft ( 75 m ) 600.0 ft ( 182.9 m ) Average depth 62 ft ( 19 m ) 195 ft ( 59 m ) 279 ft ( 85 m ) 283 ft ( 86 m ) 483 ft ( 147 m ) Maximum depth 210 ft ( 64 m ) 748 ft ( 228 m ) 925 ft ( 282 m ) 804 ft ( 245 m ) 1,333 ft ( 406 m ) Major settlements Buffalo , NY Erie , PA Cleveland , OH Lorain , OH Toledo , OH Sandusky , OH Alpena , MI Bay City , MI Owen Sound , ON Port Huron , MI Sarnia , ON Chicago , IL Gary , IN Green Bay , WI Sheboygan , WI Milwaukee , WI Kenosha , WI Racine , WI Muskegon , MI Traverse City , MI Hamilton , ON Kingston , ON Mississauga , ON Oshawa , ON Rochester , NY Toronto , ON Duluth , MN Marquette , MI Sault Ste . Marie , MI Sault Ste . Marie , ON Superior , WI Thunder Bay , ON Relative elevations , average depths , maximum depths , and volumes of the Great Lakes . Notes : The area of each rectangle is proportionate to the volume of each lake . All measurements at Low Water Datum . Source : EPA System profile of the Great Lakes . Great Lakes bathymetry . As the surfaces of Lakes Superior , Huron , Michigan , and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level , while Lake Ontario is significantly lower , and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation , the four upper lakes are commonly called the `` upper great lakes '' . This designation , however , is not universal . Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as `` the lower lakes '' , because they are farther south . Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Superior as the upper lakes . This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as `` down south '' and the others as `` up north '' . Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered `` upbound '' even though they are sailing toward its effluent current . Primary connecting waterways ( edit ) Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis , and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley Detroit on the Detroit River links the region 's central metropolitan areas . Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the Great Lakes Megalopolis The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man - made alterations and canals . The St. Marys River , including the Soo Locks , connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron . The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron ( which are hydrologically one ) . The St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair . The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie . The Niagara River , including Niagara Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Welland Canal , bypassing the Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Saint Lawrence River and the Saint Lawrence Seaway connect Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , which connects to the Atlantic Ocean . Lake Michigan -- Huron ( edit ) Main article : Lake Michigan -- Huron Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake , called Lake Michigan -- Huron , because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac . The straits are 5 miles ( 8 km ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 m ) deep ; the water levels -- currently at 577 feet ( 176 m ) -- rise and fall together , and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction . Other significant bodies of water ( edit ) Lake Nipigon , connected to Lake Superior by the Nipigon River , is surrounded by sill - like formations of mafic and ultramafic igneous rock hundreds of meters high . The lake lies in the Nipigon Embayment , a failed arm of the triple junction ( centered beneath Lake Superior ) in the Midcontinent Rift System event , estimated at 1,109 million years ago . Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan , located along the south coast of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the east coast of Wisconsin . It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin , the Garden Peninsula in Michigan , and the chain of islands between them , all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Winnebago , connected to Green Bay by the Fox River , serves as part of the Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool . Grand Traverse Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan located on Michigan 's west coast , being one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes . The bay has one large peninsula and one major island known as Power Island . Its name is derived from Jacques Marquette 's crossing of the bay from Norwood to Northport which he called La Grande Traversee . Georgian Bay is an arm of Lake Huron , extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario . The bay , along with its narrow westerly extensions of the North Channel and Mississagi Strait , is separated from the rest of the lake by the Bruce Peninsula , Manitoulin Island , and Cockburn Island , all of which were also formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Nipissing , connected to Georgian Bay by the French River , contains two volcanic pipes , which are the Manitou Islands and Callander Bay . These pipes were formed by a violent , supersonic eruption of deep - origin . The lake lies in the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben , a Mesozoic rift valley that formed 175 million years ago . Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent -- Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron . Lake St. Clair , connected with Lake Huron to its north by the St. Clair River and with Lake Erie to its south by the Detroit River . Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes , proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made , which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects , etc. , designated as related to `` The Great Lakes '' . Islands ( edit ) South Bass Island in Lake Erie Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands . The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , the largest island in any inland body of water in the world . The second - largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior . Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves -- for instance , Manitoulin Island 's Lake Manitou is the world 's largest lake located on a freshwater island . Some of these lakes even have their own islands , like Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya in Manitoulin Island Peninsulas ( edit ) Main articles : Upper Peninsula of Michigan , Lower Peninsula of Michigan , and Ontario Peninsula The Great Lakes also have several peninsulas between them , including the Door Peninsula the Peninsulas of Michigan and the Ontario Peninsula . Some of these peninsulas even contain smaller peninsulas , like the Keweenaw Peninsula , the Thumb Peninsula , the Bruce Peninsula , and the Niagara Peninsula . Population centers on the peninsulas include Grand Rapids , Michigan , Detroit , Michigan , London , Ontario , Hamilton , Ontario , and Toronto , Ontario . Shipping connection to the Ocean ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean - going vessels . However , shifts in shipping to wider ocean - going container ships -- which do not fit through the locks on these routes -- have limited container shipping on the lakes . Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material , and bulk freighters of Seawaymax - size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic . Larger ships are confined to working in the lakes themselves . Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter , interrupting most shipping from January to March . Some icebreakers ply the lakes , keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by canal to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Illinois River ( from the Chicago River ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee -- Tombigbee Waterway ( a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , New York ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , New York ) . Water levels ( edit ) In 2009 , the lakes contained 84 % of the surface freshwater of North America ; if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent 's land area , it would reach a depth of 1.5 meters ( 5 feet ) . The source of water levels in the lakes is tied to what was left by melting glaciers when the lakes took their present form . Annually , only about 1 % is `` new '' water originating from rivers , precipitation , and groundwater springs that drain into the lakes . Historically , evaporation has been balanced by drainage , making the level of the lakes constant . While the lake levels have been preserved , intensive human population growth only began in the region in the 20th century and continues today . At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes ' levels : diversion ( the transfer of water to other watersheds ) and consumption ( substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants , resulting in evaporation ) . The water level of Lake Michigan -- Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century , but has nevertheless dropped more than 6 feet from the record high in 1986 to the low of 2013 . One newspaper reported that the long - term average level has gone down about 20 inches because of dredging and subsequent erosion in the St. Clair River . Lake Michigan -- Huron hit all - time record low levels in 2013 ; according to the US Army Corps of Engineers , the previous record low had been set in 1964 . By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches ( 17.5 cm ) more than the `` long term monthly average '' . Name Origins ( edit ) The Great Lakes during early spring Lake Erie From the Erie tribe , a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan `` long tail '' . Lake Huron The native Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name karegnondi , a word which has been variously translated as `` Freshwater Sea '' , `` Lake of the Hurons '' , or simply `` lake '' . The first French explorers in the area named the lake after the inhabitants of the area , the Wyandot or `` Hurons '' . Lake Michigan From the Ojibwa word mishi - gami `` great water '' or `` large lake '' . Lake Ontario From the Wyandot ( Huron ) word ontarí'io `` lake of shining waters '' . Lake Superior English translation of the French term lac supérieur `` upper lake '' , referring to its position north of Lake Huron . The indigenous Ojibwe call it gichi - gami ( from Ojibwe gichi `` big , large , great '' ; gami `` water , lake , sea '' ) . Popularized in French - influenced transliteration as Gitchigumi as in Gordon Lightfoot 's 1976 story song , The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald , or Gitchee Gumee as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's 1855 epic poem , The Song of Hiawatha ) . Statistics ( edit ) The Great Lakes contained 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water around the year 2000 : 5,472 cubic miles ( 22,810 km ) , or 6.0 × 10 U.S. gallons ( 2.3 × 10 liters ) . This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet ( 2.9 m ) . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world 's fresh water , the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis . The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles ( 244,100 km ) -- nearly the same size as the United Kingdom , and larger than the U.S. states of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , Vermont , and New Hampshire combined . The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) ; however , the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well - defined measure ( see Coastline paradox ) . Of the total 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) of shoreline , Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles ( 8,400 km ) , while the remaining 5,300 miles ( 8,500 km ) are bordered by the United States . Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States , bordering roughly 3,288 miles ( 5,292 km ) of shoreline , followed by Wisconsin ( 820 miles ( 1,320 km ) ) , New York ( 473 miles ( 761 km ) ) , and Ohio ( 312 miles ( 502 km ) ) . Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half - way around the world at the equator . Geology ( edit ) A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes Map of Glacial Lake Algonquin and its Correlatives ( USGS 1915 ) It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago , when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift , which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone . A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior . When a second fault line , the Saint Lawrence rift , formed approximately 570 million years ago , the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie were created , along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River . The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the last glacial period ( the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago ) , when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded . The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater ( see Lake Algonquin , Lake Chicago , Glacial Lake Iroquois , and Champlain Sea ) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved , thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today . Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion , some higher hills became Great Lakes islands . The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin . Land below the glaciers `` rebounded '' as it was uncovered . Since the glaciers covered some areas longer than others , this glacial rebound occurred at different rates . A notable modern phenomenon is the formation of ice volcanoes over the lakes during wintertime . Storm - generated waves carve the lakes ' ice sheet and create conical mounds through the eruption of water and slush . The process is only well - documented in the Great Lakes , and has been credited with sparing the southern shorelines from worse rocky erosion . Climate ( edit ) The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate , Köppen climate classification Dfa ( in southern areas ) and Dfb ( in northern parts ) with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry , cold Arctic systems , mild Pacific air masses from the West , and warm , wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico . The lakes themselves also have a moderating effect on the climate ; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall . Lake effect ( edit ) Main article : Lake - effect snow The location of common lake effect bands on the Great Lakes The most well - known winter effect of the Great Lakes on regional weather is the lake effect in snowfall , which is sometimes very localized . Even late in winter , the lakes often have no icepack in the middle . The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface , which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above . As the slightly warmer , moist air passes over the colder land surface , the moisture often produces concentrated , heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or `` streamers '' . This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges . During freezing weather with high winds , the `` snow belts '' receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern , especially along the eastern shores of the lakes . Snow belts are found in Wisconsin , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York , United States ; and Ontario , Canada . The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree , but not with as large an influence as do large oceans ; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer , then slowly radiate that heat in autumn . They protect against frost during transitional weather , and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland . This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns . This temperature buffering produces areas known as `` fruit belts '' , where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south . For instance , Western Michigan has apple and cherry orchards , and vineyards cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay and Nottawasaga Bay in central Ontario . The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the moderating effect , as does the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario . A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York , as well as in Prince Edward County , Ontario on Lake Ontario 's northeast shore . Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog over medium - sized areas , particularly along the shorelines of the lakes . This is most noticeable along Lake Superior 's shores . The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms , such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954 , and the 2011 Goderich , Ontario tornado , which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout . In 1996 a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron , dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone . Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer ; these Mesoscale convective complexs or MCCs can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings . These storms mainly occur during the night , and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes , but more often straight - line winds accompanied by intense lightning . Ecology ( edit ) Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem Historically , the Great Lakes , in addition to their lake ecology , were surrounded by various forest ecoregions ( except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded ) . Logging , urbanization , and agriculture uses have changed that relationship . In the early 21st century , Lake Superior 's shores are 91 % forested , Lake Huron 68 % , Lake Ontario 49 % , Lake Michigan 41 % , and Lake Erie , where logging and urbanization has been most extensive , 21 % . Some of these forests are second or third growth ( i.e. they have been logged before , changing their composition ) . At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans , and many more are threatened or endangered . Meanwhile , exotic and invasive species have also been introduced . Fauna ( edit ) See also : Category : Fauna of the Great Lakes region ( North America ) , Category : Fish of the Great Lakes , and Asian carp in North America Lake sturgeon , the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species The organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes . The deep waters , however , contain organisms found only in deep , cold lakes of the northern latitudes . These include the delicate opossum shrimp ( order mysida ) , the deepwater scud ( a crustacean of the order amphipoda ) , two types of copepods , and the deepwater sculpin ( a spiny , large - headed fish ) . The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing . Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish ; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes . Throughout history , fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments . According to the bi-national ( U.S. and Canadian ) resource book , The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book : `` The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes ( 66,000 long tons ; 74,000 short tons ) ( 147 million pounds ) . '' By 1801 , the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels . In the early 19th century , the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario 's tributaries . Other protective legislation was passed , as well , but enforcement remained difficult . On both sides of the Canada -- United States border , the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied , necessitating more regulatory efforts . Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds . The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 % in general fish harvests by 1875 . The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary . Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish , important because of their culinary desirability and , hence , economic consequence . Moreover , between 1879 and 1899 , reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds ( 11 million kg ) to just over 9 million pounds ( 4 million kg ) . By 1900 , commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually . By 1938 , Wisconsin 's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized , generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers , and hauling 14 million pounds per year . The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs . Since 2000 , the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore , and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion . The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the US and Canada working on joint proposals to control it . By the mid-1950s , the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced , with the lamprey deemed largely to blame . This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission . Cliffs at Palisade Head on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book ( 1972 ) noted : `` Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery . '' But , water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s , combined with successful salmonid stocking programs , have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery . The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere . Since the 19th century an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem ; many have become invasive ; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts . According to the Inland Seas Education Association , on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months . A zebra mussel - encrusted vector - averaging current meter from Lake Michigan . Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel , which was first discovered in 1988 , and quagga mussel in 1989 . The mollusks are efficient filter feeders , competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish . In addition , the mussels may be a nuisance to industries by clogging pipes . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that the economic impact of the zebra mussel could be about $5 billion over the next decade . The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th - century canals . By the 1960s , the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Erie . Periodic mass dieoffs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore ; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan 's biomass , which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s , as high as 90 % . In the late 1960s , the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids , including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon ; by the 1980s , alewife populations had dropped drastically . The ruffe , a small percid fish from Eurasia , became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior 's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986 . Its range , which has expanded to Lake Huron , poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery . Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River , the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes . The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons : it preys upon bottom - feeding fish , overruns optimal habitat , spawns multiple times a season , and can survive poor water quality conditions . Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes , such as the spiny waterflea , Bythotrephes longimanus , and the fishhook waterflea , Cercopagis pengoi , potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population . Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations . More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the area . These fast - growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems . The sea lamprey , which has been particularly damaging to the native lake trout population , is another example of a marine invasive species in the Great Lakes . Invasive species , particularly zebra and quagga mussels , may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron , as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake . Flora ( edit ) See also : Flora of the Great Lakes region , and Index : Trees of the Great Lakes region . Native habitats and ecoregions in the Great Lakes region include : Eastern forest - boreal transition Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests Southern Great Lakes forests Central forest - grasslands transition Upper Midwest forest - savanna transition Western Great Lakes forests Central Canadian Shield forests Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Beech - maple forest Habitats of the Indiana Dunes Plant lists include : List of Michigan flowers List of Minnesota wild flowers List of Minnesota trees Logging Logging of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed riparian and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams , which provide shade , moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds . Removal of trees also destabilized the soil , with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds , and more frequent flooding . Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments . In 1884 , the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste ( chips and sawdust ) had impacted fish populations . Pollution ( edit ) The first U.S. Clean Water Act , passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by US President Richard Nixon in 1972 , was a key piece of legislation , along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s , and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner . Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced . Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs . The first of 43 `` Great Lakes Areas of Concern '' to be formally `` de-listed '' due to successful cleanup was Ontario 's Collingwood Harbour in 1994 ; Ontario 's Severn Sound followed in 2003 . Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery , as is Ontario 's Spanish Harbour . Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River ( Michigan ) and Waukegan Harbor ( Illinois ) . Until 1970 , mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical , according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration . Within the past ten years mercury has become more apparent in water tests . Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production , and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions . Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water , it forms the compound methyl mercury , which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption . This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types , but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish . Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals , and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region . The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s . Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s . The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change : `` Since the early 1970s , the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably . This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology , and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be , on the whole , quite effective . '' The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment , as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems . However contrary to federal laws in both countries , those treatment system upgrades have not yet eliminated Combined sewer Overflow events . This describes when older sewerage systems , which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant , are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms . Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent , a mix of rainwater and sewage , into local water bodies . While enormous public investments such as the Deep Tunnel projects in Chicago and Milwaukee have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events , they have not been eliminated . The number of such overflow events in Ontario , for example , is flat according to the International Joint Commission . Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems ( those of Detroit , Cleveland , Buffalo , Milwaukee and Gary ) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes . Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie , Saginaw Bay , Green Bay , and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan . By the mid-1980s , most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents , resulting in sharp reductions in the frequency and extent of the blooms . In 2013 , news of a garbage patch of plastic pollution in the lakes was reported . History ( edit ) A woodcut of Le Griffon Several Native American tribes inhabited the region since at least 1000 BC , after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation . The peoples of the Great Lakes traded with the Hopewell culture from around 1000 AD , as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region , and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio . The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , was built at Cayuga Creek , near the southern end of the Niagara River , and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7 , 1679 . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty signed in 1818 , after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes . Nonetheless , both nations maintain coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes . During settlement , the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight . Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825 . By 1848 , with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago , direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes . With these two canals an all - inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans . The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants . Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants . After railroads and surface roads developed , the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and , except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships , has now vanished . The immigration routes still have an effect today . Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity , such as Dutch , German , Polish , Finnish , and many others . Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward , many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel , especially in home styles and accent . The Eastland leaving Chicago , ca . 1909 Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks , domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes , such as iron ore , coal and limestone for the steel industry . The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines . It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than try to make steel on the spot . Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes . In the 19th century and early 20th centuries , iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on ( downbound ships ) , and supplies , food , and coal were shipped north ( upbound ) . Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia , and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains , railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie , Pennsylvania and Ashtabula , Ohio . Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently , it has some distinctive vocabulary . Ships , no matter the size , are called boats . When the sailing ships gave way to steamships , they were called steamboats -- the same term used on the Mississippi . The ships also have a distinctive design ( see Lake freighter ) . Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers . Foreign boats are known as salties . One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000 ‐ by ‐ 105 - foot ( 305 - by - 32 - meter ) , 78,850 - long - ton ( 80,120 - metric - ton ) self - unloader . This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side . Today , the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight , and a few larger ships replacing many small ones . During World War II , the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes , USS Sable ( IX - 81 ) and USS Wolverine ( IX - 64 ) . Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff . Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6 , 1998 , when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927 . This bill , which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program , contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake . Not coincidentally , this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources . Following a small uproar , the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 ( although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake ) . In the early years of the 21st century , water levels in the Great Lakes were a concern . Researchers at the Mowat Centre said that low levels could cost $19 bn by 2050 . Economy ( edit ) Photograph of Lakes Ontario , Erie and Huron plus the Finger Lakes of upstate New York , June 14 , 2012 , taken aboard the International Space Station , with lake names added Shipping ( edit ) Except when the water is frozen during winter , more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes , which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods . The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes ; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans . Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway , and only operate on the Waterway and lakes . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . Only four bridges are on the Great Lakes other than Lake Ontario because of the cost of building structures high enough for ships to pass under . The Blue Water Bridge is , for example , more than 150 feet high and more than a mile long . Drinking water and Compact ( edit ) Main article : Great Lakes Compact The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas . This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to the lakes , who have agreed to the Great Lakes Compact to regulate water supply and use . Recreation ( edit ) Escanaba 's Ludington Park in Michigan Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes . A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including a couple of sailing ships . Sport fishing , commercial fishing , and Native American fishing represent a U.S. $4 billion a year industry with salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout , bass and walleye being major catches . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing , powerboating , and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers ( edit ) Main article : Great Lakes passenger steamers From 1844 through 1857 , palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes . In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence . The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate these vessels . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Isle Royale , Drummond Island , Pelee Island , Mackinac Island , Beaver Island , Bois Blanc Island ( Ontario ) , Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) , Kelleys Island , South Bass Island , North Manitou Island , South Manitou Island , Harsens Island , Manitoulin Island , and the Toronto Islands . As of 2007 , four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes , two on Lake Michigan : a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan , one on Lake Erie : a boat from Kingsville , Ontario , or Leamington , Ontario , to Pelee Island , Ontario , then onto Sandusky , Ohio , and one on Lake Huron : the M.S. Chi - Cheemaun runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth , Manitoulin Island , operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company . An international ferry across Lake Ontario Rochester , New York , to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005 , but is no longer in operation . Shipwrecks ( edit ) The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel ; storms and reefs are common threats . The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms , in particular in the autumn , from late October until early December . Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes . The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay ( Michigan ) , beneath Lake Huron , near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge . The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from Grand Marais , Michigan , to Whitefish Point became known as the `` Graveyard of the Great Lakes '' . More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior . The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area . The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon , also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes . Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac , she was lost with all hands aboard . Its wreck may have been found in 2004 , but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon . The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald , which sank on November 10 , 1975 , just over 17 miles ( 30 km ) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior . The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of Lady Elgin , wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan . In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915 , the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers , killing 841 . In August 2007 , the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus , a 420 - foot ( 130 m ) long , century - old ore carrier . Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11 , 1907 , during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior , Wisconsin , to Buffalo , New York . The entire crew of 23 drowned , except one , Charles Pitz , who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours . In June 2008 , deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an `` archaeological miracle '' . There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave . In June 2010 , L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat the Molly V . The ship sank in October 1898 , probably attempting to rescue a small schooner , Olive Jeanette , during a terrible storm . Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes , the French minesweepers , Inkerman and Cerisoles , which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918 . 78 lives were lost making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes . Related articles List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes Index : Shipwrecks in the Great Lakes Great Storms of the North American Great Lakes Great Lakes Storm of 1913 Legislation ( edit ) Various national , state , provincial , and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes In 1872 , a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States , and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada . The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters , and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources . Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians . Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty . Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns . Under the U.S. `` Water Resources Development Act '' , diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission , which rarely occurs . International treaties regulate large diversions . In 1998 , the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons ( 600,000 m ) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries . Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began . Since that time , the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes - Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement and the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long - distance ones . The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin . On December 13 , 2005 , the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements , the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions . It is somewhat more detailed and protective , though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court . The second , the Great Lakes Compact , has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress , and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3 , 2008 . The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative , described as `` the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades , '' was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government 's Fiscal Year 2011 budget , and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget . Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups , wetlands and coastline restoration projects , and invasive species - related projects . Coast Guard live fire exercises ( edit ) In 2006 , the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) proposed a plan to designate 34 areas in the Great Lakes , at least 5 mi ( 8 km ) offshore , as permanent safety zones for live fire machine gun practice . In August 2006 , the plan was published in the Federal Register . The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed with a two - hour notice . These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use . In response to requests from the public , the Coast Guard held a series of public meetings in nine U.S. cities to solicit comment . During these meetings many people voiced concerns about the plan and its impact on the environment . On December 18 , 2006 , the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the entire proposal . Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition , modifying the proposed zones and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan . See also ( edit ) Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Eastern Continental Divide Great Lakes census statistical areas Great Lakes Megalopolis Great Lakes Protection Fund Great Lakes WATER Institute Great Lakes Waterway Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal List of cities on the Great Lakes List of municipalities on the Great Lakes Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge Muskellunge Northern pike Populated islands of the Great Lakes Seiche Snowbelt Sixty Years ' War for control of the Great Lakes Valparaiso Moraine The Great Lakes Book Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waples , James T. ( 2008 ) . `` The Laurentian Great Lakes '' ( PDF ) . North American Continental Margins . Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory : 73 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes -- U.S. EPA '' . Epa.gov . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LUHNA Chapter 6 : Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region '' . Biology.usgs.gov . November 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghassemi , Fereidoun ( 2007 ) . Inter-basin water transfer . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 86969 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Lakes : Basic Information : Physical Facts '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson , James ( 2007 ) . The inland seas of North America : and the natural and industrial productions ... John Duff Montreal Hew Ramsay Toronto AH Armour and Co . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten : The Ten Largest Lakes of the World '' . infoplease.com . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` Largest Lakes in the World by Area , Volume and Depth '' . About.com Education . Jump up ^ Hough , Jack ( 1970 ) ( 1763 ) . `` Great Lakes '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica ( Hardcover ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 10 ( Commemorative Edition for Expo'70 ed . ) . Chicago : William Benton . p. 774 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 135 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Large Lakes of the World '' . factmonster.com . ^ Jump up to : Cordell , Linda S. ; Lightfoot , Kent ; McManamon , Francis ; Milner , George ( 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ Great Lakes . America 2050 . Retrieved on December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Bennett ( February 1 , 1999 ) . State of the Great Lakes : 1997 Annual Report . DIANE Publishing . p. 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 4358 - 8 . Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ( May 20 , 2010 ) . Lake Ecosystem Ecology : A Global Perspective . Academic Press . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 382003 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Grady , Wayne ( 2007 ) . The Great Lakes . Vancouver : Greystone Books and David Suzuki Foundation . pp. 13 , 21 -- 26 , 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 197 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Lakes Atlas : Factsheet # 1 '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . March 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See List of cities on the Great Lakes for a complete list . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5KS6PHK Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Bathymetry of Lake Huron . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5G15XS5 Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Bathymetry of Lake Michigan . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5B85627 Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Bathymetry of Lake Ontario . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V56H4FBH Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Bathymetry of Lake Superior . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . ( the general reference to NGDC because this lake was never published , compilation of Great Lakes Bathymetry at NGDC has been suspended ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center ( 1999 ) . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS Jump up ^ W. Bruce Bowlus ( 2010 ) . Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes : The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry . McFarland . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8655 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan and Huron : One Lake or Two ? '' Pearson Education , Inc : Information Please Database , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Jump up ^ Home . Peninsula Township . Retrieved on December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Citation needed May 2016 Jump up ^ Background Geology of the North Bay area . Archived July 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on September 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lake St. Clair summary report . Great Lakes.net . Retrieved on December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : Introduction to Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River '' . U.S. government U.S. Army . June 2004 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Movement Would Thrust Greatness on Lake St. Clair '' , Los Angeles Times , October 20 , 2002 Jump up ^ Dunn , Gary A ( July 1 , 1996 ) . Insects of the Great Lakes Region . University of Michigan Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06515 - 8 . Jump up ^ Huber , Norman King ; Geological Survey ( U.S. ) ; United States . National Park Service ( 1975 ) . The geologic story of Isle Royale National Park . Department of the Interior , Geological Survey : for sale by the Superintendent of Documents , U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Manivanan , R. ( January 1 , 2008 ) . Water Quality Modeling : Rivers , Streams , and Estuaries . New India Publishing . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89422 - 93 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert McCalla ( January 1 , 1994 ) . Water Transportation in Canada . Formac Publishing Company . pp. 159 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88780 - 247 - 8 . Jump up ^ Coastal Sediments ' 07 . ASCE Publications . January 1 , 2007 . p. 2215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 7194 - 4 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . Bureau of the Census ( 1908 ) . Transportation by water . 1906 . Govt . Print . Off . p. 220 . Jump up ^ 05 , US EPA , REG . `` The Great Lakes - US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ `` State of the Great Lakes 2009 Highlights ( PDF ) '' . Environment Canada and USEPA . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolsenga , Stanley J. ; Herdendorf , Charles E. ( 1993 ) . Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair Handbook . Wayne State University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2470 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : jsonline.com : Lakes Michigan , Huron hit record low water level February 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Weekly Great Lakes Water Level Update '' ; Detroit District , Corps of Engineers , Department of the Army ( April 17 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Room , A. ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features And Historic Sites . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sioui , Georges E. ( 1999 ) . Huron - Wendat . Jane Brierley . UBC Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0715 - 6 . ISBN 9780774807159 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Genesee , Oakland counties adopt historic name for water group '' . The Flint Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Room , A. ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features And Historic Sites . McFarland . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Weiland , Matt ; Wilsey , Sean ( October 19 , 2010 ) . State by State . HarperCollins . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 204357 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ylvisaker , Anne ( 2004 ) . Lake Ontario . Capstone . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2211 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cayton , Andrew R.L. ; Sisson , Richard ; Zacher , Chris ( November 8 , 2006 ) . The American Midwest : An Interpretive Encyclopedia . Indiana University Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taylor , William W. ; Schechter , Michael G. ; Wolfson , Lois G. ( October 25 , 2007 ) . Globalization : Effects on Fisheries Resources . Cambridge University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46834 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Shorelines of the Great Lakes '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Schmus , W.R. ; Hinze , W.J. ( May 1985 ) . `` The Midcontinent Rift System '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 13 ( 1 ) : 345 -- 83 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 13.050185. 002021 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Larson , Grahame ; Schaetzl , R. ( 2001 ) . `` Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Great Lakes Research . Internat . Assoc . Great Lakes Res. 27 ( 4 ) : 518 -- 546 . doi : 10.1016 / S0380 - 1330 ( 01 ) 70665 - X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lake levels report weighs Great Lakes basin 's glacial legacy '' . Great Lakes Echo . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fahnestock , R.K. ; Crowley , D.J. ; Wilson , M. ; Schneider , H. ( 1973 ) . `` Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk , New York , U.S.A. '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Glaciology. 12 ( 64 ) : 93 -- 99 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Processes in the Great Lakes '' . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book . Environmental Protection Agency . July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Water Levels Sensitive To Climate Change '' . Science Daily . January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary -- NOAA 's National Weather Service '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . `` Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon Web Site '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Beeton , Alfred . `` Great Lakes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 1972 ) . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book . Bi-national ( U.S. and Canadian ) resource book . Jump up ^ Margaret Beattie Bogue ( June 28 , 2001 ) . Fishing the Great Lakes : An Environmental History , 1783 -- 1933 . Univ of Wisconsin Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 16763 - 9 . Jump up ^ Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission . Special report ... of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission . The Commission . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , David ; Service , Katrina , eds . ( March 12 , 2009 ) . Key Topics in Conservation Biology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 0906 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The lake left me . It 's gone. , JS Online , August 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ United States . Environmental Protection Agency ( 1998 ) . EPA , Great Minds ? , Great Lakes ! , Lake Guardian , Do n't Miss The Boat With Environmental Education , March 1997 . s.n.p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` New EPA rules to target invasive species ; Invaders have plagued Great Lakes for years '' . The Blade . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Threatened Great Lakes '' . Inland Seas Education Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species '' . Great Lakes Commission . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Gobies up , alewives down in Lake Michigan '' . Journal Sentinel . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Predicting Invasive Species in the Great Lakes '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glassner - Shwayder , Katherine ( July 2000 ) . `` Briefing Paper : Great Lakes Nonindigenous Invasive Species '' ( PDF ) . Great Lakes Nonindigenous Invasive Species Workshop . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 27 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Carp Risk Assessment for Canada by Fisheries and Oceans Canada '' ( PDF ) . CSAS . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 '' . USGS . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riley , S.C. ; Roseman , Edward F. ; Nichols , S. Jerrine ; O'Brien , Timothy P. ; Kiley , Courtney S. ; Schaeffer , Jeffrey S. ( 2008 ) . `` Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society . 137 ( 6 ) : 1879 -- 90 . doi : 10.1577 / T07 - 141.1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbiero , R.P. ; Barbiero , Richard P. ; Balcer , Mary ; Rockwell , David C. ; Tuchman , Marc L. ( 2009 ) . `` Recent shifts in the crustacean zooplankton community of Lake Huron '' . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 66 ( 5 ) : 816 -- 828 . doi : 10.1139 / F09 - 036 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Dave ( April 1 , 2004 ) . On the Brink : The Great Lakes in the 21st Century . Michigan State University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87013 - 705 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement '' , Paul Muldoon and Lee Botts , Michigan State University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story . Department of Natural Resources State of Michigan , U.S. ( June 8 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Our Great Lakes '' ( PDF ) . binational.net . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Milestone in Waukegan Harbor PCB Cleanup . Illinois Environmental Protection Agency , U.S. ( Spring 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` Mercury Spills '' . Idph.state.il.us . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Erie Water Quality Past Present and Future '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 14th Biennial Report on Great Lakes Water Quality '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ New Report : Solving Region 's Sewage Crisis Will Create Jobs , Restore Great Lakes . Healthylakes.org ( August 9 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knud - Hansen , Chris ( February 1994 ) Historical Perspecivie Of The Phosphate Detergent Conflict . Working Paper 94 - 54 . Colorado.edu . Retrieved on December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New Concerns About Plastic Pollution in Great Lakes ' Garbage Patch ' National Geographic . April 2013 . Jump up ^ Woodford , Arthur M. ( 1991 ) . Charting the Inland Seas : A History of the U.S. Lake Survey . Wayne State University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2499 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Peter L. ( 2010 ) . Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation . W.W. Norton . p. 349 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32795 - 3 . Jump up ^ Danzer , Gerald A. ( 2011 ) . Illinois : A History in Pictures . University of Illinois Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03288 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wharton , George . `` Great Lakes Fleet Page Vessel Feature -- Burns Harbor '' . Boatnerd . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Therese ( 2008 ) . Great Lakes Naval Training Station . Arcadia Publishing . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5193 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lake Champlain , The Sixth Great Lake ? -- Geography -- 03 / 02 / 98 . Geography.about.com ( March 6 , 1998 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Lakes Are Born Great , 5 Sniff , So Upstart Is Ousted '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . `` G + M : `` Creeping up on unsuspecting shores : The Great Lakes '' 28 Jun 2014 `` . Theglobeandmail.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Great Lakes low water levels could cost $19 B by 2050 `` '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 4 : The Watery Boundary '' . United Divide : A Linear Portrait of the USA / Canada Border . The Center for Land Use Interpretation . Winter 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lake Seaway Cargoes - American Great Lakes Ports Association '' . www.greatlakesports.org . Jump up ^ Grover , Velma I. ; Krantzberg , Gail ( 2012 ) . Great Lakes : Lessons in Participatory Governance . CRC Press . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57808 - 769 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark L. ( 1991 ) . Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes . Wayne State University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2359 - 5 . Jump up ^ Strand , Kathryn Koutsky ; Koutsky , Linda ( 2006 ) . Minnesota Vacation Days : An Illustrated History . Minnesota Historical Society . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87351 - 526 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toast of the Town : The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson . Wayne State University Press . May 23 , 2005 . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2696 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` MS Chi - Cheemaun About Us '' . Ontario Ferries . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse , Frederick ( 1985 , 1998 ) . Lake Superior 's Shipwreck Coast , p. 267 , Avery Color Studios , Gwinn , Michigan , U.S.A. ISBN 0 - 932212 - 43 - 3 Jump up ^ Matile , Roger ( April 11 , 2004 ) `` Has a famed Great Lakes mystery been solved ? '' Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Ledger - Sentinel , Oswego , Illinois . Jump up ^ France claims historic Great Lakes wreck , Randy Boswell , Canwest News Service , February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Explorer says Griffin shipwreck may be found , Associated Press , June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Century - old shipwreck discovered '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Divers find 1780 British warship '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.R. Doty , ship that sank in Lake Michigan 112 years ago , found largely intact near Milwaukee '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis - St. Paul , Minnesota , . June 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowlus , W. Bruce ( 2010 ) . Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes : The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry . McFarland . pp. 227 , n. 35 . ISBN 9780786486557 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Statute on Great Lakes . Water Diversions . Water Resources Development Act '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . dnr.state.oh.us Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes -- St '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agreement . Great Lakes - St Lawrence River Basin Water Resources . cglg.org . December 13 , 2005 Jump up ^ Back to Water Conservation . www.greatlakes.org Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Restoration Initiative home page '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Meg ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trading shots on bullets '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lydersen , Kari ( December 19 , 2006 ) . `` Coast Guard Target - Practice Plan Misfires '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weisberg , Deborah ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` Fishing : Coast Guard reloads on firing range '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Annin ( 2006 ) . The Great Lakes Water Wars . Island Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61091 - 077 - 4 . Beltran , R. et al . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book . ( United States Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 23441 - 3 ) . Coon , W.F. and R.A. Sheets . Estimate of Ground Water in Storage in the Great Lakes Basin ( Scientific Investigations Report 2006 - 5180 ) . Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey , 2006 . Helen Hornbeck Tanner ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 0 . Riley , John L. ( 2013 ) The Once and Future Great Lakes Country : An Ecological History ( McGill - Queen 's University Press 516 pages ; traces environmental change in the region since the last ice age . Holling , Holling Clancy Paddle to the Sea ( ISBN 0 - 395 - 15082 - 5 ) , an illustrated children 's book about the Great Lakes and their environment . Beautiful and educational . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Lakes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Lakes . `` Great Lakes '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` How the Great Lakes Were Built '' . Popular Science Monthly . 49 . June 1896 . Great Lakes website of the Canadian Department of the Environment Great Lakes website of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Binational website of USEPA and Environment Canada for Great Lakes Water Quality Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory website ( an arm of the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) Great Lakes Information Network , sponsored by the Great Lakes Commission , an official American interstate compact agency . Great Lakes Echo , a publication covering Great Lakes environmental issues Maritime History of the Great Lakes , digital library covering Great Lakes history . Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918 hide Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Nottawasaga Bay Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River State of Michigan ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Great Lakes region Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties Coordinates : 45 ° 45 ′ N 84 ° 0 ′ W / 45.750 ° N 84.000 ° W / 45.750 ; - 84.000 GND : 4022167 - 2 NARA : 10044502 NDL : 00562523 VIAF : 4146825128507631856 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&oldid=849052215 '' Categories : Great Lakes Eastern Canada Great Lakes region ( U.S. ) Lake groups Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles with text from the Iroquoian languages collective Articles containing Wyandot - language text Articles containing Ojibwe - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 115 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 05 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the 5 great lakes in north america	[ "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario.\n", "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario.\n", "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario.\n", "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario.\n", "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario.\n" ]	[ "Superior", "Michigan", "Huron", "Erie", "Ontario" ]
8028171200795644306	News World India	News World India - wikipedia News World India News World India Launched August 2015 Owned by F7 Broadcast Pvt. Ltd . Picture format 4 : 3 ( 576i , SDTV ) Country India Language Hindi Broadcast area PAN India Headquarters Film City , Noida , Uttar Pradesh Website ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Availability Satellite Tata Sky Channel No. 525 Airtel Channel No. 324 Den Channel No. 312 ( UP , UK ) Cable DigiCable Channel No. 225 ( Mumbai , Maharashtra ) InDigital Channel No 380 ( Mum , MH ) Den Channel No 326 ( Mum , MH ) JPR Digital Channel No. 185 ( Mum , MH ) DIGI Space Channel No. 176 ( Mum , MH ) SSS Channel No. 172 ( Mum , MH ) Hathway Channel No. 226 ( Mum , MH ) Digicable Channel No. 205 ( MP Bhopal ) Digicable Channel No. 307 ( Indore ) Digicable Channel No. 225 ( Jabalpur ) News World India ( Hindi : न्यूज़ वर्ल्ड इंडिया ) is free to air 24 - hour national news channel . The channel is owned by F7 Broadcast Private Limited . News World India focuses on news that touches the day - to - day life of masses . F7 Broadcast Pvt. Ltd. started a channel called News World India in 2015 . From September 2015 , It stopped providing content to television channels and started its own television channel News World India . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 Collaborations 2.1 News World India & The CSR Journal 3 Network Availability 4 Notable people 5 See also 6 References About ( edit ) News World India is a national Hindi news channel from F7 Broadcast Pvt. Ltd . Earlier the channel operation was being carried out from Laxmi Studio in Film City , Noida . Currently , the channel has been shifted to Sector - 4 , Noida . The channel is positioned as people 's channel and is unbiased on political grounds . It is different from already existing debate channels and poses itself to be research oriented . The channel is quite brand conscious in terms of bringing in advertisers . News World India is the flagship channel of the News World India Network . The National Hindi language channel aims to cut through the chaos and offers news to the upwardly mobile Indian middle class in an interesting , engaging and interactive manner without any exaggeration or shrillness attached to it . The language is simple yet subtle . Launched in Oct 2015 , News World India has been able to carve a niche for itself with its classy , sensitive programming . A distinguishing feature of the channel is the amount of international coverage offered which is necessary for an increasingly globalised world . Besides on - the - hour news bulletins , News World India offers insightful shows helmed by experienced television personalities . F7 Broadcast has made several Documentaries , CSR Films and Business / Corporate Films . Collaborations ( edit ) News World India & the CSR Journal ( edit ) News World India has collaborated with The CSR Journal . The CSR Journal is a digital news publication headquartered in Mumbai , India . The CSR Journal works with policymakers , not - for - profit organizations , non-governmental organizations , leading corporate houses and various stakeholders . With this collaboration , News World India has extended its reach in Central India ( Madhya Pradesh ) by launching a news studio at Indore . Network availability ( edit ) News World India is available in following networks . Tata Sky Airtel DTH Den Cable UP Den Cable Uttarakhand DigiCable Mumbai DigiCalbe Bhopal & Madhya Pradesh DigiCable Indore DigiCable Jabalpur InDigital Mumbai JPR Digital Mumbai & Maharashtra DIGI Space Mumbai & Maharashtra SSS Mumbai & Maharashtra Hathway Mumbai & Maharashtra Notable people ( edit ) Vineet Malhotra , previously a sports anchor , holds a debate show on News World India called Current Issues . He has a diverse background of music , modeling , and sports anchor . Nandan Kumar Jha is Chief operating officer at News World India appointed in the year 2016 . Mr. Jha is a National Bravery Award and Jeevan Raksha Padak awards winner for his courage in 1997 . See also ( edit ) List of Hindi language television channels List of Television Stations in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tomar , Pradeep . `` Complete Indian Satellite TV Channels List '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Get The Current News In India - News World India NWI '' . newsworldindia.in . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shailesh Kumar steps down as editor - in - chief & CEO of News World India '' . 2016 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shailesh Kumar to head new Hindi news channel , News World India Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry '' . www.bestmediainfo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ www.exchange4media.com . `` F7 Broadcast to split up with Focus TV , to launch News World India '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` News World India F7 Broadcast Pvt. Ltd '' . www.f7broadcast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Journal , The CSR ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) . `` News Studio Launch in Indore , Madhya Pradesh : The CSR Journal - News World India - The CSR Journal '' . The CSR Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Journal , The CSR ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) . `` The CSR Journal - News World India extend their partnership to Madhya Pradesh - The CSR Journal '' . The CSR Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` जमशेदपुर शाखा के मुख्य शिक्षक को राष्ट्रपति का बहादुरी पुरस्कार '' . Panchjanya Magazine : 11 . 5 Sep 1998 . Jump up ^ `` ' न्यूज वर्ल्ड इंडिया ' में नंदन कुमार झा का हुआ प्रमोशन , अब संभालेंगे ये अहम जिम्मेदारी ... '' @ samachar4media . Television in India By language Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Konkani Malayalam Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Tamil Telugu Urdu more Direct - broadcast satellite DD Free Dish Sun Direct Dish TV Reliance Digital TV Videocon d2h Zing Digital Tata Sky Airtel digital TV Jio DTH ABS Free Dish Television news in India Hindi news channels ANI Aaj Tak ABP News APN News Awaaz India TV Channel One News DD News Delhi Aaj Tak IBC24 India News India TV Jan TV Janta TV Live India Lok Sabha TV Lord Buddha TV NDTV India National Dastak National Voice News18 India News18 Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand News Nation News Express News World India News 24 Rajya Sabha TV Sadhna News Sudarshan News Sahara Samay Zee News Khabar Bharati Naxatra News Hindi Tez TV Total TV TV24 Zee Hindustan Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal List of Hindi - language television channels English news channels ABP Live CNN - News18 India Today NDTV 24x7 NewsX Mirror Now Republic TV Times Now WION News9 Non-Hindi news channels 24 Ghanta ABP Ananda ABP Majha Asianet News Channel 10 DY 365 IBN - Lokmat Jaya TV TV New Kairali People Kolkata TV Lotus News Mahuaa Khobor Manorama News MediaOne Channel News Time Prag News Pratidin Time News 18 Assam / North - East News Live NTV PTC News Puthiya Thalaimurai TV Thanthi_TV Sakshi TV Seithigal Sun News Tara Newz TV9 Gujarat TV9 Kannada TV9 Maharashtra TV9 Telugu Zee 24 Kalak Zee 24 Taas Udaya News Kasthuri Newz 24 Suvarna News Raj News Kannada Janasri News Samaya TV Business news channels BTVI CNBC Awaaz CNBC TV18 ET Now NDTV Profit Zee Business Full list Telecommunications in India Media of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=News_World_India&oldid=837186532 '' Categories : Television channels and stations established in 2015 24 - hour television news channels in India Hidden categories : Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	news world india channel number on tata sky	[ "News World IndiaLaunched\nAugust 2015Owned by\nF7 Broadcast Pvt. Ltd.Picture format\n4:3 (576i, SDTV)Country\nIndiaLanguage\nHindiBroadcast area\nPAN IndiaHeadquarters\nFilm City, Noida, Uttar PradeshWebsite\n[1] [2] [3]Availability Satellite\nTata Sky Channel No. 525\nAirtel Channel No. 324\nDen Channel No. 312 (UP, UK)Cable\nDigiCable Channel No. 225 (Mumbai, Maharashtra)\nInDigital Channel No 380 (Mum, MH)\nDen Channel No 326 (Mum, MH)\nJPR Digital Channel No. 185 (Mum, MH)\nDIGI Space Channel No. 176 (Mum, MH)\nSSS Channel No. 172 (Mum, MH)\nHathway Channel No. 226 (Mum, MH)\nDigicable Channel No. 205 (MP Bhopal)\nDigicable Channel No. 307 (Indore)\nDigicable Channel No. 225 (Jabalpur)" ]	[ "No. 525" ]
-3207823553045146046	Alysia Reiner	Alysia Reiner - wikipedia Alysia Reiner Jump to : navigation , search Alysia Reiner Reiner in February 2011 ( 1970 - 07 - 21 ) July 21 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Gainesville , Florida , U.S. Alma mater Vassar College Occupation Actress , producer Years active 1999 -- present Known for Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa in Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Spouse ( s ) David Alan Basche ( m . 1997 ) Alysia Reiner ( born July 21 , 1970 ) is an American actress and producer . Reiner is best known for playing Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series , Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- 2017 ) for which she won a SAG award for her role as part of the ensemble cast . Reiner starred in and produced the financial drama , EQUITY , which was bought at Sundance by Sony Pictures Classics and was released nationwide . It is now being developed into a TV series by Tri-Star and ABC . Reiner has appeared in several Off - Broadway plays and won an Obie Award for her performance in An Oak Tree . In Sideways , the critically acclaimed comedy - drama film , Reiner played Christine Ergarian , where she won her first ensemble cast SAG award . She plays D.A. Wendy Parks in the ABC crime - legal drama TV series , How to Get Away with Murder and Sunny in the F / X comedy Better Things . In 2016 , she also appeared in Season 4 of Masters of Sex on Showtime , as Lilian Izikoff on Rosewood , and Fiona in Michael Showalter 's TBS series Search Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Film and television 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Reiner was born in Gainesville , Florida in 1970 . She graduated from Vassar College . Career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) She joined Tim Crouch in the Obie Award -- winning An Oak Tree at The Barrow Street , and Jayson with a Y with The New Group . At The Beckett , she played roles in Anaïs Nin : One of Her Lives and Wasps in Bed . She has been deemed `` Off - Broadway Favorite '' by Theatremania and was called `` priceless '' by The New York Times . Film and television ( edit ) Reiner with Orange Is the New Black cast in 2013 Reiner has appeared in several films , including Kissing Jessica Stein , The Vicious Kind , Arranged , Schooled , That Awkward Moment and 5 Flights Up . In 2004 , she played the role of Christine Erganian , Thomas Haden Church 's character 's fiancee , in the film Sideways , which won Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . She also had roles in the number of independent films . On television , Reiner has appeared on over 50 different show as series regular , guest star or in recurring roles , including Natalie Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series , Orange Is the New Black . In 2014 she joined the cast of ABC legal drama series , How to Get Away with Murder produced by Shonda Rhimes , in a recurring role of D.A. Wendy Parks , a prosecutor who goes up against Viola Davis ' character . In 2014 , Reiner announced that she will be launching Broad Street Pictures to produce films with strong female roles Personal life ( edit ) Reiner is married to actor David Alan Basche since 1997 . The couple has a daughter , Livia , who was born on December 5 , 2008 . Reiner is involved with many non-profits and charities , including The Cancer Support Community , Actors for Autism , PEN International , SAY : The Stuttering Association for the Young , Bent on Learning , Safe Kids Worldwide , The Young Women 's Leadership Network , Amnesty International , and Cool Effect . Reiner is Jewish . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Row Your Boat Scenes deleted 1999 The Stand - In Soap opera nurse 2000 Little Pieces Casting director Kissing Jessica Stein Schuller Gallery Artist 2002 Hourly Rates Gail Sideways Christine Erganian Three Body Problem , The The Three Body Problem Nina Short film 2005 One Last Thing ... Tai Uhlmann 2006 A-List Reporter 2006 Cycle Unknown Marie Short film 2006 Narrow Gate , The The Narrow Gate Rachel 2007 Arranged Leah 2007 Schooled Miss Luna Hill 2008 Peppermint Tree , The The Peppermint Tree Laura 2009 Vicious Kind , The The Vicious Kind Samantha 2009 Jacket , The The Jacket Joan Short film 2009 Speed Grieving Malia Short film 2012 Backwards Meghan 2012 Delivering the Goods New Head Chef 2013 King Theodore Live Jordyn Short film 2014 That Awkward Moment Amanda 2014 Story of Milo & Annie , The The Story of Milo & Annie Mercedes Short film 2014 Kelly & Cal Trish 2014 Fort Tilden Cobble Hill Mom 2014 The Story of Milo & Annie Mercedes Short film 2014 Revenge of the Green Dragons TV News Reporter 2014 5 Flights Up Blue Leggings 2014 Primrose Lane Theodocia 2014 The Girl in the Book Interviewer 2014 No Letting Go Lisa 2015 Ava 's Possessions Noelle 2015 The Networker Beth 2015 The Other Side Rivka 2016 Equity public attorney Samantha Ryan Also producer Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Law & Order Gretchen Stewart Episode : `` Sundown '' 2000 Family Law Ms. Holland Episode : `` Echoes '' 2002 Drew Carey Show , The The Drew Carey Show Sally Episode : `` What Women Do n't Want '' 2002 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cindy Kerber Episode : `` Juvenile '' 2003 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Leslie Hurst Episode : `` Stray '' Jury , The The Jury Dr. Ainsley Solomon Episode : `` The Boxer '' 2006 Sopranos , The The Sopranos Linda Vaughn Episode : `` Mr. & Mrs. John Sacrimoni Request ... '' 2006 Love Monkey Megan Episode : `` Coming Out '' 2008 Starter Wife , The The Starter Wife Cindy 2 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Paula O'Keefe Episode : `` Lady 's Man '' 2009 White Collar Manager Episode : `` Free Fall '' 2009 30 Rock Real Estate Agent Episode : `` Sun Tea '' Law & Order : Criminal Intent Michelle Linden Episode : `` Lost Children of the Blood '' Law & Order Amy Felner Episode : `` Love Eternal '' 2011 Blue Bloods Hannah Episode : `` Model Behavior '' 2012 Exes , The The Exes Cindy Episode : `` The Party '' 2013 -- 17 Orange Is the New Black Natalie Figueroa 25 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2014 Hawaii Five - O Special Agent Chapman Episode : `` Ka No'eau '' 2014 How to Get Away with Murder D.A. Wendy Parks 5 episodes 2015 Bones Amelia Minchin Episode : `` The Lost in the Found '' 2016 Unforgettable Joyce Chen Episode : `` Breathing Space '' 2016 The Mysteries of Laura Liz Walters Episode : `` The Mystery of the Political Operation '' 2016 Rosewood Lilian Izikoff 2 episodes 2016 -- 17 Better Things Sunny 8 episodes 2016 Masters of Sex Anita Episode : `` Freefall '' 2016 Search Party Trina 2 episodes 2017 Chopped Herself Episode : `` Star Power : Screen Sensations ! '' 2017 Younger Louise Episode : `` A Novel Marriage '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alysia Reiner Biography '' . Alysia Reiner Biography . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alysia Reiner Talks About Being a Part of Orange is the New Black '' . Indiewire Television . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black 's Badass Assistant Warden Talks Gender Roles '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black 's Alysia Reiner : `` I 'm a Total Mush Ball '' `` . Shape Magazine . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` ABC 's ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adds ' Orange ' Alum ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Actress Launches Production Company '' . Variety . 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ David Alan Basche - Actor - DavidAlanBasche.com Jump up ^ Reiner , Alysia . `` About : Alysia Reiner '' . AlysiaReiner.com . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabrera , Ana . ``. @ alysiareiner does n't need to get a message to POTUS on climate change , just the average American @ cool_effect '' . Twitter . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alysia Reiner : `` Merry Christmas from this mystical jew who believes in miracles '' Reiner , Alysia . www.twitter.com . Published December 25 , 2012 . Accessed July 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alysia Reiner . Official website Alysia Reiner on IMDb ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 21763623 LCCN : no98086595 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alysia_Reiner&oldid=798361680 '' Categories : American film actresses Jewish American actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Actresses from Gainesville , Florida 1970 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Vassar College alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays fig on orange is the new black	[ "Alysia Reiner (born July 21, 1970) is an American actress and producer.[1] Reiner is best known for playing Natalie \"Fig\" Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series, Orange Is the New Black (2013–2017) for which she won a SAG award for her role as part of the ensemble cast." ]	[ "Alysia Reiner" ]
3642312776390609298	Florida gubernatorial election, 2018	Florida gubernatorial election , 2018 - wikipedia Florida gubernatorial election , 2018 This article documents a current election . Information may change rapidly as the election progresses , until official results have been published . Initial news reports may be unreliable , and the last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information . Please feel free to improve this article or discuss changes on the talk page . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Florida gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Nominee Ron DeSantis Andrew Gillum Party Republican Democratic Running mate TBD TBD Incumbent Governor Rick Scott Republican Elections in Florida Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 1932 1936 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Republican 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1988 1992 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1964 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 18th district , 1989 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1845 1849 1853 1857 1861 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2002 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 4 ( 2018 ) Other elections 2006 Jacksonville ( show ) Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miami ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 Miami - Dade County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016 Orange County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2014 2018 Orlando ( show ) Mayoral elections 2012 2015 St. Petersburg ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017 Tampa ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Government The 2018 Florida gubernatorial election will be held on November 6 , 2018 , alongside a U.S. Senate election , U.S. House elections , and other state and local elections . Incumbent two - term Republican Governor Rick Scott is term - limited . Florida elects its Governor and Lieutenant Governor on a joint ticket . The candidate filing deadline for this gubernatorial race was on June 22 , 2018 , with primary elections being held on August 28 , 2018 . Florida uses a closed primary process , in which the selection of each party 's candidates for a general election is limited to registered members of that party . Ron DeSantis won the Republican primary , and Andrew Gillum won the Democratic primary . Contents 1 Background 2 Republican primary 2.1 Nominee 2.2 Eliminated in primary 2.3 Withdrawn 2.4 Declined 2.5 Endorsements 2.6 Polling 2.7 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Nominee 3.2 Eliminated in primary 3.3 Withdrew 3.4 Declined 3.5 Endorsements 3.6 Polling 3.7 Results 4 Other parties and independents 4.1 Reform Party ( declared candidates ) 4.2 Libertarian Party ( withdrawn candidates ) 4.3 Constitution Party ( withdrawn candidates ) 4.4 Independents 4.4. 1 Declared 4.4. 2 Declined 4.4. 3 Endorsements 5 General election 5.1 Predictions 5.2 Polling 5.3 Results 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) A Democratic candidate has not won a gubernatorial election in Florida since 1994 when Governor Lawton Chiles was elected to a second term . The winner of this election will be involved in the redistricting process following the 2020 Census . Under Florida state law , the state legislature is responsible for drawing boundaries for Congressional and state legislative seats . The governor has the power to veto U.S. House boundaries , but not state legislative ones . Nearly 100,000 Puerto Ricans , a largely Democratic voter demographic , have moved to Florida after the island was ravaged by Hurricane Maria in September 2017 . It is expected that this large influx of potential voters could drastically reshape future elections . Republican primary ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Ron DeSantis , U.S. Representative for FL - 6 since 2013 and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Don Baldauf Timothy Devine , write - in candidate for Governor in 2014 Bob Langford John Joseph Mercadante Bruce Nathan , physical therapist and Independent candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Adam Putnam , Florida Commissioner of Agriculture since 2011 and U.S. Representative for FL - 12 2001 -- 2011 Bob White , chairman of the Republican Liberty Caucus of Florida Withdrawn ( edit ) Issak Almaleh Frederick Buntin Usha Jain , medical director Jack Latvala , State Senator 1994 -- 2002 and 2010 -- 2018 Armando Adames Rivas Angel Rivera , businessman , political strategist Nathan Dale Wilson Declined ( edit ) Jeff Atwater , CFO of Florida 2011 -- 2017 Pam Bondi , Attorney General since 2011 ( endorsed Adam Putnam ) Richard Corcoran , State Representative ( District 37 ) since 2010 ; Speaker of the Florida House since 2016 ( endorsed Adam Putnam ) John Delaney , Mayor of Jacksonville 1995 -- 2003 Mike Huckabee , Governor of Arkansas 1996 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2008 and in 2016 Francis Rooney , U.S. Representative from FL - 19 since 2017 Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator from Florida since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 Will Weatherford , State Representative ( District 38 ) 2006 -- 2014 ; Speaker of the Florida House 2012 -- 2014 Endorsements ( edit ) show Ron DeSantis U.S. Executive Branch officials Donald Trump , President of the United States 2017 -- present State Senators Rob Bradley State Representatives Travis Cummings José R. Oliva Local officials Lenny Curry , Mayor of Jacksonville Mike Williams , Jacksonville Sheriff Territorial officials Luis Rivera Marín , Secretary of State of Puerto Rico Individuals Sheldon Adelson , business magnate , investor , and philanthropist Hushang Ansary , businessman , former diplomat , and philanthropist David Bossie , political activist Foster Friess , businessman and supporter of conservative Christian causes Sean Hannity , talk show host , author , and conservative political commentator ( Conservative ) Kyle Kashuv , school safety activist Mark Levin , lawyer , author , and radio personality Bernard Marcus , businessman Rebekah Mercer , heiress , foundation director , and major Republican donor Isaac Perlmutter , businessman , financier , CEO of Marvel Entertainment David A. Siegel , businessman Donald Trump Jr. , businessman and son of U.S. President Donald Trump Richard Uihlein , businessman and major Republican Party donor Dan Bongino , NRATV contributor Organizations Great America Committee American Conservative Union Freedom Partners Action Fund Florida Medical Association The Everglades Trust Newspapers Miami Herald show Adam Putnam U.S. Representatives Lincoln Díaz - Balart , former U.S. Representative ( FL - 21 ) Steve Southerland , former U.S. Representative ( FL - 2 ) Statewide officials Pam Bondi , Attorney General of Florida 2011 -- present Richard Corcoran , State Representative ( District 37 ) since 2010 ; Speaker of the Florida House since 2016 Carlos López - Cantera , Lieutenant Governor of Florida 2014 -- present State Senators George Gainer State Representatives Allan Bense ( former House Speaker ) Jay Trumbull Sheriffs Paul Blackman , Highlands County Chad Chronister , Hillsborough County Bob Gualtieri , Pinellas County Grady Judd , Polk County Tom Knight , Sarasota County Arnold Lanier , Hardee County Al Nienhuis , Hernando County Chris Nocco , Pasco County Rick Wells , Manatee County Organizations Associated Builders and Contractors Florida Chamber of Commerce Florida Family Action Florida Fraternal Order of Police Florida Police Benevolent Association Florida Professional Firefighters Associated Industries of Florida Newspapers Sun - Sentinel Tampa Bay Times show Jack Latvala ( withdrawn ) U.S. Representatives David Jolly , U.S. Representative from FL - 13 2014 -- 2017 ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 show Bob White U.S. Representatives Ron Paul , former Congressman , presidential candidate in 2008 and 2012 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran Ron DeSantis Jack Latvala Adam Putnam Bob White Other Undecided Gravis Marketing August 21 -- 25 , 2018 579 ± 4.1 % -- 39 % -- 27 % 6 % 4 % 23 % St. Pete Polls August 22 -- 23 , 2018 2,141 ± 2.1 % -- 56 % -- 33 % 3 % -- 8 % Gravis Marketing August 21 -- 22 , 2018 321 ± 5.5 % -- 39 % -- 24 % 6 % 4 % 26 % Florida Atlantic University August 16 -- 20 , 2018 222 ± 6.5 % -- 32 % -- 31 % 2 % 13 % 22 % Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 172 -- -- 41 % -- 52 % -- 5 % -- SurveyUSA August 10 -- 13 , 2018 558 ± 5.2 % -- 40 % -- 38 % 2 % 5 % 16 % North Star Opinion Research ( R - DeSantis ) August 5 -- 7 , 2018 600 ± 4.0 % -- 50 % -- 30 % -- -- -- Mason - Dixon July 23 -- 25 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % -- 41 % -- 29 % 0 % 2 % 28 % Florida Atlantic University July 20 -- 21 , 2018 262 ± 6.0 % -- 36 % -- 27 % 3 % 12 % 23 % Clearview Research July 14 -- 19 , 2018 700 ± 4.0 % -- 38 % -- 39 % -- -- 23 % St. Pete Polls July 16 -- 17 , 2018 1,709 ± 2.4 % -- 50 % -- 30 % 4 % -- 17 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 905 ± 3.3 % -- 35 % -- 29 % 4 % 4 % 25 % Fabrizio , Lee and Associates ( R ) July 8 -- 12 , 2018 349 ± 5.2 % -- 42 % -- 30 % -- -- 27 % Remington ( R - Tenth Amendment Project ) July 2 -- 5 , 2018 2,826 ± 1.8 % -- 43 % -- 26 % -- -- 25 % 1892 Polling ( R - DeSantis ) July 2 , 2018 800 ± 3.4 % -- 47 % -- 28 % -- -- 25 % Marist College June 17 -- 21 , 2018 326 ± 6.7 % -- 21 % -- 38 % -- 3 % 39 % Fox News June 15 -- 19 , 2018 901 ± 3.0 % -- 17 % -- 32 % 3 % 5 % 39 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 543 ± 4.2 % 4 % 19 % -- 29 % 5 % -- 43 % Cherry Communications June 7 -- 9 , 2018 501 ± 5.3 % -- 15 % -- 32 % -- 5 % 48 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 175 -- -- 13 % -- 35 % -- 9 % 44 % Florida Atlantic University May 4 -- 7 , 2018 371 ± 5.0 % -- 16 % -- 15 % 3 % 24 % 43 % 1892 Polling ( R - DeSantis ) April 19 -- 23 , 2018 800 ± 3.4 % 7 % 30 % -- 23 % -- -- 40 % -- 30 % -- 26 % -- -- 44 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 -- -- 3 % 19 % 0 % 17 % 0 % -- 60 % North Star Opinion Research ( R - DeSantis ) March 12 -- 15 , 2018 600 -- < 6 % 21 % -- 19 % -- -- -- -- 28 % -- 23 % -- -- -- Saint Leo University February 18 -- 24 , 2018 175 -- 7 % 14 % 3 % 15 % 5 % 9 % 46 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 -- -- 3 % 16 % 0 % 18 % 2 % -- 61 % Mason - Dixon January 29 -- February 1 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 7 % 23 % -- 27 % -- -- 43 % Remington December 30 -- 31 , 2017 1,423 ± 2.6 % 3 % 28 % -- 25 % -- -- 44 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 -- -- 2 % 12 % 2 % 23 % 1 % -- 60 % Saint Leo University November 19 -- 24 , 2017 166 -- 2 % 5 % 2 % 15 % 4 % 10 % 63 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 256 -- 1 % 9 % 2 % 26 % -- 3 % 59 % Saint Leo University September 10 -- 16 , 2017 173 -- 4 % 7 % 2 % 20 % 2 % 11 % 44 % Florida Atlantic University August 24 -- 26 , 2017 304 ± 6.5 % 10 % 9 % 2 % 27 % -- -- 53 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jeff Atwater Rick Baker Pam Bondi Richard Corcoran Mike Huckabee Usha Jain David Jolly Jack Latvala Adam Putnam Will Weatherford Other Undecided Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 -- -- -- 2 % -- 5 % -- -- 5 % 4 % 21 % -- -- 63 % Saint Leo University March 3 -- 11 , 2017 175 -- -- 6 % -- 5 % 30 % 2 % -- 3 % 13 % -- 8 % 34 % Associated Industries of Florida February 14 -- 17 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % -- -- -- 4 % -- -- -- -- 22 % -- -- 71 % Cherry Communications December 3 -- 8 , 2016 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 % -- -- 64 % Saint Leo University November 27 -- 30 , 2016 -- -- 5 % 1 % -- 2 % 32 % -- -- -- 6 % 1 % 7 % 47 % StPetePolls.org August 2 , 2016 1,835 ± 2.3 % 7 % 3 % 26 % 1 % 37 % -- -- -- 8 % 1 % 7 % 12 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : DeSantis ( show ) 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 - 80 % Putnam ( show ) 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ron DeSantis 913,679 56.5 % Republican Adam H. Putnam 591,449 36.6 % Republican Bob White 32,580 2.0 % Republican Timothy M. Devine 21,320 1.3 % Republican Bob Langford 19,771 1.2 % Republican Bruce Nathan 14,487 0.9 % Republican Don Baldauf 13,125 0.8 % Republican John Joseph Mercadante 11,602 0.7 % Total votes 1,618,013 100.0 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee since 2014 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Gwen Graham , U.S. Representative for FL - 2 2015 -- 2017 , daughter of former Governor and Senator Bob Graham Jeff Greene , real estate billionaire and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2010 Chris King , entrepreneur and founder of Elevation Financial Group Philip Levine , Mayor of Miami Beach 2013 -- 2017 Alex `` Lundy '' Lundmark John Wetherbee , entrepreneur Withdrew ( edit ) Henry E. Davis Richard Paul Dembinsky , candidate for U.S. Representative for FL - 6 in 2016 ; Independent candidate for Governor in 2006 Lucretia Fordyce , activist Josue Larose , political organizer ; candidate for U.S. Representative for FL - 19 in 2010 and U.S. Senate in 2016 ; write - in candidate for Governor in 2010 ; Republican candidate for U.S. Representative for LA - 2 in 2012 and President in 2016 Brooke Russell Locke Marx Louis McClanahan Declined ( edit ) Bob Buckhorn , Mayor of Tampa Kathy Castor , U.S. Representative ( running for reelection ) Charlie Crist , U.S. Representative , former Republican - turned - Independent Governor and Democratic nominee for Governor in 2014 ( running for reelection ) Buddy Dyer , Mayor of Orlando Rick Kriseman , Mayor of St. Petersburg John Morgan , personal injury lawyer and medical marijuana advocate Patrick Murphy , former U.S. Representative and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2016 Bill Nelson , U.S. Senator ( running for reelection ) Jeremy Ring , former state senator ( running for CFO ) Jack Seiler , Mayor of Fort Lauderdale Endorsements ( edit ) show Andrew Gillum U.S. Cabinet Members and Cabinet - level officials Julian Castro , Former Mayor of San Antonio and 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development U.S. Senators Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont U.S. Representatives Luis Gutiérrez , U.S. Representative ( IL - 04 ) Alcee Hastings , U.S. Representative ( FL - 20 ) Ro Khanna , U.S. Representative ( CA - 17 ) Frederica Wilson , U.S. Representative ( FL - 24 ) Statewide officials Aramis Ayala , State Attorney for the Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida Justin Fairfax , Lt. Governor of Virginia Dave Zuckerman , Lt. Governor of Vermont State legislators Joseph Abruzzo , State Representative ( D - Boynton Beach ) Ramon Alexander , State Representative ( D - Tallahassee ) Loranne Ausley , State Representative ( D - Tallahassee ) Randolph Bracy , State Senator ( D - Orlando ) Kamia Brown , State Representative ( D - Orlando ) Dwight M. Bullard , former State Senator ( D - Miami ) Jeff Clemens , former State Senator ( D - Lake Worth ) Patrick Henry , State Representative ( D - Daytona Beach ) Tony Hill , former State Senator ( D - Jacksonville ) Al Jacquet , State Representative ( D - Lantana ) Mia L. Jones , former State Representative ( D - Jacksonville ) Shevrin D. Jones , State Representative ( D - West Park ) Bobby Powell , State Senator ( D - West Palm Beach ) Bakari Sellers , former State Representative ( D - Denmark , South Carolina ) Carlos Guillermo Smith , State Representative ( D - Orlando ) Perry E. Thurston Jr. , State Senator ( D - Fort Lauderdale ) Mayors and other municipal leaders Derrick Henry , Mayor of Daytona Beach Terrill Hill , Mayor of Palatka Joel Flores , Mayor of Greenacres Eugene Fultz , Mayor of Lake Wales Joe Kyles , Mayor of South Bay Wayne Messam , Mayor of Miramar Svante Myrick , Mayor of Ithaca , New York Lauren Poe , Mayor of Gainesville Tamara James , Mayor of Dania Beach Steve Wilson , Mayor of Belle Glade Harriet Pruette , former Mayor of Neptune Beach Hazelle P. Rogers , Mayor of Lauderdale Lakes Eric Jones , Mayor of West Park Keith W. Babb , Jr. , Mayor of Pahokee Joseph Kelley , Vice Mayor of Opa - locka Erhabor Ighodaro , Vice-Mayor of Miami - Gardens Brian C. Johnson , Vice-Mayor of West Park Sharon Butler , Vice-Mayor of Florida City RS Shiver , former Vice-Mayor of Florida City Harvey Ward , Gainesville City Commissioner David Williams , Jr. , Miami Gardens Councilman Dale Holness , Broward County Commissioner Andreana Jackson , North Bay Village Commissioner Viviana Janer , Osceola County Commissioner Tonya Davis Johnson , Riviera Beach City Commissioner Mack Bernard , Palm Beach County Commissioner Phillippe Bien - Aime , North Miami City Councilman Emily Bonilla , Orange County Commissioner Lisa Wheeler Bowman , St. Petersburg City Council Vice-Chair Kenneth Brown , Panama City Commissioner David Arreola , Gainesville City Commissioner Teresa Watkins Brown , Fort Myers City Councilwoman Felicia Brunson , West Park City Commissioner Johnny Burroughs , Jr. , Belle Glade City Commissioner Joyce Cusack , Volusia County Councilwoman Sandra Davey , Lauderdale Lakes City Commissioner Paula R. Reed , Daytona Beach City Commissioner Evelyn D. Robinson , Orange City Councilwoman Lisa C. Davis , Miami Gardens Councilwoman Jessica Davis , Deland City Commissioner Benny L. Everett III , Pahokee City Commissioner Johnny G. Farias , South Bay Community Councilman Betty T. Ferguson , former Miami - Dade County Commissioner Steve Gallon , III , Miami - Dade County School Board Member Anne M. Gannon , Palm Beach County Tax Collector Barb Girtman , West Volusia Hospital Authority Commissioner Bobbie Grace , Dania Beach City Commissioner Omari Hardy , Lake Worth City Commissioner Rosalind Osgood , Broward County School Board member Adrian Hayes - Santos , Gainesville City Commissioner Dannette Henry , Daytona Beach City Commissioner Barbara Jordan , Miami - Dade County Commissioner Marty Kiar , Broward County Property Appraiser Gwendolyn M. Miller , former Chairwoman of the Tampa , Florida City Council Les Miller , Hillsborough County Commissioner Clara Murvin , Pahokee City Commissioner Other individuals Alec Baldwin , actor Ady Barkan , Political Activist and Director of Fed Up Adam Best , American entrepreneur , film producer , writer and political activist . Karamo Brown , American television host , reality television personality , psychotherapist , and activist Sean Combs , American rapper , singer , songwriter , actor , record producer and entrepreneur Billy Corben , American documentary film director Shaun King , American writer and civil rights activist Jane Fonda , actress John Iadarola , anchor on The Young Turks Norman Lear , television writer and producer Alyssa Milano , actress Bob Poe , former Chair of the Florida Democratic Party , Democratic candidate for U.S. House in 2016 Rick Ross , American rapper , entrepreneur and record executive . Gabrielle Union , actress , activist , and author Charlamagne Tha God , nationally - syndicated radio host George Soros , Hungarian - American investor , business magnate , philanthropist , political activist and author . Tom Steyer , hedge fund manager , philanthropist , environmentalist , Democratic fundraiser Allison Tant , former Chair of the Florida Democratic Party Organizations Democratic Progressive Caucus of Florida Indivisible movement Democracy for America Florida Immigrant Coalition Indivisible Action , Tampa Bay National Nurses United NextGen America Our Revolution People for the American Way Progressive Change Campaign Committee Working Families Party show Gwen Graham U.S. Senators Tammy Duckworth , U.S. Senator from Illinois Kirsten Gillibrand , U.S. Senator from New York Bob Graham , former Governor of Florida and former U.S. Senator from Florida U.S. Representatives Kathy Castor , U.S. Representative ( FL - 14 ) Jim Davis , former U.S. Representative ( FL - 11 ) , Democratic nominee for Governor in 2006 Steny Hoyer , U.S. Representative ( MD - 05 ) , House Minority Whip David Jolly , former U.S. Representative ( FL - 13 ) John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( GA - 05 ) Ted Lieu , U.S. Representative ( CA - 35 ) Patrick Murphy , former U.S. Representative ( FL - 18 ) , Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2016 Statewide officials Betty Castor , former Florida Commissioner of Education , former President of the University of South Florida , Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2004 Howard Dean , 79th Governor of Vermont , Democratic candidate for President in 2004 Alex Sink , former Florida Chief Financial Officer , Democratic nominee for governor in 2010 State legislators Lori Berman , State Senator ( D - Lantana ) Karen Castor Dentel , former State Representative ( D - Maitland ) John Cortes , State Representative ( D - Kissimmee ) Tracie Davis , State Representative ( D - Jacksonville ) Ben Diamond , State Representative ( D - St. Petersburg ) Dwight Dudley , former State Representative ( D - St. Petersburg ) Katie Edwards , State Representative ( D - Plantation ) Kristin Jacobs , State Representative ( D - Coconut Creek ) Evan Jenne , State Representative ( D - Hollywood ) Arthenia Joyner , former State Senator ( D - Tampa ) Amy Mercado , State Representative ( D - Orlando ) Jon L. Mills , former State Representative ( D - Gainesville ) , former State House Speaker Jared Moskowitz , State Representative ( D - Coral Springs ) Mark S. Pafford , former State Representative ( D - West Palm Beach ) , former State House Minority Leader Darryl Rouson , State Senator ( D - St. Petersburg ) David Silvers , State Representative ( D - West Palm Beach ) Kelly Skidmore , former State Representative ( D - Boca Raton ) Emily Slosberg , State Representative ( D - Boca Raton ) Richard Stark , State Representative ( D - Weston ) Victor M. Torres Jr. , State Senator ( D - Orlando ) Barbara Watson , State Representative ( D - Miami Gardens ) Clovis Watson Jr. , State Representative ( D - Gainesville ) Matt Willhite , State Representative ( D - Wellington ) Mayors and other municipal leaders Shannon Blankenship , Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District Chair Skip Campbell , Mayor of Coral Springs John Dailey , Leon County Commissioner Garrett Dennis , Jacksonville City Councilman Kristin Dozier , Leon County Commissioner Pat Collier Frank , Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts Tabitha Frazier , Leon County Soil and Water Conservation District Supervisor Shirley Freeman , former Mayor of Monroe County Jake Godbold , former Mayor of Jacksonville Pegeen Hanrahan , former Mayor of Gainesville Tommy Hazouri , Jacksonville City Councilman , former Mayor of Jacksonville Warren Jones , Duval County School Board member Cindy Lerner , former Mayor of Pinecrest Shanon Matiero , West Palm Beach Former City Commissioner Melissa McKinlay , Mayor of Palm Beach County Barry Moss , Pompano Beach City Commissioner Jeri Muoio , Mayor of West Palm Beach Karl Nurse , former St. Petersburg City Councilman Frank Ortis , Mayor of Pembroke Pines Darden Rice , St. Petersburg City Council Chair Nan Rich , Broward County Commissioner , Democratic candidate for Governor in 2014 Katy Sorenson , former Miami - Dade County Commissioner Mike Suarez , Tampa City Councilman Matt Surrency , Mayor of Hawthorne Dean Trantalis , Mayor of Fort Lauderdale Gil Ziffer , Tallahassee City Commissioner Other individuals Jimmy Buffett , musician Alan Clendenin , DNC member , former Florida Democratic Party Vice-Chair Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator , Democratic nominee for Governor of Texas in 2014 Manley Fuller , President of the Florida Wildlife Federation Alma Gonzalez , DNC member , former Florida Democratic Party Treasurer Organizations EMILY 's List Florida Education Association Florida Police Benevolent Association International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Ruth 's List United Steelworkers The Everglades Trust Newspaper editorial boards The Palm Beach Post Tampa Bay Times show Jeff Greene Newspapers Sun - Sentinel show Chris King State legislators Nick Duran , State Representative ( D - Miami ) Mayors and other municipal officials Linda Chapin , former Mayor of Orange County Eddie Cole , Mayor of Eatonville Organizations American Federation of Government Employees show Philip Levine Statewide officials Ed Rendell , 45th Governor of Pennsylvania State legislators Keith Fitzgerald , former State Representative ( D - Sarasota ) , Democratic nominee for U.S. House in 2012 Mayors and other municipal officials John Elizabeth Alemán , Miami Beach City Commissioner Andy Amoroso , Vice-Mayor of Lake Worth Ricky Arriola , Miami Beach City Commissioner Carmen Yulín Cruz , Mayor of San Juan , Puerto Rico Oliver Gilbert , Mayor of Miami Gardens Justin Katz , Boynton Beach City Commissioner Ken Keechl , former Broward County Commissioner Alex Penelas , former Mayor of Miami - Dade County Robert Shelley , Aventura City Commissioner Glenn Singer , Mayor of Golden Beach Micky Steinberg , Miami Beach City Commissioner Enid Weisman , Mayor of Aventura Other individuals Ray Allen , former NBA player Shaquille O'Neal , former NBA player , sports analyst Newspaper Editorial Boards Miami Herald Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Andrew Gillum Gwen Graham Jeff Greene Chris King Philip Levine Other Undecided St. Pete Polls August 25 -- 26 , 2018 2,342 ± 2.0 % 25 % 32 % 11 % 2 % 22 % 4 % 5 % Gravis Marketing August 21 -- 25 , 2018 531 ± 4.3 % 16 % 26 % 19 % 5 % 18 % -- 17 % Gravis Marketing August 21 -- 22 , 2018 308 ± 5.6 % 15 % 26 % 19 % 5 % 18 % -- 17 % Schroth , Eldon and Associates ( D ) August 19 -- 21 , 2018 669 ± 3.8 % 18 % 25 % 13 % 2 % 26 % -- 15 % Florida Atlantic University August 16 -- 20 , 2018 280 ± 6.3 % 11 % 29 % 11 % 10 % 17 % 3 % 19 % Change Research ( D - Gillum ) August 18 -- 19 , 2018 1,178 -- 33 % 22 % 10 % -- 22 % -- -- St. Pete Polls August 18 -- 19 , 2018 2,202 ± 2.1 % 21 % 27 % 15 % 3 % 25 % 4 % 6 % Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 188 -- 15 % 31 % 17 % 5 % 22 % 4 % -- Schroth , Eldon and Associates ( D ) August 11 -- 14 , 2018 600 ± 4.0 % 15 % 24 % 13 % 3 % 27 % -- 18 % SurveyUSA August 10 -- 13 , 2018 631 ± 5.2 % 11 % 22 % 16 % 3 % 22 % 2 % 24 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Levine ) August 5 -- 6 , 2018 572 -- 13 % 26 % 16 % 4 % 22 % -- 19 % ALG Research ( D - Graham ) July 29 -- August 2 , 2018 800 ± 3.4 % 10 % 33 % 13 % 3 % 17 % -- 23 % St. Pete Polls July 30 -- 31 , 2018 1,652 ± 2.4 % 12 % 29 % 23 % 3 % 19 % 4 % 9 % Mason - Dixon July 23 -- 25 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 10 % 27 % 12 % 7 % 18 % 1 % 25 % Florida Atlantic University July 20 -- 21 , 2018 271 ± 5.9 % 7 % 20 % 14 % 9 % 16 % 3 % 31 % Associated Industries of Florida July 16 -- 18 , 2018 800 -- 12 % 24 % 13 % 4 % 16 % -- -- Frederick Polls July 2018 506 -- 15 % 28 % 23 % 7 % 27 % -- -- St. Pete Polls July 14 -- 15 , 2018 1,314 ± 2.7 % 10 % 22 % 22 % 3 % 19 % 1 % 25 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,540 ± 2.5 % 10 % 27 % 18 % -- 17 % -- 27 % Marist College June 17 -- 21 , 2018 344 ± 6.5 % 8 % 17 % 4 % 3 % 19 % 1 % 47 % RABA Research June 15 -- 16 , 2018 660 ± 3.8 % 8 % 26 % 3 % 15 % 27 % -- 21 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 29 % 24 % -- 3 % 17 % -- 27 % Let 's Preserve the American Dream June 6 -- 9 , 2018 800 ± 3.1 % 11 % 21 % 3 % 4 % 24 % -- 37 % Schroth , Eldon and Associates ( D ) June 3 -- 5 , 2018 600 ± 4.0 % 11 % 16 % 4 % 6 % 32 % -- 31 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 195 -- 10 % 14 % -- 6 % 14 % 9 % 47 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Levine ) May 21 -- 22 , 2018 583 -- 12 % 20 % -- 6 % 30 % -- 33 % Change Research ( D - Gillum ) May 8 -- 11 , 2018 1,107 ± 3.0 % 13 % 13 % -- 3 % 20 % -- 52 % Florida Atlantic University May 4 -- 7 , 2018 372 ± 3.0 % 6 % 15 % -- 10 % 16 % 11 % 42 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) April 10 -- 11 , 2018 491 -- 8 % 23 % -- 4 % 29 % -- 36 % Public Policy Polling March 23 -- 25 , 2018 613 -- 8 % 19 % -- 5 % 22 % -- 46 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 -- -- 11 % 9 % 2 % 2 % 13 % -- 64 % Saint Leo University February 18 -- 24 , 2018 190 -- 10 % 17 % 5 % 7 % 8 % 3 % 50 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 -- -- 9 % 12 % 1 % 2 % 12 % -- 63 % Mason - Dixon January 29 -- February 1 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 10 % 20 % -- 4 % 17 % -- 49 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 -- -- 12 % 18 % 2 % 3 % 6 % -- 60 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob Buckhorn Kathy Castor Buddy Dyer Andrew Gillum Gwen Graham Jeff Greene Grant Hill Chris King Philip Levine John Morgan Patrick Murphy Jeremy Ring Katherine Fernandez Rundle Jack Seiler Other Undecided Frederick Polls April 23 -- 28 , 2018 750 ± 3.6 % -- -- -- 6 % 14 % -- -- 2 % 20 % -- 14 % -- -- -- -- 44 % Saint Leo University November 19 -- 24 , 2017 181 -- -- 2 % -- 6 % 9 % 2 % 2 % 3 % 2 % 13 % -- -- 5 % -- 2 % 53 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 263 -- -- -- -- 6 % 16 % -- -- 2 % 4 % 23 % -- -- -- -- 4 % 44 % Saint Leo University September 10 -- 16 , 2017 190 -- -- 3 % -- 5 % 7 % 1 % 4 % 4 % 1 % 12 % 13 % -- 5 % -- 3 % 44 % Florida Atlantic University August 24 -- 26 , 2017 297 ± 6.5 % -- -- -- 9 % 14 % -- -- 4 % 8 % 19 % -- -- -- -- -- 47 % Gravis Marketing April 4 -- 10 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- 13 % 11 % 1 % -- -- 3 % -- 14 % -- -- -- 3 % 55 % Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- 23 % 8 % 0 % -- -- 1 % 9 % 24 % -- -- -- -- 36 % Saint Leo University March 3 -- 11 , 2017 203 -- 3 % 5 % 6 % 4 % 4 % -- -- -- 5 % 9 % 20 % 2 % -- 2 % 4 % 40 % Cherry Communications December 3 -- 8 , 2016 -- -- 5 % -- -- 8 % 16 % -- -- -- 5 % 15 % -- -- -- -- 4 % 45 % Saint Leo University November 27 -- 30 , 2016 -- -- 5 % 4 % 5 % -- 5 % -- -- -- 3 % 20 % -- 1 % -- 1 % 7 % 49 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Gillum ( show ) < 30 % 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % Graham ( show ) < 30 % 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Levine ( show ) < 30 % 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Andrew Gillum 517,417 34.3 % Democratic Gwen Graham 472,735 31.3 % Democratic Philip Levine 306,450 20.3 % Democratic Jeff Greene 151,935 10.1 % Democratic Chris King 37,464 2.5 % Democratic John Wetherbee 14,355 1.0 % Democratic Alex `` Lundy '' Lundmark 8,628 0.6 % Total votes 1,508,984 100.0 % Other parties and independents ( edit ) Reform Party ( declared candidates ) ( edit ) Darcy Richardson , author , 2012 Democratic candidate for President , 1988 US Senate candidate , 1980 Pennsylvania Auditor general candidate Libertarian Party ( withdrawn candidates ) ( edit ) Riquet Caballero , banker , Afro - Cuban activist , and former member of the Black Affairs Advisory Board of Miami - Dade County . Ended campaign to run for State House District 108 Randy Wiseman , former Republican Chair of the Lake County School Board , Republican candidate for the State House in 2004 and candidate for Mayor of Mount Dora in 2013 Constitution Party ( withdrawn candidates ) ( edit ) Daniel P. Zutler , small business owner ; Independent candidate for President in 2016 Independents ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ryan Christopher Foley Kyle `` KC '' Gibson Raphael Herman Bruce Stanley Declined ( edit ) Grant Hill , former basketball player John Morgan , personal injury lawyer and medical marijuana advocate Ellen Marie Wilds Endorsements ( edit ) show John Morgan ( declined ) Snoop Dogg , rapper and actor Roger Stone , political activist and consultant General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Tossup August 16 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Tossup June 1 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Tossup August 16 , 2018 Daily Kos Tossup August 13 , 2018 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 39 % 36 % 25 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 35 % 38 % 27 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 29 % 33 % 37 % Hypothetical polling with Ron DeSantis and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Other Undecided Frederick Polls ( D ) August 16 -- 20 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 40 % 44 % -- -- Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 31 % 36 % 9 % 24 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 38 % 42 % -- 20 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 34 % 44 % -- 22 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 506 ± 4.5 % 16 % 22 % 13 % 49 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) April 10 -- 11 , 2018 661 -- 36 % 40 % -- 24 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 30 % 33 % -- 37 % with Ron DeSantis and Jeff Greene Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis ( R ) Jeff Greene ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 39 % 39 % 22 % with Ron DeSantis and Chris King Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis ( R ) Chris King ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 35 % 37 % 29 % with Ron DeSantis and Philip Levine Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis ( R ) Philip Levine ( D ) Other Undecided Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 30 % 34 % 11 % 25 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 40 % 38 % -- 22 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) June 18 -- 19 , 2018 1,308 -- 36 % 41 % -- -- Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 33 % 43 % -- 24 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 506 ± 4.5 % 17 % 22 % 12 % 49 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) April 10 -- 11 , 2018 661 -- 37 % 42 % -- 22 % with Adam Putnam and Andrew Gillum Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 41 % 35 % 29 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 39 % 42 % 20 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 34 % 28 % 38 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 30 % 30 % 40 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 31 % 31 % 39 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 -- 40 % 33 % -- Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 32 % 31 % 37 % with Adam Putnam and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Other Undecided Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 36 % 31 % 9 % 24 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 40 % 39 % -- 20 % Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 39 % 45 % -- 17 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 506 ± 4.5 % 25 % 20 % 13 % 43 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) April 10 -- 11 , 2018 661 -- 36 % 37 % -- 27 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 34 % 32 % -- 34 % Saint Leo University February 18 -- 24 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 22 % 18 % 14 % 45 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 33 % 29 % -- 38 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 32 % 32 % -- 37 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 -- 39 % 37 % -- -- Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 32 % 34 % -- 35 % Cherry Communications December 3 -- 8 , 2016 606 -- 39 % 36 % -- 25 % Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 34 % 37 % -- 30 % with Adam Putnam and Jeff Greene Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Jeff Greene ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 41 % 39 % 20 % with Adam Putnam and Chris King Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Chris King ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 39 % 38 % 23 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 -- 40 % 31 % -- with Adam Putnam and Philip Levine Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Philip Levine ( D ) Other Undecided Saint Leo University August 10 -- 16 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 37 % 30 % 9 % 25 % Gravis Marketing July 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,840 ± 2.3 % 43 % 38 % -- 19 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) June 18 -- 19 , 2018 1,308 -- 38 % 43 % -- -- Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 39 % 43 % -- 19 % Saint Leo University May 25 -- 31 , 2018 506 ± 4.5 % 24 % 20 % 11 % 44 % Public Policy Polling ( D - EDGE Comms . ) April 10 -- 11 , 2018 661 -- 37 % 41 % -- 23 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 -- 40 % 32 % -- -- with Bob White and Andrew Gillum Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob White ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 28 % 38 % 35 % with Bob White and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob White ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 27 % 44 % 29 % with Bob White and Chris King Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob White ( R ) Chris King ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 28 % 36 % 36 % with Bob White and Philip Levine Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob White ( R ) Philip Levine ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 29 % 42 % 29 % with generic Republican and Democrat Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Generic Republican Generic Democrat Undecided Morning Consult May 29 -- 30 , 2018 1,199 ± 3.0 % 38 % 40 % 22 % Quinnipiac University February 23 -- 26 , 2018 1,156 ± 3.6 % 37 % 45 % 18 % with Richard Corcoran and Andrew Gillum Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 27 % 41 % 32 % Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 26 % 33 % 42 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 26 % 33 % 41 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 23 % 32 % 46 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 22 % 33 % 45 % with Richard Corcoran and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 27 % 44 % 29 % Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 29 % 34 % 38 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 28 % 32 % 40 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 24 % 33 % 44 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 24 % 33 % 43 % with Richard Corcoran and Chris King Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Chris King ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 29 % 39 % 32 % with Richard Corcoran and Philip Levine Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Philip Levine ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing May 31 -- June 15 , 2018 485 ± 4.5 % 29 % 43 % 28 % with Richard Corcoran and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) John Morgan ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 27 % 39 % 34 % with David Jolly and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error David Jolly ( R ) John Morgan ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 31 % 42 % 27 % with Jeff Atwater and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jeff Atwater ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 32 % 40 % 28 % with Jeff Atwater and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jeff Atwater ( R ) John Morgan ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 34 % 41 % 25 % with Pam Bondi and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Pam Bondi ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 36 % 44 % 20 % with Pam Bondi and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Pam Bondi ( R ) John Morgan ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 35 % 45 % 20 % with David Jolly and Gwen Graham Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error David Jolly ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) Undecided Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 29 % 40 % 31 % with Andrew Putnam , Andrew Gillum , and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) John Morgan ( I ) Undecided Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 28 % 23 % 16 % 34 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 27 % 20 % 17 % 36 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 26 % 22 % 18 % 34 % with Andrew Putnam , Gwen Graham , and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) John Morgan ( I ) Undecided Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 29 % 22 % 17 % 32 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 28 % 21 % 17 % 34 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 27 % 23 % 17 % 33 % with Richard Corcoran , Andrew Gillum , and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) John Morgan ( I ) Undecided Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 25 % 23 % 17 % 34 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 20 % 21 % 17 % 41 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 20 % 23 % 19 % 39 % with Richard Corcoran , Gwen Graham , and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Corcoran ( R ) Gwen Graham ( D ) John Morgan ( I ) Undecided Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 26 % 21 % 16 % 37 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 20 % 23 % 16 % 41 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 20 % 24 % 18 % 38 % with Adam Putnam and John Morgan Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Adam Putnam ( R ) John Morgan ( D ) Other Undecided Saint Leo University November 19 -- 24 , 2017 500 ± 4.5 % 19 % 24 % 8 % 49 % Cherry Communications September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 -- 40 % 37 % -- -- Saint Leo University September 10 -- 16 , 2017 500 ± 4.5 % 18 % 24 % 16 % 42 % Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 33 % 34 % -- 32 % Saint Leo University March 3 -- 11 , 2017 507 ± 4.5 % 20 % 26 % 13 % 42 % Cherry Communications December 3 -- 8 , 2016 606 -- 40 % 37 % -- 23 % Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 35 % 39 % -- 26 % Results ( edit ) Florida gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ron DeSantis Democratic Andrew Gillum Reform Darcy G. Richardson Independent Ryan Christopher Foley Independent Kyle `` KC '' Gibson Independent Raphael Herman Independent Bruce Stanley Total votes 100.0 % See also ( edit ) Florida portal Politics portal List of Governors of Florida United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Florida gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2018 '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tackett , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` An Exodus From Puerto Rico Could Remake Florida Politics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference : 4 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking system - Florida Division of Elections - Department of State '' . dos.elections.myflorida.com . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mascitti , Carly ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Northwest Panhandle Tax Party '' . WMBB . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Putnam kicks off campaign for governor in hometown '' . Sun - Sentinel . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derby , Kevin ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Liberty Caucus Chairman Bob White Jumps in Gubernatorial Race '' . Sunshine State News . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Kaitlyn ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Political Outsider Dr. Usha Jain Jumps Into 2018 Florida Gubernatorial Election '' . I Agree to See . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Latvala , newest candidate for Florida governor , hits the campaign trail '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Danny ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Latvala officially out of Governor 's race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Angel ( @ Angelluisr ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` # ThankYou '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosica , James L. ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Names emerging for 2018 governor 's race '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` A leading Florida political figure rules out another campaign '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Jeremy ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pam Bondi says she is not running for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Emily . `` Florida 's second most powerful Republican just passed on the governor 's race and endorsed Adam Putnam '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , Steve ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` UNF President John Delaney announces he will retire in 2018 '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schorsch , Peter ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Huckabee for Florida Governor ? '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Kelly ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Huckabee wows GOP audience in Okaloosa '' . Northwest Florida Daily News . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Corcoran -- Florida 's powerful new House speaker '' . Sun - Sentinel . November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Missing : Outsider businessman in GOP primary for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Buzz : Political insiders think Marco Rubio might run for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kane , Paul ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` An exhausted Marco Rubio returns to Senate , vows not to accept VP or run for governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auslen , Michael ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Former House Speaker Will Weatherford wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Ron DeSantis is a brilliant young leader , Yale and then Harvard Law , who would make a GREAT Governor of Florida . He loves our Country and is a true FIGHTER ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Gancarski , A.G. ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brothers from a different mother ' : Lenny Curry endorses Ron DeSantis '' . Florida Politics . Jump up ^ Smiley , David ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ron DeSantis picks up key endorsement : Incoming Florida House Speaker Jose Oliva '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Lemongello , Steven ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` Puerto Rico Lt. Gov. Luis Rivera Marín endorses Ron DeSantis for governor '' . Orlando Sentinel . ^ Jump up to : Caputo , Marc ; Glorioso , Alexandra ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Billionaire kingmakers swarm Florida governor 's race after Trump endorsement '' . Politico . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://friendsofrondesantis.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/fordcont0720b.pdf Jump up ^ Hollyfield , Amy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Hannity ' completely supports ' Ron DeSantis for Florida governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Kashuv , Kyle ( @ KyleKashuv ) ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` The great @ RonDeSantisFL @ RepDeSantis is running for Florida governor ; we NEED to make sure he WINS . As we 've seen , we need to DRAIN the FLORIDA SWAMP and there 's no one better to do it than Rep. DeSantis . He 's got my family 's vote and I hope he 'll get yours Vote DeSantis ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Ron ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Mark Levin Endorses Ron DeSantis for Governor '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Maga Gold Hat NRA Aka Goldy . `` @ RonDeSantisFL event July 18 th in Orlando with @ DonaldJTrumpJr '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ; Nussbaum , Matthew ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Pence PAC shaping Republican governor races , with an eye on 2020 '' . Politico . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Powers . `` American Conservative Union endorses Ron DeSantis '' . Florida Politics . Jump up ^ Emily L. Mahoney ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Koch - backed super PAC endorses Ron DeSantis for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Lucas , John ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Ron DeSantis continues to build momentum , picks up first endorsement from a statewide association '' . The Capitolist . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Everglades champion and Big Sugar foe endorses Ron DeSantis and Gwen Graham in governor primaries '' . Sun Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Here are the Miami Herald recommendations for the Aug. 28 primary '' . Miami Herald . August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Putnam Joins Brigade Members at Bay of Pigs Museum ; Earns Endorsement of Former Congressman Lincoln Diaz - Balart '' . Adam Putnam for Governor . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Tyra ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` Gainer , Bay supporters host Putnam '' . The News Herald . Jump up ^ Adam Putnam . `` I 'm honored to have the support of Lt. Gov @ LopezCantera . He has worked tirelessly to lead our state alongside @ FLGovScott , rebuilding our economy and delivering jobs to Floridians '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Kirby ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` 9 Tampa Bay area sheriffs endorse Adam Putnam for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Gancarski , A.G. ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Unanimous pick : Associated Builders and Contractors endorse Adam Putnam for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Chamber of Commerce endorses Adam Putnam for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Family Action backs Adam Putnam '' . Orlando Rising . Jump up ^ `` Fraternal Order of Police Endorse Adam Putnam for Governor '' . FLA News Online . June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Police union endorses Graham , Putnam in governor 's races '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ A.G. Gancarski ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Firefighters endorse Adam Putnam , Sean Shaw , Denise Grimsley '' . Florida Politics . Jump up ^ `` AIF Backs Adam Putnam for Governor '' . Sunshine State News . July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Putnam has done his homework , paid his dues and deserves to be the GOP nominee for governor '' . Sun - Sentinel . August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Times recommends : For Republicans , Adam Putnam for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Latvala files for Florida governor , becoming latest Tampa Bay candidate '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Derby , Kevin ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ron Paul Endorses Bob White for Governor '' . Sunshine State News . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Nathan with 4 % Jump up ^ Bruce Nathan 4 % , Don Baldauf 3 % , Timothy Devine 2 % , someone else 4.5 % Jump up ^ Timothy Devine with 2 % ; Don Baldauf , Bob Langford , and Bruce Nathan with 1 % ; John Joseph Mercadante with 0 % Jump up ^ Bruce Nathan with 2 % , Don Baldouf , Timothy Levine , Bob Langford , and John Joseph Mercadante with 0 % Jump up ^ Bruce Nathan with 3 % , Ellen Wilds with 2 % , Timothy Devine and Armando Rivas with 1 % , someone else with 5 % Jump up ^ Armando Rivas with 4 % Jump up ^ Tim Devine , Ellen Wilds , Armando Rivas , and Bruce Nathan with 1 % ; Raphael Herman , Issak Almaleh , Joseph Mercadante , Frederick Dee Buntin , and Don Baldauf with < 0.5 % ; Usha Jain with 0 % ; other with 1 % Jump up ^ David Adams 8 % , Tim Devine 5 % , Bruce Nathan 2 % , Don Baldauf 1 % , someone else 8 % Jump up ^ Bruce Nathan 2 % , Angel Luis Rivera 2 % , someone else 5 % Jump up ^ Jackie Siegel 2 % , Ron Bergeron 1 % , Angel Luis Rivera 1 % , Daniel Zutler 1 % , someone else 5 % Jump up ^ Daniel Zutler 3 % , Jackie Siegel 2 % , Ron Bergeron 1 % , Bruce Nathan 1 % , Angel Luis Rivera 1 % , Usha Jain 0 % , someone else 3 % Jump up ^ Burlew , Jeff ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gillum running for governor in 2018 '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Former congresswoman Gwen Graham announces run for Florida governor '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Gray . `` Jeff Greene enters crowded Democratic governor 's race '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Van Sickler , Michael ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic field for governor is getting crowded : Chris King announces '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Miami Beach Mayor Philip Levine is Florida 's newest candidate for governor '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking system - Florida Division of Elections - Department of State '' . dos.elections.myflorida.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Meet John Wetherbee Democrat for Governor '' . John Wetherbee for Governor . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking system - Florida Division of Elections - Department of State '' . dos.elections.myflorida.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2018 ( August 28 Democratic primary ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Danielson , Richard ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tampa Mayor Bob Buckhorn wo n't seek Democratic nomination for governor in 2018 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jeff ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kathy Castor Casts an Eye on Tallahassee '' . Sunshine State News . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kathy Castor not ruling out future run for higher office '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leary , Alex ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Crist already fundraising for next election '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morning Digest : Scared off by pro-Trump purists , Dean Heller will run for re-election , not governor '' . Daily Kos Elections . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosica , James L. ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Names emerging for 2018 governor 's race '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Torres , Frank ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Buddy Dyer `` unequivocally '' not running for governor , but would consider UCF presidency `` . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ March , William ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Buckhorn drops hints future could hold run for governor '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Higdon ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can weed make John Morgan Governor of Florida ? '' . Politico . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Paul ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Attorney John Morgan considering run for governor '' . WFLA - TV . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schorsch , Peter ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Take seriously the idea of John Morgan running for governor in 2018 '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Morgan : I 'm leaving Democratic party , Nelson should run for governor '' . Politico PRO . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Leary , Alex ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Murphy and David Jolly making an unprecedented bipartisan run for Florida governor ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leary , Alex ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Nelson for governor ? Nah '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klas , Mary Ellen ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` State Sen. Jeremy Ring say he too is exploring a run for governor in 2018 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeremy Ring says he 'll decide on CFO race after 2017 Session '' . SaintPetersBlog . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Democrats strategize for 2018 in a world dominated by Donald Trump '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Andrew Gillum picks up Julian Castro 's endorsement in Governor 's race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kirby ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STATEMENT : Gillum Announces Rep. Luis Gutiérrez 's Endorsement '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Andrew Gillum for Governor . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Adam C. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Alcee Hastings : Andrew Gillum is best choice for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Gillum touts endorsement from California Congressman Ro Khanna '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Frederica Wilson endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aramis Ayala , Florida 's first elected African - American state attorney , endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . July 17 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Fairfax endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . July 17 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/davezuckermanvt/status/1034809371627343872?s=21 ^ Jump up to : Bennett , George ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dem endorsement derby : Gillum adds another Palm Beach County backer in governor 's race '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Call , James ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` State Rep. Alexander endorses Gillum for governor '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Call , James ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Loranne Ausley backs Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Endorsements : Randolph Bracy for Andrew Gillum , Clovis Watson for Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kamia Brown endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Koh , Elizabeth ; Wilson , Kirby ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Behind in dollars and polls , Andrew Gillum hopes to boost black turnout in race for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Another state lawmaker , Patrick Henry , backs Andrew Gillum '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STATEMENT : Former Sen. Tony Hill Endorses Gillum for Governor '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Andrew Gillum for Governor . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement watch : Al Jacquet supports Andrew Gillum '' . SaintPetersBlog . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gancarski , A.G. ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Mia Jones backs Andrew Gillum for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Bakari ( @ Bakari_Sellers ) ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lets get it ! While we worry about 2018 House and Senate , lets watch @ AndrewGillum , the next Governor of Florida '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Carlos Smith endorses Andrew Gillum in Governor 's race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Thurston backs Andrew Gillum for Governor '' . Florida Politics . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Gillum focuses on northeast Florida and picks up endorsements '' . The Capitolist . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` STATEMENT : More Florida Local Elected Officials Endorse Gillum for Governor '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Andrew Gillum for Governor . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Gillum announces a dozen endorsements from local leaders '' . Florida Politics . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Carol ; Guniss , Carolyn ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Florida gubernatorial candidate Andrew Gillum to hold press event in Miramar Thursday '' . The Miami Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SvanteMyrick ( @ SvanteMyrick ) ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Young black progressive Mayor is running for Governor of Florida . @ AndrewGillum is the first candidate I 've ever maxed out to . I believe in him . But its uphill because all his opponents are millionaires . Now he 's got @ NextGenAmerica behind him and I believe that he will win '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gainesville Mayor Lauren Poe and City Commissioner Adrian Hayes - Santos endorse Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schorsch , Peter ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunburn for 7.7. 17 -- John Morgan 's world ; Shake - up in Andrew Gillum campaign ; Phil Levine 's big haul ; Kim McDougal to GrayRobinson ; R.I.P. Frank Matthews '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Gillum picks up Broward County endorsement '' . Florida Politics . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Gillum picks up Broward County endorsement '' . Florida Politics . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schweers , Jeffrey ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mayor promises to bring jobs , education home to Florida '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STATEMENT : Palm Beach Supporters Stand with Gillum after Greene 's Entrance '' ( Press release ) . Palm Beach County , Florida : Andrew Gillum for Governor . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner Emily Bonilla Endorses Andrew Gillum '' . Florida Politics . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Palm Beach tax collector joins growing list of Dems behind Andrew Gillum '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Dan ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago is not Gov. Scott 's kind of town '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade Commissioner Barbara Jordan backs Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Kathrine ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Gillum to Campaign With Broward Property Appraiser Marty Kiar '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les & Gwen Miller Endorse Gillum '' . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kam , Dara ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Progressives seek path to Florida governor 's mansion through Andrew Gillum '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm supporting @ AndrewGillum for Florida governor because he 's a brave , smart movement builder who has a progressive vision for his state '' . Florida Politics . August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will support whatever Democrat is on the ballot in the Florida Governor race this Fall , we 'll select a good one either way , but @ AndrewGillum is such an inspiring leader that I 'd urge Sunshine State voters to pick him in the primary . He 's surging and can pull off the upset '' . Florida Politics . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Are you READY to WIN Florida ? ? ? ! ! ! # GillumTime '' . July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thank you , @ Diddy ! If we vote , we win '' . Florida Politics . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` While I 'd be proud to vote for @ AndrewGillum or @ GwenGraham for Florida Governor in November , after careful consideration , I must vote my conscience in the primary . That is why I am voting for Andrew Gillum '' . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ... in just a few minutes to talk about @ AndrewGillum and why everybody in Florida needs to show up and vote for him today . He has surged into 2nd place , but that poll was just of landlines . We believe he 's in 1st and WILL WIN '' . Florida Politics . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/johniadarola/status/1034597742662770689 Jump up ^ Schweers , Jeffrey ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Gillum gets endorsement from former boss Norman Lear '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ammann , Phil ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Alec Baldwin , Alyssa Milano raising money for Andrew Gillum '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kirby ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Gillum nets endorsement from former Florida Democratic Party chair Bob Poe '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # Florida let 's # Vote # AndrewGillum for Governor ! '' . Florida Politics . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This is the man I 'll be voting for . Join me Florida ! '' . Florida Politics . August 26 , 2018 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kirby ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` George Soros has picked his candidate in the Florida governor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schorsch , Peter ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Big get : Andrew Gillum endorsed by Tom Steyer 's NextGen America '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Marc ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` UNF poll : Sen. Nelson over Gov. Scott by 6 -- J.K. Rowling v. Florida Man , Roger Stone -- Gillum 's gets -- Playbook March madness '' . Politico . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Caucus Endorses Andrew Gillum '' . July 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Gillum lands another endorsement from a national progressive group '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Democracy for America endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FLIC Votes ; Endorses Mayor Andrew Gillum for Florida Governor '' . July 18 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indivisble Action Tampa Bay Endorses Andrew Gillum for Governor of Florida '' . WMNF . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Nurses United Endorses Andrew Gillum for Governor of Florida '' ( Press release ) . National Nurses United . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kirby ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders - linked group endorses Andrew Gillum for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Kathrine ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` People for the American Way Endorses Andrew Gillum for Governor '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Kirby ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Gillum nabs endorsements from two national progressive groups '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Note : Tammy Duckworth endorses Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` N.Y. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand hearts Gwen Graham for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Gov. Bob Graham supports daughter Gwen in Governor race '' . WCTV . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kirby ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Gwen Graham gets Kathy Castor 's endorsement for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Adam ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham picks up Tampa Bay endorsements for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steny Hoyer endorses Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nir , David ; Singer , Jeff ; Wolf , Stephen ; Fiddler , Carolyn ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Morning Digest : GOP Rep. Ed Royce announces shock retirement , giving Democrats a top pickup chance '' . Daily Kos Elections . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlew , Jeff ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman John Lewis endorses Gwen Graham '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Leader Ted Lieu Endorses Graham for Governor '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Graham for Governor . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Murphy to endorse Gwen Graham in governor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hollyfield , Amy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Betty Castor endorses Gwen Graham , takes shot at rival Philip Levine 's comments on work '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Dean Endorses Gwen Graham in Florida Governor 's Race '' . Sunshine State News . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Gwen Graham campaign touts support from former CFO Alex Sink '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham gets backing of Amy Mercado , Lori Berman , Barbara Watson '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham grabs four Democratic women leaders ' endorsements '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham draws more endorsements : Steelworkers , Mark Pafford , Katie Edwards , John Cortes '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` More Jacksonville Democrats endorse Gwen Graham for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Drew ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Diamond endorses Gwen Graham for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Florida Representatives Endorse Gwen Graham '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Graham for Governor . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Drew ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` Arthenia Joyner backs Gwen Graham for Governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham touts endorsements from Jon Mills , environmental leaders '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Moskowitz Endorses Graham for Governor '' ( Press release ) . Graham for Governor . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Three Tampa Bay Democratic lawmakers line up behind Gwen Graham for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , George ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dem endorsement derby : Gwen Graham adds two from Palm Beach County '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Victor Torres jumps on Gwen Graham bandwagon '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Florida Leaders Endorse Gwen Graham as a Fighter for Florida Families '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Graham for Governor . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham announces backings of three South Florida mayors '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Call , James ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Leon commissioners endorse Graham for governor '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benk , Ryan ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Gwen Graham Picks Up More Jacksonville Endorsements For Florida Governor '' . WJCT . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Trailblazing ' Pat Frank endorses Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Gwen Graham touts endorsements from mayor , two former mayors '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Gwen Graham nabs Palm Beach County Mayor 's endorsement '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Graham picks up Nan Rich 's endorsement '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Ryan ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Fort Lauderdale mayor endorses Gwen Graham for governor '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlew , Jeff ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Gil Ziffer endorses Gwen Graham for governor '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlew , Jeff ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` The Margaritaville vote : Gwen Graham lands Jimmy Buffett endorsement '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roen , Terry ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Eight grassroots leaders give thumbs up to Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torres , Frank ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Pro Choice Champion Wendy Davis endorses Gwen Graham for Florida Governor '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` EMILY 's List to back Gwen Graham in governor 's race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Gwen Graham called ' dream candidate ' in teachers union endorsement '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Police union endorses Gwen Graham , Adam Putnam in governor 's races '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Aerospace workers ' union endorses Gwen Graham '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's List : After 20 Years of Republican Rule , It 's Time for a Woman to Fix Tallahassee 's Broken Government '' ( Press release ) . Tallahassee , Florida : Graham for Governor . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Everglades champion and Big Sugar foe endorses Ron DeSantis and Gwen Graham in governor primaries '' . Sun - Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : In Dem primary , Graham best shot to win in November '' . The Palm Beach Post . August 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Times recommends : for Democrats , Gwen Graham for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . August 3 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Democrats should nominate smart and savvy Palm Beach billionaire Jeff Greene for governor '' . Sun - Sentinel . August 5 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Chris King picks up Nick Duran 's endorsement in Democrats ' governor race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torres , Frank ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Former Orange County Mayor Linda Chapin endorses Chris King for Governor '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Chris King gets backing of Eatonville Mayor Eddie Cole '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Union lines up behind Chris King for governor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Philip Levine announces Ed Rendell 's endorsement '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schorsch , Peter ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Sunburn -- The morning read of what 's hot in Florida politics -- 3.14. 18 '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lipscomb , Jessica ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Miami Beach Commissioner 's Endorsement of Philip Levine Might Have Violated Florida Law '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Philip Levine adds to his South Florida endorsements list '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Padró Ocasio , Bianca ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz endorses Philip Levine for governor '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mazzei , Patricia ; Flechas , Joey ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Miami Beach mayor enters governor 's race : ' I call ' em like I see ' em ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Gray ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Philip Levine gets radio ad endorsement from Ray Allen '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal makes endorsement in Florida governor 's race '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here is the Miami Herald 's recommendation for Governor in the Aug. 28 Democratic primary '' . Miami Herald . August 12 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex `` Lundy '' Lundmark and John Wetherbee with 1 % Jump up ^ Alex `` Lundy '' Lundmark with 1 % , John Wetherbee with 0 % Jump up ^ Alex `` Lundy '' Lundmark and John Wetherbee with 0 % Jump up ^ Louis McClanahan 2 % , Josue Larose 1 % , someone else 8 % Jump up ^ `` Campaign 2018 '' . August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caballero , Riquet ( June 16 , 201 ) . `` Campaign Facebook page '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Former Lake County School Board Chair Randy Wiseman to run as Libertarian candidate for Governor in 2018 ( withdrew on 5 / 8 / 18 ) '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaGrone , Paul ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The list of candidates for Florida 's next governor is growing '' . WFTS - TV . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Kate ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` John Morgan tells Tampa crowd `` do n't count me out '' of 2018 governor 's race -- and raising the minimum wage would be a priority if he wins `` . Creative Loafing . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Morgan says no to independent bid for Florida governor '' . January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandoval , Erik ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Roger Stone endorse John Morgan for governor '' . Click Orlando . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Ron DeSantis ( R ) for Governor Andrew Gillum ( D ) for Governor Darcy Richardson ( Reform ) for Governor Bruce Stanley ( No Party Affiliation ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. 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About Wikipedia	who is the republican candidate for florida governor	[ "Florida gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nRon DeSantis\n\nAndrew Gillum\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning mate\n\nTBD\n\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nRick Scott\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Ron DeSantis" ]
4300296692892573118	List of adaptations of works by Stephen King	List of adaptations of works by Stephen King - wikipedia List of adaptations of works by Stephen King Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of media based on work by Stephen King ( including the Richard Bachman titles ) . Note that aside from Creepshow 2 , the sequels are only tangentially related to Stephen King 's work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 2 Television 3 Comic books 4 Stage 5 Music 6 References Film ( edit ) 1976 Carrie ( based on the novel from 1974 ) 1980 The Shining ( based on the novel from 1977 ) 1982 Creepshow ( consists of five short films ; two based on the short stories `` Weeds '' from 1976 and `` The Crate '' from 1979 , the rest King wrote specifically for the film ) 1983 Cujo ( based on the novel from 1981 ) 1983 The Dead Zone ( based on the novel from 1979 ) 1983 Christine ( based on the novel from 1983 ) 1984 Children of the Corn ( based on the short story from 1977 ) 1984 Firestarter ( based on the novel from 1980 ) 1985 Cat 's Eye ( consists of three short films ; two based on the short stories `` Quitters , Inc . '' from 1978 and `` The Ledge '' from 1976 , the other one was written specifically for the film ) 1985 Silver Bullet ( based on the novella Cycle of the Werewolf from 1983 ) 1986 Maximum Overdrive ( based on the short story `` Trucks '' from 1973 ) 1986 Stand by Me ( based on the novella The Body from 1982 ) 1987 Creepshow 2 ( sequel to the 1982 film , consists of three short films ; one based on the short story `` The Raft '' from 1982 , the other two were written specifically for the film ) 1987 The Lawnmower Man : A Suburban Nightmare ( short film based on the short story from 1975 ) 1987 A Return to Salem 's Lot ( sequel to the 1979 mini-series ) 1987 The Running Man ( based on the novel from 1982 ) 1989 Pet Sematary ( based on the novel from 1983 ) 1990 Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( consists of three short films ; one based on the short story `` The Cat from Hell '' from 1977 , the other two have no connection to King ) 1990 Graveyard Shift ( based on the short story from 1970 ) 1990 Misery ( based on the novel from 1987 ) 1992 The Lawnmower Man ( An adaptation in title only . King eventually sued New Line Cinema in order to have his name removed from the film 's title ) 1992 Sleepwalkers ( original screenplay ) 1992 Pet Sematary Two ( sequel to the 1989 film ) 1992 Children of the Corn II : The Final Sacrifice ( sequel to the 1984 film ; only sequel to be released theatrically ) 1993 The Dark Half ( based on the novel from 1989 ) 1993 Needful Things ( based on the novel from 1990 ) 1994 The Shawshank Redemption ( based on the novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption from 1982 ) 1995 The Mangler ( based on the short story from 1972 ) 1995 Dolores Claiborne ( based on the novel from 1992 ) 1995 Children of the Corn III : Urban Harvest ( sequel to the 1993 film ; first sequel to be released straight to video ) 1996 The Lawnmower Man 2 : Beyond Cyberspace ( sequel to the 1992 film ) 1996 Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( sequel to the 1991 TV film ) 1996 Children of the Corn IV : The Gathering ( sequel to the 1995 film ) 1996 Thinner ( based on the novel from 1984 ) 1997 The Night Flier ( based on the short story from 1988 ) 1998 Children of the Corn V : Fields of Terror ( sequel to the 1996 film ) 1998 Apt Pupil ( based on the novella from 1982 ) 1998 Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( sequel to the 1996 film ) 1999 The Rage : Carrie 2 ( sequel to the 1976 film ) 1999 Children of the Corn 666 : Isaac 's Return ( sequel to the 1998 film ) 1999 The Green Mile ( based on the novel from 1996 ) 2001 Hearts in Atlantis ( based on the novella Low Men In Yellow Coats from 1999 ) 2001 Children of the Corn : Revelation ( sequel to the 1999 film ) 2002 The Mangler 2 ( sequel to the 1995 film ) 2002 Firestarter : Rekindled ( sequel to the 1984 film ) 2003 Dreamcatcher ( based on the novel from 2001 ) 2004 Secret Window ( based on the novella Secret Window , Secret Garden from 1990 ) 2004 Riding the Bullet ( based on the novella from 2000 ) 2005 The Mangler Reborn ( sequel to the 2002 film ) 2005 Gotham Cafe ( based on the short story `` Lunch at the Gotham Café '' from 1995 ) 2007 Creepshow III ( unofficial sequel to the 1987 film ; consists of five short films , none of which were written by King ) 2007 1408 ( based on the short story from 1999 ) 2007 The Mist ( based on the novella from 1980 ) 2007 No Smoking ( based on the short story Quitters Inc . ) 2009 Dolan 's Cadillac ( based on the short story from 1985 ) 2011 Children of the Corn : Genesis ( reboot ) 2013 Carrie ( third adaptation of the novel from 1974 ) 2014 A Good Marriage ( based on the 2010 novella , Screenplay by Stephen King ) 2014 Mercy ( based on the short story `` Gramma '' from King 's 1985 collection Skeleton Crew ) 2016 Cell ( based on the 2006 novel , Screenplay by Stephen King ) 2017 The Dark Tower ( sequel to book series ) 2017 It ( based on the 1986 novel ) 2017 Gerald 's Game ( based on the 1992 novel ) 2017 1922 ( based on the 2010 novella , released September 23 2017 ) 2017 Children of the Corn : Runaway ( sequel to the 2011 film ) 2019 Pet Sematary ( based on the 1983 novel , in development ) 2019 It : Chapter Two ( based on the 1986 novel , in development ) 2019 In the Tall Grass ( based on the 2012 novella , in development ) Television ( edit ) Series / Movies 1979 Salem 's Lot ( mini-series based on the novel from 1975 ) 1990 It ( mini-series based on the novel from 1986 ) 1991 Sometimes They Come Back ( based on the short story from 1974 ) 1991 Golden Years ( TV series , original screenplay ) 1993 The Tommyknockers ( mini-series based on the novel from 1987 ) 1994 The Stand ( mini-series based on the novel from 1978 ) 1995 The Langoliers ( mini-series based on the novella from 1990 ) 1997 The Shining ( mini-series ; second adaptation of the novel from 1977 ) 1997 Trucks ( based on the short story from 1978 ) 1997 Quicksilver Highway ( consists of two short films ; one based on the short story `` Chattery Teeth '' from 1993 , the other is based on a short story by Clive Barker ) 1998 Woh ( Indian TV series , adapted from the 1990 mini-series It ) 1999 Storm of the Century ( mini-series , original screenplay ) 2002 Rose Red ( mini-series , original screenplay ) 2002 -- 2007 The Dead Zone ( TV series ; second adaptation of the novel from 1979 ) 2002 Carrie ( second adaptation of the novel from 1974 ) 2003 The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( prequel to Rose Red ) 2004 Kingdom Hospital ( TV series based on Lars von Trier 's mini-series The Kingdom ) 2004 Salem 's Lot ( mini-series ; second adaptation of the novel from 1975 ) 2006 Desperation ( based on the novel from 1996 ) 2006 Nightmares and Dreamscapes ( mini-series ; eight episodes based on eight short stories ) 2009 Children of the Corn ( second adaptation of the short story from 1977 ) 2010 -- 2015 Haven ( TV series loosely inspired by characters and situations from the novel The Colorado Kid from 2005 ) 2011 Bag of Bones ( mini-series based on the novel from 1998 ) 2013 -- 2015 Under the Dome ( TV series based on the novel from 2009 ) 2014 Big Driver ( TV movie based on the 2010 novella ) 2016 11.22. 63 ( Hulu Original Programming based on the novel from 2011 ) 2017 The Mist ( Spike TV series based on the 1980 novella ) 2017 Mr. Mercedes ( TV series based on the 2014 novel ) 2018 Castle Rock ( Hulu Original Programming based on short stories ) 2018 The Dark Tower ( TV series based on Wizard And Glass ) Episodes 1984 `` Word Processor of the Gods '' ( episode of Tales from the Darkside based on the short story from 1983 ) 1986 `` Gramma '' ( episode of The Twilight Zone based on the short story from 1984 ) 1987 `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( episode of Tales from the Darkside , original screenplay ) 1991 `` The Moving Finger ( short story ) '' ( episode of Monsters based on the short story from 1990 ) 1997 `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( episode of The Outer Limits based on the short story from 1984 ) 1998 `` Chinga '' ( episode of The X-Files , original screenplay ) 2014 `` Heads Will Roll '' ( episode of Under the Dome ) Comic books ( edit ) The Lawnmower Man 1981 Bizarre Adventures # 29 ( based on the short story `` The Lawnmower Man '' ) Creepshow 1982 Creepshow ( based on the Creepshow film ) The Dark Tower 2007 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger Born ( first spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2008 The Dark Tower : The Long Road Home ( second spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2008 The Dark Tower : Treachery ( third spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2009 The Dark Tower : The Sorcerer ( fourth spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2009 The Dark Tower : The Fall of Gilead ( fifth spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2009 The Dark Tower : Battle of Jericho Hill ( sixth spin - off from the Dark Tower novels , published by Marvel Comics ) 2010 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins ( based on the novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , published by Marvel Comics ) 2010 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria ( based on the short story The Little Sisters of Eluria , published by Marvel Comics ) 2011 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull ( based on the novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , published by Marvel Comics ) 2011 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Way Station ( based on the novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , published by Marvel Comics ) 2012 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Man in Black ( based on the novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , published by Marvel Comics ) The Stand 2008 The Stand : Captain Trips ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) 2009 The Stand : American Nightmares ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) 2009 The Stand : Soul Survivors ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) 2010 The Stand : Hardcases ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) 2011 The Stand : No Mans Land ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) 2011 The Stand : Night Has Come ( based on the novel The Stand , published by Marvel Comics ) The Talisman 2009 The Talisman ( based on the novel The Talisman , published by Del Rey ) N . 2010 N. In March 2010 , Marvel published the first issue of a comic book adaptation of N. , a limited series of four issues . Road Rage 2012 Road Rage ( based on the novella `` Throttle '' ) The Little Green God of Agony 2012 The Little Green God of Agony ( free web - comic on Stephen King 's official website ) Stage ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1988 : Carrie is notorious for its history as a flop on Broadway , and has gained a cult following in recent years . The musical was revived at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in New York , directed by Stafford Arima from January until April 2012 . On September 25 , 2012 , the first official cast recording was released . The new production is currently available to license for amateur productions from Rodgers & Hammerstein Theatricals . 1990 : Ghost Stories was an adaptation of Stephen King 's short stories `` The Return of Timmy Baterman , '' about zombies ; `` Strawberry Spring , '' about a campus serial killer ; `` Gray Matter , '' a black comedy about a hideous mutation caused by a bottle of beer ; `` Uncle Otto 's Truck , '' and `` The Boogeyman , '' about a distraught father 's encounter with a child - killing closet monster , as well as selections from Pet Sematary . Adapted and directed by Robert Pridham , the play premiered at the Arts Center Theatre at Kent Place School in Summit , New Jersey , and toured the United States in the mid-1990s . 1993 : Rage stage play produced by Shane Black and directed by Jim Birge . Originally titled Getting It On , it was intended to premiere in Jasper , Indiana , but scheduling and venue issues forced it to move to the VFW in Santa Claus , Indiana , where it ran from April 23 to May 1 . Venue problems caused the final show , on May 2 , to be canceled . 2005 : Misery stage play by Simon Moore based on 1987 novel . Another adaptation , written by William Goldman ( who wrote the 1990 film ) , premiered on Broadway in 2015 with Bruce Willis and Laurie Metcalf . A musical version also exists , written by Jeff Hockhauser and Bob Johnson . While it has not been staged , a demo recording has circulated on the internet in recent years . 2009 : Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was dramatized by Dave Johns and Owen O'Neill for the Gaiety Theatre , Dublin . A later version , directed by Peter Sheridan , had its world premiere at the Peter Sheridan Theatre in London in September 2010 . A production was mounted at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe directed by Lucy Pitman - Wallace in August 2013 . 2012 : Ghost Brothers of Darkland County , an original musical with book by Stephen King and music and lyrics by John Mellencamp . After a week of previews , it ran at Atlanta 's Alliance Theatre from April 11 to May 13 , 2012 . A concept album was released the following year . 2013 : Dolores Claiborne is an American opera composed by Tobias Picker . It premiered at the San Francisco Opera in Fall 2013 . 2014 : `` The Body '' ( also known as `` Stand By Me '' ) was produced by Chellaston Players in Derby , England . Though an amateur staging ( produced with Stephen King 's permission ) , it received rave reviews . There have also been dramatizations of many of King 's short stories , including `` Nona '' , `` Quitters , Inc . '' , `` In the Deathroom '' , `` Strawberry Spring '' , `` Harvey 's Dream '' , `` The Man Who Loved Flowers '' , `` Mute '' , `` The Ten O'Clock People '' and King 's poem , `` Paranoid : A Chant '' . There have also been alleged stage productions of Rage as well as several parody stage versions of The Shining . Music ( edit ) 1983 : `` The Stand '' , recorded by The Alarm , and was released in the UK as a single . The song 's lyrics were inspired by King 's novel , The Stand . 1985 : `` Lone Justice '' by Anthrax , is based on The Gunslinger . 1984 : `` Horror - Teria : ( The Beginning ) '' from the Twisted Sister album Stay Hungry . The album 's liner notes thank King for inspiring the piece . 1987 : `` Among the Living '' , recorded by Anthrax , is based on The Stand . `` The Walkin ' Dude '' is Randall Flagg , the main villain in the book , and the beginning verse : `` Disease ! Disease ! Spreading the disease ! \ With some help from Captain Trips \ He 'll bring the world down to its knees '' refers to the virus that destroys most of the population in the novel . 1987 : `` A Skeleton in the Closet '' , recorded by Anthrax , is based on the King novella Apt Pupil from the collection Different Seasons . 1987 : `` Severed Survival '' recorded by Autopsy is based on the King short story `` Survivor Type '' . 1988 : `` Misery Loves Company '' by Anthrax , is based on Misery 1989 : `` Pet Sematary '' , recorded by Ramones , a single from their 1989 album Brain Drain . The song is originally written for the King movie adaptation of the same name . The single became one of the Ramones ' biggest radio hits , and a staple in their concerts during the 1990s . 1999 : `` Spit it Out '' , recorded by nu metal band Slipknot , the second single from their self - titled 1999 album was based on The Shining . The music video was more based on the Kubrick film . 2002 : Formation of the Dutch band Delain , who takes the name from Kingdom of Delain , from the novel The Eyes of the Dragon 2006 : The song `` Carry the Blessed Home '' on the Blind Guardian album A Twist in the Myth . It is about Roland Deschain and Jake Chambers at the end of The Dark Tower . 2008 : `` Dull Boy '' , recorded by heavy metal band Mudvayne , a single for both The New Game and their compilation album was based on both The Shining book and Stanley Kubrick 1980 film respectively . 2016 : The song `` Breathing Lightning '' by Anthrax is based on The Dark Tower ' series . References ( edit ) Book : Media based on Stephen King works Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen King . Jump up ^ `` THE STAND : SOUL SURVIVORS # 1 '' . Marvel . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Talisman Graphic Novel Series - Coming Fall 2009 '' ( Press release ) . Stephenking.com . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Green God of Agony - The Free Online eComic '' . StephenKing.com. 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Michael ( May 17 , 2009 ) . `` Actors Who Have Served Their Time Bring Jail Hell Alive ; THEATRE '' . Irish Mail on Sunday . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Moffatt , Michael ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` A Little Escapism in King 's Grim Classic ; THEATRE '' . Mail on Sunday . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Shawshank Redemption -- Edinburgh festival 2013 review '' . The Guardian . August 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_adaptations_of_works_by_Stephen_King&oldid=817760439 '' Categories : Adaptations of works by Stephen King Lists of television series based on works Lists of films based on works Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 11 : 48 . 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-5486206422921963500	The Curse of Oak Island	The Curse of Oak Island - wikipedia The Curse of Oak Island Jump to : navigation , search The Curse of Oak Island Genre Reality Narrated by Robert Clotworthy Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 61 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Burns Camera setup Multiple Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Prometheus Entertainment Distributor A&E Networks Release Original network History Canada Original release January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present External links Website Production website The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5 , 2014 . The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery , showing efforts to explain the historical artifacts found on Oak Island in Nova Scotia , Canada , and to find purported treasure that is rumored to exist there . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Background 1.2 Theories 2 Series overview 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' . Background ( edit ) The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s . Theories ( edit ) The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern , rather dubiously and without evidence , that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 5 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 10 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 13 November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 16 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2017 5 17 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA Production ( edit ) Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which began airing on November 7 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Below '' January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) 2.53 Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal . `` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove '' January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 2.35 A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X . `` Voices from the Grave '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.33 As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island . `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 2.72 A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching . 5 5 `` The Find '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.97 The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Once In , Forever In '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 2.60 After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground . 7 `` Return To The Money Pit '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 2.15 The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material . A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island . 8 `` The Eight - Pointed Star '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 2.23 A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant . Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit . 9 `` The Breakthrough '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 2.15 A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood . 10 5 `` The 90 - Foot Stone '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 2.46 A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing . 11 6 `` Seven Must Dye '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 2.90 Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead . 12 7 `` The Trail of the Templars '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 2.47 While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp . 13 8 `` X Marks the Spot '' December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) 2.72 Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success . 14 9 `` A Dangerous Dive '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 2.59 Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island . 15 10 `` The Big Reveal '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 3.06 Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole . Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 16 `` The Hole Truth '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.26 Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive . 17 `` Pipe Down '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.56 Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure . 18 `` Time to Dig '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.60 Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit . 19 `` The Overton Stone '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3.05 Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings . 20 5 `` Disappearing Act '' December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3.22 The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera . 21 6 `` Carved in Stone '' December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 2.47 Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island . A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past . 22 7 `` The Missing Peace '' December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) 3.40 Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team . 23 8 `` Phantoms of the Deep '' December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) 3.30 The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property . 24 9 `` Columbus Day '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 2.79 The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island . 25 10 `` Silence in the Dark '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 3.11 Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team . 26 11 `` Sword Play '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.82 The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit . 27 12 `` Voices from Below '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.17 The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit . 28 13 `` Secrets and Revelations '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3.41 The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Going for Broke '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.62 The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island . A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then - Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island . 30 `` Always Forward '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.66 While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' . 31 `` Swamp Things '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.97 A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little . 32 `` No Stone Unturned '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 2.95 Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit . 33 5 `` Bullseye '' December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 2.82 A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit . 34 6 `` Circles in Wood '' December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) 3.44 A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area . 35 7 `` All That Glitters '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 3.68 The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored . 36 8 `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 3.43 A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery . 37 9 `` Echoes from the Deep '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 3.35 A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle . 38 10 `` About Face '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 3.04 Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X . 39 11 `` Presidential Secrets '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 3.20 The new examination of borehole 10X concludes . Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island . 40 12 `` Hyde Park & Seek '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 3.15 A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been . 41 13 `` One Of Seven '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 3.24 The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island . 42 14 `` Sticks and Stones '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 3.20 Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole . 43 15 `` Blood is Thicker '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 3.79 The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame ( Ph. D. - History of Art and Architecture ) . Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special . 44 16 `` Drilling Down '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.72 The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 . A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future . Note : This episode is a special . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Forever Family '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.95 A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point . 46 `` Dead Man 's Chest '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.98 The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island . 47 `` Obstruction '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2.85 Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area . 48 `` Close Call '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 3.36 Drilling below bedrock , the team discovers a void in the rock . A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist . Drilling is halted for over a week . A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it . Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island . Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun . 49 5 `` Bone Dry '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 3.16 An iron spike is found on the beach . Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes . Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing . 50 6 `` Remains of the Day '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 3.01 A piece of leather is found . Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash . He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease . The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated . 51 7 `` The Lot Thickens '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 3.13 A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure . It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada . A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding . A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found . 52 8 `` Dan 's Breakthrough '' January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 3.31 The team discovers a horseshoe , a piece of shot and another coin . It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family ( Rochefoucauld ) who participated in the Crusades . The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family . The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory . The testing on the human bone fragments ( found in episode 5 ) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD . 53 9 `` The French Connection '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 3.02 A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24 . It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house . The team theorizes , without evidence , that there must have been a `` watchtower '' on Lot 24 . In France , the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar . A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect . The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar . The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside - down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar . They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the `` Tree of Life '' and that it is the same as Nolan 's Cross on the island . A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an `` earlier version '' of the `` Tree of Life '' . Based on the information discovered in France , the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again . 54 10 `` The Signs Of A Cross '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 3.34 Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented . It is claimed , without any evidence , that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746 . More wood , a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area . The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet . A small lead cross is found at Smith 's Cove . It is theorized , with no supporting evidence , that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600 . 55 11 `` Moving Targets '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 3.32 A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith 's Cove . More pottery fragments , another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8 . The team debates the location of the `` Chappel Vault '' . 56 12 `` A Key to the Mystery '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 3.25 The team gains access to Fred Nolan 's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them . A folding metal key is examined . Searching for a local dumpsite , the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan . Pottery fragments are found in the trench . 57 13 `` Unhinged '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 3.32 More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite . A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found . Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross , but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit . She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old ( dating to 1200 BC ) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit . The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet . 58 14 `` The Templar Connection '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 2.34 A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island . Note : This episode is a special . 59 15 `` Steel Trapped '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 2.99 Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold . She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat - la - Canéda in France . A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods . On examination , the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil . The borehole later fills with water . The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole . 60 16 `` Seeing Red '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 3.02 An excavation is done at Smith 's cove and wood is found . The team plans for further excavations at Smith 's cove next year . A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector . 61 17 `` A Family Album '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1.98 The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family , descendants of Samuel Ball , William Chappell 's family , the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield . The Blankenship / Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed . The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers ' interest in Oak Island . Note : This episode is a special . 62 18 `` Amazing Discoveries '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History to Premiere New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , 1 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Lagina 's Wiki : Net Worth , Brother , Wife & Facts to Know '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan . Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.16. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' leads day , ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Moonshiners ' top originals - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Carved In Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate delivers big numbers for CNN '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Missing Peace Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' win the day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Phantoms of the Deep Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Columbus Day '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Silence in the Dark Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.12. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Sword Play Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Voices From Below '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.26. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island : Season 4 '' . Accessed November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) MacDonald , David ( 1965 ) . `` Treasure Hunt : The Mystery of Oak Island '' . Reader 's Digest -- via readersdigest.ca . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Facebook Page The Curse of Oak Island on IMDb History channel original programming Current , future and returning series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Big Easy Motors Blue Book The Breach Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Lost in Transmission Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People ThingamaBob Vikings Past , canceled and series on hiatus 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats American Ripper Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Documentary films and miniseries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Ancestors in the Attic Barbarians Rising The Bible China 's First Emperor Civil War Combat Conquest of America Countdown to Armageddon Countdown to Ground Zero Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Grounded on 9 / 11 Hatfields & McCoys Hotel Ground Zero Houdini I Missed Flight 93 Mankind : The Story of All of Us Museum Secrets The Occult History of the Third Reich Predator X Quest for King Arthur Roots Search for the Lost City of Gold Shootout ! Sons of Liberty Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed Texas Rising The Century : America 's Time The Exodus Decoded The Man Who Predicted 9 / 11 The Men Who Built America The People Speak Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curse_of_Oak_Island&oldid=828334285 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs English - language television programs 2010s American television series Television shows set in Nova Scotia Oak Island Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Latviešu Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 28 . About Wikipedia	where is oak island from the tv series	[ "The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television[1] series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery, showing efforts to explain the historical artifacts found on Oak Island in Nova Scotia, Canada, and to find purported treasure that is rumored to exist there.[3][4][5]" ]	[ "Nova Scotia, Canada" ]
1566681325328007571	The Weight	The Weight - wikipedia The Weight Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1968 song . For the 2012 South Korean film , see The Weight ( film ) . For the Sopranos episode , see The Weight ( The Sopranos ) . Or see The Wait . `` The Weight '' Single by The Band from the album Music from Big Pink B - side `` I Shall Be Released '' Released August 1968 Recorded January 1968 A&R Recorders ( studio A ) , New York City Genre Country rock roots rock Length 4 : 34 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Robbie Robertson Producer ( s ) John Simon The Band singles chronology `` The Weight '' ( 1968 ) `` Up on Cripple Creek '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1968 ) `` Up on Cripple Creek '' ( 1969 ) Audio sample file help `` The Weight '' Single by Diana Ross & the Supremes and The Temptations from the album Together B - side `` For Better or Worse '' Released August 21 , 1969 Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` , 45 RPM ) Recorded Hitsville U.S.A. ( Studios A & B ) ; 1969 Genre Funk , pop , soul Length 3 : 00 Label Motown M 1153 Songwriter ( s ) Robbie Robertson Producer ( s ) Frank Wilson Diana Ross & the Supremes singles chronology `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) The Temptations singles chronology `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) I Ca n't Get Next to You 1969 `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) The Weight1969 `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1969 ) Psychedelic Shack 1969 `` The Weight '' is a song originally by the Canadian - American group the Band that was released as Capitol Records single 2269 in 1968 and on the group 's debut album Music from Big Pink . Written by Band member Robbie Robertson , the song is about a visitor 's experiences in a town mentioned in the lyric 's first line as Nazareth . `` The Weight '' has significantly influenced American popular music , having been listed as # 41 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time published in 2004 . Pitchfork Media named it the 13th best song of the Sixties , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . PBS , which broadcast performances of the song in `` Ramble at the Ryman '' ( 2011 ) , `` Austin City Limits '' ( 2012 ) , and `` Quick Hits '' ( 2012 ) , describes it as `` a masterpiece of Biblical allusions , enigmatic lines and iconic characters '' and notes its enduring popularity as `` an essential part of the American songbook . '' `` The Weight '' is one of The Band 's best known songs though it was not a significant mainstream hit for the group in the U.S. , peaking at only # 63 . The Band 's recording fared much better in Canada and the UK -- in those countries , the single was a top 40 hit , peaking at # 35 in Canada and # 21 in the UK in 1968 . The song 's popularity was greatly enhanced by three cover releases in 1968 and 1969 with arrangements that appealed to a diversity of music audiences . Aretha Franklin 's 1969 soul music arrangement was included in her This Girl 's in Love with You album , which peaked in the U.S. at # 19 and # 3 on the soul chart , and peaked in Canada at # 12 . Jackie DeShannon 's 1968 pop music arrangement , debuting on the Hot 100 one week before The Band 's , peaked at # 55 in the U.S. , # 35 in Canada . A joint single rhythm and blues arrangement released by Diana Ross & the Supremes and The Temptations in 1969 , hit # 46 in the U.S. , and # 36 in Canada . The Band 's and Jackie DeShannon 's versions never mentioned the title . The Band 's version credits the group 's individual members - Jaime Robbie Robertson , Rick Danko , Richard Manuel , Garth Hudson and Levon Helm - on the record label , rather than The Band as a single entity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Inspiration and influences 1.2 Notable performances of `` The Weight '' by The Band 2 Songwriting credit dispute 3 Other cover versions 4 Film and commercial play 4.1 Commercial advertisements 4.2 Concerts and music films and videos 4.3 Feature films and documentaries 4.4 Musicals 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) Inspiration and influences ( edit ) The inspiration for and influences affecting the composition of `` The Weight '' came from the music of the American South , the life experiences of band members , particularly Levon Helm , and movies of Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel . The original members of The Band performed `` The Weight '' as an American Southern folk song with country music ( vocals , guitars and drums ) and gospel music ( piano and organ ) elements . The lyrics , written in the first - person , are about a traveler 's experiences arriving , visiting , and departing a town called Nazareth . According to Robertson , this is based on Nazareth , Pennsylvania because it was the home of Martin Guitars . He wrote the guitar parts on a 1951 Martin . The singers , led by Helm , vocalize the traveler 's encounters with people in the town from the perspective of a Bible Belt American Southerner , like Helm himself , a native of rural Arkansas . After Helm 's death in 2012 , Robertson , who was raised in Canada , described how visits to the Memphis , Tennessee area , around which Helm grew up , affected him and influenced his songwriting : `` To me ... going there was like going to the source . Because I was at such a vulnerable age then , it made a really big impact on me . Just that I had the honor joining up with this group and then even going to this place , which was close to a religious experience -- even being able to put my feet on the ground there , because I was from Canada , right ? So it was like , ' Woah , this is where this music grows in the ground , and ( flows from ) the Mississippi river . My goodness . ' It very much affected my songwriting and , because I knew Levon 's musicality so well , I wanted to write songs that I thought he could sing better than anybody in the world . `` While I was there , I was just gathering images and names , and ideas and rhythms , and I was storing all of these things ... in my mind somewhere . And when it was time to sit down and write songs , when I reached into the attic to see what I was gon na write about , that 's what was there . I just felt a strong passion toward the discovery of going there , and it opened my eyes , and all my senses were overwhelmed by the feeling of that place . When I sat down to write songs , that 's all I could think of at the time . '' The colorful characters in `` The Weight '' were based on real people members of The Band knew , as Levon Helm explained in his autobiography , This Wheel 's on Fire . In particular , `` young Anna Lee '' mentioned in the third verse is Helm 's longtime friend Anna Lee Amsden , and , according to her , `` Carmen '' was from Helm 's hometown , Turkey Scratch , Arkansas . `` Crazy Chester '' was an eccentric resident of Fayetteville , Arkansas , who carried a cap gun . Ronnie Hawkins would tell him to `` keep the peace '' at his Rockwood Club when Chester arrived . According to Robertson , `` The Weight '' was inspired by the movies of Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel . Buñuel 's films are known for their surreal imagery and criticism of organized religion , particularly Catholicism . The song 's lyrics and music invoke vivid imagery , the main character 's perspective is influenced by the Bible , and the episodic story was inspired by the predicaments Buñuel 's film characters faced that undermined their goals for maintaining or improving their moral character . Of this , Robertson once stated : `` ( Buñuel ) did so many films on the impossibility of sainthood . People trying to be good in Viridiana and Nazarin , people trying to do their thing . In ' The Weight ' it 's the same thing . People like Buñuel would make films that had these religious connotations to them but it was n't necessarily a religious meaning . In Buñuel there were these people trying to be good and it 's impossible to be good . In ' The Weight ' it was this very simple thing . Someone says , ' Listen , would you do me this favour ? When you get there will you say `` hello '' to somebody or will you give somebody this or will you pick up one of these for me ? Oh ? You 're going to Nazareth , that 's where the Martin guitar factory is . Do me a favour when you 're there . ' This is what it 's all about . So the guy goes and one thing leads to another and it 's like ' Holy shit , what 's this turned into ? I 've only come here to say `` hello '' for somebody and I 've got myself in this incredible predicament . ' It was very Buñuelish to me at the time . '' This is also related in Robertson 's 2016 autobiography , Testimony . Notable performances of `` the Weight '' by the Band ( edit ) The Band 's performance of `` The Weight '' in the 1968 studio recording included Levon Helm -- lead and harmony vocals , drums Rick Danko -- lead ( fourth verse ) , backing , and harmony vocal , bass guitar Richard Manuel -- Lowrey organ ( cut ) , backing and harmony vocals Garth Hudson -- piano Robbie Robertson -- acoustic guitar The official recording credits on the single belong to the above names , in that order , not to The Band per se . In 2005 , a remix of the song with Richard Manuel 's organ restored was released as a download - only bonus track for the iTunes Music Store version of A Musical History . An edited version of the studio recording was included in the popular American counterculture film Easy Rider , which was released in July 1969 . `` The Weight '' played while the protagonists , hippie motorcyclists , enjoyed a ride through Monument Valley . On August 17 , 1969 , The Band performed `` The Weight '' as the tenth song in their set at Woodstock . The Woodstock arrangement was more elaborate than the comparatively elemental and spare studio recording . Notably , it retained Robertson 's simple folk guitar introduction , but Helm 's slow studio performance drum bangs were replaced by a short drum roll that provided the feel of a faster tempo though the actual tempo was the same as the studio performance . Manuel 's Lowrey organ , which was mixed out of the studio recording , was prominent ; and Robertson participated vocally in the choruses . In the 1970s , `` The Weight '' appeared on three live albums by The Band , Rock of Ages , Before the Flood , and The Last Waltz . Just after their November 25 , 1976 , `` farewell concert , '' The Band performed a gospel arrangement of `` The Weight '' with The Staple Singers that was filmed for The Last Waltz . Mavis and Pops Staples sang second and third verse lead vocals , respectively , and Robertson performed with an electric guitar . This performance of `` The Weight '' was included on the 1978 soundtrack album from the film . The Band 's performance of the song during the concert itself was later included in a 2002 extended re-release of the soundtrack album . Songwriting credit dispute ( edit ) The songwriting credit to Robbie Robertson for `` The Weight '' , like credit for many of the songs performed by The Band , was disputed years later by Levon Helm . Helm insisted that the composition of the lyrics and the music was collaborative , declaring that each band member made a substantial contribution . In an interview , Helm credited Robertson with 60 percent of the lyrics , Danko and Manuel with 20 percent each of the lyrics , much of the music credit to Garth Hudson , and a small credit to himself for lyrics . Other cover versions ( edit ) `` The Weight '' has become a modern standard , and hence has been covered in concert by many other acts , most prominently Little Feat , The Chambers Brothers , Eric Church , Chris Stapleton , Stoney LaRue , The Staple Singers , Waylon Jennings , Joe Cocker , Travis , Grateful Dead , Blues Traveler , The New Riders of the Purple Sage , O.A.R. , Edwin McCain , The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band , The Black Crowes , Spooky Tooth , Hanson , Old Crow Medicine Show , Panic ! At the Disco , Shannon Curfman , Aretha Franklin , Joan Osborne , John Denver , Trampled by Turtles , Cassandra Wilson , Miranda Lambert , Al Kooper and Mike Bloomfield , Deana Carter , New Madrid , Dionne Warwick and Gillian Welch . Mumford & Sons , Ratdog and Bob Weir are also known to cover this song from time to time . Additional notable versions are by Zac Brown Band , Hoyt Axton , Lee Ann Womack , the band Smith , Weezer , The Allman Brothers Band , The Marshall Tucker Band , Jimmy Barnes with The Badloves , Free Wild , and Aaron Pritchett . Aretha Franklin 's and King Curtis 's covers of the song are both notable for Duane Allman 's lead slide guitar session work . The covers are available in the `` Duane Allman Anthology , Volume 1 '' and `` Volume 2 , '' respectively . Jackie DeShannon 's cover of the song for Imperial Records in 1968 reached # 55 on the U.S. Pop chart , and # 35 in Canada . The song was recorded by Diana Ross and The Supremes with The Temptations in 1969 for their album Together on Motown Records . Country artist Sammi Smith included a cover of the song on her 1971 album Lonesome . Folk singer Michelle Shocked covers the song as part of her 2007 gospel album ToHeavenURide . Charly García covered the song in Spanish under the title `` El Peso , '' and Czech singer Marie Rottrová covered the song with the band Flamingo in 1970 . Jeff Healey covered it on his album Mess of Blues in 2008 . Jensen Ackles also covered a portion of the song along with Jason Manns in 2010 . Conan O'Brien performed the song as an encore during his The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour . Aaron Weiss is known to perform the song during acoustic sets following performances of his band mewithoutYou . The Black Keys performed the song at Coachella 2012 , with John Fogerty as a special guest , in honor of Levon Helm , who had died the day before . Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , who were honoring a fan 's sign request , performed `` The Weight '' at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey on May 2 , 2012 , as a tribute to Levon Helm , who had died two weeks before . It was the first time the band had ever performed the song . Springsteen called Helm `` one of the greatest , greatest voices in country , rockabilly and rock ' n ' roll ... staggering ... while playing the drums . Both his voice and his drumming were so incredibly versatile . He had a feel on the drums that comes out of certain place in the past and you ca n't replicate it . '' Springsteen also joked that when he was auditioning drummer Max Weinberg he made him sing . Panic ! At The Disco performed `` The Weight '' for a television special on April 17 , 2008 . A rendition of `` The Weight '' was performed at the 55th Grammy Awards by various artists including Elton John , Zac Brown , Mumford and Sons , Mavis Staples , and Brittany Howard of Alabama Shakes as a tribute to Levon Helm and other deceased artists . `` The Weight '' was traditionally the last song played during the Midnight Rambles in Levon Helm 's barn in Woodstock , New York , often including the guest musicians for the evening 's festivities . Some of the musicians who played with Levon Helm in the re-formed Band or the Levon Helm Band , including guitarist Jim Weider , bassist Byron Isaacs and drummer Randy Ciarlante , have formed a group called `` The Weight '' which performs a complete set of Band material . Garth Brooks covered `` The Weight '' on his 2013 compilation boxed set Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences . `` The Weight '' is a frequent cover , and inspiration for , The Weight Band , featuring former Band member Jim Weider , and past members of the Levon Helm Band and Rick Danko Group . Recently , The Weight Band performed `` The Weight '' on a nationally broadcast PBS special , Infinity Hall Live . `` The Weight '' was performed by Jimmy Fallon and The Muppets in the closing moments of the final episode of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on February 7 , 2014 . The performance ( which mirrored the arrangement and staging of the Band 's performance of the song with the Staple Singers in The Last Waltz ) featured several notable Muppet characters including Kermit the Frog , Miss Piggy , and Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem , and ended with Fallon walking out of the Late Night studio , down the hall , and into the new studio of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . After Levon Helm 's death , Graham Nash and Shane Fontayne wrote a song in tribute to him , entitled `` Back Home . '' The refrain from `` The Weight '' ( `` take a load off Fannie , ... '' ) is included as a coda . The song has since become a staple of Nash 's public performances , including those of Crosby , Stills , and Nash . The Gibraltarian band Taxi has a Spanish version of the song called Cuando veas a Ani on their album Tras el horizonte . Dead and Company opened their 2nd set in Sunrise Florida on February 26 , 2018 with The Weight . Bobby Weir and Mickey Hart wore shirts in support of the students at Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School , located less than 12 miles from the venue . The band met with the students at the School , and honored them with a special setlist . Connecticut Americana musician Jeff Przech covered `` The Weight '' on his 2018 album , `` Jeff Przech & The Outfit . '' Film and commercial play ( edit ) `` The Weight '' has been featured in a number of commercials , concerts , films and television shows , and onstage . Commercial advertisements ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has also been used in commercials for : Cingular / AT&T Wireless Diet Coke Craig Robinson performs the song in a 2014 commercial for the mobile game Hay Day Concerts and music films and videos ( edit ) Paul McCartney makes a reference to the song during the fadeout section of the promo film version of `` Hey Jude '' when he sings `` Take a load off Fanny / Put it back on me . '' This was originally aired in September on The David Frost Show , a mere two months after The Band had released Music from Big Pink in July . In The Band 's concert film , The Last Waltz ( 1978 ) , The Band perform the song with The Staple Singers . The song is featured in two other of The Band 's concert videos : The Band Is Back ( 1984 ) and The Band Live At The New Orleans Jazz Festival ( 1998 ) . `` The Weight '' was one of three songs The Band 's 1990s lineup performed for Let It Rock ! ( 1995 ) , a birthday concert / tribute for Ronnie Hawkins . Feature films and documentaries ( edit ) Due to contractual problems , The Band 's version was used in the movie , but not the soundtrack for Easy Rider ( 1969 ) -- included instead on the film 's soundtrack was a cover ( very closely resembling The Band 's original ) by Smith . The Big Chill ( 1983 ) Hope Floats ( 1998 ) Patch Adams ( 1998 ) Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) Igby Goes Down ( 2002 ) `` The Weight '' is one of three songs performed by The Band featured in the documentary film , Festival Express ( 2003 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) , as a parody of the scene in Easy Rider 1408 ( 2007 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) American Gods ( TV series ) ( 2017 ) , in the car scene of Episode 4 right before the terrible accident Jack White , Jimmy Page and The Edge perform the song during the closing moments of It Might Get Loud ( 2008 ) Australian historical drama Love Child in episode 3 of season 1 . Musicals ( edit ) Sherie Rene Scott covered `` The Weight '' in the Broadway musical Everyday Rapture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` What is Country Rock ? '' . ThoughtCo . About.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce Pollock ( August 26 , 2005 ) . Rock Song Index : The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock and Roll Era . Routledge . p. 398 . ISBN 9780415970730 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 200 Greatest Songs of the Sixties '' . Pitchfork.com . August 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` InfoPlease Almanac '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Watch `` The Weight '' From Austin City Limits ' Americana Awards Episode `` American Songwriter '' . Americansongwriter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 8th edition Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` The Weight '' . Theband.hiof.no . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Margolis , Lynne ( 2012 - 08 - 30 ) . `` No False Bones : The Legacy of Levon Helm `` Page 2 of 3 `` American Songwriter '' . Americansongwriter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Levon Helm and The Band : a rock parable of fame , betrayal , and redemption '' . CSMonitor.com. 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` History of The Band : The Debut Album '' . Theband.hiof.no. 1991 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Levon Helm , RIP Larry Getlen 's Random Thoughts '' . Larrygetlen.com. 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Pritchett Scores 10th Consecutive Top 10 Single at Country Radio With `` Done You Wrong '' `` . Thatscountry.com. 2011 - 03 - 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jensen Ackles Singing `` The Weight '' at Jus in Bello `` . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` mewithoutYou - Aaron Weiss - The Weight_Bob Dylan cover '' . YouTube . 2010 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen - The Weight ( The Band cover ) Prudential 5 / 2 / 12 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco - `` The Weight '' performance session `` . YouTube . 2008 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Weight Band Infinity Hall Live '' . Ihlive.org . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon Says Goodbye to ' Late Night ' With Help From the Muppets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ setlist.fm Jump up ^ liveformusic.com Jump up ^ `` The Beatles - Hey Jude '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics An interpretation of `` The Weight '' 's lyrics by Peter Viney with a list of 41 cover versions The Band Rick Danko Levon Helm Garth Hudson Richard Manuel Robbie Robertson Richard Bell Randy Ciarlante Stan Szelest Jim Weider Studio albums Music from Big Pink The Band Stage Fright Cahoots Moondog Matinee Northern Lights -- Southern Cross Islands Jericho High On The Hog Jubilation with Bob Dylan Planet Waves The Basement Tapes Live albums Rock of Ages Before the Flood The Last Waltz ( 1978 album ) Live at Watkins Glen The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 The Last Waltz ( 2002 album ) Live at the Academy of Music 1971 Compilations The Best of The Band Anthology To Kingdom Come Across The Great Divide The Best of The Band , Vol. II Greatest Hits A Musical History The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Films The Last Waltz Festival Express Singles `` Uh - Uh - Uh '' `` The Stones I Throw '' `` Go Go Liza Jane '' `` The Weight '' / `` I Shall Be Released '' `` Rag Mama Rag '' / `` The Unfaithful Servant '' `` Up on Cripple Creek '' / `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Time to Kill '' / `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Life Is a Carnival '' `` On a Night Like This '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Ophelia '' `` Atlantic City '' Other songs `` Tears of Rage '' `` We Can Talk '' `` Long Black Veil '' `` Chest Fever '' `` Lonesome Suzie `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Across the Great Divide '' `` When You Awake '' `` Whispering Pines '' `` Jemima Surrender '' `` Look Out Cleveland '' `` King Harvest ( Has Surely Come ) '' `` Sleeping '' `` The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show '' `` Daniel and the Sacred Harp '' `` Stage Fright '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' `` Do n't Do It '' `` Mystery Train '' `` Acadian Driftwood '' `` It Makes No Difference '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' Related Discography Bob Dylan Bob Dylan World Tour 1966 Bob Dylan and The Band 1974 Tour Cate Brothers Ronnie Hawkins Big Pink List of Basement Tapes songs List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) No Reason to Cry John Simon This Wheel 's on Fire : Levon Helm and the Story of The Band Allen Toussaint The Supremes Diana Ross Florence Ballard Mary Wilson Barbara Martin Cindy Birdsong Jean Terrell Lynda Laurence Scherrie Payne Susaye Greene Betty McGlown Studio albums Meet The Supremes ( 1962 ) Where Did Our Love Go ( 1964 ) More Hits by The Supremes ( 1965 ) I Hear a Symphony ( 1966 ) The Supremes A ' Go - Go ( 1966 ) The Supremes Sing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( 1967 ) Reflections ( 1968 ) Love Child ( 1968 ) Let the Sunshine In ( 1969 ) Cream of the Crop ( 1969 ) Right On ( 1970 ) New Ways but Love Stays ( 1970 ) Touch ( 1971 ) Floy Joy ( 1972 ) The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb ( 1972 ) The Supremes ( 1975 ) High Energy ( 1976 ) Mary , Scherrie & Susaye ( 1976 ) Collaborative albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations ( 1968 ) Together ( 1969 ) The Magnificent 7 ( 1970 ) The Return of the Magnificent Seven ( 1971 ) Dynamite ( 1971 ) Live albums The Supremes at the Copa ( 1965 ) Live at London 's Talk of the Town ( 1968 ) TCB ( 1968 ) On Broadway ( 1969 ) Farewell ( 1970 ) The Supremes Live ! In Japan ( 1973 ) Other albums A Bit of Liverpool ( 1964 ) The Supremes Sing Country , Western and Pop ( 1965 ) We Remember Sam Cooke ( 1965 ) Merry Christmas ( 1965 ) The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart ( 1967 ) Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform `` Funny Girl '' ( 1968 ) Singles `` Tears of Sorrow '' ( as The Primettes ) `` I Want a Guy '' `` Buttered Popcorn '' `` Your Heart Belongs to Me '' `` Let Me Go the Right Way '' `` My Heart Ca n't Take It No More '' `` A Breathtaking Guy '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' `` Run , Run , Run '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Love '' `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' `` Things Are Changing '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Children 's Christmas Song '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` The Happening '' `` Reflections '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` Some Things You Never Get Used To '' `` Love Child '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I 'm Livin ' in Shame '' `` I 'll Try Something New '' `` The Composer '' `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' `` The Weight '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' `` Everybody 's Got the Right to Love '' `` Stoned Love '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` Nathan Jones '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' `` Touch '' `` Floy Joy '' `` Automatically Sunshine '' `` Without the One You Love '' `` Your Wonderful , Sweet Sweet Love '' `` I Guess I 'll Miss the Man '' `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Bad Weather '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` He 's My Man '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` You 're My Driving Wheel '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Love , I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good '' Videography T.A.M.I. Show Greatest Hits : Live in Amsterdam Reflections : The Definitive Performances ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Inspired works Sparkle ( 1976 film ) Dreamgirls ( musical ) Dreamgirls ( film ) Sparkle ( 2012 film ) Related topics Discography Chronology Members FLOS Book Category The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book Category The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Weight&oldid=828975460 '' Categories : 1968 singles The Band songs Aaron Pritchett songs Aretha Franklin songs Joan Osborne songs The Supremes songs The Temptations songs Jackie DeShannon songs Songs written by Robbie Robertson Northampton County , Pennsylvania Song recordings produced by John Simon ( record producer ) Capitol Records singles 1968 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 22 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song the weight by the band	[ "\"The Weight\" is a song originally by the Canadian-American group the Band that was released as Capitol Records single 2269 in 1968 and on the group's debut album Music from Big Pink. Written by Band member Robbie Robertson, the song is about a visitor's experiences in a town mentioned in the lyric's first line as Nazareth. \"The Weight\" has significantly influenced American popular music, having been listed as #41 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time published in 2004.[3] Pitchfork Media named it the 13th best song of the Sixties,[4] and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[5] PBS, which broadcast performances of the song in \"Ramble at the Ryman\" (2011), \"Austin City Limits\" (2012),[6] and \"Quick Hits\" (2012), describes it as \"a masterpiece of Biblical allusions, enigmatic lines and iconic characters\" and notes its enduring popularity as \"an essential part of the American songbook.\"[7]" ]	[ "Band member Robbie Robertson" ]
-2484999291348736004	Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head	Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head - wikipedia Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head ( disambiguation ) . `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' From the motion picture Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Single by B.J. Thomas from the album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head B - side `` Never Had It So Good '' Released October 1969 Length 2 : 57 Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Hal David ( credited as Mack David ) and Burt Bacharach ( later as Luther Dixon ) Producer ( s ) Hal David and Burt Bacharach B.J. Thomas singles chronology `` Pass the Apple Eve '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) `` Everybody 's Out of Town '' ( 1970 ) `` Pass the Apple Eve '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) `` Everybody 's Out of Town '' ( 1970 ) Gold record presented to backup singer Linda November for her work on `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song . David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score . The song was recorded by B.J. Thomas in seven takes , after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six . In the film version of the song , Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis , which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7 - inch release . The film version featured a separate vaudeville - style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts . The single by B.J. Thomas reached number 1 on charts in the United States , Canada , Norway and reached number 38 in the UK Singles Chart . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in January 1970 and was also the first American number - one hit of the 1970s . The song also spent seven weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song of 1970 . According to Billboard magazine , Thomas ' single had sold over 2 million copies by March 14 , 1970 , with eight - track and cassette versions also climbing the charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Covers 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Ray Stevens was first offered the opportunity to record it for the film , but turned it down . He chose instead to record the song `` Sunday Morning Coming Down '' , written by Kris Kristofferson . Bob Dylan is supposed to have been approached for the song , but he , too , reportedly declined . The trumpet solos in the song are performed by Chuck Findley . In 2004 , it finished at number 23 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . In 2008 , the single was ranked 85th on Billboard 's Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs and placed 95th in the 55th Anniversary edition of the All - Time Hot 100 list in 2013 . Billboard Magazine also ranked the song 15th on its Top 50 Movie Songs of All Time list in 2014 . The song , initially when it came out , I believe it was October of 69 , the movie did n't come out until December , it did get some bad reviews . It was a very unique and different sounding song , Bacharach and David never had any qualms about trying to do anything different , or push the envelope so to speak . So nowadays , it sounds pretty tame , but back then , radio resisted it to some degree . But , when the movie came out it hit hugely and sold about 200,000 to 300,000 records a day ( and continued selling ) for about three years . -- B.J. Thomas , Interview , Pods o ' Pop ( August 22 , 2011 ) On December 3 , 2013 , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences announced that the single would be inducted into the 2014 Grammy Hall Of Fame . `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' was used in the film Spy Hard , which parodied the scene in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . Police Constable Pan-Am sings the opening lines at the end of his appearance in Series 2 , Episode 4 of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . It is on the soundtracks to Forrest Gump and Spider - Man 2 , in the latter accentuating Peter Parker 's blissful mood after abandoning his Spider - Man identity and its responsibilities . It was used in the Kevin Smith film Clerks II . The first episode of the second season of the popular medical drama Grey 's Anatomy is named after the song . It is also used in The Simpsons , episode 16 of the fourth season , called `` Duffless '' , at the end of the episode , while credits are presented . It was also used in a season 1 episode of Arrested Development entitled `` Altar Egos '' . It was also used in the 2003 film The In - Laws starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks , which was a remake of the 1979 Peter Falk / Alan Arkin film . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) B.J. Thomas version Chart ( 1969 - 70 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 20 Austria Top 40 11 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Dutch Top 40 28 French Singles Chart 56 German Singles Chart 40 Irish Singles Chart 9 Italian Singles Chart 31 Norwegian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart South African Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Johnny Farnham version Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box 13 Covers ( edit ) The song has been covered numerous times . In 1969 , Craig Douglas released a version produced by Tony Hatch . From January 24 to March 13 , 1970 , it was a number - one hit ( for seven weeks ) in Australia on the Go - Set National Top 40 for local pop singer , Johnny Farnham . In 1970 , it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I 'll Never Fall in Love Again , by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen , Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , Perry Como on his album It 's Impossible , The Four Tops on their album Changing Times , Andy Williams on his album , Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , and The Free Design on their album Stars / Time / Bubbles / Love . Portuguese - born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled `` Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår '' in 1970 . A Swedish version was also made in 1970 , `` Regnet det bara öser ner '' sung by Siw Malmkvist . Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage '' in 1974 . It has been covered in French by French singer Sacha Distel , whose version Toute La Pluie Tombe Sur Moi was a number 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart , and number 13 in Ireland , as well as number 10 in France . Distel also recorded a version with the original English lyrics , and another in Italian , Gocce Di Pioggia Su Di Me . Bobbie Gentry 's version reached number 40 in the UK chart . Paul Mauriat recorded it with his Grand Orchestra it 1973 . It was the only known cover in the USSR . The Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers cover version is credited with adding greater nuance to the song , the Financial Times citing their recording as transforming the song from carefree optimism to `` an exhortation to keep going in the face of tragedy '' and noting that Bradfield 's voice `` added grit to the facile lyric '' . The group often spent their downtime on the tour bus watching the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , and incorporated the song into live sets . After the disappearance of lyricist Richey Edwards , the band decided to continue rather than split up . Having booked studio time in France to record their fourth album , Everything Must Go , they were invited to record for the War Child album The Help Album . The project required all songs to be recorded in one day . While band biographer Simon Price has described the recording and release of the record as a `` coded message '' that the band still existed , Bradfield recalls the events differently : `` ... us putting it out was n't planned as us saying ' We 're OK , guys ! ' , but the deadline was the next day after we 'd arrived in this place , for some kind of new beginning . '' The band 's recorded version of the song contains the first recorded instance of drummer Sean Moore performing on trumpet , and also appears on their 2003 B - sides and rarities compilation album Lipstick Traces ( A Secret History of Manic Street Preachers ) . The Manics further reference the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid with the B - side `` Sepia '' . The Barry Sisters covered the song in a Yiddish version ( `` Trop'ns Fin Regen Oif Mein Kop '' ) on their 1973 album Our Way . Lisa Miskovsky covered the song in the extended version of her self - titled ( 2004 ) album . Preceded by `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 3 -- 24 , 1970 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Want You Back '' by The Jackson Five See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Pop music portal List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1970 List of number - one hits in Norway List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1969 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1970 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Audio Single : Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head - B.J. Thomas ( October 1969 ) '' . SHS - secondhandsongs . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ `` Photo caption '' . Billboard. 14 March 1970 . p. 1 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ A Song A Day - Raindrops Keeps Falling On My Head , Music Aloud Jump up ^ `` Herb Alpert FAQ Herb Alpert / Tijuana Brass Discography and Collector Resource '' . Tijuanabrass.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs ( 90 - 81 ) Archived September 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan , Reilly ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` Top 50 Movie Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ B.J. Thomas ( 2011 ) . Pods o ' Pop - BJ Thomas Interview and Songs ( MP3 ) . Pods o ' Pop . Event occurs at 34m 18s . Archived from the original ( Audio ) on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Grammy Hall of Fame '' . Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on my Head . THE RECORDING ACADEMY. 3 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nimmervoll , Ed ( January 24 , 1970 ) . `` National Top 40 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Note : Australian pop singer , Johnny Farnham 's cover version sits at No. 1 ( first week ) , while B.J. Thomas ' version is at No. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Flavour of New Zealand '' . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nimmervoll , Ed . `` Go - Set Australian Charts -- Top Records for the Year of 1970 : Number One Singles 1970 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 Jump up ^ Farnham , John ( 1969 ) . `` Raindrops keep fallin ' on my head / Bacharach - David ; ( performed by ) Johnny Farnham . Two / ( written and performed by ) Johnny Farnham '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Sydney : Columbia ( 1969 ) , DO - 8965 7XCT3526 7XCT3527 Jump up ^ `` Pedro Biker - Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår / Sjælens Karrusel '' . Discogs. 1970 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Polydor - 2054 005 , Denmark Jump up ^ Aspden , Peter ( 22 May 2015 ) . `` The Life of a Song : ' Raindrops Keep Fallin ' On My Head ' '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` And If You Need An Explanation : Manic Street Preachers interviewed '' . Quietus . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 1999 ) . Everything ( A Book About Manic Street Preachers ) . Virgin . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0139 - 2 . Jump up ^ Price , Simon ( 1999 ) . Everything ( A Book About Manic Street Preachers ) . Virgin . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0139 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Way '' . Album Cover Notes . Stereophonic . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Way '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Label : Reboot Stereophonic Jump up ^ `` Lisa Miskovsky - Lisa Miskovsky ( New Version ) '' . Discogs. 2004 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Stockholm Records - 986 737 - 6 B.J. Thomas Albums On My Way Longhorns & Londonbridges Reunion You Gave Me Love ( When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer ) Love Shines The Living Room Sessions Singles `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` Most of All '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' `` ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` I Recall a Gypsy Woman '' `` Whatever Happened to Old - Fashioned Love '' `` New Looks from an Old Lover '' `` Two Car Garage '' `` Night Life '' `` As Long As We Got Each Other '' Book : B.J. Thomas Burt Bacharach Albums Hit Maker ! : Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits Woman Painted from Memory ( with Elvis Costello ) At This Time Film scores What 's New Pussycat ? After the Fox Casino Royale Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Lost Horizon Arthur Compositions A-M `` Alfie '' `` Another Tear Falls '' `` Any Day Now '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Back at You '' `` Blue Guitar '' `` Blue on Blue '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye Girl '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` God Give Me Strength '' `` Heartlight '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` I Want You '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Love Power '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` Making Love '' `` Message to Michael '' `` My Little Red Book '' N-Z `` On My Own '' `` One Less Bell to Answer '' `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` Please Stay '' `` Rain on Me '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' `` Three Wheels on My Wagon '' `` Tower of Strength '' `` Trains and Boats and Planes '' `` Turkey Lurkey Time '' `` Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa '' `` Walk On By '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Wives and Lovers '' Tribute albums Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert Four Bacharach & David Songs One Amazing Night To Hal and Bacharach Back to Bacharach When Ronan Met Burt ( also produced by Bacharach ) Related articles Back to Bacharach and David Hal David The Look of Love ( musical ) Promises , Promises ( musical ) John Farnham Studio albums Sadie Everybody Oughta Sing a Song Looking Through a Tear Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham Johnny Together Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies J.P. Farnham Sings Uncovered Whispering Jack Age of Reason Chain Reaction Then Again ... Romeo 's Heart 331⁄3 The Last Time I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook Jack Friends for Christmas Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! Full House Live At The Regent Theatre Highlights from The Main Event John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert The Acoustic Chapel Sessions Two Strong Hearts Live Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) Anthology 3 : Rarities Love Songs One Voice : The Greatest Hits The Essential The Essential 3.0 Videos & DVDs The Main Event Anthology - The Videos An Audience with John Farnham The Last Time One Voice : The Greatest Clips John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Classic Jack Live ! Chain Reaction Live in Concert With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House Two Strong Hearts Live EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' `` Underneath the Arches '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` One '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Help ! '' `` You 're the Voice '' `` Pressure Down '' `` A Touch of Paradise '' `` Reasons '' `` Age Of Reason '' `` Two Strong Hearts '' `` Beyond the Call '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` Everytime You Cry '' `` The Last Time '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Downhearted '' `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Darryl Sambell Glenn Wheatley Bobbie Gentry Studio albums Ode to Billie Joe The Delta Sweete Local Gentry Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell Touch ' Em with Love Fancy Patchwork Way Down South All I Have to Do Is Dream Singles `` Ode to Billie Joe '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Fancy '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) LCCN : n2011077568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raindrops_Keep_Fallin%27_on_My_Head&oldid=840291715 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1970 singles Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach B.J. Thomas songs John Farnham songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Bobbie Gentry songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 1969 songs Number - one singles in Mexico Scepter Records singles Songs written for films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original raindrops keep falling on my head	[ "\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.[2] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts." ]	[ "B. J. Thomas" ]
2707160146007006591	List of One Day International cricket double centuries	List of One Day International Cricket double centuries - wikipedia List of One Day International Cricket double centuries Jump to : navigation , search A double century ( 200 runs or more ) in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) has been scored on 8 occasions by 6 different batsmen / women from four of the twelve Test - cricket playing nations . No player from Bangladesh , England , Pakistan , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Zimbabwe , Afghanistan or Ireland has scored 200 . The first player to score a double century in ODI 's is Belinda Clark , in a women 's world cup game in 1997 against Denmark . The first player to score a double century in ODI 's against a test playing nation was Sachin Tendulkar in India against South Africa in 2010 during the second ODI of the bilateral series in Gwalior . The most double centuries by players from one country is five by India . Two double centuries have been scored in World Cup matches , namely Chris Gayle of West Indies and Martin Guptill of New Zealand , both during the ICC World Cup 2015 . Rohit Sharma is the only player to have three double centuries in ODIs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 ODI Cricket 3 Women 's ODI cricket 4 Notes 5 Footnotes 6 References Key ( edit ) * denotes that the player remained not out . Runs denotes the number of runs scored by the player . S / R denotes the strike rate of the player ( runs scored per 100 balls ) Innings denotes which of the team 's batting innings the double century was scored in . Date denotes the date the match started on . denotes that the total is / was a world record score at the time . denotes the match was part of the ICC Cricket World Cup / Women 's Cricket World Cup . ODI Cricket ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket double centuries No . Runs Batsman S / R For Against ODI Venue Date 200 * Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 136.05 India South Africa 2962 Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior , India 24 February 2010 219 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 146.98 India West Indies 3223 Holkar Stadium , Indore , India 8 December 2011 209 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 132.28 India Australia 3428 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , India 2 November 2013 264 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 152.60 India Sri Lanka 3544 Eden Gardens , India 13 November 2014 5 215 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 146.30 West Indies Zimbabwe 3612 Manuka Oval , Canberra , Australia 24 February 2015 6 237 * Guptill , Martin Martin Guptill 145.40 New Zealand West Indies 3643 Wellington Regional Stadium , Wellington , New Zealand 22 March 2015 7 208 * Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 135.95 India Sri Lanka 3941 Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali , India 13 December 2017 Women 's ODI cricket ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket double centuries No . Runs BatsWoman S / R For Against ODI Venue Date 229 * Clark , Belinda Belinda Clark 147.74 Australia Denmark ( 9 ) Middle Income Group Ground , Mumbai , India 16 December 1997 Notes ( edit ) ^ Batting first , Tendulkar shared stands of 196 for the second wicket with Dinesh Karthik ( 79 ) , 81 for the third wicket with Yusuf Pathan ( 36 ) , and 101 for the fourth wicket with Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 68 * ) on the way to an India total of 401 for 3 . India won by 153 runs , despite AB de Villiers of South Africa scoring 114 * in the second innings . Tendulkar became the first batsman to score a double hundred in Men 's One Day Internationals , achieving the landmark in 147 balls . It was also the first double century by an Indian in One Day Internationals . ^ Batting first , Sehwag shared stands of 176 for the first wicket with Gautam Gambhir ( 67 ) , and 140 for the second wicket with Suresh Raina ( 55 ) on the way to an India total of 418 for 5 . India won by 153 runs , despite Denesh Ramdin of the West Indies scoring 96 in the second innings . The total of 418 is the highest by India batting first till date and Sehwag 's 219 is the first One Day International double century reached with a four . ^ Batting first , Sharma shared stands of 112 for the first wicket with Shikhar Dhawan ( 60 ) , 72 for the second wicket with Suresh Raina ( 28 ) , and 167 for the second wicket with Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 62 ) on the way to an India total of 383 for 6 . India won by 57 runs , despite James Faulkner of Australia putting up some resistance with 116 in the second innings . This is the only One Day International double century reached with a six . ^ Batting first , Sharma shared stands of 202 for the third wicket with Virat Kohli ( 66 ) , and 128 with Robin Uthappa ( 16 * ) on the way to an India total of 404 for 5 . India won by 153 runs . as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 251 . With this match , Sharma became the only batsman till date to score more than one double century in One Day Internationals . This is the second One Day International double century reached with a four . ^ Batting first , Gayle shared a stand of 372 for the second wicket with Marlon Samuels ( 133 * ) also making a century on the way to a West Indies total of 372 for 2 . The match was delayed by rain leading to Zimbabwe 's target being adjusted as per the Duckworth -- Lewis method to 363 off 48 overs . In reply , Zimbabwe were dismissed for 289 as West Indies won by 73 runs . Gayle became the first non-Indian to score a double century in One Day Internationals and the first batsman to score a double hundred in the Cricket World Cup . The partnership of 372 between Gayle and Samuels is the highest for any wicket in One Day Internationals . This is the third One Day International double century reached with a four . ^ Batting first , Guptill shared stands of 62 for the second wicket with Kane Williamson ( 33 ) , 143 for the third wicket with Ross Taylor ( 42 ) , and 55 for the fourth wicket with Grant Elliott ( 27 ) on the way to a New Zealand total of 393 for 6 . New Zealand won by 143 runs meeting with little resistance from the West Indies . Guptill 's 237 * was the first double century scored in the knockout stage of the Cricket World Cup . This is the fourth One Day International double century reached with a four . ^ Batting first , Sharma shared stands of 115 for the first wicket with Shikhar Dhawan ( 68 ) and 213 for the second wicket with Shreyas Iyer ( 88 ) on the way to India total of 392 for 4 . ^ Batting first , Clark shared stands of 168 for the first wicket with Lisa Keightley ( 60 ) , and 136 for the second wicket with Karen Rolton ( 64 ) on the way to a team total of 412 for 3 . Australia won by a mammoth 363 runs . Clark became the first player to score a double hundred in One Day Internationals . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ see `` Women 's ODI Cricket '' table in the article Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of India , 2nd ODI : India v South Africa at Gwalior , Feb 24 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of India , 4th ODI : India v West Indies at Indore , Dec 8 , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 7th ODI : India v Australia at Bangalore , Nov 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of India , 4th ODI : India v Sri Lanka at Kolkata , Nov 13 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 15th Match , Pool B : West Indies v Zimbabwe at Canberra , Feb 24 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 4th : New Zealand v West Indies at Wellington , Mar 21 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hero Honda Women 's World Cup , 18th Match : Australia Women v Denmark Women at Mumbai , Dec 16 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . References ( edit ) Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack Highest Individual ODI Scores ( from Cricinfo ) Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_double_centuries&oldid=832609803 '' Categories : One Day International cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 00 : 29 . About Wikipedia	who is the first man to score a double century in one day international matches (odis)	[ "The first player to score a double century in ODI's is Belinda Clark, in a women's world cup game in 1997 against Denmark. The first player to score a double century in ODI's against a test playing nation was Sachin Tendulkar in India against South Africa in 2010 during the second ODI of the bilateral series in Gwalior. The most double centuries by players from one country is five by India. Two double centuries have been scored in World Cup matches, namely Chris Gayle of West Indies and Martin Guptill of New Zealand, both during the ICC World Cup 2015. Rohit Sharma is the only player to have three double centuries in ODIs." ]	[ "Sachin Tendulkar" ]
-4521394342234774825	List of Baltimore Orioles no-hitters	List of Baltimore Orioles no - hitters - wikipedia List of Baltimore Orioles no - hitters Jump to : navigation , search The Baltimore Orioles are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Baltimore , Maryland . They play in the American League East division , and were previously known in earlier years as the `` Milwaukee Brewers '' ( 1901 ) and `` St. Louis Browns '' ( 1902 to 1953 ) pitchers for the Orioles have thrown nine no - hitters in franchise history . A no - hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only `` when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings '' . No - hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official ; however , several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form . A no - hitter is rare enough that only one team in Major League Baseball has never had a pitcher accomplish the feat . No perfect games , a special subcategory of no - hitter , have been thrown in Orioles history . As defined by Major League Baseball , `` in a perfect game , no batter reaches any base during the course of the game . '' Earl Hamilton threw the first no - hitter in Orioles history on August 30 , 1912 ; the most recent no - hitter was a combined effort by Bob Milacki , Mike Flanagan , Mark Williamson and Gregg Olson on July 13 , 1991 . No - hitters have been thrown by four left - handed starting pitchers and five right - handers . Seven no - hitters were thrown at home and two on the road . There have been two no - hitters in April , three in May , one in July , two in August , and one in September . The longest interval between no - hitters was 36 years from May 6 , 1917 ( Bob Groom ) to May 6 , 1953 ( Bobo Holloman ) . The shortest interval was one day , May 5 , 1917 ( Ernie Koob ) to May 6 , 1917 ( Groom ) . The franchise no - hit the Oakland Athletics ( formerly `` Philadelphia Athletics '' ) the most , three times , by Holloman in 1953 , Jim Palmer in 1969 , and a combined no - hitter by Milacki , Flanagan , Williamson , and Olson in 1991 . In two no - hitters , the team allowed at least one run : by Hamilton in 1912 ( which was a loss ) and a combined no - hitter by Steve Barber and Stu Miller in 1967 . The most baserunners allowed in a no - hitter was a combined no - no by Barber and Miller , who allowed 14 in a 2 -- 1 loss to the Detroit Tigers in 1967 . Of the nine no - hitters , two have been won by a score of 1 -- 0 and two by a score of 6 -- 0 , more common than any other result . The largest margin of victory was an 8 -- 0 win by Palmer in 1969 . The smallest margin of victory was a 1 -- 0 wins by Koob in 1917 and Hoyt Wilhelm in 1958 . The umpire is an integral part of any no - hitter . The umpire makes any decision `` which involves judgment , such as , but not limited to , whether a batted ball is fair or foul , whether a pitch is a strike or a ball , or whether a runner is safe or out ... ( the umpire 's judgment on such matters ) is final . '' Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone , which `` is defined as that area over homeplate ( sic ) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants , and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap . '' These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no - hitter . Eight different umpires presided over each of the franchise 's nine no - hitters . The manager is another integral part of a no - hitter . For every game , the manager determines the starting rotation ( who pitches in each game ) as well as the batting order and defensive lineup . A manager 's decisions can contribute to a no - hitter . Seven different managers have overseen the franchise 's nine no - hitters . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of no - hitters in Browns / Orioles history 2 Footnotes 3 References List of no - hitters in Browns / Orioles history ( edit ) ¶ Indicates a perfect game £ Pitcher was left - handed * Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum # Date Pitcher Final score Base - runners Opponent Catcher Plate umpire Manager Notes Ref 000000001912 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1912 Hamilton , Earl Earl Hamilton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 1 5 @ Detroit Tigers Schreck , Ossee Ossee Schreck O'Loughlin , Silk Silk O'Loughlin Stovall , George George Stovall First no - hitter in franchise history First no - hitter on the road in franchise history First left - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter in franchise history First franchise no - hitter while allowing a run 000000001917 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1917 Koob , Ernie Ernie Koob 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 0 Chicago White Sox Severeid , Hank Hank Severeid ( 1 ) Nallin , Dick Dick Nallin ( 1 ) Jones , Fielder Fielder Jones ( 1 ) First no - hitter at home in franchise history 000000001917 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1917 Groom , Bob Bob Groom 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Chicago White Sox Severeid , Hank Hank Severeid ( 2 ) Nallin , Dick Dick Nallin ( 2 ) Jones , Fielder Fielder Jones ( 2 ) The same teams , in the same park , on the next day as the previous no - hitter , but the second game of a doubleheader . The White Sox went on to win the 1917 World Series -- to date , the only time a team won a World Series after being no - hit twice in the same season . Shortest interval between franchise no - hitters First right - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter in franchise history 000000001953 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1953 Holloman , Bobo Bobo Holloman 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 0 5 Philadelphia Athletics Moss , Les Les Moss Duffy , Jim Jim Duffy Marion , Marty Marty Marion Longest interval between franchise no - hitters Only pitcher in modern history , and in American League history , to throw a no - hitter in first major - league start . Final no - hitter as the St. Louis Browns 5 000000001958 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1958 Wilhelm , Hoyt Hoyt Wilhelm * 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 0 New York Yankees Triandos , Gus Gus Triandos Paparella , Joe Joe Paparella Richards , Paul Paul Richards First no - hitter as the Baltimore Orioles Smallest margin of victory in a franchise no - hitter Wilhelm had pitched exclusively in relief prior to this season ; this was only his ninth career start Latest calendar date of franchise no - hitter 6 000000001967 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1967 Barber , Steve Steve Barber ( 8 ⁄ IP ) Stu Miller ( ⁄ IP ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 2 14 Detroit Tigers Etchebarren , Andy Andy Etchebarren Valentine , Bill Bill Valentine Bauer , Hank Hank Bauer ( 1 ) First game of a doubleheader 9 - inning home loss Most baserunners allowed in a franchise no - hitter The Tigers scored both runs in the ninth and final inning on walks , a wild pitch and an error . 7 000000001968 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1968 Phoebus , Tom Tom Phoebus 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 0 Boston Red Sox Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary Umont , Frank Frank Umont Bauer , Hank Hank Bauer ( 2 ) Shortest interval between franchise no - hitters ( as Baltimore Orioles ) Earliest calendar date of franchise no - hitter 8 000000001969 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1969 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer * 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 0 8 Oakland Athletics Hendricks , Ellie Ellie Hendricks DiMuro , Lou Lou DiMuro Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver Palmer had just come off the disabled list four days earlier Largest margin of victory in a franchise no - hitter Home plate umpire Lou DiMuro 's son Mike was an umpire for Roy Halladay 's 2010 perfect game 9 000000001991 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1991 Milacki , Bob Bob Milacki ( 6 IP ) Mike Flanagan ( 1 IP ) Mark Williamson ( 1 IP ) Gregg Olson ( 1 IP ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 -- 0 @ Oakland Athletics Hoiles , Chris Chris Hoiles Meriwether , Chuck Chuck Meriwether Oates , Johnny Johnny Oates Most recent no - hitter in franchise history Footnotes ( edit ) The only team without a no - hitter in franchise history is the San Diego Padres . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles Franchise History '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` No - hit win makes no sense , except in baseball '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baltimore Orioles on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Umpires : Rules of Interest '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Eric . Baseball and Philosophy : Thinking Outside the Batter 's Box , Pgs 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9556 - 9 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 Browns season schedule , box scores , and splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1917 Browns season schedule , box scores , and splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` May 6 , 1953 Philadelphian Athletics at St. Louis Browns Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` September 20 , 1958 New York Yankees at Baltimore Orioles Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` April 30 , 1967 Detroit Tigers at Baltimore Orioles Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` April 27 , 1968 Boston Red Sox at Baltimore Orioles Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` August 13 , 1969 Oakland Athletics at Baltimore Orioles Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` July 13 , 1991 Baltimore Orioles at Oakland Athletics Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . List of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Baltimore Orioles Formerly the Milwaukee Brewers and the St. Louis Browns Based in Baltimore , Maryland Franchise History in St. Louis History in Baltimore Seasons No - hitters Records Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks Borchert Field Lloyd Street Grounds Sportsman 's Park Memorial Stadium Oriole Park at Camden Yards Spring training Majestic Park West End Park Coffee Pot Park Wright Field Tech Field Perris Hill Park City Island Ball Park Miami Stadium Ed Smith Stadium Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium Ed Smith Stadium Culture Hall of Fame The Bird `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' Baltimore Chop `` The Letter '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Lore Jeffrey Maier Miracle Mets 1910 Chalmers Award Wild Bill Hagy 1999 Cuban national baseball team exhibition 2015 Baltimore protests Rivalries Washington Nationals New York Yankees Boston Red Sox Key personnel Owner : Peter Angelos Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations : Dan Duquette Manager : Buck Showalter World Series Championships ( 3 ) 1966 1970 American League Championships ( 7 ) 1944 1966 1969 1970 1971 1979 American League East Championships ( 9 ) 1969 1970 1971 1973 1979 1997 2014 American League Wild Card ( 3 ) 2012 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA : Norfolk Tides AA : Bowie Baysox A Adv. : Frederick Keys A : Delmarva Shorebirds Short A : Aberdeen IronBirds Rookie : GCL Orioles DSL Orioles 1 DSL Orioles 2 Broadcasting TV Mid-Atlantic Sports Network Radio Orioles Radio Network Announcers Gary Thorne Jim Hunter Jim Palmer Rick Dempsey Mike Bordick Seasons ( 117 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Baltimore_Orioles_no-hitters&oldid=790795692 '' Categories : Baltimore Orioles lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who pitched the first no-hitter in orioles history	[ "Earl Hamilton threw the first no-hitter in Orioles history on August 30, 1912; the most recent no-hitter was a combined effort by Bob Milacki, Mike Flanagan, Mark Williamson and Gregg Olson on July 13, 1991.[5] No-hitters have been thrown by four left-handed starting pitchers and five right-handers. Seven no-hitters were thrown at home and two on the road. There have been two no-hitters in April, three in May, one in July, two in August, and one in September. The longest interval between no-hitters was 36 years from May 6, 1917 (Bob Groom) to May 6, 1953 (Bobo Holloman). The shortest interval was one day, May 5, 1917 (Ernie Koob) to May 6, 1917 (Groom).[5] The franchise no-hit the Oakland Athletics (formerly “Philadelphia Athletics”) the most, three times, by Holloman in 1953, Jim Palmer in 1969, and a combined no-hitter by Milacki, Flanagan, Williamson, and Olson in 1991. In two no-hitters, the team allowed at least one run: by Hamilton in 1912 (which was a loss) and a combined no-hitter by Steve Barber and Stu Miller in 1967. The most baserunners allowed in a no-hitter was a combined no-no by Barber and Miller, who allowed 14 in a 2–1 loss to the Detroit Tigers in 1967. Of the nine no-hitters, two have been won by a score of 1–0 and two by a score of 6–0, more common than any other result. The largest margin of victory was an 8–0 win by Palmer in 1969. The smallest margin of victory was a 1–0 wins by Koob in 1917 and Hoyt Wilhelm in 1958." ]	[ "Earl Hamilton" ]
-1799445452844681112	One More Light (song)	One More Light ( song ) - wikipedia One More Light ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song `` One More Light '' . For the album , see One More Light . `` One More Light '' Single by Linkin Park from the album One More Light Released October 3 , 2017 Recorded 2016 Genre Ambient acoustic Length 4 : 15 Songwriter ( s ) Mike Shinoda Eg White Producer ( s ) Mike Shinoda Brad Delson RAC Emily Wright Linkin Park singles chronology `` Darker Than the Light That Never Bleeds '' ( 2017 ) `` One More Light '' ( 2017 ) `` Darker Than the Light That Never Bleeds '' ( 2017 ) `` One More Light '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` One More Light '' on YouTube `` One More Light '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . It is the ninth and title track from their seventh studio album of the same name . The song was co-written with Eg White about a friend of the band who had died of cancer . The song was released to US contemporary hit radio on October 3 , 2017 as the album 's third single . It is Chester Bennington 's third posthumously released single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 Release history 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In late 2016 , Shinoda revealed that he had worked with British songwriter Eg White on a song . In an interview leading up to the reveal of the album 's lead single , `` Heavy '' , Shinoda revealed that White had worked with him on the song `` One More Light '' while Brad Delson attended the funeral of one of the band 's friends . When asked what he wanted to write about by White , Shinoda said that the only thing he could think about was the friend who had passed . He revealed that , in spite of the horrible inevitability of loss , the song is about letting people know that you care . Later on the band revealed the friend was Amy Zaret , a 25 - year veteran of Warner Bros. Records who died in October 2015 following a cancer diagnosis . Mike said , `` We had a friend who worked for the record label for a long time and came up with us from years and years ago . She started out in radio promo and was basically driving us to the local radio stations in the U.S. Midwest , eventually getting promoted and promoted . At some point last year , I suddenly heard that she 'd got cancer - and then all of a sudden she had died . We knew we absolutely had to write about what happened . It 's a sad song , but the pay - off is that when something dramatic and painful like that happens , the most important thing to do is to connect with the people you love and remind them you care about them . '' '' The band surprised some of the people who worked at Warner with the song , and people reacted very emotionally to it , with some weeping , giving hugs , and telling stories . They played the song on the TV show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and dedicated it to their late friend Chris Cornell who had died a day before . After lead singer Chester Bennington 's suicide on July 20 , 2017 , the band selected `` One More Light '' as their next single . Shinoda wrote `` One More Light was written with the intention of sending love to those who lost someone . We now find ourselves on the receiving end . In memorial events , art , videos , and images , fans all over the world have gravitated towards this song as their declaration of love and support for the band and the memory of our dear friend , Chester . We are so very grateful and ca n't wait to see you again . '' . On October 25 , 2017 , American DJ / Producer and Linkin Park collaborator Steve Aoki released his remix of `` One More Light '' , as his second tribute song to Bennington following his mashup , `` Darker Than The Light That Never Bleeds '' , which was released a month earlier . Music video ( edit ) The official video was uploaded to Linkin Park 's YouTube channel on September 18 , 2017 , and directed by Joe Hahn and Mark Fiore . It features footage of Chester performing in the middle of fans , footage of him at live shows such as Live in Texas and Road to Revolution : Live at Milton Keynes , and past music videos for their past singles Burn It Down , Waiting for the End and Powerless , as well the band themselves through the years . On making the music video , Hahn said : `` It has been incredibly emotional to work on this , and especially to watch it . I feel that by doing it , we not only faced some of our biggest fears , but it enabled us to use our talents to bring some light to people that need it . As we move forward to the Hollywood Bowl show and beyond , I think about the people that connect with the band , outside and inside our circle . This video is a gesture of good will to the people that want that connection . '' Mike Shinoda commented : `` `` One More Light was written with the intention of sending love to those who lost someone . We now find ourselves on the receiving end . In memorial events , art , videos , and images , fans all over the world have gravitated towards this song as their declaration of love and support for the band and the memory of our dear friend , Chester . We are so very grateful and ca n't wait to see you again . '' '' Upon its release , the video racked up 3 million views on YouTube in the first 24 hours . As of November 4 , the video has reached over 43 million views . On 3 October , 2017 , Linkin Park uploaded an official lyric video to YouTube . This video was created by Nicola Drilling and LP street soldiers from around the world . As of 7 October , 2017 , the lyric video has has more than two million views on YouTube . Personnel ( edit ) Band Chester Bennington -- vocals Mike Shinoda -- keyboards , production Brad Delson -- guitars , production Dave `` Phoenix '' Farrell -- bass guitar Mr. Hahn -- samples , programming Additional musicians Guitar and piano by Eg White Production Written by Mike Shinoda and Francis White Produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson Vocal production by Emily Wright Music performed by Linkin Park Vocals by Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda Chester 's vocals recorded at The Pool Recording Studio , London , UK Mike 's vocals recorded at The Warehouse Studio , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Music recorded at Larrabee Studios , North Hollywood , CA and Sphere Studios , North Hollywood , CA Engineered by Ethan Mates , Mike Shinoda and Josh Newell Assistant engineer : Alejandro Baima Studio B assistant engineer : Warren Willis Studio drum tech : Jerry Johnson Mixed by Manny Marooquin at Larrabee Studios , North Hollywood , CA Mix engineer : Chris Galland assisted by Jeff Jackson and Robin Florent Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 85 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 91 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 24 France ( SNEP ) 111 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 51 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 30 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 40 Italy ( FIMI ) 79 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 55 Portugal ( AFP ) 61 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 49 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 48 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 35 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 28 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States October 2 , 2017 Hot adult contemporary radio Warner Bros . October 3 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , ' One More Light ' , Pop Music , & Fandom - Killyourstereo.com '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review - Linkin Park abandons its signature sound and the result is unrecognizable '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eighth Studio Update , November 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Talks Pop Co-Writes Radio.com ^ Jump up to : 102.1 the Edge - FB LIVE - LINKIN PARK , March 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Linkin Park im Interview : War es das letzte Album ? - YouTube , April 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Full Interview , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Linkin Park Races Go - Karts & Breaks Down The Making Of ' One More Light ' IRL - YouTube , May 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Amy Zaret , Warner Bros. Records Veteran , Dies Billboard , October 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kerrang ! Magazine Interview with Linkin Park LP Association Forums , March 01 , 2017 Jump up ^ Linkin Park Dedicate ' One More Light ' to Chris Cornell on ' Kimmel ' Fuse ^ Jump up to : One More Light ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park , September 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` One More Light ( Steve Aoki Chester Forever Remix ) - Single by LINKIN PARK on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One More Light ( Official Lyric Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 431 '' . auspOp . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201730 into search . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 30 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201730 into search . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Linkin Park -- One More Light '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` One More Light ( Official Lyric Video ) '' on YouTube ( hide ) Linkin Park songs Discography Awards and nominations Hybrid Theory `` Papercut '' `` One Step Closer '' `` Points of Authority '' `` Crawling '' `` Runaway '' `` In the End '' `` A Place for My Head '' Reanimation `` Pts. OF. Athrty '' Meteora `` Somewhere I Belong '' `` Lying from You '' `` Faint '' `` Breaking the Habit '' `` From the Inside '' `` Numb '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Minutes to Midnight `` Given Up '' `` Leave Out All the Rest '' `` Bleed It Out '' `` Shadow of the Day '' `` What I 've Done '' `` No More Sorrow '' Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen `` New Divide '' A Thousand Suns `` Burning in the Skies '' `` Waiting for the End '' `` Blackout '' `` Wretches and Kings '' `` Iridescent '' `` The Catalyst '' Living Things `` Lost in the Echo '' `` In My Remains '' `` Burn It Down '' `` Lies Greed Misery '' `` I 'll Be Gone '' `` Castle of Glass '' `` Powerless '' Recharged `` A Light That Never Comes '' The Hunting Party `` Keys to the Kingdom '' `` All for Nothing '' `` Guilty All the Same '' `` Wastelands '' `` Until It 's Gone '' `` Rebellion '' `` Final Masquerade '' One More Light `` Nobody Can Save Me '' `` Good Goodbye '' `` Talking to Myself '' `` Battle Symphony '' `` Invisible '' `` Heavy '' `` Sorry for Now '' `` Halfway Right '' `` One More Light '' Featured songs `` We Made It '' `` Darker Than Blood '' Other songs `` Not Alone '' `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` White Noise '' `` Darker Than the Light That Never Bleeds '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_More_Light_(song)&oldid=808935694 '' Categories : 2017 songs Linkin Park songs 2010s ballads Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written by Mike Shinoda Songs written by Eg White 2017 singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song one more light by linkin park	[ "\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nMike Shinoda\nEg White\n\n\n\n", "\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nMike Shinoda\nEg White\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Eg White", "Mike Shinoda" ]
287554758685116001	Bates Motel (season 4)	Bates Motel ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Bates Motel ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Bates Motel ( season 4 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Vera Farmiga Freddie Highmore Max Thieriot Olivia Cooke Nestor Carbonell Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network A&E Original release March 7 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) -- May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Bates Motel episodes The fourth season of Bates Motel premiered on March 7 , 2016 , and concluded on May 16 , 2016 . The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 9 p.m. ET / PT on A&E . The series itself is described as a `` contemporary prequel '' to the 1960 film Psycho , following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film . The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay , Oregon . The season received critical acclaim from television critics , and was nominated for two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . It also won three People 's Choice Awards for Cable TV Drama , Cable TV Actress ( Farmiga ) , and Cable TV Actor ( Highmore ) . Bates Motel 's fourth season maintained consistent ratings throughout its airing , with the season premiere drawing in 1.55 million viewers and the finale totalling 1.50 million . The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 18 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Filming 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel characters Main ( edit ) Vera Farmiga , Freddie Highmore , and Max Thieriot ( left to right ) portray Norma Louise Bates , Norman Bates , and Dylan Massett , respectively , who appear in all episodes . Olivia Cooke , Nestor Carbonell , and Ryan Hurst ( left to right ) portray Emma Decody , Sheriff Alex Romero , and Chick Hogan , respectively . Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody Nestor Carbonell as Sheriff Alex Romero Recurring ( edit ) Damon Gupton as Dr. Gregg Edwards Jaime Ray Newman as Rebecca Hamilton Andrew Howard as Will Decody Terence Kelly as Dickie Bolton Ryan Hurst as Chick Hogan Marshall Allman as Julian Howe Kelly - Ruth Mercier as Nurse Penny Aliyah O'Brien as Regina Karina Logue as Audrey Ellis Fiona Vroom as Vicki Monroe Craig Erickson as Howard Collins Anika Noni Rose as Liz Babbitt Louis Ferreira as Doctor Guynan David Cubitt as Sam Bates Luke Roessler as Young Norman Guest ( edit ) Kevin Rahm as Bob Paris Keenan Tracey as Gunner Alexia Fast as Athena Alessandro Juliani as Interviewer Lindsey Ginter as Mac Dixon Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun Gina Chiarelli as O'Sullivan Carmen Moore as Grace Wei Jay Brazeau as Justin Willcock Molly Price as Detective Chambers Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , TVLine reported that Ryan Hurst would be returning to the series as Chick Hogan , a recurring character throughout the third season . On November 5 , 2015 , reports surfaced that the series was casting the recurring role of Gregg Edwards , a doctor at Pineview Mental Institution . On December 3 , 2015 , Damon Gupton was cast in the role . In mid-December 2015 , it was announced that Jaime Ray Newman would play a major recurring role throughout the season as Rebecca Hamilton , a former girlfriend of Romero . Filming ( edit ) The series is filmed on location in Aldergrove , British Columbia . At the beginning of the first season , a replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on 272nd Street . In early November 2015 , Nestor Carbonell confirmed he , like the third season , would be directing one episode of this season . Principal photography for season 4 began on November 30 , 2015 in Vancouver and surrounding areas , and concluded on April 6 , 2016 . On February 11 , 2016 , the first image was released featuring Farmiga and Highmore . In March 2016 , it was revealed Highmore had written the eighth episode of the season . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` A Danger to Himself and Others '' Tucker Gates Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 1.55 Picking up on the day after Season 3 ended , Romero disposes of Bob Paris ' body in the bay . With Norman missing , Norma and Dylan worry about his well being . A farmer discovers an unstable Norman , resulting in him being admitted to a psychiatric unit . Meanwhile , Dylan goes to Portland to be by Emma 's bedside after her lung transplant , while Norma attempts to have Norman discharged from the institution . The psychiatric doctor refuses to let Norman leave until after a 48 - hour observation period , and chastises Norma for never taking Norman to a doctor for his frequent blackouts . Desperate , Norma returns to Pineview Mental Hospital hoping to have Norman admitted as soon as possible and encounters a psychiatrist , Dr. Edwards . Since she does n't have insurance , Norma asks Romero to marry her so she can use his , but he rebuffs her . Elsewhere , Emma 's estranged mother , Audrey , attempts to make contact , but Emma 's father turns her away . As Audrey seeks help from Norman , `` Mother '' strangles her to death with her own scarf . 32 `` Goodnight , Mother '' Tim Southam Kerry Ehrin & Torrey Speer March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1.45 Norman tries to remember what happened the night before . He then has flashes of `` Mother '' hiding Audrey 's body in the basement freezer . Meanwhile , Emma breathes freely for the first time with her new lungs without her oxygen tank , to the relief of Dylan and her father . Meanwhile , Romero visits Pineview with the money for Norman 's admission . However , because Norman is 18 - years - old , the institution needs to have his signature on consent forms . Norman accuses Norma of killing Audrey , alerting his mother to the fact he committed another murder . She searches the motel 's pit for a body , but only discovers a glove . Norman later finds the Pineview forms in the motel 's fax machine . He then has a vision of his deceased father , who tells him that Norma is the one who killed him and that she is trying to blame Norman for all the killings . Norman 's behavior scares Norma , who flees from him and calls Romero for help . With his mother 's gun , Norman alludes to the pair committing suicide since they ca n't be happy in life . Romero arrives at the Bates residence , and Norma convinces Norman to sign the consent forms before he is taken away to the Pineview hospital . 33 `` ' Til Death Do You Part '' Phil Abraham Steve Kornacki & Alyson Evans March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 1.46 Norma and Romero get married , and afterward , Romero moves into the Bates house in order for their relationship to look real . Romero has the pit filled in as a wedding gift , but a worker discovers one of Audrey 's earrings at the site , distressing Norma . Meanwhile , Dylan returns to White Pine Bay to fire Gunner and get out of the drug trade , but arrives at the farm to find Gunner quitting instead . Chick arrives at Dylan 's farm looking for revenge on Caleb , but Dylan informs him he has n't been in contact with his father since he skipped town . At the Pineview asylum , Norman has his first therapy session with Dr. Edwards , who presses Norman to share his concerns about his mother . Norman is conflicted as both hiding and telling the `` truth '' would cause problems for Norma . Later , Norma visits Norman , and the two have a heated exchange in front of staff and other inpatients . Elsewhere , Romero 's ex-girlfriend , Rebecca , visits him , worried that her part in Bob 's money laundering scheme may come to light . Romero tells her to keep her head down and she 'll be safe from suspicion . 34 `` Lights of Winter '' T.J. Scott Tom Szentgyorgyi March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 1.52 Norman and fellow patient Julian plan an escape from Pineview . Meanwhile , Norma and Romero become closer in their sham marriage , and he suggests opening a joint bank account to make it appear more legitimate . He then gets an urgent message from Rebecca , who later tells him Bob Paris has $3 million in a safety deposit box , to which Romero finds the key . Norma visits Emma in the Portland hospital , who tells her to start living her own life and to not worry about Norman . Emma also plans to move to Seattle and asks Dylan to move with her . After attending a carnival with Romero and awkwardly meeting Rebecca , Norma and Romero return home to find the house ransacked . Meanwhile , Norman and Julian escape from Pineview and hitch a ride to a strip club . Julian gives Norman some money , and both are taken separately to private rooms . While alone with a dancer , `` Mother '' appears , but the two are interrupted by a fight between Julian and some bouncers . This leads to Dr. Edwards arriving to collect Norman , who breaks down and accepts Dr. Edwards ' help . 35 5 `` Refraction '' Sarah Boyd Erica Lipez April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 1.42 Norma and Romero begin cleaning the house , and she is upset about her favorite stained - glass window being broken . Romero mentions that things like that happen `` when you 're married to the sheriff '' . He later cautions Rebecca , whom he knows broke in , to stay away . Norma asks in town about a glass repairman , and Chick Hogan arrives at the house for the job . He later learns that Caleb is Norma 's brother . Meanwhile , Dylan takes Emma home to White Pine Bay , but later goes to Seattle for a job interview . At Pineview , Norman begins his therapy sessions with Dr. Edwards and seems to be open with most subjects , except that of his father . He calls to leave an apologetic voicemail with Norma , who later visits him at the institution ; Dr. Edwards later suggests the visit was all in Norman 's mind , which is confirmed when Norman gets agitated and `` Mother '' starts talking with the doctor . Also , Chick returns to see Norma and says he previously met Caleb , who was introduced as Dylan 's father . He tells Norma of his hatred for Caleb and asks her to decide her brother 's fate . 36 6 `` The Vault '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Scott Kosar April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 1.33 Norma meets again with Chick , who threatens to publicly reveal her past with Caleb and , ultimately , ruin her marriage to Romero . This sets off a sense of urgency in her , in which she manages to get Caleb 's possible location from Dylan . She contacts Caleb , but later tells Chick to do his worst in destroying her life . Meanwhile , Romero gives the safety deposit box key to Rebecca , adding that he wants none of the money in return . At Pineview , Dr. Edwards explains dissociative identity disorder to Norman and that the `` Mother '' persona is what arises during his blackouts . Norman recalls when he was age seven and Norma tried to leave his drunken father . She was raped while Norman hid under the bed . Dr. Edwards asks to speak to `` Mother '' , who warns him to not allow Norman to recall memories that will hurt himself . Chick delivers the window with Romero 's help . Norma then explains Chick 's true intentions and tearfully reveals her past to Romero , believing he will leave her as a result . Despite the truth , Romero decides to stay married to Norma . 37 7 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Nestor Carbonell Philip Buiser April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 1.35 Norma tells Romero about her dream to renovate the Bates house , but her financial position wo n't grant her the opportunity to do so . Romero reveals to her the money he took from Bob on the night of his murder , offering it so she can begin making her dream a reality . While at Pineview creating papier - mâché , Norman finds a newspaper clipping about his mother 's marriage to Romero . Norman calls home to hear Romero answer the phone and Norma lie regarding his reasons for being there . Norman then sets into motion his plans of going home . Meanwhile , Dylan investigates Audrey 's disappearance when Emma loses contact with her . He shows Norma the letter of Audrey 's found in Norman 's room , confronting her about why it was in Norman 's possession . Dylan later gives the letter to Emma , who ultimately decides that her mother 's vanishing is an act of desperation . Despite Dr. Edwards ' and Norma 's efforts to keep Norman at Pineview , he is released and returns home . 38 8 `` Unfaithful '' Stephen Surjik Freddie Highmore May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 1.52 Romero stays away from the Bates house to help Norman adjust to a normal life . Norman soon tells him of plans to get a second job to pay for his own insurance in order to let Romero out of his arranged marriage to Norma . Romero tells her that Norman needs to be told that they 're in love . Meanwhile , Rebecca is picked up at the airport by the DEA , but is told they are actually after Romero in connection with Bob Paris . At the Bates house , Norma , Romero and Norman have dinner together . Norman gets into an argument with his mother over her allowing Romero into their lives , when she and Norman were so close to the point of him not being able to have girlfriends . Norman storms out to chop wood in anger ; Romero follows . Norman approaches him with the axe , but destroys a shed and proclaims that he hates Romero . 39 9 `` Forever '' Tim Southam Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 1.41 Romero tries unsuccessfully to convince Norma to recommit Norman into Pineview . Norman pours out his feelings to Dr. Edwards as Dylan and Romero secretly meet . They both are worried for Norma and want Norman back in the hospital . Dylan finds Audrey 's earring and confronts Norma about it . Angered and blinded , Norma accuses Dylan of being jealous of Norman . Heartbroken , Dylan says that she has never been a mother to him , and tells her that Romero also wants Norman back in the hospital . Dylan says goodbye to Norman . Norma confronts Romero about going behind her back and ends their relationship . Norma then breaks down in front of Norman . She leaves a note for Romero and falls asleep . Norman lights the furnace and shuts all the vents in the house , causing carbon monoxide to fill Norma 's room , in a murder - suicide attempt . Romero arrives and finds the two unconscious on the bed . He attempts to save both of them but is apparently unsuccessful in saving Norma , and he breaks into tears . Norman wakes to see his unresponsive mother . 40 10 `` Norman '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 1.50 As Norman is taken away by ambulance , Romero is questioned by a detective , who shows him Norma 's note with the wedding ring in it . She mentions the possibility of Norma 's attempt at murder - suicide , which sends Romero to collect Norman at the hospital . Norman balks , they scuffle and Romero promises to prove Norman killed his mother . The funeral home calls Norman to make arrangements . At the morgue , Romero places the ring on Norma 's finger , and Norman later removes it at the funeral parlor . Romero goes to the service , which only Norman is attending . They scuffle again when Norman shows him the ring . Romero is later arrested by the DEA for perjury when he previously lied about being involved with Rebecca . Norman exhumes his mother 's body to take home . Chick visits the house to offer condolences and sees Norma 's body . He forces Norman to realize that she is dead . Norman goes to kill himself with Norma 's handgun but hears music . He finds the house decorated for Christmas and `` Mother '' playing the piano . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The fourth season of Bates Motel has been met with critical acclaim . The season holds a 100 % positive rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 8 responses from television critics . Ratings ( edit ) Overall , the fourth season of Bates Motel averaged 1.45 million viewers , with a 0.6 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Danger to Himself and Others '' March 7 , 2016 0.7 1.55 0.5 1.13 1.2 2.68 `` Goodnight , Mother '' March 14 , 2016 0.6 1.45 0.5 1.14 1.1 2.59 `` ' Til Death Do You Part '' March 21 , 2016 0.6 1.46 0.4 0.92 1.0 2.38 `` Lights of Winter '' March 28 , 2016 0.6 1.52 0.6 1.22 1.2 2.73 5 `` Refraction '' April 11 , 2016 0.6 1.42 0.6 1.33 1.2 2.74 6 `` The Vault '' April 18 , 2016 0.5 1.33 0.6 1.22 1.1 2.55 7 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' April 25 , 2016 0.5 1.35 0.6 1.27 1.1 2.61 8 `` Unfaithful '' May 2 , 2016 0.6 1.52 0.4 0.98 1.0 2.50 9 `` Forever '' May 9 , 2016 0.5 1.41 0.4 0.99 0.9 2.39 10 `` Norman '' May 16 , 2016 0.5 1.50 0.6 1.22 1.1 2.72 A ^ Cable Live + 3 data is used here as Live + 7 was not made available . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel In its fourth season , Bates Motel was nominated for 17 awards , winning three . Year Awards Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series John S. Bartley Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Chris Bacon Nominated 20th Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Music in a Series Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Bingeworthy Series Bates Motel Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Lead Actor in a Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Best Lead Actress in a Drama Vera Farmiga Nominated 18th Women 's Image Network Awards Best Actress -- Drama Series Nominated Poppy Awards Best Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Won Favorite Cable TV Actor Freddie Highmore Won Favorite Cable TV Drama Bates Motel Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Actor Freddie Highmore Nominated Best TV Actress Vera Farmiga Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Bates Motel Nominated Best Actor on Television Freddie Highmore Nominated Best Actress on Television Vera Farmiga Nominated The listed years are of television release , annual ceremonies are usually held the following year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Season 4 and ' Damien ' to Premiere March 7 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Bates Motel ' a twisty , moody modern prequel to ' Psycho ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bates Motel : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bates Motel : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel -- Street Date , Pricing , Extras for ' Season 4 ' on DVD , Blu - ray Disc '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on NCIS , X-Files , Grey 's Anatomy , Arrow , Flash , Castle , Bones , Criminal Minds and More '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Arrow , Bloodline , Grimm , Supergirl , Scandal , TVD , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Damon Gupton Joins ' Bates Motel ' ; Trieste Kelly Dunn In ' Blindspot ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jaime Ray Newman Checks Into ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Nestor Carbonell To Direct Season 4 Episode of Bates Motel , Teases Big Payoff '' . ComicBook.com . Jump up ^ Vera Farmiga ( @ VeraFarmiga ) ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Motel reopens today . Mama 's back in business . @ KerryEhrin @ CarbonellNestor @ maxthieriot @ CarltonCuse @ InsideBates '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Start Date : Bates Motel With Vera Farmiga & Freddie Highmore Starts Filming Season 4 First Week of December in Metro Vancouver '' . YVR Shoots . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel First Look : Vera Farmiga says Norma 's ' dreams have indeed become a nightmare ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerry Ehrin ( @ KerryEhrin ) ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` @ Today. :) @ InsideBates '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Bates Motel ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' reunion and ' WWE Raw ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Teen Mom ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' finale holds steady , NBA Playoffs soar '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs finish on top , beat broadcast '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' and ' Black Ink Crew ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hip : Atlanta ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 7 - 13 : ' Walking Dead ' leads , 3 shows triple in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 14 - 20 : Nearly 50 shows double in adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 21 - 27 : ' Better Call Saul ' jumps up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 28 - April 3 : ' Walking Dead ' finale jumps '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 11 - 17 : ' Orphan Black ' premiere triples '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 - 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' gains the most , ' Banshee ' quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 - 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 9 - 15 : ' Game of Thones ' and ' Fear the Walking Dead ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 - 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel Emmy Nominations '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association -- 20th Annual TV Awards ( 2015 -- 16 ) '' . OFTA . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Game of Thrones , Stranger Things among Most Bingeworthy nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Derby Awards ( 2016 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The WIN Awards -- Women 's Image Awards 2016 Nominees '' . Women 's Image Network Awards . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Your drama nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bates Motel on IMDb Bates Motel at TV.com ( hide ) Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bates_Motel_(season_4)&oldid=814898742 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Bates Motel ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 51 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in bates motel season 4	[ "The fourth season of Bates Motel premiered on March 7, 2016, and concluded on May 16, 2016. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 9 p.m. ET/PT on A&E.[1] The series itself is described as a \"contemporary prequel\" to the 1960 film Psycho, following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film.[2] The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay, Oregon." ]	[ "10" ]
-5549231115863061072	If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)	If Loving You is Wrong ( TV series ) - wikipedia If Loving You is Wrong ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search If Loving You Is Wrong Genre Soap opera Created by Tyler Perry Written by Tyler Perry Directed by Tyler Perry Starring Charles Malik Whitfield April Parker Jones Heather Hemmens Tiffany Haddish Amanda Clayton Edwina Findley Aiden Turner Zulay Henao Matt Cook Octavio Pizano Joel Rush Denzel Wells Eltony Williams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 72 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Mark E. Swinton Will Areu Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 9 , 2014 -- present External links Website www.oprah.com/app/if-loving-you-is-wrong.html Production website web.archive.org/web/20140808052649/http : / / www.tylerperry.com/tv-shows/if-loving-you-wrong/ If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street ( Castillo Lane ) in the fictional community of Maxine . The show stars Amanda Clayton , Edwina Findley , Heather Hemmens , Zulay Henao , and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex , Kelly , Marcie , Esperanza and Natalie on `` their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry 's 2014 film The Single Moms Club . Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza , although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series . It was officially ordered straight - to - series on January 9 , 2014 . It premiered on September 9 , 2014 , on the Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) , and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4 , 2014 . The series premiere was the highest - rated in OWN history , setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots . The second half of the first season aired on March 24 , 2015 . On February 27 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes . The second season premiered on September 22 , 2015 . The second half premiered on March 15 , 2016 . OWN renewed the series for a third season . The third season of the series premiered on September 13 , 2016 . The second half of the third season premiered on March 21 , 2017 . On August 29 , 2017 , OWN announced the show 's return for the fourth season , which premiered on September 19 , 2017 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery , a housewife who is married to businessman , Brad . She has two children with him , Peter and Paisley , after which he had a vasectomy . She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor , Randall , which ends her friendship with Randall 's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her . She gave birth to a third child , a son , who may be Randall 's son , born from their affair . Matt Cook as Joey Blackman , Natalie 's oldest son who was released from jail . Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail , and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business , Burger Fast . Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs , a single and working mother to a young son named Justice . She is being pursued by a man named Travis , despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti . Tiffany Haddish as Jackie ( season 1 ) , Natalie 's loyal assistant at Burger Fast . A very business - savy woman . Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes , a real estate agent and Randall 's unhappy wife , who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall . Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad . She demands that Randall divorce her ; he refuses because he still loves her , but also loves Alex . In the third season , it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant , but with Brad 's child . Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis , ex-wife of Edward , a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine . Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward . When she began dating Julius , he immediately became a target of Edward 's rage and jealousy , which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug - cartel leader , which constantly places her and Mika in danger . April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning , a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast . Often hovers over her oldest son , Joey . Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes , Marcie 's estranged husband , a psychologist . He has an affair with Alex , which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad . With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad . Later that night Brad destroys Randall 's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired . In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex . He refuses to divorce Marcie , because he wants to have both women in his life . In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy . Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery , a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex 's cousin , Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex . Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife 's affair with his friend , Randall until the second season premiere . He gets into a fight with Randall , demolishes his boat and nearly kills him . He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie . Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex , Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley 's birth , which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex 's newborn son . Joel Rush as Edward `` Eddie '' Willis , Esperanza 's ex , Alex 's cousin and Brad 's friend . A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine . He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza . He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda , who would eventually leave him as well . Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza , which drives him to behave the way he does , and is also a recovering cocaine addict . Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr. , Esperanza 's new boyfriend , a target of the jealous Edward 's rage , in this case , justifiably , as he is the relative of a Drug - Cartel leader , and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and , more importantly , his daughter , Mika . Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan , Natalie 's fiancé and the father of her youngest son , Frankie . He 's a rookie cop with Eddie , who has a hostile working relationship with him , due to his corrupt ways . However , he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting . Denzel Wells as Travis Cain , Kelly 's love interest , who is away on a relief mission in Haiti . Upon his return , he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly . However , he has second thoughts , and ends his engagement . He then pursues Kelly anew , although she is very disinterested . In season three , he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly . Dawan Owens as Quan ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) , Joey 's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie , and at times , Joey himself . In season 3 he is killed during a shoot - out with Joey , who was seriously injured but survives . Recurring Cast ( edit ) Brianne Davis as Yolanda , Edward 's new wife who would , like Esperanza did , leave him . An alcoholic , she absolutely despises Esperanza , and the two women often quarrel . Has two children ( one an unnamed older daughter ) with Edward , and is Mika 's stepmother . Claudette Ortiz as Claudia , a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half - sister of Quan . Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain , Travis ' mother who did not approve of Kelly , but later accepts her . Judi Blair as Faun , daughter of Mr. Kym , owner of Burger Fast . Faun is friendly with Joey , who works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie . Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey , the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department . Sharon Conley as Sally Celine Areu as Mika Willis , the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza . Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery , the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex . Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery , the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex . Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs , the son of Kelly . Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan , the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion . Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters , Kelly 's new neighbor , to whom she is attracted . Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis , a rookie cop who takes it upon himself to investigates Ben 's shooting . Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes , Randall 's mother . Tries to be a peace barrier for Marcie and Randall . Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant , a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's `` If Loving You Is Wrong '' Returns to OWN with All - New Episodes This March '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's New Television Drama ' If Loving You is Wrong ' to Premiere Tuesday September 9 on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` OWN still bets on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' after film bombs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Orders Series Based on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Sets Cast For New Tyler Perry Drama Series ' If Loving You Is Wrong ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Announces Cast for New Drama Series ' If Loving You is Wrong ' From Tyler Perry Shadow and Act '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Single Mom 's Club ' Adaptation for OWN Gets New Name '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Wants More Tyler Perry -- And Gets It '' . Deadline.com . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TheBrianneDavis : Meet crazy Yolanda ! ! ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong on IMDb Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Why Did I Get Married ? Why Did I Get Married ? Why Did I Get Married Too ? Independent films Daddy 's Little Girls The Family That Preys For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Oprah Winfrey Network original programming Former 6 Little McGhees ( 2012 -- 14 ) Addicted to Food ( 2011 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) America 's Money Class with Suze Orman ( 2012 ) Anna & Kristina 's Grocery Bag ( 2011 ) Belief ( 2015 ) Beverly 's Full House ( 2012 ) Blackboard Wars ( 2013 ) Breaking Down the Bars ( 2011 ) Carson Nation ( 2011 ) Deion 's Family Playbook ( 2014 - 15 ) Deliver Me ( 2011 ) Extreme Clutter with Peter Walsh ( 2011 -- 12 ) Finding Sarah ( 2011 ) Flex & Shanice ( 2014 - 16 ) For Peete 's Sake ( 2016 - 17 ) Golden Sisters ( 2013 ) It 's Not You , It 's Men ( 2016 ) Life with La Toya ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lindsay ( 2014 ) Lives on Fire ( 2012 ) Livin ' Lozada ( 2015 - 16 ) Love Thy Neighbor ( 2013 - 17 ) Lovetown , USA ( 2012 ) Houston Beauty ( 2013 ) Married to the Army : Alaska ( 2012 ) Mom 's Got Game ( 2014 ) Mystery Diagnosis ( 2011 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Oprah Prime ( 2012 - 2015 ) Oprah 's Lifeclass ( 2011 - 2014 ) Our America with Lisa Ling ( 2011 -- 14 ) Party at Tiffany 's ( 2011 ) Police Women of Dallas ( 2013 ) Raising Whitley ( 2013 - 16 ) Ryan and Tatum : The O'Neals ( 2011 ) Season 25 : Oprah Behind The Scenes ( 2011 ) Staten Island Law ( 2013 ) The Dr. Laura Berman Show ( 2011 ) The Gayle King Show ( 2011 ) The Judds ( 2011 ) The Rosie Show ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) Your OWN Show : Oprah 's Search for the Next TV Star ( 2011 ) Current Greenleaf ( since 2016 ) If Loving You Is Wrong ( since 2014 ) Iyanla : Fix My Life ( since 2012 ) Oprah 's Master Class ( since 2011 ) Oprah : Where Are They Now ? ( since 2012 ) Queen Sugar ( since 2016 ) Super Soul Sunday ( since 2011 ) The Haves and the Have Nots ( since 2013 ) Welcome to Sweetie Pie 's ( since 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong_(TV_series)&oldid=810547590 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American television soap operas English - language television programs OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network original programs Television series created by Tyler Perry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 23 : 05 . About Wikipedia	who plays travis on if loving you is wrong	[ "Denzel Wells as Travis Cain, Kelly's love interest, who is away on a relief mission in Haiti. Upon his return, he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly. However, he has second thoughts, and ends his engagement. He then pursues Kelly anew, although she is very disinterested. In season three, he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly." ]	[ "Denzel Wells" ]
8476630509684903621	Jackson Avery	Jackson Avery - wikipedia Jackson Avery Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2012 ) Jackson Avery Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jesse Williams Information Occupation Attending Plastic surgeon Attending ENT surgeon Chairman of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D F.A.C.S. Family Robert Avery ( father ) Catherine Avery ( mother ) Harper Avery ( deceased ) ( grandfather ) Richard Webber ( stepfather ) Maggie Pierce ( stepsister ) Spouse ( s ) April Kepner ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey Stephanie Edwards Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with April ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter with April ) Jackson Avery , M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama , Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Jesse Williams . The character was created by series creator and executive producer , Shonda Rhimes . He was introduced in season six , episode 5 , `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident from Mercy West Medical Center when it merges with Seattle Grace Hospital . Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member , and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven . The character 's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment , and trying to finding his own successes , instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name . The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards . He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner . The couple had a child , Samuel Avery , who died soon after birth . However , the pair have a daughter , Harriett , who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay . She was conceived prior to the divorce . Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established , Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , and is the current chairman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Jackson Avery is the grandson of Harper Avery , one of the most famous surgeons in the country and the namesake of the prestigious Harper Avery Award . He grew up hearing about the nobility of being a surgeon at his grandfather 's dinner table , which inspired him to become a surgeon . He was raised by a single mother , after his father `` ran off to God knows where because he could n't stand the pressure of being an Avery . '' His family never pushed him academically because he was ' just the pretty one ' , so he pushed himself . Jackson is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . He joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Jackson 's grandfather tries to convince him to take a position at Massachusetts General Hospital when he is admitted to Seattle Grace , but Jackson refuses . In the aftermath of a hospital shooting , Jackson 's sleep is disturbed and he and April move into fellow resident Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . For some time , the loss of Percy in the shooting affects his quality of work and his mood . The seventh season gradually displays Jackson 's interest in Meredith 's sister , Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and they start a relationship . Dr. Avery starts working with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , despite Sloan having been in a relationship with Lexie . However , Lexie can not stand the fact that the two of them are working together , and when she later shows that she still has feelings for Sloan , Avery breaks up with her . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Jackson , prepare for their board certifications as they prepare for fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , Jackson and the virgin April have sexual intercourse . Though April is confused because she broke the promise she made to Jesus to stay a virgin , the two of them are under stress and they have sex again during their exams . During the exam , Jackson is supported by his mother Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) , who happens to be a tester at the exams . Jackson , Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , and Alex Karev eventually pass their exam , while April fails . Although Jackson has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . In the season eight finale , Jackson reveals to April that he is taking the position at Tulane Medical Center , despite feeling sick for leaving Seattle Grace Mercy West and her behind . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Avery , Karev , Kepner , and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident that kills Lexie and eventually Mark . After the accident , Dr. Avery stays at Seattle Grace and continues his work in plastic surgery . He and Dr. Kepner continue a sexual relationship , although April frets about the indiscretion to her faith until she believes she is pregnant . When told about the baby , Dr. Avery proposes to her and she accepts , promising her the fairytale wedding she has always wanted . As it turns out , the pregnancy was false and the couple break up before announcing the news of their engagement to the rest of the staff . As a means to avoid each other , the two doctors decide to each bring a date to Dr. Bailey 's wedding selecting this date for each of them , both of which are interns . At the end of the wedding , Stephanie ( Jerrika Hinton ) the intern and Jackson have sex in his car , after affirming how their relationship was supposed to be merely professional . Shortly afterwards he tells April he is sleeping with Stephanie and even though she is crushed she thanks him for telling her the truth . It is hinted that Jackson is still in love with April when she turns to him for dating advice and he shows signs of jealousy but they manage to reestablish their friendship . When the hospital faces a financial crisis , Jackson 's mom Catherine agrees to invest in the hospital via the Harper Avery foundation on the condition that Dr. Avery become the new chairman . The board ( at Jackson 's prompting ) later renames the hospital Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Matthew and April get engaged but at the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves her and stands up professing his love . Faced with a huge decision , April winds up choosing Jackson over Matthew and they run out of her wedding together . However , April begins to panic over her decision , though she still chooses to drive away with Jackson . When April comes to believe that they have made a regrettable decision in running away from her wedding together , Jackson proposes to her and they elope . They keep their marriage a secret from the rest of the hospital staff , because of a new rule at the hospital restricting staff fraternization . Jackson 's ex-girlfriend Stephanie feels especially betrayed because of how Jackson left her . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement to protect the Avery family fortune . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views about the way their children should be raised in respect to religion . Soon after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancée the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction termination at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gives birth to Samuel Norbert Avery and he passes away shortly after birth . In the series 11 finale April announces to Jackson that she is leaving with Owen Hunt to be a trauma surgeon in the army - something she says she wants to do in order to properly grieve for their son ; after initial refusal from Jackson he lets her go , but is left wondering what to do in order to grieve for himself . Over passing months April and Jackson only have few opportunities talking to one another . After discussions over the phone via facetime , April announces to Jackson that she is lengthening her service time , meaning she will be staying for a further few months ; before Jackson can express his disgust at this , gunfire and explosions are heard at April 's base camp , leaving her to quickly terminate the call . Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home to Seattle . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital where she and Jackson embrace in the foyer . In season 12 , their marriage begins to fall apart and they grow estranged . In episode 11 , they file for a civil divorce . After their divorce is finalized , April reveals that they are expecting another child . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) In February 2009 , Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of central character , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) having another sibling . The series had released a casting call for an actor that could pass as biracial , and the casting was postponed until season six . Williams 's casting was announced in late August 2009 . Though his name is not given , the character 's arc was expected to last several episodes . Williams described his audition as a `` simple process . '' He got the information on his birthday , August 5 , went in the next day to read for the role , despite not knowing what part he had auditioned for . Williams learned he got the job a week later . In late 2009 , a casting call for a young Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) and a young Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , who would appear in flashbacks fueled rumors that Jackson could be Meredith 's half - brother . Williams later shot down the rumor saying that Meredith would have noticed if her mother were pregnant . Matt Webb Mitovich noted Williams 's absence from the `` Seattle Grace : On Call '' webseries as a sign of big plans for the character . In the episode , `` Perfect Little Accident , '' which premiered on March 4 , 2010 , Jackson is revealed to be the grandson of the legendary Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) . Shonda Rhimes hinted at the possibility of Williams and his co-star Sarah Drew becoming series regulars in her blog post about the season finale in May 2010 , and Rhimes does not deny the possibility . Williams 's promotion was eventually confirmed in June 2010 . Characterization ( edit ) The character 's profile on official ABC website describes Jackson as `` hardworking , driven , observant '' and `` eager . '' However , at times , Jackson can be too confident and `` overly competitive , '' and very `` stubborn . '' He has a habit of teasing his coworkers . Williams revealed to Essence.com that his character is very `` ambitious . He does n't takes sides or deal with any drama . He 's there to work and not really get involved in the pettiness . '' When compared to himself , Williams Jackson is way more `` cavalier , '' and bold . Matt Webb Mitovitch described Jackson as having a `` sense of entitlement , '' while Williams described Jackson 's demeanor as `` swagger . '' Because his work environment is extremely competitive , Jackson acts as if he belongs and refuses to second guess himself . Upon arrival at Seattle Grace , he is `` kind of a wise ass surgeon . '' He feels he is an `` invader '' in the new team and `` he decides to deal with it kind of aggressively and not shy away from it and show his personality . He is very confident and likes to say what is on his mind . '' Williams also said : `` Jackson is more of a lone wolf . He 's not really built to go seek support and a shoulder to cry on . '' `` He 's always been trying to make it on his own . Jackson does n't want to live off his legacy and his name , which also conflicts with him wanting to be close to his mother . '' Relationships ( edit ) Jackson immediately clashes with Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) due their competitive natures . The immediate tension between the duo leads to speculation about a potential romance . Yang and Avery compete for the same cases , and in the episode , `` Invest in Love , '' for the first time , Jackson witnesses Cristina taking charge of a situation , and he admires her ; he looks at her differently . At a party , when Jackson is a bit drunk , he opens up about how attractive he finds Cristina and kisses her . Jackson is unaware of Yang 's relationship with Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , so the attraction is natural . Williams does not worry about fans of the couple hating his character because he understands that fans are n't really supposed to like the Mercy Westers ; Jackson is in the enemy camp and `` has to take his lumps . '' Williams said the kiss was a `` pretty relatable crime of passion . '' The kiss does n't have any immediate effects on Owen and Cristina 's romance and it remains secret . Jackson and Cristina develop a sort of mutual understanding as they tend to push one another to be better . Speaking of Jackson 's past relationship with Lexie Grey , Williams said : `` He tried to be safe and wise and not deal with girls , really , when he first focused on transitioning into Seattle Grace from Mercy West . He kept his head down , got his work done and did n't get caught up with banging nurses or anything . But he could n't help himself with Lexie once they got close ; he really kind of fell for her . He made himself vulnerable probably to the least available person in the hospital , because he knew that she had a longstanding relationship with Mark . He knew he should n't head in that direction , but he went against his better judgment and got burned for it . '' `` They are both kind of suckers for love ( ... ) they both get caught up in their own momentum ( ... ) he 's all about his job and pressure from his grandfather but then he gets bowled over with this platonic relationship . Avery just ca n't help himself with Lexie . '' At the end of the eighth season , April and Jackson 's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship : `` I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things . What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey 's Anatomy -- two genders in a completely platonic , wholesome , pleasant and productive relationship / friendship . Who is to say that has to end ? '' In the ninth season , Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward . Williams gave his insight : `` That 's a relationship that is fun , light , and no strings attached . She 's sweet . She 's funny . They are n't bogged down by these big notions of each other . Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew . They get married and have a child together , but he dies shortly after birth . They are now divorced , but April is newly pregnant . In the present , April has just given birth to a baby girl , and it seems to have made them closer . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly wrote the addition of Avery 's character to the show was one of the 10 reasons she loves Grey 's Anatomy again : `` Dr. Avery was n't quite clicking as part of the ensemble when Jesse Williams first joined the cast . But now ? Oh , mama . He 's flirty -- to a fault -- but he 's also a decent dude , and the show was in need of a seriously single male character . '' His bromance with mentor Mark Sloan has been positively received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV commented : `` these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . The pairing was included in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Reviewing the first part of the ninth season , Lyons said : `` Avery 's mom is more interesting than he is . '' He was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Jesse Williams cast in ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' exclusive : Does Mer have another MIA sibling ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams Addresses Meredith 's Brother Rumor '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Williams Heats Up ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Essence . Time Inc . October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Nowalk ( writer ) ; Bill D'Elia ( director ) ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Perfect Little Accident '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 16 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss answers your burning season finale questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Williams Talks Joining The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal Television Distribution . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Jesse Williams on Jackson 's Personal , Professional Battles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams on Catherine Avery 's Arrival and `` Jaxie 's '' Future `` . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Patty ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Betty Interview : Jesse Williams '' . BettyConfidential . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jesse Williams Dissects the Jackson - Cristina Kiss '' . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Preview : Jesse Williams Talks Jackson , April , Lexie and the ' Bittersweet ' Finale '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lorena ; Benson , Kristin ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Jesse Williams : I 'm Excited For Jackson To Grow His Relationship With Lexie On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ! '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Q&A : Jesse Williams on Becoming the New Boss '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Jackson Avery at ABC.com Jackson Avery on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Avery&oldid=811526271 '' Categories : Fictional characters from California Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional African - American people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from June 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 05 : 29 . About Wikipedia	what season of grey's anatomy does jackson come	[ "Jackson Avery, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama, Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Jesse Williams.[1] The character was created by series creator and executive producer, Shonda Rhimes. He was introduced in season six, episode 5, \"Invasion\" as a former surgical resident from Mercy West Medical Center when it merges with Seattle Grace Hospital. Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member,[2] and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven.[3] The character's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment, and trying to finding his own successes, instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name. The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards. He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner. The couple had a child, Samuel Avery, who died soon after birth. However, the pair have a daughter, Harriett, who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay. She was conceived prior to the divorce. Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established, Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, and is the current chairman." ]	[ "season six" ]
3245212223156807848	Leeds United F.C.	Leeds United F.C. - Wikipedia Leeds United F.C. `` Leeds United '' redirects here . For other uses , see Leeds United ( disambiguation ) . Leeds United Full name Leeds United Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Whites United The Peacocks Short name LUFC Founded 1919 ; 99 years ago ( 1919 ) Ground Elland Road , Beeston , Leeds Capacity 37,890 Coordinates 53 ° 46 ′ 40 '' N 1 ° 34 ′ 20 '' W / 53.77778 ° N 1.57222 ° W / 53.77778 ; - 1.57222 Coordinates : 53 ° 46 ′ 40 '' N 1 ° 34 ′ 20 '' W / 53.77778 ° N 1.57222 ° W / 53.77778 ; - 1.57222 Owner Aser Group Holding ( 90 % ) 49ers Enterprises ( 10 % ) Chairman Andrea Radrizzani Head coach Marcelo Bielsa League Championship 2017 -- 18 Championship , 13th of 24 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Leeds United Football Club is a professional association football club in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . The club was formed in 1919 following the disbanding of Leeds City F.C. by the Football League and took over their Elland Road stadium . They play in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Leeds United have won three English league titles , one FA Cup , one League Cup , two Charity Shield / Community Shield and two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups . The club reached the 1975 European Cup Final losing to Bayern Munich . Leeds also reached the semi-finals of the tournament 's successor , the Champions League in 2001 . The club were runners - up in the European Cup Winners Cup final in 1973 . The majority of the honours were won under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s . Leeds play in all - white kits . The club 's badge features the White Rose of York together with the monogram `` LUFC '' . The club 's anthem is `` Marching On Together '' . Leeds share rivalries with Manchester United , Chelsea and Millwall . Contents 1 History summary 1.1 Pre-Leeds United 1.2 1920 -- 1960 : Early years 1.3 1961 -- 1974 : Don Revie era 1.4 1974 -- 1988 : Post-Revie and Relegation 1.5 1988 -- 1996 : Howard Wilkinson era 1.6 1997 -- 2001 : Graham and O'Leary 1.7 2001 -- 2007 : Financial implosion and relegation 1.8 2007 -- 2010 : League One 1.9 2010 -- 2014 : Return to the Championship 1.10 2014 -- 2017 : The Cellino era 1.11 2017 -- : Radrizzani era 2 Colours and badge 2.1 Colours 2.2 Badge 3 Kit sponsors and manufacturers 4 Stadium 5 Supporters 6 Rivalries 7 Media 8 Music 9 Players 9.1 Current squad 9.2 Other players under contract 9.3 Out on loan 9.3. 1 Retired numbers 9.4 Reserves and Youth Team 9.5 Notable players 10 First team staff 11 Medical team 12 Scouting team 12.1 Under 23s and Academy staff 13 Directors and backroom staff 13.1 Owners and directors 14 League history 15 Manager / Head Coach history 16 Club honours 16.1 English leagues 16.2 English cups 16.3 European competition 17 Personnel honours 17.1 English Football Hall of Fame 17.2 Scottish Football Hall of Fame 17.3 Welsh Sports Hall of Fame 17.4 European Hall of Fame 17.5 Football League 100 Legends 17.6 FWA Player of the Year 17.7 PFA Players ' Player of the Year 17.8 PFA Young Player of the Year 17.9 PFA Team of the Year 17.10 Football League awards 17.11 Continent Player of the year 17.12 Goal of the season 17.13 Premier League Golden Boot 17.14 EFL Championship Golden Boot 18 In popular culture 19 See also 20 References 21 External links History summary ( edit ) Main article : History of Leeds United F.C. Pre-leeds United ( edit ) Leeds United 's predecessor team , Leeds City , was formed in 1904 and were elected League members in 1905 . At first they found it hard to draw big crowds to Elland Road but their fortunes improved following Herbert Chapman 's arrival . In 1914 Chapman declared ; `` This city is built to support top - flight football '' , but Leeds City were forcibly disbanded and forced to sell off all their players by The Football League in 1919 in response to allegations of illegal payments to players during the First World War . In 1919 , Leeds United was formed and they received an invitation to enter the Midland League , being voted into it on 31 October , taking the place vacated by Leeds City Reserves . Following Leeds City 's disbanding , Yorkshire Amateurs bought their stadium Elland Road . Yorkshire Amateurs offered to make way for the new team under the management of former player Dick Ray . The chairman of Huddersfield Town , Hilton Crowther loaned Leeds United £ 35,000 , to be repaid when Leeds United won promotion to Division One . He brought in Barnsley 's manager Arthur Fairclough and on 26 February 1920 , Dick Ray stepped down to become Fairclough 's assistant . 1920 -- 1960 : early years ( edit ) The first Leeds United team at the start of the 1920 -- 21 season A chart showing the progress of Leeds United through the English football league system On 31 May 1920 , Leeds United were elected to the Football League . Over the following few years , they consolidated their position in the Second Division and in 1924 won the title and with it promotion to the First Division . They failed to establish themselves and were relegated in 1926 -- 27 . After their relegation , Fairclough resigned , which paved the way for Ray to return as manager . In the years up until the start of World War II Leeds were twice relegated , both times being instantly re-promoted the following season . On 5 March 1935 , Ray resigned and was replaced by Billy Hampson , who remained in charge for 12 years . In the 1946 -- 47 season after the war , Leeds were relegated again , with the worst league record in their history . After this season , Hampson resigned ( he stayed with Leeds as their chief scout for eight months ) and was replaced in April 1947 by Willis Edwards . In 1948 , Sam Bolton replaced Ernest Pullan as the chairman of Leeds United . Edwards was moved to assistant manager in April 1948 after just one year as manager . He was replaced by Major Frank Buckley . Leeds remained in the Second Division until 1955 -- 56 , when they once again won promotion to the First Division , inspired by John Charles . Charles was hungry for success at the highest level , and manager Raich Carter was unable to convince him that Leeds could satisfy his ambitions . Charles was sold to Juventus for a then world record of £ 65,000 . The loss of Charles resulted in Leeds being relegated to the Second Division in the 1959 -- 60 season . 1961 -- 1974 : Don Revie era ( edit ) Don Revie statue outside Elland Road In March 1961 , the club appointed former player Don Revie as manager , following the resignation of Jack Taylor . His stewardship began in adverse circumstances ; the club was in financial difficulty and in 1961 -- 62 only a win in the final game of the season saved the club from relegation to Division Three . Revie implemented a youth policy and a change of kit colour to an all - white strip in the style of Real Madrid , and Leeds soon won promotion to the First Division in 1963 -- 64 . In his 13 years in charge , Revie guided Leeds to two Football League First Division titles , one FA Cup , one League Cup , two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups , one Football League Second Division title and one Charity Shield . He also guided them to three more FA Cup Finals , two more FA Cup Semi-Finals , one more Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Semi-Final , one European Cup Winners ' Cup Final and one European Cup Semi-Final . The team also finished second in the Football League First Division five times , third once and fourth twice . In a survey of leading football writers , historians and academics by Total Sport magazine , Revie 's Leeds United were voted as one of the 50 greatest football teams of all time . 1974 -- 1988 : post-revie and relegation ( edit ) Following the 1973 -- 74 season , Revie left Leeds and Elland Road to manage the England national team . Brian Clough was appointed as Revie 's successor . This was a surprise appointment , as Clough had been an outspoken critic of Revie and the team 's tactics . Clough 's tenure as manager started badly , with defeat in the Charity Shield Match against Liverpool in which Billy Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting . Under Clough , the team performed poorly , and after only 44 days he was dismissed . Clough was replaced by former England captain Jimmy Armfield . Armfield took Revie 's ageing team to the final of the 1974 -- 75 European Cup , in which they were defeated by Bayern Munich under controversial circumstances . Assisted by coach Don Howe , Armfield rebuilt Revie 's team , and though it no longer dominated English football , it remained in the top ten for subsequent seasons . However , the board became impatient for success and dismissed Armfield in 1978 , replacing him with Jock Stein , who also lasted just 44 days before leaving to manage Scotland . The board appointed Jimmy Adamson but he was unable to stop the decline and in 1980 Adamson resigned and was replaced by former player Allan Clarke . Despite spending freely on players , he was unable to stem the tide and the club was relegated at the end of 1981 -- 82 . Clarke was replaced by former teammate Eddie Gray . With no money to spend on team building , Gray concentrated on youth development , but was unable to guide them to promotion from the Second Division . The board again became impatient and sacked Gray in 1985 , replacing him with another Revie teammate , Billy Bremner . Bremner found it just as difficult to achieve promotion , although Leeds reached the 1987 play - off final , but were defeated by Charlton Athletic . Leeds also endured a near miss in the FA Cup , losing out to Coventry City in the semi-finals . 1988 -- 1996 : Howard Wilkinson era ( edit ) In October 1988 , with the team 21st in the Second Division , Bremner was fired to make way for Howard Wilkinson . Leeds avoided relegation that season , and in March 1989 signed Gordon Strachan from Manchester United for £ 300,000 . The Scottish midfielder was named captain , and helped Leeds win the Second Division in 1989 -- 90 and gain promotion back to the First Division . Under Wilkinson Leeds finished fourth in 1990 -- 91 , and in the 1991 -- 92 season they won the title . However , the 1992 -- 93 season saw Leeds exiting the Champions League in the early stages , and eventually finishing 17th in the league , narrowly avoiding relegation . Wilkinson 's Leeds were unable to provide any consistent challenge for honours , and his position was not helped by a poor display in the 1996 League Cup final which Leeds lost to Aston Villa . Leeds could only finish 13th in 1995 -- 96 , and after a 4 -- 0 home defeat by Manchester United early in 1996 -- 97 , Wilkinson had his contract terminated . One of the legacies of Wilkinson and youth coach Paul Hart was the development of Leeds United 's youth academy , which has produced numerous talented footballers over the years . 1997 -- 2001 : Graham and O'Leary ( edit ) A statue of former Leeds ' captain Billy Bremner , outside Elland Road sculpted by Frances Segelman . Leeds appointed George Graham as Wilkinson 's successor . This appointment was controversial as Graham had previously received a one - year ban from The Football Association for receiving illegal payments from a football agent . Graham made some astute purchases and also helped blood youngsters from Leeds ' successful youth cup winning side . By the end of the 1997 -- 98 season , Leeds had qualified for the following season 's UEFA Cup . In October 1998 , Graham left to become manager of Tottenham Hotspur , and Leeds opted to replace him with assistant manager David O'Leary . Under O'Leary and assistant Eddie Gray , Leeds never finished outside the top five in the Premier League , and secured qualification for both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League , enjoying cup runs to the semi-finals of both competitions . However , during the same period , the team 's image was tarnished when players Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer were involved in an incident that left an Asian student in hospital with severe injuries . The resulting court case took nearly two years to resolve ; Bowyer was cleared , but Woodgate convicted of affray and sentenced to community service . Additionally , in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Galatasaray in Istanbul , two Leeds fans were stabbed to death before the game . 2001 -- 2007 : financial implosion and relegation ( edit ) Under chairman Peter Ridsdale , Leeds had taken out large loans against the prospect of the share of the TV rights and sponsorship revenues from UEFA Champions League qualification and subsequent progress in the competition . However , Leeds narrowly failed to qualify for the Champions League in two successive seasons , and as a consequence did not receive enough income to repay the loans . The first indication that the club was in financial trouble was the sale of Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for approximately £ 30 million . Ridsdale and O'Leary publicly fell out over the sale , and O'Leary was sacked and replaced by former England manager Terry Venables . Leeds performed woefully under Venables , and other players were sold to repay the loans , including Jonathan Woodgate , who Ridsdale had promised Venables would not be sold . Tensions mounted between Ridsdale and Venables and with the team underachieving , Venables was sacked and replaced by Peter Reid . Ridsdale resigned from the Leeds board and was replaced by existing non-executive director Professor John McKenzie . At this time Leeds were in danger of relegation , but managed to avoid the drop in the penultimate game of the season , beating Arsenal 3 -- 2 at Highbury with a late strike by Mark Viduka . Reid was given a permanent contract at Leeds the following summer and brought in several players on loan . An unsuccessful start to the 2003 -- 04 season saw Reid dismissed , and Eddie Gray took over as caretaker manager until the end of the season . An insolvency specialist , Gerald Krasner , led a consortium of local businessmen which took over Leeds and oversaw the sale of the club 's assets , including senior and emerging youth players of any value . Leeds were relegated during the 2003 -- 04 season . Following relegation to the Championship , assistant manager Kevin Blackwell was appointed manager . Most of the remaining players were sold or released on free transfers to further reduce the high wage bill ; Blackwell was forced to rebuild almost the entire squad through free transfers , and Leeds were forced to sell both their training ground and stadium in the autumn of 2004 . The board finally sold the club to Ken Bates for £ 10 million . Under Blackwell , Leeds reached the Championship play - off final , which they lost to Watford . With the team performing poorly , Blackwell 's contract was terminated , and Leeds hired John Carver as caretaker manager , but his spell was not a success and he was relieved of his duties , with Dennis Wise eventually installed as his replacement . Wise was unable to lift the team out of the relegation zone for much of the season , despite bringing in a number of experienced loan players and free transfers on short - term deals . With relegation virtually assured , Leeds entered administration on 4 May 2007 , thus incurring a league - imposed 10 - point deduction that officially relegated the club to the third tier of English football ; the club had previously never played any lower than the second tier . The players whom Wise had brought in were released ; he was forced to build a squad almost from scratch , and because of administration Leeds were unable to sign any players until a few days before the opening game of the season . 2007 -- 2010 : League one ( edit ) On 3 July 2007 , HM Revenue & Customs lodged a legal challenge to Leeds ' Creditors ' Voluntary Agreement ( CVA ) . Under league rules , if the club were still in administration at the start of the following season , Leeds would have been prevented from starting their campaign by the Football League . Following the challenge by HMRC , the club was put up for sale by KPMG , and again Ken Bates 's bid was accepted . The League eventually sanctioned this under the `` exceptional circumstances rule '' but imposed a 15 - point deduction due to the club failing to exit administration with a CVA , as the Football League rules required . On 31 August 2007 , HMRC decided not to pursue its legal challenge any further . Despite the 15 - point deduction , Wise and his assistant Gus Poyet guided Leeds to a playoff position , only for Poyet to leave for Tottenham , and Wise quitting to take up a position at Newcastle United . Wise was replaced by former club captain Gary McAllister . Leeds went on to secure a place in the play - off final , but were beaten by Doncaster Rovers . The following season saw a poor run of results , and McAllister was sacked after a run of five defeats in a row . McAllister was replaced by Simon Grayson , who resigned from his post as manager of Blackpool to take the position . Under Grayson , Leeds made the play - offs once again , but were beaten over the two legs of the semi-finals by Millwall . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Leeds secured the best start ever to a season by a Leeds side , and caused a major upset in the third round of the FA Cup by beating Manchester United at Old Trafford . After the impressive run in the FA Cup , Leeds ' league form suffered , with the team taking just seven points from a possible 24 . However , the team rallied and Leeds won their final game of the season to confirm promotion to the Championship . 2010 -- 2014 : return to the Championship ( edit ) Leeds spent much of the 2010 -- 11 season in the playoff places , but eventually finished in seventh place , just missing out on the playoffs . In May 2011 , it was announced that Leeds chairman Ken Bates had bought the club and become the owner of Leeds . Before the match against Middlesbrough , about 300 Leeds fans protested about what they saw as a lack of investment in the playing side , to which Bates responded by calling the protesters `` morons '' . Despite securing promotion to the Championship , Grayson was sacked after failing to mount a consistent challenge for promotion to the Premier League . Neil Warnock was appointed as the club 's new manager on 18 February , with his initial contract lasting until the end of the 2012 -- 13 season . On 21 November 2012 , Middle East - based private equity group GFH Capital finalised a deal for a protracted takeover of Leeds , gaining a 100 % shareholding in the club . It was also announced Ken Bates would remain as chairman until the end of the 2012 -- 13 season and then become club president . The takeover was officially completed on 21 December 2012 . Despite runs to the quarter - finals of the League Cup and the fifth round of the FA Cup ( albeit with both runs ending in five - goal thrashings , by Chelsea and Manchester City respectively ) , Leeds 's league form in the 2012 -- 13 season was generally mediocre , with the club never making any real challenge for the play - off places . Warnock resigned with six games remaining , and Leeds just five points above the relegation zone . Brian McDermott replaced Warnock , and the club won three of their final five games of the season , enough to avoid relegation . That summer , Bates stepped down as chairman , and ultimately left the club altogether a few weeks later following a dispute over expenses . On 7 January 2014 , Leeds United 's managing director David Haigh was involved in Sport Capital , a consortium involving the managing director of Leeds United 's main sponsors , Enterprise Insurance , Andrew Flowers . Sports Capital came close to completing a transaction with GFH Capital that would have given them a 75 % stakehold in the business . On 30 January , Sport Capital 's takeover collapsed due to a lack of `` financial backing '' . Haigh released a statement conceding that it was unable to complete a deal despite two months ago agreeing to purchase a 75 % stake in the club from the owners Gulf Finance House . Haigh said he and Sport Capital had `` injected substantial sums into the club to ensure its viability '' but earlier in the week fellow consortium member Andrew Flowers , the managing director of Leeds 's shirt sponsor Enterprise Insurance , stated that GFH had `` breached their covenant with us '' after inviting a rival bid from Massimo Cellino , the president of the Serie A club Cagliari Calcio . Haigh 's statement on his personal website read : We ( Sport Capital ) signed a share acquisition agreement with GFH Capital at the end of last year . This meant , I believed , that we were in a position to move things forward and complete the transaction in time for the January transfer window . Unfortunately , however , some of the consortium 's backers ultimately did n't feel able to deliver the financial backing we had hoped was agreed to take the club forward . I have met many , many potential investors over the past year and , sadly , while many are keen to talk the talk , they have been unable or unwilling to deliver in financial terms . On 31 January 2014 , under controversial circumstances , it was reported that manager Brian McDermott had been removed from his position as the club 's manager following a string of poor results , while the controversy surrounding the club was resolved . New club captain Ross McCormack expressed his support for the former manager . By 3 February the BBC was reporting that McDermott had been called by a lawyer representing Massimo Cellino `` and told he had been relieved of his duties '' . However , Cellino still did not own the club , as the Football League had not yet approved his purchase , so neither he nor his lawyer could sack the manager . McDermott , therefore , remained in his post . After weeks of speculation regarding the purchase of Leeds United , on 7 February 2014 , Leeds United had announced that they had exchanged contracts for the sale of Leeds to Cellino 's family consortium Eleonora Sport Ltd . The deal saw the Cellino family acquire a 75 % ownership of the club , subject to Football League Approval . At its meeting on 23 March 2014 , the board of the Football League decided unanimously that Cellino 's conviction by an Italian court meant that he did not meet its owners and directors test , so could not take over Leeds United . In the backdrop of Cellino 's takeover , Leeds suffered an appalling second half of the season , dropping from the play - off places to the fringes of the relegation battle . In the end , the weak performances of the teams below Leeds meant that they were never in any real danger of going down , and a late run of wins put survival beyond doubt well before the end of the season . However , McDermott still resigned his position a few weeks after the season ended . 2014 -- 2017 : the Cellino era ( edit ) On 5 April , Cellino was successful in his appeal with independent QC Tim Kerr to take over the club . The takeover was completed on 10 April , with Cellino 's company , Eleonora Sport Limited , buying 75 % of the club 's shares . Two months later , the inexperienced Dave Hockaday was surprisingly appointed head coach , with Junior Lewis hired as his assistant . After only 70 days , the pair were fired by Cellino . Darko Milanič was given the head coach position in September 2014 , but left the club the following month . On 1 November 2014 , Neil Redfearn was confirmed as the new head coach . On 1 December 2014 , Cellino was disqualified by the Football League after it obtained documents from an Italian court , where he was found guilty of tax evasion . He was disqualified from running the club until 10 April 2015 , and on 24 February 2015 , Cellino announced he would not be returning to the club after his ban ended . Redfearn was replaced by Uwe Rosler as head coach in the summer of 2015 , but Rosler was himself replaced by Steve Evans after only a few months in the role . On 30 October 2015 , Cellino agreed a deal in principle with Leeds Fans Utd to sell a majority stake in the club . When asked to legally commit to an exclusivity period to allow due diligence to commence , he reneged . On 2 June 2016 Garry Monk was appointed as the new head coach , replacing Steve Evans . On 4 January 2017 , Italian businessman Andrea Radrizzani purchased a 50 % stake in the club from Massimo Cellino . At the close of the 2016 / 17 season , Leeds narrowly missed out on the Playoffs . Leeds had been in the Playoff positions for the majority of the season before a poor run of form in the final games saw them drop into seventh place . This was compounded by being knocked out in the Fourth Round of the F.A. Cup by non-league side Sutton United 1 - 0 , who , at the time , were 84 places and 4 divisions below Leeds United . 2017 -- : Radrizzani era ( edit ) On 23 May 2017 , Radrizzani announced the 100 % buyout of Leeds United , buying the remaining 50 % shares from previous Co-Owner Massimo Cellino , with Radrizzani taking full ownership of the club . Garry Monk resigned as head coach two days after the takeover , after one season at the club guiding them to 7th place . Then in June 2017 , former Spain international Thomas Christiansen was announced as the new Head Coach of Leeds , joining from APOEL . Followed by Radrizzani introducing Leeds United Ladies back to Leeds United ownership . Also in June , Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road , returning the stadium freehold to the club which had not been separate since 2004 . In January 2018 , Leeds announced an official partnership with Aspire Academy in Qatar . Aspire own Spanish team Cultural Leonesa who saw Leeds players Yosuke Ideguchi and Ouasim Bouy both join them on loan as part of the partnership . On 4 February 2018 , Thomas Christiansen was sacked after a bad run of games ( not a single win since Boxing Day 2017 across all competitions ) leaving the team 10th in the Championship table . On 6 February , Paul Heckingbottom was confirmed as Christiansen 's replacement , just four days after signing a new contract at Barnsley On 24 April , it was announced that Leeds United would go on tour in Myanmar in the post-season following the 2017 - 18 campaign and despite the 2017 Rohingya persecution , which has been described by the UN as ethnic cleansing , two games took place . On 24 May 2018 , Leeds announced that 49ers Enterprises had bought shares in the club to become a minority investor , the 49ers Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers owned by Denise DeBartolo York , Jed York and John York . Heckingbottom was sacked by Leeds on 1 June 2018 after being at the club for just four months . Argentine manager Marcelo Bielsa was named the clubs new Head Coach on 15 June to replace Paul Heckingbottom , signing a 2 year contract with option of a 3rd year , after two weeks of negotiations with the club . In doing so he became the highest paid manager in Leeds United history . Colours and badge ( edit ) Leeds ' first home colours Leeds ' home kit before changing to all white . 1934 -- 1950 Colours ( edit ) In Leeds 's first 15 years , the club kit was modelled on Huddersfield Town 's blue and white striped shirts , white shorts and dark blue socks with blue and white rings on the turnovers , because Huddersfield 's chairman Hilton Crowther was attempting to merge the two clubs . He eventually left Huddersfield to take over at Leeds . In 1934 , Leeds switched to blue and yellow halved shirts incorporating the city crest , white shorts and blue socks with yellow tops . The kit was worn for the first time on 22 September 1934 . In 1950 , Leeds switched to yellow shirts with blue sleeves and collars , white shorts and black , blue and gold hooped socks . In 1955 , Leeds changed again to royal blue shirts with gold collars , white shorts , and blue and yellow hooped socks , thus echoing the original Leeds City strip . In 1961 , Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout , in the hope of emulating Spanish side Real Madrid . Badge ( edit ) Leeds ' badge , 1984 -- 1998 The club adopted their first badge in 1934 , using the city crest as Leeds City had , which survived in various guises until 1961 . A perching owl was added to the strip in 1964 as the club 's emblem . The design was a surprise , given Revie 's superstition about the symbolism of birds . The owl badge came from the city crest , which itself was based on the crest of Sir John Saville , the first alderman of Leeds . The owl was normally navy blue , but was coloured gold in the 1968 Football League Cup Final . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Leeds used the LUFC script found running down the centre of the current badge . However , this was presented in a diagonal fashion rather than the current vertical . In 1973 came the embodiment of 1970s imagery , with the iconic LU smiley badge . Revie 's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time , and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire . In 1977 , the smiley badge was reversed from yellow with a blue smiley to blue with a yellow smiley ; the following year it was back to yellow but enclosed , in a circle with the words Leeds United AFC surrounding it . In 1978 -- 79 , a new badge was worn that was similar to the previous season 's smiley but had the design of a peacock . In 1984 , another badge was introduced , lasting until 1998 , making it the longest lived of the modern era . The rose and ball badge was distinctive , in the traditional blue , gold and white , incorporating the White Rose of York , together with the club 's name , and a football in the core section : a truncated icosahedron similar to the Adidas Telstar but in Leeds ' colours white and yellow . In the 1998 -- 99 season , the club logo changed again with some modifications of the previous version . It again featured the white rose and was blue , gold and white in colour , reading `` LUFC '' vertically down the centre . The current badge was officially adopted in 1999 when the football from the 1984 badge was added to the centre of the rose . The replacement to this badge , due to enter service for the 2018 -- 19 season and drafted in time for Leeds ' centenary year , was revealed on 24 January 2018 , depicting the `` Leeds Salute '' . This new badge attracted criticism from huge numbers of fans , resulting in an online petition over 77,000 signatures strong against the design 's introduction . The club then decided to `` re-open the consultation process '' in light of the poor reception the new crest engendered . Kit sponsors and manufacturers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Kit Manufacturer Main Shirt Sponsor Secondary Sponsor Tertiary Sponsor 1972 -- 1973 Umbro none none none 1973 -- 1981 Admiral 1981 -- 1983 Umbro RFW 1983 -- 1984 Systime 1984 -- 1985 WKG 1985 -- 1986 Lion Cabinets 1986 -- 1989 Burton 1989 -- 1991 Topman 1991 -- 1992 Evening Post 1992 -- 1993 Admiral Admiral 1993 -- 1996 ASICS Thistle Hotels 1996 -- 2000 Puma Packard Bell 2000 -- 2003 Nike Strongbow 2003 -- 2004 Whyte & Mackay 2004 -- 2005 Diadora Rhodar 2005 -- 2006 Admiral 2006 -- 2007 Bet 24 Empire Direct 2007 -- 2008 Red Kite OHS 2008 -- 2011 Macron NetFlights.com 2011 -- 2014 Enterprise Insurance 2014 -- 2015 Help - Link 2015 -- 2016 Kappa none 2016 -- 32Red Clipper Logistics Greenpeace Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Elland Road Leeds United have only ever used one stadium as their home ground , Elland Road , where they have played since foundation in 1919 . An all - seater football stadium situated in Beeston , Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , it is the 12th largest football stadium in England , and the fourth - largest ground outside the Premier League as of the 2016 -- 17 season . Elland Road was previously occupied by their predecessors , Leeds City before their disbanding . After their formation , the council allowed them to rent the stadium until they could afford to buy it . With the exception of periods from the 1960s until 1983 , and from 1997 to 2004 , the local council owned the stadium . However , it was sold by the club in October 2004 , with a 25 - year sale - leaseback deal being agreed , and a commercial buy - back clause also included for when the club 's finances improve sufficiently . Initially the ground was the home of the Holbeck Rugby Club , which played in the Northern Rugby Union , the forerunner of the Rugby Football League . One of Leeds ' first nicknames , ' The Peacocks ' , comes from the original name of Elland Road -- ' The Old Peacock ground ' . It was named by the original owners of the ground , Bentley 's Brewery , after its pub The Old Peacock , which still faces the site . The newly formed Leeds City agreed to rent and later own Elland Road . After their disbandment , it was sold to Leeds United . The most recent stand at Elland Road is the East , or Family , Stand , a cantilever structure completed during the 1992 -- 93 season that can hold 17,000 seated spectators . It is a two - tiered stand that continues around the corners and is the largest part of the stadium . The Don Revie Stand was opened at the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , and can hold just under 7,000 seated spectators . The roof of the West Stand holds a television commentary gantry and walkway for TV personnel . Elland Road was named in December 2009 as one of the contenders for the England 2018 World Cup bid . As a result of the bid , Leeds drew up plans to redevelop parts of Elland Road and increase the stadium 's capacity . Ken Bates also revealed plans to take out the executive boxes out of the South Stand to increase the starting capacity by a further 2,000 -- 3,000 . More executive boxes would be built in the east stand . Sir Alex Ferguson has said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football . A statue for legendary Captain Billy Bremner was unviled outside the stadium in 1999 in the area known as ' Bremner Square ' . Then a bronze statue for Leeds ' most successful manager Don Revie was also unveiled in 2012 , celebrating the 40th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup . As part of the renovation towards the Bremner statue in the summer of the 2018 , ' Bremner Square XI ' was announced , which featured 10 further ' legendary Leeds players ' who will have engraved stones featuring the legends keys stats and achievements during their careers with Leeds United . On 28 June 2017 , new Leeds owner Andrea Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road , making the stadium property of Leeds United for the first time since 2004 . In July 2018 , Elland Road was voted ' Best Ground In the Championship ' by football supporters . A panorama of Elland Road Supporters ( edit ) Peter Reid commented after being relieved of his managerial duties at Elland Road that `` In 30 years I 've never seen support like I did at the Arsenal game ( at Elland Road ) a couple of weeks ago . The fans at Leeds are fantastic . '' Reid was also joined by two other previous managers on the eve of Leeds 's first appearance in the third tier . Reid said that `` the support is fantastic '' and `` incredible '' , Kevin Blackwell said `` fans will follow them everywhere '' and David O'Leary commented `` There is an immense fan base and they are still with the club '' . The supporters are renowned for singing the signature song `` Marching On Together '' during matches . Other notable songs Leeds fans sing during games are `` We Are The Champions , Champions Of Europe '' ( more commonly known as WACCOE ) in reference to the 1975 European Cup Final which Leeds lost due to dubious refereeing decisions . Leeds United fans also have their own salute . Leeds are 10th in the all - time average attendance figures for the Football League and Premier League . They have the third most rivalries in the English League and were , allegedly , the most hated club in English football as of the start of the 2008 -- 09 season . An LGBT fans ' group was formed in 2017 and will sit on the club 's Supporters ' Advisory Group . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Leeds United F.C. -- Millwall F.C. rivalry , Chelsea F.C. -- Leeds United F.C. rivalry , and West Yorkshire derby Leeds United have rivalries with several clubs , including local rivalries with Sheffield Wednesday , Sheffield United , Bradford City and Huddersfield Town , and national rivalries with Manchester United , Chelsea and Millwall . A rivalry with Turkish club Galatasaray was created after two Leeds fans were murdered by Galatasaray supporters before a UEFA Cup fixture in April 2000 . When former Leeds player Harry Kewell moved to Galatasaray in 2008 , it caused uproar with Leeds supporters . Media ( edit ) Leeds United owned their own radio station , Yorkshire Radio , which broadcast on DAB Digital Radio and LUTV , before being closed in July 2013 by new owners GFH Capital , after outgoing president Ken Bates left the club . LUTV is the club 's own internet television channel , and is available to watch online via a mix of freeview and a subscription service . It features a daily news programme , player and staff interviews , match highlights ( of the first team , the development squad and the under 18s ) and live commentary of all Leeds matches by Thom Kirwin and former player and manager Eddie Gray . Alternative commentary is broadcast on BBC Radio Leeds by Adam Pope and co-commentator Noel Whelan . The club also published its own magazine , Leeds , Leeds , Leeds , which was first produced in 1998 . In recent years , the magazine was taken out of circulation in newsagents and supermarkets , and so was only available to official club members by mail or by purchase in the official club shop . The magazine ceased publication in 2011 . After the takeover by GFH Capital , Leeds introduced a Leeds United official Twitter feed to help interact via social media . GFH Capital also expanded the club 's Facebook page and introduced Instagram accounts and further official Twitter pages for commercial ventures . The club also re-branded and re-designed the official club website in August 2013 , with an integrated LUTV facility . The club also has an official Snapchat account too . In October 2014 , it was revealed that Ken Bates - owned radio station Radio Yorkshire would broadcast Leeds United games , thus sharing broadcasting rights with BBC Radio Leeds and LUTV for live matchday commentary of all Leeds United first team games . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Marching On Together and Glory Glory Leeds United In April 1972 , the Leeds squad released a single , `` Leeds United '' with the B - side being `` Leeds ! Leeds ! Leeds ! '' ( commonly known as `` Marching On Together '' ) . It was issued to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final ; the vocals on the original recording were by the Leeds team . The record reached number 10 in the UK singles chart . After Leeds 's promotion back to the Championship in May 2010 , the song was digitally re-mastered and re-released in an effort to get the song into the UK singles chart . By 4 pm on Monday , the song was already at eighth in the iTunes store charts and top of both the Amazon.com and Play.com singles charts . On the Official Chart Company 's Official Chart Update the song charted at 10 ( for the second time in its history ) and was the highest new entry apart from B.o.B 's `` Nothin ' on You '' . Whilst it is not officially the club anthem , `` Marching On Together '' is played before every home game . Unlike many football songs that are just new words set to existing music , `` Leeds Leeds Leeds '' is an original composition by Les Reed and Barry Mason , written especially for Leeds United . For many years , `` Strings for Yasmin '' by Tin Tin Out was played before kick - off at Elland Road ; it was replaced in the 2008 -- 09 season with `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor and in the 2009 -- 10 season with `` Dance of the Knights '' , composed by Sergei Prokofiev . `` Nightmare '' by Brainbug is currently played before the start of the second half . Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) As of 21 August 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Bailey Peacock - Farrell DF Luke Ayling ( vice-captain ) DF Barry Douglas MF Adam Forshaw 6 DF Liam Cooper ( captain ) 7 FW Kemar Roofe 9 FW Patrick Bamford 10 MF Ezgjan Alioski 11 FW Tyler Roberts 13 GK Will Huffer 14 MF Samuel Sáiz 15 MF Stuart Dallas 18 DF Pontus Jansson 19 MF Pablo Hernández 20 DF Tom Pearce No . Position Player 22 MF Jack Harrison ( on loan from Manchester City ) 23 MF Kalvin Phillips 27 GK Jamal Blackman ( on loan from Chelsea ) 28 DF Gaetano Berardi 34 MF Lewis Baker ( on loan from Chelsea ) 35 DF Conor Shaughnessy 39 FW Ryan Edmondson 41 FW Sam Dalby 42 MF Callum Nicell 43 MF Mateusz Klich 44 DF Hugo Díaz 46 MF Jamie Shackleton 47 FW Jack Clarke 48 MF Jordan Stevens 50 DF Pascal Struijk Other players under contract ( edit ) As of 21 August 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player DF Vurnon Anita No . Position Player MF Eunan O'Kane Out on loan ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player FW Paweł Cibicki ( on loan to Molde FK until 31 December 2018 ) DF Lewie Coyle ( on loan to Fleetwood Town until 1 January 2019 ) DF Liam Kitching ( on loan to Harrogate Town until 2 January 2019 ) FW Mallik Wilks ( on loan to Doncaster Rovers until 2 January 2019 ) DF Laurens De Bock ( on loan to KV Oostende until 31 May 2019 ) DF Tyler Denton ( on loan to Peterborough United until 31 May 2019 ) DF Oriol Rey ( on loan to UB Conquense until 31 May 2019 ) No . Position Player DF Paudie O'Connor ( on loan to Blackpool until 31 May 2019 ) MF Ouasim Bouy ( on loan to PEC Zwolle until 31 May 2019 ) MF Yōsuke Ideguchi ( on loan to Greuther Fürth until 31 May 2019 ) MF Hadi Sacko ( on loan to Las Palmas until 31 May 2019 ) FW Adrián Balboa ( on loan to Terrassa FC until 31 May 2019 ) FW Jay - Roy Grot ( on loan to VVV - Venlo until 31 May 2019 ) FW Alex Machuca ( on loan to Burgos CF until 31 May 2019 ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Main article : Retired numbers in association football On 15 May 2014 , Leeds United retired the number 17 shirt due to then - owner Massimo Cellino 's superstitious beliefs . Up until June 2014 , the last occupant of the shirt had been Michael Brown . Reserves and Youth Team ( edit ) Main article : Leeds United F.C. Reserves and Youth Team Notable players ( edit ) Main article : List of Leeds United F.C. players First team staff ( edit ) See also : List of Leeds United F.C. managers Argentine Manager Marcelo Bielsa , known as a ' world renowned innovative coach ' , is Leeds United 's current head coach . Position Staff Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa Assistant Head Coach Pablo Quiroga Assistant Head Coach Diego Reyes Assistant Head Coach Diego Flores First Team Coach & Development Squad Manager Carlos Corberán Translator Salim Lamrani Goalkeeper Coach Marcos Abad Performance Analyst Jorge García Valera Performance Analyst Chris Meek Last updated : 18 June 2018 Source : Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post Medical team ( edit ) Position Staff Head of Medicine and Performance Rob Price Fitness Coach Rubén Crespo Fitness Coach Benoit Delaval Sports Scientist Tom Robinson Performance Nutritionist Nessan Costello Head Physio Henry McStay Assistant Physio Daryl Carter Sports Massage Therapist Paul Evans Last updated : 18 June 2018 Source : Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post Scouting team ( edit ) Position Staff Head of European Recruitment Gaby Ruiz Head of Football Development ( Asia ) Toshiya Fujita Head of Emerging Talent Craig Dean Scout Dani Salas Scout Paco Peral Recruitment Analyst Alex Davies Recruitment Analyst Andrea Iore Last updated : 15 May 2018 Source : Yorkshire Evening Post Under 23s and Academy staff ( edit ) Main article : Leeds United F.C. Reserves and Youth Team Directors and backroom staff ( edit ) Owners and directors ( edit ) Source : Leeds United Football Club Limited ( ' LUFC ' ) Owners Aser Group Holding ( 90 % shares ) Leeds United Football Club Limited ( ' LUFC ' ) Owners 49ers Enterprises ( 10 % shares ) Patron Patricia Lascelles , The Countess of Harewood ( Posthumous ) Chairman / Owner Andrea Radrizzani Chief Executive Angus Kinnear Director Iván Bravo Director Paraag Marathe Director Andre Tegner Director of Football Victor Orta Executive Director Paul Bell Last updated : 01 May 2018 Source : Leeds United Official Website League history ( edit ) 1920 -- 1924 : Division 2 1924 -- 1927 : Division 1 1927 -- 1928 : Division 2 1928 -- 1931 : Division 1 1931 -- 1932 : Division 2 1932 -- 1947 : Division 1 1947 -- 1956 : Division 2 1956 -- 1960 : Division 1 1960 -- 1964 : Division 2 1964 -- 1982 : Division 1 1982 -- 1990 : Division 2 1990 -- 1992 : Division 1 1992 -- 2004 : Premier League 2004 -- 2007 : Championship 2007 -- 2010 : League One 2010 -- present : Championship Manager / Head Coach history ( edit ) 1919 -- 20 Dick Ray 1920 -- 27 Arthur Fairclough 1927 -- 35 Dick Ray 1935 -- 47 Billy Hampson 1947 -- 48 Willis Edwards 1948 -- 53 Frank Buckley 1953 -- 58 Raich Carter 1958 -- 59 Bill Lambton 1959 -- 61 Jack Taylor 1961 -- 74 Don Revie 1974 000 Brian Clough 1974 -- 78 Jimmy Armfield 1978 000 Jock Stein 1978 -- 80 Jimmy Adamson 1980 -- 82 Allan Clarke 1982 -- 85 Eddie Gray 1985 -- 88 Billy Bremner 1988 -- 96 Howard Wilkinson 1996 -- 98 George Graham 1998 -- 02 David O'Leary 2002 -- 03 Terry Venables 2003 000 Peter Reid 2003 -- 04 Eddie Gray 2004 -- 06 Kevin Blackwell 2006 000 John Carver 2006 -- 08 Dennis Wise 2008 000 Gary McAllister 2008 -- 12 Simon Grayson 2012 000 Neil Redfearn 2012 -- 13 Neil Warnock 2013 000 Neil Redfearn 2013 -- 14 Brian McDermott 2014 000 Dave Hockaday 2014 000 Darko Milanič 2014 -- 15 Neil Redfearn 2015 000 Uwe Rösler 2015 -- 16 Steve Evans 2016 -- 17 Garry Monk 2017 -- 18 Thomas Christiansen 2018 Paul Heckingbottom 2018 -- -- Marcelo Bielsa ( Current ) Club honours ( edit ) See also : List of Leeds United F.C. seasons and List of Leeds United F.C. records and statistics Source : English leagues ( edit ) Football League First Division / Premier League Champions ( 3 ) : 1968 -- 69 , 1973 -- 74 , 1991 -- 92 Runners Up ( 5 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 -- 70 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 Football League Second Division / Championship Champions ( 3 ) : 1923 -- 24 , 1963 -- 64 , 1989 -- 90 Runners Up ( 3 ) : 1927 -- 28 , 1931 -- 32 , 1955 -- 56 Play - off Runners Up ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 2005 -- 06 Football League Third Division / League One Runners Up ( 1 ) : 2009 -- 10 Play - off Runners Up ( 1 ) : 2007 -- 08 English cups ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1971 -- 72 Runners Up ( 3 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 Football League Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1967 -- 68 Runners Up ( 1 ) : 1995 -- 96 FA Charity Shield / Community Shield Winners ( 2 ) : 1969 , 1992 Runners Up ( 1 ) : 1974 European competition ( edit ) European Cup / Champions League Runners Up ( 1 ) : 1974 -- 75 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Runners Up ( 1 ) : 1972 -- 73 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1970 -- 71 Runners Up ( 1 ) : 1966 -- 67 Trophy Play - Off Runner Up : 1971 -- 72 Personnel honours ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of Leeds United F.C. players English Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) The following have either played for or managed Leeds and have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame : Players Eric Cantona ( 2002 Inaugural Inductee ) John Charles ( 2002 Inaugural Inductee ) Billy Bremner ( 2004 Inductee ) Jack Charlton ( 2005 Inductee ) Ian Rush ( 2006 Inductee ) Johnny Giles ( 2010 Inductee ) Eddie Gray ( 2013 Inductee ) Denis Irwin ( 2016 Inductee ) Rio Ferdinand ( 2016 Inductee ) David Seaman ( 2016 Inductee ) Gary Speed ( 2017 Inductee ) Managers Brian Clough ( 2002 Inaugural Inductee ) Don Revie ( 2004 Inductee ) Terry Venables ( 2007 Inductee ) Jimmy Armfield ( 2008 Inductee ) Scottish Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) The following have either played for or managed Leeds and have been inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame : Players Billy Bremner ( 2004 Inaugural Inductee ) Joe Jordan ( 2005 Inductee ) Gordon Strachan ( 2007 Inductee ) Gordon McQueen ( 2012 Inductee ) Eddie Gray ( 2013 Inductee ) Peter Lorimer ( 2014 Inductee ) Gary McAllister ( 2016 Inductee ) John McGovern ( 2017 Inductee ) Managers Jock Stein ( 2004 Inaugural Inductee ) Welsh Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) The following have played for Leeds and have been inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame : Players John Charles ( 1993 Inductee ) Ian Rush ( 2001 Inductee ) Gary Speed ( 2016 Inductee ) Terry Yorath ( 2017 Inductee ) European Hall of Fame ( edit ) The following have played for Leeds and have been inducted into the European Hall of Fame : Players John Charles Managers Brian Clough Football League 100 legends ( edit ) The following have played for Leeds and were included in the Football League 100 Legends : Wilf Copping John Charles Johnny Giles Billy Bremner Norman Hunter Ian Rush Eric Cantona Fwa player of the Year ( edit ) The following have won the Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds : 1965 Bobby Collins 1967 Jack Charlton 1970 Billy Bremner 1991 Gordon Strachan PFA players ' player of the Year ( edit ) The following have won the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds : 1974 Norman Hunter PFA Young player of the Year ( edit ) The following have won the PFA Young Player of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds : 2000 Harry Kewell PFA team of the Year ( edit ) The following have been included in the PFA Team of the Year whilst playing for Leeds : 1974 Paul Madeley , Norman Hunter , Billy Bremner , Johnny Giles , Allan Clarke ( First Division ) 1975 Paul Madeley , Gordon McQueen , Duncan McKenzie ( First Division ) 1976 Paul Madeley , Duncan McKenzie ( First Division ) 1979 Tony Currie ( First Division ) 1986 Ian Snodin ( Second Division ) 1987 John Sheridan ( Second Division ) 1988 John Sheridan ( Second Division ) 1989 John Sheridan ( Second Division ) 1990 Chris Fairclough , Gordon Strachan , ( Second Division ) 1991 Gordon Strachan ( First Division ) 1992 Gary McAllister ( First Division ) 1993 Tony Dorigo , Gary Speed ( Premiership ) 1994 Gary Kelly , Gary McAllister ( Premiership ) 1999 Nigel Martyn ( Premiership ) 2000 Ian Harte , Gary Kelly , Harry Kewell , Nigel Martyn ( Premiership ) 2002 Rio Ferdinand ( Premiership ) 2006 Gary Kelly ( Championship ) 2008 Jermaine Beckford ( League One ) 2009 Fabian Delph ( League One ) 2010 Patrick Kisnorbo , Robert Snodgrass ( League One ) 2014 Ross McCormack ( Championship ) 2017 Chris Wood ( Championship ) Football League Awards ( edit ) The following have won the Football League 's Player of the Year whilst playing for Leeds : 2008 Jermaine Beckford ( League One ) The following have won the Football League 's EFL League One Player of the Year at EFL Awards whilst playing for Leeds : 2010 Jermaine Beckford ( League One ) The following have won the Football League 's Young Player of the Year whilst playing for Leeds : 2009 Fabian Delph 2016 Lewis Cook The following have won the Football League 's Football League Championship Apprentice of the Year whilst playing for Leeds : 2015 Lewis Cook Continent player of the Year ( edit ) The following have played for Leeds United and been a recipient of a Footballer of the Year award , including the Ballon d'Or , African Footballer of the Year , Asian Footballer of the Year , South American Footballer of the Year , Oceania Footballer of the Year and CONCAF Player Of The Year 2001 & 2002 El Hadji Diouf ( African Footballer of the Year ) 1996 Paul Okon ( Oceania Footballer of the Year ) 1999 , 2001 & 2003 Harry Kewell ( Oceania Footballer of the Year ) 2000 Mark Viduka ( Oceania Footballer of the Year ) Note : Eric Cantona finished Ballon d'Or Third Place : 1993 . Tony Yeboah finished Runner Up 1993 and Third Place in 1992 for African Footballer of the Year Goal of the season ( edit ) The following have won the Goal of the Season award whilst playing for Leeds : 1993 -- 94 Rod Wallace 1995 -- 96 Tony Yeboah Premier League Golden Boot ( edit ) The following have won the Golden Boot award whilst playing for Leeds : 1998 -- 99 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink EFL Championship Golden Boot ( edit ) The following have won the EFL Championship Top Scorer award whilst playing for Leeds : 2013 - 14 Ross McCormack 2016 - 17 Chris Wood In popular culture ( edit ) The Damned Utd -- A fictional best - selling novel by David Peace based on Brian Clough 's tenure as manager of Leeds United . The Damned United -- A 2009 film based on the above novel . The ground was featured at the end of an episode of BBC comedy series Porridge , when a released prisoner began to dig up the turf in the mistaken belief there was buried loot underneath . The Leeds team was also referred to in another episode as being `` hard but fair '' . The Penalty King -- A 2006 film about a Leeds United fan who goes blind after an accident and uses the Legend of Billy Bremner as inspiration to take up football again . Leeds United -- A Song by Amanda Palmer . Gary Speed -- A Song by Lars Vaular . Paint It White : Following Leeds Everywhere and Leeds United : The Second Coat -- bestselling books by Gary Edwards , a man who has missed only one game , including friendlies , since he started watching Leeds United in 1968 . English : Own Goal -- A BBC Schools Drama set in and around Elland Road based around a group of children who tackle criminals forging fake shirts and tickets . Since the club 's dramatic demise in the 2000s , the phrase `` doing a Leeds '' has entered English football terminology to refer to the potential pitfalls faced by any club due to over-spending or failing to qualify for the UEFA Champions ' league . See also ( edit ) English football portal Yorkshire portal Football in Yorkshire Sport in Leeds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leeds United '' . The Football League . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Francisco 49ers Enterprises Become Minority Investor '' . Leeds United Football Club . 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leeds United F.C. History '' . Leeds United.com . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Club -- the birth of Leeds United '' . mightyleeds.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 '' . Tony Hill . ozwhitelufc.net.au . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Total Sport Magazine '' ( 3 ) . Mappin Publishing . March 1996 . Jump up ^ Lappin , Tom ( 21 September 2004 ) . `` The manager with the Midas touch '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` When should you sack the manager ? ( Page 17 ) '' ( PDF ) . Chris Hope . jbs.cam.ac.uk. April 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Elland Road '' , Les Rowley & James Brown ( 1999 ) , IFG Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9536338 - 0 - 2 Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 '' . Tony Hill . ozwhitelufc.net.au . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Match : FA Cup Semi-Final -- Coventry V Leeds ( 1987 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Strachan -- Leeds United '' . Sporting Heroes . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 '' . Tony Hill . ozwhitelufc.net.au . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fans killed in Turkey violence '' . BBC News . BBC . 6 April 2000 . Retrieved 17 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Turk ' admits ' stabbing Leeds fan '' . BBC News . BBC . 7 April 2000 . Retrieved 17 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds hopeful over new investors '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 24 October 2004 . 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BBC News . 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United resold to Ken Bates '' . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds hit with 15 - point penalty '' . BBC Sport. 4 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Paul ( 31 August 2007 ) . `` Taxman pulls out of Leeds United court challenge '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wise quits Leeds for Magpies role '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` McAllister named new Leeds boss '' . BBC Sport. 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blackpool consider legal action over Grayson 's Leeds appointment '' . London : The Guardian ( guardian.co.uk ) . 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 1 Leeds United '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds confirm Bates as new owner '' . BBC News . 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Bates lambasts Leeds United ' morons ' for protests against him Football guardian.co.uk '' . The Guardian . London . Press Association . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon Grayson sacked as manager by Leeds United . BBC Sport. ( 1 February 2012 ) . Retrieved 19 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Warnock takes Leeds reins '' . Sky Sports . 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United : GFH Capital finalise takeover deal '' . BBC Sport. 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United : GFH Capital completes takeover '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Warnock ' parts company ' with Leeds United '' . 1 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Leeds United ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Leeds United takeover by consortium will allow manager Brian McDermott to strengthen squad '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Riach , James ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Leeds United in disarray after takeover collapses over lack of cash Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Mark ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Leeds takeover collapses as backers unable to provide the money they promised Mail Online '' . London : Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Brian McDermott : Leeds United manager sacked '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds sack McDermott '' . Goal.com. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McDermott : Leeds United boss vows not to walk away '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Consortium looks to re-open Leeds takeover talks as Cellino closes on deal '' . Sky News . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STATEMENTS FROM OUR OWNERS '' . Leeds United . 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football League statement -- Massimo Cellino '' . The Football League . 24 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Massimo Cellino wins appeal against Football League '' . Sky Sports . 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Massimo Cellino completes Leeds United takeover '' . London : The Telegraph . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds fans unhappy over Dave Hockaday appointment '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CLUB STATEMENT : DAVID HOCKADAY '' . Leeds United . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United confirm darko milanic '' . Leeds United Official Website. 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Redfearn appointed as Leeds United head coach '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Leeds owner Massimo Cellino disqualified by Football League '' . BBC Sport. 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Massimo Cellino : Leeds United president ' not returning ' in April '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cellino agrees to sell Leeds to fans '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Fans United are set to buy a majority stake in the club '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cellino calls off Leeds fans deal '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garry Monk : Leeds United appoint former Swansea City boss '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United : Owner Massimo Cellino sells 50 % stake to Italian businessman '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CLUB STATEMENT '' . Leeds United F.C. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garry Monk : Leeds United head coach resigns after one season '' . BBC . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Christiansen : Leeds United name ex-Spain international as head coach '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEEDS UNITED LADIES ARE BACK '' . Leeds United . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hay , Phil ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Leeds United become owners of Elland Road once again '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEEDS UNITED LAUNCH ASPIRE ACADEMY PARTNERSHIP '' . www.leedsunited.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aspire - owned Cultural Leonesa hope to shock Real '' . gulf-times.com. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Safi , Michael ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Myanmar treatment of Rohingya looks like ' textbook ethnic cleansing ' , says UN '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellis - Petersen , Hannah ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` Leeds United branded ' disgraceful ' after announcing Myanmar tour '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Heckingbottom : Leeds United sack head coach after less than four months '' . BBC Sport. 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MARCELO BIELSA NAMED HEAD COACH '' . Leeds United . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United confirm Marcelo Bielsa appointment '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United '' . Dave Moor . Historical Kits . August 2006 . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mighty Mighty Whites '' . Leeds United Fan Club . mightyleeds.co.uk. 2006 . Retrieved 25 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leeds United '' . historicalkits.co.uk . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A NEW ERA FOR LEEDS UNITED INTRODUCING OUR NEW CREST FROM 2018 / 19 '' . leedsunited.com . Leeds United F.C. 24 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` ' It looks like a Gaviscon ad ' -- Leeds United criticised for new club crest '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United : New club crest mocked by social media users '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leeds United : Consultation on change to club 's crest to be reopened '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United -- Records , Achievements & Tidbits '' . wafll.com . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fan 's Briefing Paper '' . John Boocock . Leeds Sporting PLC . 13 August 2001 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Mighty Whites '' . Leeds United Fan Club . mightyleeds.co.uk. 2007 . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WAFLL -- Elland Road History '' . WAFLL . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 27 September 1997 ) . `` Football : Ferguson prepared for Elland Road examination '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A square deal Leeds United plan stylish revamp of area around Bremner statue '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Don Revie statue unveiled 40 years after FA Cup victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BREMNER 'S XI : VOTE NOW '' . Leeds United . 11 December 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYER OF THE YEAR 2018 WINNERS '' . Leeds United . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hay , Phil ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Leeds United become owners of Elland Road once again '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Alex ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Elland Road Voted Best Ground In The Championship '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reid reveals regret '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 November 2003 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-bosses tip fans to boost Leeds '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` THE ( UN ) OFFICIAL STORY OF THE LEEDS SALUTE '' . LeedsUnited.com. 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time League Attendance Records '' . Niall Mackenzie . Newcastle 's Unofficial Fans Collaboration. 4 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rivalry Uncovered ! '' ( PDF ) . Football Fans Census . footballfanscensus.com. 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alastair ( 9 August 2008 ) . `` Survey says : We all loathe Leeds United ! '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United endorse new LGBT Supporters Group '' . Radio Yorkshire. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fans killed in Turkey violence '' . BBC News . 6 April 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Kewell defends Galatasaray move '' . BBC News . 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kewell defends controversial Galatasaray deal : It 's time to move on , he tells Leeds fans '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` When Saturday Comes -- The Half Decent Football Magazine -- Kewell move angers Leeds fans '' . Wsc.co.uk. 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire Radio Homepage '' . Yorkshireradio.net. 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LUTV '' . Sport247.tv . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Features and Shows '' . Yorkshireradio.net. 27 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Twitter account proves popular ... '' Leeds United Official Site. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness British Hit Singles 12th Edition . Guinness Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 092 - X . Jump up ^ `` First team '' . Leeds United F.C . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 / 18 SQUAD NUMBERS ANNOUNCED '' . Leeds United . 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oriol Rey ya entrena con el Conquense '' . eldeporteconquense.com. 27 August 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ADRIAN BALBOA HEADS OUT ON LOAN '' . Leeds United . 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALEX MACHUCA AGREES LOAN MOVE '' . Leeds United . 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Massimo Cellino says Leeds `` has no manager '' `` . ITV. 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MARCELO BIELSA NAMED HEAD COACH '' . Leeds United F.C. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full list of Leeds United head coach Marcelo Bielsa 's backroom staff at Elland Road '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/hull-citys-backroom-team-undergoes-1717175 Jump up ^ https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/hull-citys-backroom-team-undergoes-1717175 Jump up ^ https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/20941/united-enter-catapult-partnership Jump up ^ https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/sport/football/leeds-united/leeds-united-physio-price-seems-right-man-for-new-boss-bielsa-1-9280447 Jump up ^ https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/former-brentford-favourite-couldnt-quite-13716114 ^ Jump up to : Phil Hay . `` Phil Hay : Leeds United 's scouting network is paying dividends '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Phil Hay ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Leeds United net Oxford scout as Diagouraga joins Pilgrims '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ownership structure - Leeds United '' . www.leedsunited.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds United : Honours '' . Leeds United . Leeds United Football Club . Archived from the original on 2 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobot , Lee ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Only one Leeds United player named in PFA Championship Team of the Year '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) 1993 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Leeds United Norwegian fan 's Gary Speed tribute causes a stir '' . yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BFI -- Film & Database -- Own Goal ( 2000 ) '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Road to ruin '' . The Herald . Newsquest. 17 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . The first thing which comes to mind about Leeds United today is ... their freefall , the collapse into the state they are in now because of Ridsdale 's ruinous decision - making . They have become the biggest victim of all the money which has washed around English football in the Premiership era . Every other board of directors in the land is frightened of `` doing a Leeds '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Catchy Toon could be a classic '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 ... ' doing a Leeds ' has entered the language of English football . There is now an understandable worry that any club trying to haul themselves up on the Champions League ladder will crash spectacularly to earth in a couple of seasons . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Joe ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Everton 0 Manchester 2 : Irresistible United march on '' . The Times . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . those erstwhile fans turning on him now should ponder the fact that his £ 28m transfer probably saved their club from `` doing a Leeds '' , as financial meltdown has come to be known Jump up ^ Robson , Leo ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Damned to football '' . The Times . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . This is the fate to which Peter Ridsdale , the chairman from 1997 until 2003 , consigned the club with his profligacy and risk - taking ; the phrase `` doing a Leeds '' is now a recognized one to describe a major club that fades away External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leeds United F.C. . 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-3724466344379359135	Republicanism in Spain	Republicanism in Spain - Wikipedia Republicanism in Spain hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Spain . The specific problem is : most sources are in Spanish and may be partisan in nature . WikiProject Spain may be able to help recruit an expert . ( February 2014 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Liberty as non-domination Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael J. Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal There has existed in the Kingdom of Spain a persistent trend of republican thought , especially throughout the 19th , 20th , and 21st centuries , that has manifested itself in diverse political parties and movements over the entire course of the history of Spain . While these movements have shared the objective of establishing a republic in Spain , during these three centuries there have surged distinct schools of thought on the form republicans would want to give to the Spanish State : unitary ( centralized ) or federal . Despite the country 's long - lasting schools of republican movements , the government of Spain has been organized as a republic during only two very short periods in its history , which totaled less than 10 years of republican government in the entirety of Spanish history . The First Spanish Republic lasted from February 1873 to December 1874 , and the Second Spanish Republic lasted from April 1931 to April 1939 . Currently there are movements and political parties throughout the entire political spectrum that advocate for a Third Spanish Republic , including almost all of the Spanish left , as well as liberal , right - winged , and nationalist parties . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins , the First Republic , and the Bourbon Restoration 1.2 Primo de Rivera , the Second Republic , and the Franco regime 1.3 Exile and Holocaust 1.4 After the transition to democracy 2 Republican political parties after the transition 3 Public opinion 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins , the first Republic , and the Bourbon Restoration ( edit ) The roots of Spanish republicanism arose out of liberal thought in the wake of the French Revolution . The first manifestations of republicanism occurred during the Peninsular War , in which Spain and nearby regions fought for independence from Napoleon , 1808 -- 1814 . During the reign of Ferdinand VII ( 1813 -- 1833 ) there were several liberalist military pronunciamientos , but it was not until the reign of Isabella II ( 1833 -- 1868 ) that the first clearly republican and anti-monarchist movements appeared . The republics of the world , France , the United States , and Switzerland , among others , praise the First Spanish Republic , while the monarchies of the world repudiate it . The Glorious Revolution of 1868 overthrew Isabella II , but the Cortes , the Spanish parliament revived by the elections of 1869 , voted in favor of a monarchy . A search for a new king was made from amongst several European royal courts . Their selection was the Italian prince Amadeo I de Saboya , but in the midst of a country that was profoundly instable , enveloped in diverse wars ( the Third Carlist War , due to the aspirations to the throne of the Bourbon branch of carlists , and the Ten Years ' War in Cuba , among others ) and including the opposition of republicans and a large part of the aristocracy , the Catholic Church , and the Spanish people , King Amadeo abdicated on 11 February 1873 . On that same day in 1873 , the Cortes proclaimed the First Spanish Republic . However , the Republic fell victim to the same instabilities provoked by the ongoing wars and the division amongst republicans . The majority of republicans were federalists , and they therefore supported the formation of a federal democratic republic , but there was also a unitary republic school . What is more , within the federalists there was an intransigent pro-confederation sector that was infuriated and later quashed by the Cantonal Revolution of 1873 . The complicated political situation is demonstrated by the fact that in just eleven months there were four presidents of the Republic : Francesc Pi i Margall , Estanislao Figueras , Nicolás Salmerón , and Emilio Castelar ( the only non-federalist president ) . On 3 January 1874 , General Manuel Pavía led a coup d'état that established a conservative unitary republican dictatorship under the command of General Francisco Serrano y Domínguez . The dictatorship was in turn ousted by pronunciamiento on 29 December 1874 , in which Brigadier General Arsenio Martínez Campos declared the Bourbon Restoration and Alfonso XII ascended to the throne . Following the Restoration , diverse republican parties appeared once again , for example Castelar 's Partido Demócrata -- later the Partido Demócrata Posibilista ( PDP ) -- and Cristino Martos 's Partido Progresista Demócrata . Nonetheless , these parties , immersed in a system of inequal censitary suffrage between 1878 and 1890 , were unable to compete with the large dynastic parties : the Liberal - Conservative Party of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Liberal Party of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta . Later Francisco Pi formed the Partido Republicano Democrático Federal ( PRDF ) , Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla and José María Esquerdo created Partido Republicano Progresista ( PRP ) , and Nicolás Salmerón established the Partido Republicano Centralista ( PRC ) . These parties contributed a diverse set of independent republican deputies to the Spanish parliament . Factions of the PDP and the PRP branched off and fused to form the Partido Republicano Nacional . In 1898 the Fusión Republicana was formed , and in 1903 the creation of the Republican Union Party attempted to represent and fuse all streams of republican thought . However , two parties split from the Republican Union : Alejandro Lerroux 's Partido Republicano Radical and Vicente Blasco 's Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista . In that time the Catalan Centre Nacionalista Republicà ( CNR ) appeared . Following the acts of `` Tragic Week '' in Barcelona in 1909 , republican parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( `` PSOE '' in Spanish ) joined together to form the Conjunción Republicano - Socialista , at the same time as the Catalan sectors of the Republican Union , the CNR , and the PRDF formed the Republican Nationalist Federal Union . Later Melquiades Álvarez split from the Conjunción Republicano - Socialista to form the Reformist Party . Primo de Rivera , the Second Republic , and the Franco regime ( edit ) After 1917 , the Restoration regime entered a state of crisis , which finally resulted in the coup d'état of Miguel Primo de Rivera , Captain - General of Catalonia . Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship with the approval of the King Alfonso XIII . But the crisis of this dictatorship lead to the resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930 and made the fall of the monarchy inevitable . On 14 April 1931 , two days after a round of municipal elections in which republicans won a landslide victory , Alfonso XIII was sent into exile and the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed . The Second Republic adopted the form of a unitary republic , allowing the formation of autonomous regions , a status adopted by Catalonia and the Basque Country . The Republic quickly had to confront political polarization of the era , at the same time that totalitarian dictatorships were rising in power in Europe . The first President of the Second Republic was Niceto Alcalá Zamora of the Liberal Republican Right . Later Manuel Azaña , of Republican Action ( later the Republican Left ) in coalition with the PSOE , was elected president after the political left 's victories in the June 1931 elections . Azaña 's government attempted to bring many reforms , such as the Agrarian Reform Law , therefore the Azaña administration is known as the Bienio Reformista ( `` Two - Year Reformists '' in English ) . It was also in 1931 that , for the first time in Spanish history , universal suffrage was established , granting to women the right to vote . Flag of the Second Spanish Republic That in 1932 there had already been a failed coup led by General José Sanjurjo shows the political instability of the time . In the general elections of 1933 , José María Gil - Robles 's coalition the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas won a parliamentary majority , followed by Lerroux 's Partido Republicano Radical . The CEDA , which united diverse conservative and Christian Democrat parties , rejected the presidency of Alcalá Zamora , instead electing Lerroux , who appointed to his cabinet of ministers several members of the CEDA . The integration of the CEDA in the government was one of the motivations for the Spanish Revolution of 1934 , in which sectors of the PSOE , the Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or `` PCE '' ) , and the trade unions the Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT ) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT ) lead a general strike . The anti-government strike occurred at the same time that the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya ( `` ERC '' ) 's Lluís Companys , President of the Generalitat of Catalonia , proclaimed the Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic . The violent repression of the Revolution , especially in Asturais , the suppression of Catalan autonomy , and the detention of numerous political personages motived the formation of the Spanish Popular Front by the PSOE , the UGT , the PCE , the ERC , the Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista ( in Spanish `` POUM '' ) , the Republican Left , and the Republican Union , amongst other . The Popular Front came out victorious in the general elections of 1936 , returning Manuel Azaña to the presidency after dismissing Alcalá Zamora . On 17 July 1936 , there was a failed military pronunciamiento in Morocco that managed to take control of a good part of the territory , which provoked the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . While the republican regime was abandoned by the other European democracies and only received military support from the Soviet Union , the conservative rebels were supported by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy , whose support was pivotal in the final victory of the nationalist uprising . The triumphant General Francisco Franco established a brutal , ironclad dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975 . As well , Emilio Mola , leader of the uprising against the Second Republic , attempted to establish a `` republican dictatorship , '' but in 1947 Franco established his authoritarian dictatorship as a regency for the monarchy , and in 1969 he named Juan Carlos de Borbón , grandson of the ousted Alfonso XIII , as his successor and the next king . Juan Carlos ascended to the throne upon the dictator 's death in 1975 . Exile and Holocaust ( edit ) A Spanish Republican government in exile was established in Paris in April 1939 . Thousands of Republicans fled the country to France as well . Many of them were captured after France was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940 ; some 7,000 died in concentration camps , especially Mauthausen - Gusen , during the Holocaust . The Republican government in exile moved to Mexico City in 1940 , returning to Paris in 1946 . After the transition to democracy ( edit ) The anti-Franco opposition failed in their attempts to provoke the dictators downfall , and after his death they started a process of negotiation with the government that led to the Spanish transition to democracy , in which Spain chose a democratic parliamentary monarchy as the form of government , with the support of groups that had previously advocated a republic , like the PSOE and the PCE . In 1977 , after the first democratic general elections since the Francoist dictatorship , the Spanish Republican government - in - exile , maintained since the end of the Civil War , dissolved itself and officially recognized the post-Franco democracy . Republicanism in Spain since 1976 , principally during the Transition , was represented by the Acción Republicana Democrática Española ( ARDE ) , the Republican Left , and the Spanish Republican Party . However , the Communist Party ( PCE ) and its coalition the United Left have resumed advocating for a Third Spanish Republic . There are also other regional parties advocating republicanism . Republican political parties after the transition ( edit ) There are many republican political parties on the national level . However , since the Spanish transition to democracy , only the United Left , and one of its component parties before its formation , the Communist Party of Spain , had representation in Parliament until 2011 . In that year , the United Left was joined by EQUO as the two political parties with parliamentary representation that advocated a republic . The Spanish Socialist Worker 's Party maintains a position of limited intervention in the republic - vs. - monarchy debate , providing some support to the monarchy while at the same time some members of its base identify as republicans . A republican demonstration , with participation from members of the Communist Party and others , in Seville on 14 April 2006 . The United Left ( `` Izquierda Unida '' or `` IU '' in Spanish ) is the third - largest party in Spain by number of votes . It is a coalition of left - winged parties , amongst which is the Communist Party of Spain ( `` Partido Comunista de España '' or `` PCE '' in Spanish ) . The IU says its mission is `` to transform gradually the capitalist economic , social , and political system into a democratic socialist system , founded on the principles of justice , social equality , solidarity , respect of nature , and organized in conformity with a federal and republican `` state of rights '' . The United Left and the PCE advocate the establishment of a Third Spanish Republic . Equo is a Spanish green party that , through its integration into the Valencian Coalició Compromís ( `` Compromise Coalition '' in English ) , attained representation in the Congress of Deputies after the 2011 elections as the `` Compromís - Q '' . Equo advocates for a `` federal , secular , and republican state '' . The Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( `` Partido Socialista Obrero Español '' or `` PSOE '' in Spanish ) is the principal centre - left Spanish political party and the one that has spent the most years in parliamentary majority since the Transition ( 1982 -- 1996 , 2004 -- 2011 ) . Despite its republican tradition , the party does not currently define itself as republican , and in fact , in recent years the monarchy and its role have been praised by the PSOE . However , the youth wing of the PSOE , the Socialist Youth of Spain , does identify its ideology as republican , and in its resolutions of the 37th Congress ( 2004 -- 2008 ) , the PSOE declared itself in support of a `` civic republicanism '' . The mentions of republicanism disappeared in the resolutions of the 38th Congress due to internal conflict over this position . Podemos has stated it will offer Spain a referendum on whether or not to abolish the monarchy if it gets into government . Public opinion ( edit ) Spain 's government - run Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( `` CIS , '' in English : Center for Sociological Research ) has not conducted any surveys in which respondents were asked their preference of the system of government , monarchy or republic . However , the CIS does publish surveys on the `` value '' respondents place on the monarchy , and the agency has occasionally published questions regarding the current monarch , observing a progressive decline in support for the monarchy . In fact , although the monarchy has normally been one of the most valued institutions , studies have shown that the monarchy has experienced serious loss in public confidence , more than any other government institution , especially among youths aged 18 to 24 , who have voted against it repeatedly in CIS studies since 2006 . For the first time ever in 2011 , a majority of the population said they did not support the current monarchy . A study published on 24 June 2004 , even yield a result of 55 % of Spaniards agreeing ( `` más bien de acuerdo '' ) with the statement that `` the Monarchy has overstayed its welcome . '' Spanish newspapers also sporadically publish surveys and opinion polls with questions related to the monarchy and of the survey respondents political affiliation as monarchists or republican , among other options , with results generably in favor of the monarchy until the year 2013 : Date Survey Republican ( % ) More republican than monarchist ( % ) Indifferent , `` Do n't know , '' & `` No response '' ( % ) Juancarlist ( % ) More monarchist than republican ( % ) Monarchist ( % ) 07 / 10 / 1996 Instituto Opina para La Vanguardia 9.7 % 6.2 % 37.2 % - 11.2 % 35.7 % 11 / 1996 Metroscopia 13 % - 21 % - - 66 % Metroscopia 15 % - 20 % - - 65 % 1998 Metroscopia 11 % - 17 % - - 72 % 20 / 11 / 2000 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 15.9 % - 41.1 % - - 43 % 20 / 11 / 2005 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 23.5 % - More than 38 % - - 38 % 28 / 09 / 2006 Instituto Opina para Cadena Ser 25 % - 10 % - - 65 % 06 / 10 / 2007 Gabinete de Estudios Sociales y Opinión Pública ( Gesop ) para Época 24.8 % - - - - 50.6 % 11 / 10 / 2007 Metroscopia para la Fundación Toledo 22 % - 9 % - - 69 % 05 / 01 / 2008 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 12.8 % - 39.9 % 14.6 % - 28.5 % 15 / 08 / 2008 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 16.2 % - 57.9 % 7 % - 15.7 % 06 / 12 / 2009 Metroscopia para El País 25 % - - - - 66 % 31 / 10 / 2010 Análisis Sociológicos Económicos y Políticos ( ASEP ) 26 % - - - - 57 % 07 / 11 / 2010 Metroscopia para El País 35 % - 8 % - - 57 % 14 / 04 / 2011 Metroscopia para El País 39 % - 10 % - - 48 % 20 / 06 / 2011 Invymark para La Sexta 36.8 % - 21.1 % - - 42.1 % 12 / 12 / 2011 Invymark para La Sexta 37 % - 3.7 % - - 59.3 % 18 / 12 / 2011 Metroscopia para El País 37 % - 14 % - - 49 % 02 / 01 / 2012 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 33 % - - - - 60 % 22 / 04 / 2012 NC Report para La Razón 35.5 % - 15.9 % - - 48.5 % 23 / 04 / 2012 Invymark para La Sexta 34 % - 8.1 % - - 57.9 % 03 / 01 / 2013 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 41 % - 5.2 % - - 53.8 % 14 / 04 / 2013 ( 1 ) para La Razón - - - - - 63.5 % 05 / 01 / 2014 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 43 , 3 % - 6 , 8 % - - 49 , 9 % 06 / 06 / 2014 Invymark para La Sexta 36.3 % - 10.6 % - - 53.1 % 06 / 06 / 2014 Metroscopia para El País 36 % - - - - 49 % 07 / 06 / 2014 ( 2 ) para antena 3 35.5 % - - - - 60.03 % 07 / 06 / 2014 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 35.6 % - 8.6 % - - 55.7 % 23 / 06 / 2014 ( 3 ) para La Razón 28.3 % - 14 % - - 57.6 % 14 / 06 / 2015 Sigma Dos para El Mundo 33.7 % - 4.8 % - - 61.5 % 05 / 2018 Ipsos 37 % - 40 % - - 24 % 25 / 07 / 2018 Electomania and CTXT 47 , 4 % - 2 , 7 % - - 49 , 9 % After 2005 , surveys have measured a larger support for republicanism amongst Spanish youth , with more 18 - to 29 - year - olds identifying themselves as republicans than those identifying as monarchists , according to El Mundo . Despite this , some surveys show a public favor of the monarchy , and according to an August 2008 El Mundo poll , 47.9 % of Spaniards would have liked if they had been able to democratically elect the current King Juan Carlos , and 42.3 % of respondents think that the succession of the current heir Prince Felipe should be put to a plebiscite . According to the newspaper Público 's `` Publicscopio '' section in December 2009 , 61 % survey respondents are in favor of amending the Spanish Constitution to allow the Spanish people to decide between a monarchy and a republic , a number that increased by 3 % compared to the data collected the year before by the same newspaper . According to a 2012 survey by Gallup , 54 % of Spaniards were in favor of a referendum to choose the form of government ( monarchy or republic ) , and support was always found to be even higher when surveying younger age groups ( support was 73.1 % amongst 18 - to 24 - year - olds , but only 34.5 % for those above 65 years ) . Support for such a referendum is also higher amongst the more educated groups of the population , voters in left - wing political parties , and between members of the upper and upper - middle classes . In 2013 , as a result of the accusation of Princess Cristina in the Nóos scandal , republican support has begun to increase greater than ever before . When Juan Carlos announced his abdication on 2 June 2014 , thousands of protesters took to the squares of several Spanish towns and cities demanding a referendum on whether the monarchy should continue . Subsequent surveys showed that the abdication improved the image of the Crown thanks to the good image of the new king . See also ( edit ) History of Spain Politics of Spain Republicanism First Spanish Republic Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War Alliance of European Republican Movements Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The statement `` the Monarchy is something that has long overstayed its welcome '' , is roughly translated . The actually Spanish wording used is `` la Monarquía es algo superado hace tiempo '' . Jump up ^ Juancarlism ( variously written with and without the capital `` J '' ) is the support not of the institution of the monarchy itself , but rather for the previous monarch , King Juan Carlos I . There was no consensus amongst `` Juancarlists '' on what to do upon Juan Carlos 's abdication or death , but some Juancarlists supported the abolition of the monarchy after Juan Carlos , while others believed that the ascension of the King 's heir , Prince Felipe should have been put to a plebiscite . Juan Carlos had a particularly strong following because of his work in the Spanish transition to democracy from dictatorship in the 1970s , however polls showed that this support was waning towards the end of his reign . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Franco , Mola y Queipo de Llano , ante los tribunales -- 17 / 10 / 08 -- 808961 -- EcoDiario '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Pike , David Wingeate . Spaniards in the Holocaust : Mauthausen , the horror on the Danube ; Editorial : Routledge Chapman & Hall ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22780 - 3 . London , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Izquierda Republicana '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Izquierda Unida '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Izquierda Unida '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Público.es -- Lara y Anguita encabezan la lucha por la III República '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Equo website '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PSOE '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Zapatero y Rajoy elogian el ' digno ' papel de la monarquía y reiteran su ' lealtad ' a la Corona -- EL MUNDO '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Zapatero defiende el `` cumplimiento ejemplar del papel constitucional '' de Doña Sofía / EL MUNDO '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` BLANCO : ' Los alcaldes socialistas que incumplen la Ley de Banderas son una minoría , saben que deben cumplirla y lo harán ' -- PSOE '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Nuestras ideas -- JSE '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ PSOE Resolutiones for the 37th Congress of Deputies ( 2004 -- 2008 ) . Page 101 says : `` Para los socialistas , la defensa y la regulación de derechos arranca de la idea misma del republicanismo cívico que propugnamos . '' Jump up ^ Podemos to offer referendum on Spanish monarchy . Newsweek . Published 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Escolar.net : La monarquía se desgasta en España '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Público '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` El Confidencial '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` El País '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Más de la mitad de los españoles dice que la Monarquía es algo `` superado desde hace tiempo '' / EL MUNDO '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ http://www.elpais.com/graficos/espana/Intencion/voto/elpepuesp/20111218elpepunac_1/Ges/ Jump up ^ http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Zapatero/logra/agitar/votante/PSOE/elpepuesp/20101107elpepinac_6/Tes Jump up ^ `` Los españoles dan un notable a la Monarquía pero un 38 % de jóvenes prefiere la República / EL MUNDO '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Indiferentes ' ante la Corona o la República / EL MUNDO '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Público.es -- La reforma de la Constitución gana adeptos en el último año '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Público.es -- Dos ideas de España frente a la Constitución '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish cabinet to discuss King Juan Carlos 's abdication '' . BBC News . 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republicanism in Spain . Red Inter Civico Republicana , a Spanish republican movement . Alliance of European Republican Movements , the umbrella organization of the RICP . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republicanism_in_Spain&oldid=854425831 '' Categories : Republicanism in Spain Politics of Spain Political movements in Spain Republicanism by country Republicanism in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles needing expert attention from February 2014 All articles needing expert attention Spain articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times has spain been a republic	[ "Despite the country's long-lasting schools of republican movements, the government of Spain has been organized as a republic during only two very short periods in its history, which totaled less than 10 years of republican government in the entirety of Spanish history. The First Spanish Republic lasted from February 1873 to December 1874, and the Second Spanish Republic lasted from April 1931 to April 1939.\n" ]	[ "two" ]
-5687466766742294743	United States in World War I	United States in World war I - wikipedia United States in World war I Jump to : navigation , search Two American soldiers run towards a bunker . The United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , during World War I . The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies . It closely cooperated with the Allies militarily but acted alone in diplomacy . The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies , raw material and money , starting in 1917 . American soldiers under General John Pershing , Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) , arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918 . Before entering the war , the U.S. had remained neutral , though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers . During the war , the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths , including 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic . The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces . After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force , by spring 1918 , the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict . Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson , the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world , although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entry 2 Neutrality 3 Public opinion 4 Preparedness movement 4.1 Democrats respond 4.2 National debate 5 War declared 6 Home front 6.1 Food 6.2 Propaganda 6.3 Children 7 Army and Navy 7.1 Impact of US forces on the war 8 After the war 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links Entry ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Neutrality ( edit ) After the war began in 1914 , the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson 's antipathies against Germany . Early in the war , the United States started to favor the British and their allies . President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide , Colonel House , on repeated missions to the two sides , but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard , Wilson said `` America is too proud to fight '' and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson repeatedly warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights . Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt , who denounced German acts as `` piracy '' , and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey . Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace ; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference . Wilson 's Secretary of State , William Jennings Bryan , whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored , resigned in frustration in June 1915 . Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City , New Jersey on 30 July 1916 , and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present - day Lyndhurst , New Jersey . Public opinion ( edit ) See also : Opposition to World War I American public opinion was divided , with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war . Opinion changed gradually , partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania , partly as German Americans lost influence , and partly in response to Wilson 's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy . In the general public , there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany . The great majority of German Americans , as well as Scandinavian Americans , wanted the United States to remain neutral ; however , at the outbreak of war , thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army . The Irish Catholic community , based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus , was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way , especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland . Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States , regardless of their theology , favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace . Most of the leaders of the women 's movement , typified by Jane Addams , likewise sought pacifistic solutions . The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford , who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents ; no negotiations resulted . Britain had significant support among intellectuals , Yankees , and families with close ties to Britain . The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago , a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England . Insull funded many propaganda efforts , and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military , Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire . Preparedness movement ( edit ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality . By 1915 , in Eastern cities a new `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans , notably General Leonard Wood , ex-president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson ; they enlisted many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a `` realism '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences , they showed that the United States ' 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 - strong National Guard , was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army , similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military . They called for UMT or `` universal military service '' under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and then be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Public opinion , however , was not willing to go that far . Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , provincial , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men . Democrats respond ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In reality , neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower , size , military hardware or experience . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas or tanks , and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the `` Lusitania '' in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not come to pass until after World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Great Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's decision touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement , that was , that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( such as J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( such as Bethlehem Steel , which made armour , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These selfish special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many . National debate ( edit ) Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste . '' Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warm - up for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . The United States would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' . The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy . Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine , the navalists took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armour - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , Germany thought , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . War declared ( edit ) New York Times April 3 , 1917 In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare . The German Foreign minister , Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution - torn Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram . In return , the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican -- American War 70 years earlier . British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington . Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli -- a cause for war . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on February 3 , 1917 . At first , Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface ( but useless when the U-boats were under water ) . After submarines sank seven US merchant ships , Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany , which Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 . As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917 , the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government . This helped overcome Wilson 's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch . Pleased by the Provisional Government 's pro-war stance , the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9 , 1917 . Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers , a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an `` embarrassing obstacle '' in his State of the Union speech . Congress declared war on the Austro - Hungarian Empire on December 7 , 1917 , but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers . Thus , the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe , the Middle East , the Caucasus , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Home front ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers , food supplies , munitions , and money needed to win the war . Although the United States entered the war in 1917 , there had been very little planning , or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts . As a result , the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months , then efficiency took control . World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army . The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era , when efficiency and expertise were highly valued . Therefore , the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war , as well as for propaganda purposes . Food ( edit ) The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards , where crops were grown for US soldiers . It managed the nation 's food distribution and prices . Propaganda ( edit ) Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information , overseen by George Creel . The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government - selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings . Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League , it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage . Rumors about a German induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States . Other forms of propaganda included newsreels , photos , large - print posters ( designed by several well - known illustrators of the day , including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl ) , magazine and newspaper articles , and billboards . Children ( edit ) Main article : Effect of World War I on children in the United States `` Weapons for Liberty -- U.S.A. Bonds '' calls on Boy Scouts to serve just like soldiers do ; poster by J.C. Leyendecker , 1918 The nation placed a great importance on the role of children , teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war . The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets , helped sell war bonds , and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war . Army and Navy ( edit ) Main article : American Expeditionary Forces The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army , and smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war . After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917 , it drafted 4 million men into military service . By the summer of 1918 , about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France , about half of whom eventually saw front - line service ; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily . In 1917 , Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones Act . In the end , Germany miscalculated the United States ' influence on the outcome of the conflict , believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup . American soldiers on the Piave front hurling hand grenades into the Austrian trenches The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to fight in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Séchault . Impact of US forces on the war ( edit ) Americans in the Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . On the battlefields of France in spring 1918 , the war - weary Allied armies enthusiastically welcomed the fresh American troops . They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses . The Americans won a victory at Cantigny , then again in defensive stands at Chateau - Thierry and Belleau Wood . The Americans helped the British Empire , French and Portuguese forces defeat and turned back the powerful final German offensive ( Spring Offensive of March to July , 1918 ) , and most importantly , the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive ( Hundred Days Offensive of August to November ) . However , many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British , French , Germans and others had abandoned early in the war , and so many American offensives were not particularly effective . Pershing continued to commit troops to these full - frontal attacks , resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian - Hungarian units . Nevertheless , the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies ' strategic position and boosted morale . The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11 , 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield . After the war ( edit ) Britain , France , Italy and America imposed severe economic penalties on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles , and both the British and French empires annexed former German and Ottoman Empire colonies in Africa , the Middle East and the Pacific . Russia was not involved in this because of their withdrawal from the war soon after the Russian revolution in 1917 . The United States swiftly pulled its troops out of Europe after Germany had surrendered . Two thirds of the American soldiers participating in the war had returned back home already when the Treaty of Versailles was signed . Only a lone U.S. Army unit was left in the European soil at end of the decade . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles ; instead , the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany , Austria and Hungary in August 1921 . The Senate also refused to enter the newly created League of Nations on Wilson 's terms , and Wilson rejected the Senate 's compromise proposal . See also ( edit ) World War I portal United States campaigns in World War I History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) German prisoners of war in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' . Virus.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 332 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , T.R. : The Last Romantic ( 1997 ) p = 756 Jump up ^ Karp 1979 Jump up ^ Jules Witcover , Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest R. May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ TV Series , The First World War Part 7 : Blockade ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William M. Leary , Jr. , `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 , '' Journal of American History Vol. 54 , No. 1 ( Jun. 1967 ) , pp. 57 - 72 JSTOR 1900319 Jump up ^ Patricia Appelbaum , Kingdom to Commune : Protestant Pacifist Culture between World War I and the Vietnam Era ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Frances H. Early , A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The peace ship : Henry Ford 's pacifist adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 - 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada . March 29 , 1867 . p.s. 9 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts , `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition . '' Australian Journal of Politics and History 2005 51 ( 2 ) : 194 - 215 . ISSN 0004 - 9522 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Navy '' . Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era pp 179ff Jump up ^ Daniel R. Beaver , Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 - 1919 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Allan Millett , The general : Robert L. Bullard and officership in the United States Army , 1881 - 1925 ( 1975 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman , The Zimmerman Telegram ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ see : Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes A Concise History of the Russian Revolution , Vintage Books 1996 p. 93 Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson : Fifth Annual Message to the Gentlemen of the Congress - 4 December 1917 Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress - Senate. gove Jump up ^ `` US declaration of war against Austria - Hungary The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . Gilderlehrman.org. 1917 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Over Here Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds. , World War I : encyclopedia ( 2005 ) , p. 1205 Jump up ^ George H. Nash , The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp. 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Ross , pp. 244 -- 246 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 334 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 335 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Vaughn , Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jay Mechling , On My Honor : Boy Scouts and the Making of American Youth ( 2004 ) p 128 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World War I Timeline - 1918 - A Fateful Ending '' . The History Place . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wilgus , p. 52 Jump up ^ Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved October 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin . Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 344 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . pp. 342 -- 343 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Breen , William J. Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization , Wartime Federalism , and the Council of National Defense , 1917 - 1919 ( 1984 ) ) Capozzola , Christopher . Uncle Sam Wants You : World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen ( 2008 ) Carlisle , Rodney . Sovereignty at Sea : U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I ( 2010 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard military history Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Cooper , John Milton . `` The World War and American Memory . '' Diplomatic History ( 2014 ) 38 # 4 pp : 727 - 736 . DuBois , W.E. Burghardt , `` An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War , '' The Crisis , vol. 18 , no . 2 ( June 1919 ) , pp. 63 -- 87 . Ferrell , Robert H. Woodrow Wilson and World War I , 1917 - 1921 ( 1986 ) Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 2004 ) , comprehensive coverage Malin , James C. The United States After the World War ( 1930 ) online Marrin , Albert . The Yanks Are Coming : The United States in the First World War ( 1986 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Schaffer , Ronald . America in the Great War : The Rise of the War - Welfare State ( 1991 ) Snow , William J. Signposts of Experience : World War Memoits of Major General William J. Snow , USA - Retired , Chief of Field Artillery 1918 - 1927 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , May 15 , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1499673777 . Tucker , Spencer C. , and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2005 ) Van Ells , Mark D. `` America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( 2014 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience ( 2000 ) Historiography ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . External links ( edit ) First - hand accounts of World War I veterans , The Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people ( Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Pontic Greek genocide ) Blockade of Germany Women ( Australia ) Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary ( commemorations ) Category Portal World War I at Wiktionary WWI textbooks at Wikibooks WWI quotations at Wikiquote WWI source texts at Wikisource WWI images & media at Commons WWI news stories at Wikinews Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern By state Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_in_World_War_I&oldid=801067885 '' Categories : World War I United States in World War I Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български فارسی Français עברית Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the us fight in the first world war	[ "In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe,[4] while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"a war to end all wars\" that would \"make the world safe for democracy\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.[5] On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary.[6][7] U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918.", "In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe,[4] while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"a war to end all wars\" that would \"make the world safe for democracy\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.[5] On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary.[6][7] U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918." ]	[ "Germany", "Austria-Hungary" ]
392849916781818535	List of Walt Disney Pictures films	List of Walt Disney Pictures films - wikipedia List of Walt Disney Pictures films Jump to : navigation , search This article is about feature films released under the Disney banner . For a broader list of Disney films , see Lists of films released by Disney . This is a list of films released theatrically under the Walt Disney Pictures banner ( known as that since 1983 , with Never Cry Wolf as its first release ) and films released before that under the former name of the parent company , Walt Disney Productions ( 1929 -- 1983 ) . Most films listed here were distributed in the United States by the company 's distribution division , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( formerly known as Buena Vista Distribution Company ( 1953 -- 1987 ) and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution ( 1987 -- 2007 ) ) . The Disney features produced before Peter Pan ( 1953 ) were originally distributed by RKO Radio Pictures , and are now distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . This list is organized by release date and includes live action feature films , animated feature films ( including films developed and produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios ) , and documentary films ( including titles from the True - Life Adventures series and films produced by the Disneynature label ) . For an exclusive list of animated films released by Walt Disney Pictures and its previous entities see List of Disney theatrical animated features . This list is only for theatrical films released under the main Disney banner . The list does not include films released by other existing , defunct or divested labels or subsidiaries owned by Walt Disney Studios ( i.e. Marvel Studios , Lucasfilm , Touchstone Pictures , Hollywood Pictures , Miramax Films , Dimension Films , ESPN Films etc. ; unless they are credited as co-production partners ) nor any direct - to - video releases , TV films , theatrical re-releases , or films originally released by other non-Disney studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Feature films by decade 1.1 1930s -- 1940s 1.2 1950s 1.3 1960s 1.4 1970s 1.5 1980s 1.6 1990s 1.7 2000s 1.8 2010s 2 Future releases 2.1 Confirmed Release Dates 2.2 In Development 3 Notes 4 See also 4.1 In - depth lists by other types 4.2 Disney - branded labels 4.3 Other film labels and / or subsidiaries 4.4 Related lists 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Feature films by decade Key to the colors used below Type of film Animated feature films ( List ) Hybrid films with live action and animation Live - action films True - Life Adventures / Disneynature documentary films Other documentary films 1930s -- 1940s Title US Release Notes Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs December 21 , 1937 Pinocchio February 7 , 1940 Fantasia November 13 , 1940 Anthology film The Reluctant Dragon June 20 , 1941 Fictional tour around Disney studio Dumbo October 23 , 1941 Bambi August 13 , 1942 Saludos Amigos February 6 , 1943 Anthology film Victory Through Air Power July 17 , 1943 Documentary film , with wide use of animation . The Three Caballeros February 3 , 1945 Anthology film Make Mine Music April 20 , 1946 Anthology film Song of the South November 12 , 1946 Fun and Fancy Free September 27 , 1947 Anthology film Melody Time May 27 , 1948 Anthology film So Dear to My Heart November 29 , 1948 The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad October 5 , 1949 Anthology film 1950s Title US Release Notes Cinderella February 15 , 1950 Treasure Island July 29 , 1950 Alice in Wonderland July 28 , 1951 The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men June 26 , 1952 Peter Pan February 5 , 1953 The Sword and the Rose July 23 , 1953 The Living Desert November 10 , 1953 Rob Roy , the Highland Rogue February 27 , 1954 The Vanishing Prairie August 16 , 1954 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea December 23 , 1954 Davy Crockett , King of the Wild Frontier May 25 , 1955 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series Lady and the Tramp June 22 , 1955 The African Lion September 14 , 1955 The Littlest Outlaw December 22 , 1955 The Great Locomotive Chase June 8 , 1956 Davy Crockett and the River Pirates July 18 , 1956 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series Secrets of Life November 6 , 1956 Westward Ho the Wagons ! December 20 , 1956 Johnny Tremain June 19 , 1957 Perri August 28 , 1957 Old Yeller December 25 , 1957 The Light in the Forest July 8 , 1958 White Wilderness August 12 , 1958 Tonka December 25 , 1958 Sleeping Beauty January 29 , 1959 The Shaggy Dog March 19 , 1959 Darby O'Gill and the Little People June 26 , 1959 Zorro the Avenger September 10 , 1959 Released in European theaters in 1959 . Third Man on the Mountain November 10 , 1959 1960s Title US Release Notes Toby Tyler January 21 , 1960 Kidnapped February 24 , 1960 Pollyanna May 19 , 1960 The Sign of Zorro June 11 , 1960 Released in European theaters in 1958 . Jungle Cat August 10 , 1960 Ten Who Dared November 1 , 1960 Swiss Family Robinson December 21 , 1960 One Hundred and One Dalmatians January 25 , 1961 The Absent - Minded Professor March 16 , 1961 The Parent Trap June 21 , 1961 Nikki , Wild Dog of the North July 12 , 1961 Greyfriars Bobby July 17 , 1961 Babes in Toyland December 14 , 1961 Moon Pilot April 5 , 1962 Bon Voyage ! May 17 , 1962 Big Red June 6 , 1962 Almost Angels September 26 , 1962 The Legend of Lobo November 7 , 1962 In Search of the Castaways December 21 , 1962 Son of Flubber January 16 , 1963 Miracle of the White Stallions March 29 , 1963 Savage Sam June 1 , 1963 Summer Magic July 7 , 1963 The Incredible Journey November 20 , 1963 The Sword in the Stone December 25 , 1963 A Tiger Walks March 12 , 1964 The Misadventures of Merlin Jones March 25 , 1964 The Three Lives of Thomasina June 4 , 1964 The Moon - Spinners July 8 , 1964 Mary Poppins August 29 , 1964 Emil and the Detectives December 18 , 1964 Those Calloways January 28 , 1965 The Monkey 's Uncle August 18 , 1965 That Darn Cat ! December 2 , 1965 The Ugly Dachshund February 16 , 1966 Lt. Robin Crusoe , U.S.N. July 29 , 1966 The Fighting Prince of Donegal October 1 , 1966 Follow Me , Boys ! December 1 , 1966 Monkeys , Go Home ! February 8 , 1967 The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin March 8 , 1967 The Gnome - Mobile July 19 , 1967 The Jungle Book October 18 , 1967 Charlie , the Lonesome Cougar October 18 , 1967 The Happiest Millionaire November 30 , 1967 This was the last film with personal involvement from Walt Disney , who died during production . Blackbeard 's Ghost February 8 , 1968 The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band March 21 , 1968 Never a Dull Moment June 26 , 1968 The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit December 20 , 1968 The Love Bug December 24 , 1968 Smith ! March 21 , 1969 Rascal June 11 , 1969 The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes December 24 , 1969 1970s Title US Release Notes King of the Grizzlies February 11 , 1970 The Boatniks July 1 , 1970 The Wild Country December 15 , 1970 The Aristocats December 24 , 1970 The Barefoot Executive March 17 , 1971 Scandalous John June 22 , 1971 The Million Dollar Duck June 30 , 1971 Bedknobs and Broomsticks December 13 , 1971 The Biscuit Eater March 22 , 1972 Now You See Him , Now You Do n't July 12 , 1972 Napoleon and Samantha July 19 , 1972 Run , Cougar , Run October 18 , 1972 Snowball Express December 22 , 1972 The World 's Greatest Athlete February 14 , 1973 Charley and the Angel March 23 , 1973 One Little Indian June 20 , 1973 Robin Hood November 8 , 1973 Superdad December 14 , 1973 Herbie Rides Again June 6 , 1974 The Bears and I July 31 , 1974 The Castaway Cowboy August 1 , 1974 The Island at the Top of the World December 20 , 1974 The Strongest Man in the World February 6 , 1975 Escape to Witch Mountain March 21 , 1975 The Apple Dumpling Gang July 1 , 1975 One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing July 9 , 1975 The Best of Walt Disney 's True - Life Adventures October 8 , 1975 Ride a Wild Pony December 25 , 1975 No Deposit , No Return February 5 , 1976 Treasure of Matecumbe July 1 , 1976 Gus July 7 , 1976 The Shaggy D.A. December 17 , 1976 Freaky Friday December 17 , 1976 Escape from the Dark March 11 , 1977 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh March 11 , 1977 Anthology film A Tale of Two Critters June 22 , 1977 The Rescuers June 22 , 1977 Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo June 24 , 1977 Pete 's Dragon November 3 , 1977 Candleshoe December 16 , 1977 Return from Witch Mountain March 10 , 1978 The Cat from Outer Space June 9 , 1978 Hot Lead and Cold Feet July 5 , 1978 The North Avenue Irregulars February 9 , 1979 The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again June 27 , 1979 Unidentified Flying Oddball July 26 , 1979 The Black Hole December 21 , 1979 The London Connection December 21 , 1979 1980s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) Midnight Madness February 8 , 1980 The Watcher in the Woods April 17 , 1980 Herbie Goes Bananas June 25 , 1980 The Last Flight of Noah 's Ark June 25 , 1980 Popeye December 12 , 1980 Paramount Pictures The Devil and Max Devlin March 6 , 1981 Amy March 20 , 1981 Dragonslayer June 26 , 1981 Paramount Pictures The Fox and the Hound July 10 , 1981 Walt Disney Feature Animation Condorman August 7 , 1981 Night Crossing February 5 , 1982 Tron July 9 , 1982 Lisberger / Kushner Productions Tex July 30 , 1982 Trenchcoat March 11 , 1983 Something Wicked This Way Comes April 29 , 1983 Bryna Productions Never Cry Wolf October 7 , 1983 Amarok Productions Ltd . Return to Oz June 21 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II The Black Cauldron July 24 , 1985 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II The Journey of Natty Gann September 27 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II One Magic Christmas November 22 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II and Telefilm Canada The Great Mouse Detective July 2 , 1986 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II Flight of the Navigator July 30 , 1986 Producers Sales Organization and New Star Entertainment Benji the Hunted June 17 , 1987 Silver Screen Partners III and Mulberry Square Productions The Man from Snowy River II : Return to Snowy River April 15 , 1988 Silver Screen Partners III , Burrowes Film Group and Hoyts Film Partnership Oliver & Company November 18 , 1988 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners III Honey , I Shrunk the Kids June 23 , 1989 Silver Screen Partners III Cheetah August 18 , 1989 Silver Screen Partners III The Little Mermaid November 17 , 1989 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV 1990s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp August 3 , 1990 DisneyToon Studios The Rescuers Down Under November 16 , 1990 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV White Fang January 18 , 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Hybrid Productions Inc . Shipwrecked March 1 , 1991 AB Svensk Filmindustri Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken May 24 , 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Pegasus Entertainment The Rocketeer June 21 , 1991 Touchstone Pictures , Silver Screen Partners IV and The Gordon Company , only USA and Canada distribution . Beauty and the Beast November 22 , 1991 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV Newsies April 10 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners Honey , I Blew Up the Kid July 17 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners The Mighty Ducks October 2 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Avnet -- Kerner Productions Aladdin November 25 , 1992 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Muppet Christmas Carol December 11 , 1992 Jim Henson Productions Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey February 3 , 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners A Far Off Place March 12 , 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Amblin Entertainment The Adventures of Huck Finn April 2 , 1993 Hocus Pocus July 16 , 1993 Cool Runnings October 1 , 1993 The Three Musketeers November 12 , 1993 Caravan Pictures and Avnet - Kerner Productions Iron Will January 14 , 1994 Blank Check February 11 , 1994 D2 : The Mighty Ducks March 25 , 1994 Avnet -- Kerner Productions White Fang 2 : Myth of the White Wolf April 15 , 1994 The Lion King June 24 , 1994 Walt Disney Feature Animation Angels in the Outfield July 15 , 1994 Caravan Pictures Squanto : A Warrior 's Tale October 28 , 1994 The Santa Clause November 11 , 1994 Hollywood Pictures and Outlaw Productions The Jungle Book December 25 , 1994 Heavyweights February 17 , 1995 Caravan Pictures Man of the House March 3 , 1995 All Girl Productions and Orr & Cruickshank Productions Tall Tale March 24 , 1995 Caravan Pictures A Goofy Movie April 7 , 1995 DisneyToon Studios Pocahontas June 23 , 1995 Walt Disney Feature Animation Operation Dumbo Drop July 28 , 1995 Interscope Communications and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment A Kid in King Arthur 's Court August 11 , 1995 Trimark Pictures and Tapestry Films The Big Green September 29 , 1995 Caravan Pictures Frank and Ollie October 20 , 1995 Toy Story November 22 , 1995 Pixar Animation Studios Tom and Huck December 22 , 1995 Muppet Treasure Island February 16 , 1996 Jim Henson Productions Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco March 8 , 1996 James and the Giant Peach April 12 , 1996 Skellington Productions and Allied Filmmakers The Hunchback of Notre Dame June 21 , 1996 Walt Disney Feature Animation First Kid August 30 , 1996 Caravan Pictures D3 : The Mighty Ducks October 4 , 1996 Avnet -- Kerner Productions 101 Dalmatians November 27 , 1996 Great Oaks That Darn Cat February 14 , 1997 Robert Simonds Productions Jungle 2 Jungle March 7 , 1997 TF1 Hercules June 27 , 1997 Walt Disney Feature Animation George of the Jungle July 16 , 1997 Mandeville Films and Avnet - Kerner Productions Air Bud August 1 , 1997 Keystone Entertainment RocketMan October 10 , 1997 Caravan Pictures and Roger Birnbaum Productions Flubber November 26 , 1997 Great Oaks Mr. Magoo December 25 , 1997 UPA Productions Meet the Deedles March 27 , 1998 DIC Entertainment and Peak Productions Mulan June 19 , 1998 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Parent Trap July 29 , 1998 Air Bud : Golden Receiver August 14 , 1998 Dimension Films and Keystone Entertainment I 'll Be Home for Christmas November 13 , 1998 Mandeville Films A Bug 's Life November 25 , 1998 Pixar Animation Studios Mighty Joe Young December 25 , 1998 RKO Pictures and The Jacobson Company My Favorite Martian February 12 , 1999 Doug 's 1st Movie March 26 , 1999 Walt Disney Television Animation , Jumbo Pictures and A. Film A / S Endurance May 14 , 1999 Tarzan June 18 , 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation Inspector Gadget July 23 , 1999 Caravan Pictures , DIC Entertainment , Avnet -- Kerner Productions and Roger Birnbaum Productions The Straight Story October 15 , 1999 Asymmetrical Productions , Film4 Productions , Ciby 2000 , StudioCanal , Canal+ and Channel Four Films Toy Story 2 November 24 , 1999 Pixar Animation Studios Fantasia 2000 December 17 , 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation 2000s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) The Tigger Movie February 11 , 2000 DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Animation ( Japan ) Inc . Dinosaur May 19 , 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation and The Secret Lab Disney 's The Kid July 7 , 2000 Remember the Titans September 29 , 2000 Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Technical Black Films 102 Dalmatians November 22 , 2000 The Emperor 's New Groove December 15 , 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation Recess : School 's Out February 16 , 2001 Walt Disney Television Animation and Paul & Joe Productions Atlantis : The Lost Empire June 15 , 2001 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Princess Diaries August 3 , 2001 BrownHouse Productions Max Keeble 's Big Move October 5 , 2001 Karz Entertainment Monsters , Inc . November 2 , 2001 Pixar Animation Studios Snow Dogs January 18 , 2002 The Kerner Entertainment Company Return to Never Land February 15 , 2002 DisneyToon Studios and A. Film A / S The Rookie March 29 , 2002 Lilo & Stitch June 21 , 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Country Bears July 26 , 2002 Gunn Films Tuck Everlasting October 11 , 2002 Scholastic Entertainment The Santa Clause 2 November 1 , 2002 Outlaw Productions and Boxing Cat Films Treasure Planet November 27 , 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Jungle Book 2 February 14 , 2003 DisneyToon Studios Piglet 's Big Movie March 21 , 2003 DisneyToon Studios and Munich Animation Ghosts of the Abyss April 11 , 2003 Walden Media , Earthship Productions , Ascot Elite Entertainment Group , Golden Village , Telepool and UGC PH Holes April 18 , 2003 Walden Media , Phoenix Pictures and Chicago Pacific Entertainment The Lizzie McGuire Movie May 2 , 2003 Stan Rogow Productions Finding Nemo May 30 , 2003 Pixar Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Freaky Friday August 6 , 2003 Gunn Films Brother Bear November 1 , 2003 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Haunted Mansion November 26 , 2003 Gunn Films The Young Black Stallion December 25 , 2003 The Kennedy / Marshall Company Teacher 's Pet January 16 , 2004 Walt Disney Television Animation Miracle February 6 , 2004 Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen February 20 , 2004 Home on the Range April 2 , 2004 Walt Disney Feature Animation Sacred Planet April 22 , 2004 Around the World in 80 Days June 16 , 2004 Walden Media , Spanknyce Films , and Mostow / Lieberman Productions America 's Heart and Soul July 2 , 2004 Blacklight Films The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement August 11 , 2004 Shondaland and Martin Chase Productions The Incredibles November 5 , 2004 Pixar Animation Studios National Treasure November 19 , 2004 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films Aliens of the Deep January 28 , 2005 Walden Media and Earthship Productions Pooh 's Heffalump Movie February 11 , 2005 DisneyToon Studios The Pacifier March 4 , 2005 Spyglass Entertainment and Offspring Entertainment Ice Princess March 18 , 2005 Bridget Johnson Films & Skate Away Productions Herbie : Fully Loaded June 22 , 2005 Robert Simonds Productions Sky High July 29 , 2005 Gunn Films Valiant August 19 , 2005 Vanguard Animation and Odyssey Entertainment The Greatest Game Ever Played September 30 , 2005 Fairway Films Chicken Little November 4 , 2005 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 Walden Media Glory Road January 13 , 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Texas Western Productions and Glory Road Productions Roving Mars January 27 , 2006 The Kennedy / Marshall Company and White Mountain Films Eight Below February 17 , 2006 Spyglass Entertainment , Mandeville Films and The Kennedy / Marshall Company The Shaggy Dog March 10 , 2006 Mandeville Films , Robert Simonds Productions , and Boxing Cat Films The Wild April 14 , 2006 C.O.R.E. Feature Animation , Hoytyboy Pictures , Sir Zip Productions and Contrafilm Cars June 9 , 2006 Pixar Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Invincible August 25 , 2006 Mayhem Pictures The Nightmare Before Christmas 3D October 27 , 2006 Skellington Productions The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause November 3 , 2006 Outlaw Productions & Boxing Cat Productions Bridge to Terabithia February 16 , 2007 Summit Entertainment and Walden Media Meet the Robinsons March 30 , 2007 Walt Disney Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Ratatouille June 29 , 2007 Pixar Animation Studios Underdog August 3 , 2007 Spyglass Entertainment , Classic Media and Maverick Films The Pixar Story August 28 , 2007 Leslie Iwerks Productions The Game Plan September 28 , 2007 Enchanted November 21 , 2007 Right Coast Entertainment and Josephson Entertainment National Treasure : Book of Secrets December 21 , 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert February 1 , 2008 PACE College Road Trip March 7 , 2008 Gunn Films The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 Walden Media WALL - E June 27 , 2008 Pixar Animation Studios Beverly Hills Chihuahua October 3 , 2008 Mandeville Films Morning Light October 17 , 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year October 24 , 2008 Borden and Rosenbush Entertainment Roadside Romeo October 24 , 2008 Yash Raj Films , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Bolt November 21 , 2008 Walt Disney Animation Studios Bedtime Stories December 25 , 2008 Gunn Films , Happy Madison Productions , Offspring Entertainment and Conman & Izzy Productions Jonas Brothers : The 3D Concert Experience February 27 , 2009 Jonas Films Race to Witch Mountain March 13 , 2009 Gunn Films Hannah Montana : The Movie April 10 , 2009 It 's a Laugh Productions and Millar Gough Ink Earth April 22 , 2009 Disneynature , BBC Natural History Unit , BBC Worldwide , Discovery Channel and Greenlight Media ; originally from 2007 Trail of the Panda May 8 , 2009 Disney World Cinema and Castle Hero Pictures Up May 29 , 2009 Pixar Animation Studios Lilly the Witch : The Dragon and the Magic Book June 12 , 2009 G - Force July 24 , 2009 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Walt & El Grupo September 9 , 2009 Walt Disney Family Foundation Films and Theodore Thomas Productions The Book of Masters October 29 , 2009 A Christmas Carol November 6 , 2009 ImageMovers Digital Old Dogs November 25 , 2009 Tapestry Films The Princess and the Frog December 11 , 2009 Walt Disney Animation Studios 2010s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) Alice in Wonderland March 5 , 2010 The Zanuck Company , Roth Films and Team Todd Waking Sleeping Beauty March 26 , 2010 Stone Circle Pictures Oceans April 22 , 2010 Disneynature , Participant Media , Pathé , Gatetee Films , Canal+ , France 2 Cinema and France 3 Cinema Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time May 28 , 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Toy Story 3 June 18 , 2010 Pixar Animation Studios The Sorcerer 's Apprentice July 14 , 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Saturn Films and Broken Road Productions The Crimson Wing : Mystery of the Flamingos September 7 , 2010 Disneynature , Kudos Pictures and Natural Light Films Secretariat October 8 , 2010 Mayhem Pictures Do Dooni Chaar October 8 , 2010 Planman Motion Pictures , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Tangled November 24 , 2010 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story November 30 , 2010 Crescendo Productions , Red Hour Films and Traveling Light Tron : Legacy December 17 , 2010 Sean Bailey Productions Anaganaga O Dheerudu January 21 , 2011 A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment , Arka Media Works , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Lilly the Witch : The Journey to Mandolan February 17 , 2011 Mars Needs Moms March 11 , 2011 ImageMovers Digital Zokkomon April 22 , 2011 Disney India and Disney World Cinema African Cats April 22 , 2011 Disneynature Prom April 29 , 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Cars 2 June 24 , 2011 Pixar Animation Studios Winnie the Pooh July 15 , 2011 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Muppets November 23 , 2011 Mandeville Films John Carter March 9 , 2012 Chimpanzee April 20 , 2012 Disneynature Arjun : The Warrior Prince May 25 , 2012 Disney India , Disney World Cinema and UTV Motion Pictures Brave June 22 , 2012 Pixar Animation Studios The Odd Life of Timothy Green August 15 , 2012 Monsterfoot Productions and Scott Sanders Productions Frankenweenie October 5 , 2012 Tim Burton Productions Wreck - It Ralph November 2 , 2012 Walt Disney Animation Studios Oz the Great and Powerful March 8 , 2013 Roth Films and Curtis - Donen Productions Wings of Life April 16 , 2013 Disneynature and Blacklight Films Monsters University June 21 , 2013 Pixar Animation Studios The Lone Ranger July 3 , 2013 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Blind Wink and Infinitum Nihil Planes August 9 , 2013 DisneyToon Studios Frozen November 27 , 2013 Walt Disney Animation Studios Saving Mr. Banks December 13 , 2013 BBC Films , Essential Media and Entertainment , Ruby Films and Hopscotch Features Muppets Most Wanted March 21 , 2014 Mandeville Films Bears April 18 , 2014 Disneynature Million Dollar Arm May 16 , 2014 Roth Films and Mayhem Pictures Maleficent May 30 , 2014 Roth Films Planes : Fire & Rescue July 18 , 2014 DisneyToon Studios Khoobsurat September 19 , 2014 UTV Motion Pictures , Disney India and Anil Kapoor Films Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day October 10 , 2014 21 Laps Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company Big Hero 6 November 7 , 2014 Walt Disney Animation Studios Into the Woods December 25 , 2014 Lucamar Productions and Marc Platt Productions McFarland , USA February 20 , 2015 Mayhem Pictures Cinderella March 13 , 2015 Genre Films Monkey Kingdom April 17 , 2015 Disneynature Tomorrowland May 22 , 2015 A113 Productions Inside Out June 19 , 2015 Pixar Animation Studios ABCD 2 June 19 , 2015 UTV Motion Pictures and Disney India The Good Dinosaur November 25 , 2015 Pixar Animation Studios The Finest Hours January 29 , 2016 Whitaker Entertainment and Red Hawk Entertainment Zootopia March 4 , 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Jungle Book April 15 , 2016 Fairview Entertainment Alice Through the Looking Glass May 27 , 2016 Roth Films , Team Todd and Tim Burton Productions Finding Dory June 17 , 2016 Pixar Animation Studios The BFG July 1 , 2016 Amblin Entertainment , Reliance Entertainment , Walden Media and The Kennedy / Marshall Company Pete 's Dragon August 12 , 2016 Whitaker Entertainment Queen of Katwe September 23 , 2016 ESPN Films , Cine Mosaic and Mirabai Films Moana November 23 , 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios Dangal 000000002016 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2016 Disney India , UTV Motion Pictures and Aamir Khan Productions Beauty and the Beast 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2017 Mandeville Films Born in China 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2017 Disneynature , Shanghai Media Group and Chuan Films Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Cars 3 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2017 Pixar Animation Studios Jagga Jasoos 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Disney India , UTV Motion Pictures , Picture Shuru Entertainment and Ishana Movies Coco 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2017 Pixar Animation Studios Future releases Confirmed Release Dates Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) A Wrinkle in Time 000000002018 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2018 Whitaker Entertainment Dolphins 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2018 Disneynature Incredibles 2 000000002018 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2018 Pixar Animation Studios Paved New World 000000002018 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2018 Diablo Productions Christopher Robin 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2018 Roth Films and Team Todd The Nutcracker and the Four Realms 000000002018 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2018 The Mark Gordon Company Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 000000002018 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios Mary Poppins Returns 000000002018 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2018 Lucamar Productions and Marc Platt Productions Dumbo 000000002019 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2019 Tim Burton Productions Untitled outer space - set Planes film 000000002019 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2019 DisneyToon Studios Aladdin 000000002019 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2019 Lin Pictures and Marc Platt Productions Toy Story 4 000000002019 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2019 Pixar Animation Studios The Lion King 000000002019 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2019 Fairview Entertainment Artemis Fowl 000000002019 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2019 TriBeCa Productions Noelle 000000002019 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2019 Exclusive to Disney 's Streaming Service Frozen 2 000000002019 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2019 Walt Disney Animation Studios Peter Pan 2019 Whitaker Entertainment The Rocketeers 2019 Mortal Media Untitled Pixar film 000000002020 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2020 Pixar Animation Studios Mulan 000000002020 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2020 Untitled Pixar film 000000002020 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2020 Pixar Animation Studios Untitled Disney Animation film 000000002020 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2020 Walt Disney Animation Studios Untitled Disney live - action film 000000002021 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2021 Untitled Pixar film 000000002021 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2021 Pixar Animation Studios Untitled Lin - Manuel Miranda / Byron Howard Disney Animation film 000000002021 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2021 Walt Disney Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean 6 2021 Jerry Bruckheimer Films In Development Title Co-production partner ( s ) Beached The Black Hole Sean Bailey Productions Bob the Musical Contrafilm Brooklyn Family Robinson Carousel Productions and Mandeville Films Captain Nemo Untitled Casey Connor biopic Mandeville Films Castle Hangnail A Very Good Production Untitled Charles Darwin project Untitled Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers film Mandeville Films Untitled Chronicles of Prydain film Cruella Gunn Films and Marc Platt Productions Dashing Through the Snow Will Packer Productions and Smart Entertainment Untitled Delilah Dirk film Vertigo Entertainment Disenchanted Right Coast Entertainment and Josephson Entertainment Don Quixote Dr. Q Plan B Entertainment Electric Boy Genius Mayhem Pictures Father Figures Panay Films Untitled Father of the Bride remake Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service The Flamingo Kid RatPac - Dune Entertainment and Lighthouse Productions Floors The Kerner Entertainment Company Gargoyles The Donners ' Company Genies Vinson Films Ghostopolis Gotham Group and Seed Productions Goblins Callahan Filmworks Grandma 's Intergalactic Bed & Breakfast Mandeville Films The Graveyard Book Netter Productions and Start Motion Pictures Ground Control to Major Tom Underground Films and Michael De Luca Productions Happily Ever After Pacific Standard Happy Birthday The Haunted Mansion DDY Productions Hexum The Hill Brain Farm Cinema Untitled Honey , I Shrunk the Kids remake Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service Hotfuss Offspring Entertainment Hovercar If You Could See Me Now Seed Productions and Canyon Creek Films Imagining Nathan Zucker Productions and Mayhem Pictures In the Land of Imagined Things Inspector Gadget Lin Pictures It 's a Small World Lin Pictures James and the Giant Peach Jungle Cruise Davis Entertainment , Flynn Picture Company and Seven Bucks Productions Kiki 's Delivery Service Angry Pictures and The Mark Gordon Company Kyriakides 1821 Pictures and Mayhem Pictures Labyrinth Whitaker Entertainment Lady and the Tramp Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service Light Speed Jerry Bruckheimer Films The Little Mermaid Marc Platt Productions Magic Camp Team Todd and Gunn Films Magic Kingdom Strike Entertainment Untitled Maleficent sequel Roth Films The Merlin Saga Miss Marple Vandalia Films and Collider Entertainment Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride National Treasure 3 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Nick Ratchet Night on Bald Mountain The Night Stalker Infinitum Nihil Nottingham & Hood The Picture Company Oliver Twist Cube Vision and Marc Platt Productions The One and Only Ivan Alli Shearmur Productions Opposite Day Scott Sanders Productions Overnight Original Film Untitled Oz the Great and Powerful sequel Roth Films Paladin Secret Engine The Paper Magician Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service Untitled The Parent Trap remake Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service Paul Revere Infinitum Nihil The Pet Scott Rudin Productions Pet Robots Untitled Phineas and Ferb movie Mandeville Films Pinocchio Depth of Field and Neal Street Productions Pool Rats Mayhem Pictures Untitled Prince Charming film Mandeville Films and Vinson Films Rose Red Vinson Films The Runner Imagine Entertainment , Apparatus and Blacklight Transmedia Ruse Salisbury The Second Jungle Book Fairview Entertainment Sky High 2 Gunn Films Snow White Marc Platt Productions Something Wicked This Way Comes KatzSmith Productions Untitled Splash remake Free Association and Imagine Entertainment Stargirl Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service The Stuff of Legend Mandeville Films The Sword in the Stone Togo Exclusive to Disney 's streaming service Tiki Monsterfoot Productions and Scott Sanders Productions Time Zones The Mark Gordon Company and Collider Entertainment Timmy Failure Whitaker Entertainment Tink Pacific Standard Tower of Terror Whitaker Entertainment Tribyville Untitled Tron film Tux Viz Productions , Principato - Young Entertainment and Shogakukan The Water Man Harpo Films and Yoruba Saxon Productions Wild City Wish List Notes Since 2012 , The Walt Disney Studios began releasing Marvel Studios ' films following The Walt Disney Company 's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , but those films are distinct as they have only been branded as Marvel and not Disney ( e.g. The Avengers ) , similar to how Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures titles have been marketed since 1984 and 1989 , respectively . Since 2015 , The Walt Disney Studios began releasing Lucasfilm 's films following Disney 's acquisition of the company in 2012 , but those films are distinct as they have not been branded as Disney ( e.g. Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . The Rocketeer was released as a Walt Disney Pictures release domestically . However , outside of the United States and Canada , the film was released through the Touchstone Pictures label . Released in conjunction with the Hollywood Pictures label . Released under the Touchstone Pictures label for its original 1993 release , and was rebranded as a Walt Disney Pictures film for the 2006 reissue . The original film , with the English name Little Indian , Big City , was given a limited U.S. theatrical release , with a dubbed version , under the Touchstone Pictures label on March 22 , 1996 . This was a contractual condition , from actor - producer Thierry Lhermitte , that Disney had to make happen in order to gain the remake rights which would ultimately result in Jungle 2 Jungle . As of September 2016 , Disney is no longer distributing any of the Air Bud franchise ; those rights have been reassigned to DHX Media . See also Disney portal Film in the United States portal In - depth lists by other types List of Disney home entertainment List of Disney television films List of Disney theatrical animated features Disney - branded labels Operating : Walt Disney Animation Studios ( list ) DisneyToon Studios Disney Channel ( list ) Disneynature Pixar Animation Studios ( list ) Defunct : ImageMovers Digital Skellington Productions Other Film labels and / or subsidiaries Operating : Marvel Studios ( list ) Marvel Cinematic Universe ( list ) Marvel Television Lucasfilm Ltd . Touchstone Pictures ( list ) ESPN Films UTV Motion Pictures Defunct : Hollywood Pictures ABC Motion Pictures ( list ) ABC Family ( list ) Divested ( once owned by Disney ) : Miramax ( list ) Dimension Films ( list ) Related lists List of Disney animated shorts Further reading Maltin , Leonard . The Disney Films . New York : Disney Editions , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 5 . Smith , Dave . Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia ( Third Edition ) . New York : Disney Editions , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 4919 - 2 . List of all films released by Disney regardless of label UltimateDisney.com List of Pre-1980 Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status UltimateDisney.com List of 1980 - Present Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status References Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay to Direct A Wrinkle in Time for Disney '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Valerio , Britt ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Release dates for Frozen 2 , Star Wars : Episode IX , The Lion King , and More Have Been Announced '' . Disney . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins Will be Disneynature 's Earth Day 2018 Release '' . 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Officially Announces The Incredibles 2 and Cars 3 Are in the Works '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Incredibles 2 Release Date Moved Up , Toy Story 4 Delayed '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Disney : ' Ant Man And The Wasp ' A Go , ' Incredibles 2 ' Dated & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Claudia Lee Joins Skateboarding Movie ' Paved New World ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Developing Live - Action ' Winnie the Pooh ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster to Direct Live - Action Movie About Winnie the Pooh 's Pal , ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' : Disney Unveils Jaw - Dropping First Footage Of Jon Favreau 's Remake at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph ' sequel from Disney set for 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Announces Release Date for ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dumbo ' : First Image Revealed as Cast and Release Date Are Confirmed '' . collider . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Space Movie Announced by DisneyToon Studios '' . Comingsoon. 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Studios Sets Release Dates for Aladdin , Artemis Fowl , and More '' . Comingsoon. 12 September 2017 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` John Lasseter will direct ' Toy Story 4 ' for 2017 -- BREAKING '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct ' Lion King ' Live - Action Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh Developing ' Artemis Fowl ' Adaptation for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Anna Kendrick Eyeing Female Santa Claus Tale for Disney and Marc Lawrence ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-planning-muppets-reboot-streaming-service-1086800 Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - action Mulan , A Wrinkle In Time , and more Disney movies have set release dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Dates ' Lion King , ' ' Frozen 2 , ' Pushes Fifth ' Indiana Jones ' Film to 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Pan Live - Action Movie in the Works at Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russo , Francisco ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Diretor de Peter Pan avisa que nova versão live action será `` bem tradicional '' ( Exclusivo ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . AdoroCinema . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Rocketeer ' Reboot in the Works From Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rocketeer ' Movie to Launch in 2019 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Nutcracker and the Four Realms ' Sets Fall 2018 Release , Bumping Live - Action ' Mulan ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Mulan pushed back to Spring 2020 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Shelves ' Jack and the Beanstalk ' Film ' Gigantic ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Frozen 2 ' And ' The Lion King ' : Disney Unleashes A Barrage Of Release Dates '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk . `` Disney 's Teaming Lin - Manuel Miranda With Zootopia Co-Director For Secret Animated Film '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Jack . `` Disney 's Development Schedule '' . Entertainment Hub . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-5-post-credits-scene-davy-jones-return/ Jump up ^ Lyons , Josh ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` '' Captain Marvel '' Scribe Meg LeFauve Revives `` Beached '' Comedy at Disney ( Exclusive ) `` . Tracking Board . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Black Hole ' Remake Lands Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Michael Chabon to Write Disney 's ' Bob the Musical ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Deadline . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Steve Carell to Star in Disney 's ' Brooklyn Family Robinson ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Helmer James Mangold to Direct Disney 's ' Captain Nemo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Casey Connor Biopic '' . Movieinsider . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Moving Ahead on ' Castle Hangnail ' with Ellen DeGeneres '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Stephen Gaghan Plan Adventure Film Around Charles Darwin '' . Deadline . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Reviving ' Chip ' n Dale ' for a Live - Action Feature ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Chronicles of Prydain ' Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Plans The Chronicles of Prydain Movie '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella de Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Dashing Through the Snow to Feature Kevin Hart as Santa '' . 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Disney Developing ' Delilah Dirk and the Turkish Lieutenant ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Casts ' Enchanted 2 ′ Spell With ' Smurfs ' Scribes '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.heyuguys.com/enchanted-sequel-disenchanted/ Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Don Quixote Movie in the Works at Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's Plan B , Disney Team for True - Life Immigrant Tale ' Dr. Q ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike . `` ' Blind Side ' Helmer John Lee Hancock Sparks To Disney 's ' Electric Boy Genius ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Mike ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney Nabs Comedy Spec ' Father Figures ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-planning-muppets-reboot-streaming-service-1086800 Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Brett Ratner Backing ' Flamingo Kid ' Remake At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` Patrick Carman Kids Book ' Floors ' To Disney With Jason Filardi Writing '' . Deadline . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Disney Taps G.I. JOE : THE RISE OF COBRA Scribes to Pen GARGOYLES Film '' . Collider . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Aladdin ' Live - Action Prequel in the Works at Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Hugh Jackman to haunt `` Ghostopolis '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Peter Segal To Direct Children 's Tale ' Goblins ' For Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ComingSoon Staff . `` Grandma 's Intergalactic Bed & Breakfast '' . ComingSoon . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ; Tatiana Siegel ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Howard in Talks to Direct Disney 's ' Graveyard Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Buys Jason Micallef Spec ' Ground Control To Major Tom ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Fairy - Tale Comedy ' Happily Ever After ' for Reese Witherspoon ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Jeremy Miller & Dan Cohn 's ' Happy Birthday ' Pitch '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC2010 : Guillermo del Toro Interview DON 'T BE AFRAID OF THE DARK ; Plus Info on THE HAUNTED MANSION , FRANKENSTEIN and HELLBOY '' . Collider . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Dishes On ' Haunted Mansion ' Remake '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tron Legacy ' Stars Get Comic - Con Crowd Involved In The Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks HAUNTED MANSION and His Love of HARRY POTTER '' . Collider . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Gives Updates on JUSTICE LEAGUE DARK and HAUNTED MANSION ; Confirms He Wo n't Direct HAUNTED MANSION '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Alternative Thinker Malcolm Gladwell Smartens Up Disney Drama ' Hexum ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Writer Boards Disney Mountain Adventure Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-planning-muppets-reboot-streaming-service-1086800 Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Amy Talkington Sells YA Novel ' Liv , Forever ' ; Teams With Offspring For Film '' . Deadline . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Orzeck , Kurt ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Writer Dan Harris Boards Disney 's ' Hovercar ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ B. , Brian . `` Hugh Jackman to Star in If You Could See Me Now '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Liza ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Forster Heading for Disney 's ' Imagining Nathan ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Fantasy Script ' In the Land of Imagined Things ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inspector Gadget ' live - action reboot in the works '' . Business Standard . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` It 's a Small World Movie Sets Meet the Fockers Scribes '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Mendes In Talks To Develop & Direct Live - Action ' James And The Giant Peach ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson is set to star in a movie version of Disney 's Jungle Cruise ride '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Redo Kiki 's Delivery Service '' . animationmagazine. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` Disney Developing Greek Marathoner Biopic ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyriakides '' . 1821 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Walt Disney Acquires ' Labyrinth ' Pitch '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.comicbookmovie.com/disney/disney-reveals-launch-slate-for-its-streaming-service-netflix-hulu-will-keep-their-respective-marvel-series-a157732 Jump up ^ ComingSoon Staff ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Disney and Bruckheimer Go for Light Speed '' . Comingsoon.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Officially Sets Live Action Little Mermaid Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Magic Camp Begins Production , Starring Jeffrey Tambor '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` Jon Favreau Provides an Update on ' Magic Kingdom ' '' . Collider . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Maleficent Sequel On Disney Drawing Board As Linda Woolverton Makes Scripting Deal '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets ' Lord Of The Rings ' Co-Writer Philippa Boyens To Write Young Merlin Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` UPDATE : Jennifer Garner To Star In Disney 's Miss Marple Reboot '' . Deadline . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Plots A ' Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride ' Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` A `` National Treasure 3 '' Is On The Way ? `` . Dark Horizons . Jump up ^ `` Nick Ratchet '' . Comingsoon. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney to Adapt Iconic ' Fantasia ' Sequence Into Live - Action Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Johnny Depp 's ' Night Stalker ' Movie Enlists ' High Fidelity ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Hood Now A Race As Disney Acquires Spec ' Nottingham & Hood ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Is Making An Oliver Twist Musical , With Ice Cube In A Major Role '' . 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Me Before You ' Director in Talks to Tackle Disney 's ' The One and Only Ivan ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` '' Opposite Day '' attracts Disney `` . Reuters.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Napoleon Dynamite ' Director Jared Hess Boards Disney 's ' Overnight ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bradley Cooper - Directed ' A Star Is Born ' & Disney 's ' Overnight On 42nd Street ' Among 13 Films Picked For California Film Incentives '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Disney in Talks With David Dobkin to Direct Toy Store Movie ' Overnight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sequel to ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Developing Sci - Fi Space Adventure ' Paladin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/02/disney-streaming-service-launch-slate-star-wars-marvel-1202281846/ Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-planning-muppets-reboot-streaming-service-1086800 Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Hires E. Nicholas Mariani to Rewrite Disney 's Paul Revere Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmanian , Harout ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Jared Hess Set to Direct Disney 's The Pet '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ MovieWeb Staff ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Film Rights to Pet Robots '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Planning Phineas and Ferb Feature Film '' . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' reinvent the essence of Disney Channel charm in kid - friendly TV movie '' . New York : Nydailynews . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pinocchio ' - Inspired Live - Action Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Sam Mendes In Early Talks To Direct Disney 's Live - Action ' Pinocchio ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Disney swims with ' Pool Rats ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Buys Live - Action Prince Charming Project '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Rose Red : Live - action film about Snow White 's sister in the works at Disney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Sci - Fi Adventure Project ' The Runner ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ STAX ( 2006 - 12 - 06 ) . `` IGN : Exclusive : Sam Raimi 's Pulp Fiction '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Evan ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Walt Disney Pictures to Make Salisbury '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Sequel Already in the Works at Disney '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heath , Paul ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Story writer revealed for Dreamworks ' ' Shrek 5 ' -- ' Sky High 2 ' coming ? '' . The Hollywood News . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Disney now developing live - action Snow White '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Disney , Seth Grahame - Smith Making New Film Of Ray Bradbury 's ' Something Wicked This Way Comes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Splash ' Remake Hooks Disney ; Channing Tatum , Jillian Bell Star ; Grazer & Howard , Free Association Producing '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/02/disney-streaming-service-launch-slate-star-wars-marvel-1202281846/ Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saw ' Writers to Adapt Disney 's ' Stuff of Legend ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sword in the Stone ' Live - Action Remake in the Works With ' Game of Thrones ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/02/disney-streaming-service-launch-slate-star-wars-marvel-1202281846/ Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 8 November 2010 ) . `` Disney in Talks for ' Enchanted Tiki Room ' - Inspired ' Tiki ' Movie '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` ' Green Lantern ' Co-Writer Developing Unique Time Travel Adventure for Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` ' Spotlight ' Director Tom McCarthy Eyeing ' Timmy Failure ' at Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon to Star in Disney 's Live - Action Tinker Bell Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tower Of Terror ' Getting Movie Treatment ; Venerable Disney Theme Park Fright Ride '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirshenblat , Eliana ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's New Tower of Terror Movie Seeking a Writer '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Liza . `` ' Muppets , ' ' Ali G ' Director James Bobin Signs on for ' Tribyville ' Musical ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Guidry , Ken . `` ' The Muppets ' Helmer James Bobin To Direct Period Musical ' Tribyville ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/894387-exclusive-joseph-kosinski-talks-top-gun-2-and-tron-3#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Jared Leto Circling ' Tron ' Reboot at Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Ben Garant To Adapt Japanese Graphic Novel ' Tuxedo Gin ' For Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnely , Matt ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey , David Oyelowo Circle Disney 's ' The Water Man ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' End of the Tour ' Director James Ponsoldt and Disney Will Explore the ' Wild City ' '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/dhx-media-signs-distribution-deal-with-air-bud-entertainment044646 External links Official list of Walt Disney Pictures films List of Walt Disney Pictures films on IMDbPro ( subscription required ) Walt Disney Studios Production Walt Disney Pictures Disneynature Lucasfilm Marvel Studios Animation Walt Disney Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Pixar Distribution Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Touchstone Pictures El Capitan complex El Capitan Theatre Hollywood Masonic Temple Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Disney Music Group Walt Disney Records Hollywood Records Disney Theatrical Group Disney on Ice Disney Theatrical Productions ( Disney On Broadway ) New Amsterdam Theatre Studio Production Services Golden Oak Ranch The Prospect Studios Walt Disney Studios ( Burbank ) Former units Caravan Pictures Circle 7 Animation Hollywood Pictures Miramax Dimension Films Key people Sean Bailey Ed Catmull Kevin Feige Alan F. 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Smith ( Independent Lead ) Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Walt Disney Pictures Distribution Touchstone Pictures Disney Music Group Disney Theatrical Group Disneynature Home Entertainment Lucasfilm Marvel Studios Pixar Media Networks Disney -- ABC TV Group ABC Entertainment Group ABC TV Stations Disney Channel Hulu ESPN ( 80 % ) A&E Networks ( 50 % ) BAMTech ( 75 % ) Parks and Resorts Adventures by Disney Disney Cruise Line Walt Disney Imagineering Disneyland Resort Disney Regional Entertainment Disney Vacation Club Disneyland Paris Walt Disney World Resort Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Shanghai Disney Resort DCPI Licensing Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney English Disney Digital Network Babble Disney Online Maker Studios Games and Interactive Experiences Disney Mobile The Muppets Studio International Argentina CIS France India UTV Software Communications Italy Latin America Other assets Buena Vista Marvel Entertainment Reedy Creek Energy See also : Acquisition of 21st Century Fox ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Walt_Disney_Pictures_films&oldid=828333476 '' Categories : Walt Disney Pictures films Lists of films by studio Disney - related lists Walt Disney Pictures American films by studio Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Føroyskt Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 21 . 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About Wikipedia	what was the first walt disney studios film to be released in 2017	[ "\n\n\nTitle\nUS Release\nCo-production partner(s)\n\n\nL\nAlice in Wonderland\nMarch 5, 2010\nThe Zanuck Company, Roth Films and Team Todd\n\n\nD\nWaking Sleeping Beauty\nMarch 26, 2010\nStone Circle Pictures\n\n\nN\nOceans\nApril 22, 2010\nDisneynature, Participant Media, Pathé, Gatetee Films, Canal+, France 2 Cinema and France 3 Cinema\n\n\nL\nPrince of Persia: The Sands of Time\nMay 28, 2010\nJerry Bruckheimer Films\n\n\nA\nToy Story 3\nJune 18, 2010\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nThe Sorcerer's Apprentice\nJuly 14, 2010\nJerry Bruckheimer Films, Saturn Films and Broken Road Productions\n\n\nN\nThe Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos\nSeptember 7, 2010\nDisneynature, Kudos Pictures and Natural Light Films\n\n\nL\nSecretariat\nOctober 8, 2010\nMayhem Pictures\n\n\nL\nDo Dooni Chaar\nOctober 8, 2010\nPlanman Motion Pictures, Disney India and Disney World Cinema\n\n\nA\nTangled\nNovember 24, 2010\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nD\nThe Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story\nNovember 30, 2010\nCrescendo Productions, Red Hour Films and Traveling Light\n\n\nL\nTron: Legacy\nDecember 17, 2010\nSean Bailey Productions\n\n\nL\nAnaganaga O Dheerudu\nJanuary 21, 2011\nA Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment, Arka Media Works, Disney India and Disney World Cinema\n\n\nL\nLilly the Witch: The Journey to Mandolan\nFebruary 17, 2011\n\n\n\nA\nMars Needs Moms\nMarch 11, 2011\nImageMovers Digital\n\n\nL\nZokkomon\nApril 22, 2011\nDisney India and Disney World Cinema\n\n\nN\nAfrican Cats\nApril 22, 2011\nDisneynature\n\n\nL\nProm\nApril 29, 2011\n\n\n\nL\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\nMay 20, 2011\nJerry Bruckheimer Films\n\n\nA\nCars 2\nJune 24, 2011\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nA\nWinnie the Pooh\nJuly 15, 2011\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nThe Muppets\nNovember 23, 2011\nMandeville Films\n\n\nL\nJohn Carter\nMarch 9, 2012\n\n\n\nN\nChimpanzee\nApril 20, 2012\nDisneynature\n\n\nA\nArjun: The Warrior Prince\nMay 25, 2012\nDisney India, Disney World Cinema and UTV Motion Pictures\n\n\nA\nBrave\nJune 22, 2012\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nThe Odd Life of Timothy Green\nAugust 15, 2012\nMonsterfoot Productions and Scott Sanders Productions\n\n\nA\nFrankenweenie\nOctober 5, 2012\nTim Burton Productions\n\n\nA\nWreck-It Ralph\nNovember 2, 2012\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nOz the Great and Powerful\nMarch 8, 2013\nRoth Films and Curtis-Donen Productions\n\n\nN\nWings of Life\nApril 16, 2013\nDisneynature and Blacklight Films\n\n\nA\nMonsters University\nJune 21, 2013\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nThe Lone Ranger\nJuly 3, 2013\nJerry Bruckheimer Films, Blind Wink and Infinitum Nihil\n\n\nA\nPlanes\nAugust 9, 2013\nDisneyToon Studios\n\n\nA\nFrozen\nNovember 27, 2013\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nSaving Mr. Banks\nDecember 13, 2013\nBBC Films, Essential Media and Entertainment, Ruby Films and Hopscotch Features\n\n\nL\nMuppets Most Wanted\nMarch 21, 2014\nMandeville Films\n\n\nN\nBears\nApril 18, 2014\nDisneynature\n\n\nL\nMillion Dollar Arm\nMay 16, 2014\nRoth Films and Mayhem Pictures\n\n\nL\nMaleficent\nMay 30, 2014\nRoth Films\n\n\nA\nPlanes: Fire & Rescue\nJuly 18, 2014\nDisneyToon Studios\n\n\nL\nKhoobsurat\nSeptember 19, 2014\nUTV Motion Pictures, Disney India and Anil Kapoor Films\n\n\nL\nAlexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day\nOctober 10, 2014\n21 Laps Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company\n\n\nA\nBig Hero 6\nNovember 7, 2014\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nInto the Woods\nDecember 25, 2014\nLucamar Productions and Marc Platt Productions\n\n\nL\nMcFarland, USA\nFebruary 20, 2015\nMayhem Pictures\n\n\nL\nCinderella\nMarch 13, 2015\nGenre Films\n\n\nN\nMonkey Kingdom\nApril 17, 2015\nDisneynature\n\n\nL\nTomorrowland\nMay 22, 2015\nA113 Productions\n\n\nA\nInside Out\nJune 19, 2015\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nABCD 2\nJune 19, 2015\nUTV Motion Pictures and Disney India\n\n\nA\nThe Good Dinosaur\nNovember 25, 2015\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nThe Finest Hours\nJanuary 29, 2016\nWhitaker Entertainment and Red Hawk Entertainment\n\n\nA\nZootopia\nMarch 4, 2016\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nH\nThe Jungle Book\nApril 15, 2016\nFairview Entertainment\n\n\nL\nAlice Through the Looking Glass\nMay 27, 2016\nRoth Films, Team Todd and Tim Burton Productions\n\n\nA\nFinding Dory\nJune 17, 2016\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nH\nThe BFG\nJuly 1, 2016\nAmblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media and The Kennedy/Marshall Company\n\n\nL\nPete's Dragon\nAugust 12, 2016\nWhitaker Entertainment\n\n\nL\nQueen of Katwe\nSeptember 23, 2016\nESPN Films, Cine Mosaic and Mirabai Films\n\n\nA\nMoana\nNovember 23, 2016\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nDangal\n000000002016-12-21-0000December 21, 2016\nDisney India, UTV Motion Pictures and Aamir Khan Productions\n\n\nL\nBeauty and the Beast\n000000002017-03-17-0000March 17, 2017\nMandeville Films\n\n\nN\nBorn in China\n000000002017-04-21-0000April 21, 2017\nDisneynature, Shanghai Media Group and Chuan Films\n\n\nL\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\n000000002017-05-26-0000May 26, 2017\nJerry Bruckheimer Films\n\n\nA\nCars 3\n000000002017-06-16-0000June 16, 2017\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n\nL\nJagga Jasoos\n000000002017-07-14-0000July 14, 2017\nDisney India, UTV Motion Pictures, Picture Shuru Entertainment and Ishana Movies\n\n\nA\nCoco\n000000002017-11-22-0000November 22, 2017\nPixar Animation Studios\n\n" ]	[ "Beauty and the Beast" ]
6163284876617047776	Royals (song)	Royals ( song ) - Wikipedia Royals ( song ) `` Royals '' Single by Lorde from the album The Love Club EP and Pure Heroine B - side `` 400 Lux '' `` Bravado '' `` Tennis Court '' Released 3 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2012 Studio Golden Age , Morningside , Auckland Genre Art pop electropop Length 3 : 10 Label Lava Republic Universal Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Lorde Joel Little Producer ( s ) Joel Little Lorde singles chronology `` Royals '' ( 2013 ) `` Tennis Court '' ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' ( 2013 ) `` Tennis Court '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Royals '' on YouTube `` Royals '' is a song by New Zealand singer Lorde released on 3 June 2013 by Universal Music Group as the lead single from her debut extended play , The Love Club EP ( 2012 ) . It was later included on her debut studio album , Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) . Lorde co-wrote the song with her producer Joel Little after the two were paired by her A&R representative Scott MacLachlan . `` Royals '' was described as an art pop and electropop song with elements of electronic music and grime style and influences of alternative music , R&B and indie pop . Its lyrics disapprove of the luxurious lifestyle of contemporary artists . `` Royals '' received acclaim from music critics , who praised its minimal production and lyrics . The song appeared on many critics ' year - end lists , including Rolling Stone , Time and Spin . After succeeding in Australia and New Zealand , the song was promoted in the United States , where it rose to the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . In so doing , Lorde became the first New Zealand solo act to top the Hot 100 chart , as well as the youngest artist to have a number - one single since 1987 . It also peaked atop the record charts of many other countries including Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . As of December 2017 , the single has sold 10 million copies worldwide , and was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America . Lorde performed `` Royals '' on numerous television shows , including Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , The Ellen DeGeneres Show and the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards . Joel Kefali directed the music video for `` Royals '' ; an edited version for American audiences was subsequently released . `` Royals '' won awards including the Grammy Award for Song of the Year , Best Pop Solo Performance and the APRA Silver Scroll Award . A live mashup with Disclosure and AlunaGeorge 's song `` White Noise '' at the 2014 BRIT Awards was released as a charity single in 2014 . In the media , the song has been credited for inspiring some artists to adopt its minimalist sound , and has been called an anthem for the millennials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Release 3 Composition and lyrical interpretation 4 Critical reception 4.1 Recognition 5 Chart performance 5.1 North America 5.2 Europe and Oceania 6 Music videos 6.1 Original version 6.1. 1 Background 6.1. 2 Synopsis 6.1. 3 Reception 6.2 Other versions 7 Live performances 8 Covers and media usage 9 Impact 10 Track listings 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 All - time charts 11.4 Royals / White Noise ( Live from the BRITs ) 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Lorde was born in 1996 . A&R representative Scott MacLachlan of Universal Music Group discovered her at age 12 , when he saw footage of her performing at a school talent show in Auckland , New Zealand . At age 13 , she began writing songs . MacLachlan tried unsuccessfully to set her up with several songwriters and producers to help her with production . When she turned 15 , he paired Lorde with Joel Little in December 2011 . Her vocal performance and songwriting abilities impressed him , and he composed songs with musical structures based on her lyrics . External image The 1976 photograph of baseball player George Brett by photographer Ted Spiegel that inspired Lorde to write `` Royals '' . Lorde wrote `` Royals ' '' lyrics in half an hour at her home in July 2012 . The pair recorded songs at Little 's Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland . Within a week during a school break Lorde finished recording `` Royals '' . She thought of writing a song about the symbols of luxury displayed by some pop musicians . After seeing an image by photographer Ted Spiegel in the July 1976 edition of National Geographic showing Kansas City Royals ' baseball player George Brett signing baseballs , with his team 's name ( Royals ) emblazoned across his shirt , she had its title . She recalled during a 3 September 2013 VH1 interview , `` It was just that word . It 's really cool . '' More broadly , historic aristocrats also inspired the song . She explained the lyric `` We 're driving Cadillacs in our dreams '' was something she read in a diary she received at the age of 12 . Lorde also said that she took inspiration from hip hop - influenced artists during the writing process , yet criticised their `` bullshit '' references to `` expensive '' alcohol and cars . I was definitely poking fun at a lot of things that people take to be normal . I was listening to a lot of hip hop and I kind of started to realise that to be cool in hip hop , you have to have that sort of car and drink that sort of vodka and have that sort of watch , and I was like , ' I 've literally never seen one of those watches in my entire life ' . '' The songs she listened to while writing the song also influenced her . `` When I wrote ' Royals ' , I was listening to a lot of rap , but also a lot of Lana Del Rey tracks , not least because she 's obviously very influenced by the hip hop genre , but by noticing all those references to expensive drinks , beautiful clothes and beautiful cars , I thought ' This is very opulent , but it 's also silly ' . '' In addition to Del Rey , Lorde said she had heard the album Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) , a collaboration between rappers Kanye West and Jay - Z , and the work of ASAP Rocky . However , she realised those songs had too many references to luxurious lifestyles which did not represent her reality , and was another reason she wrote the song . `` It 's about all this ridiculous and fanciful opulence that 's everywhere ( in the music market ) . Lana Del Rey is always singing about being in the Hamptons , or driving her Bugatti Veyron , or whatever , and at the time , me and my friends were at some house party worrying how to get home because we could n't afford a cab . This is our reality ! If I write songs about anything else then I 'm not writing anything that 's real . '' Release ( edit ) Lorde made `` Royals '' available free of charge on the SoundCloud platform in November 2012 , with The Love Club EP which contains four other songs . The singer commented on the decision to release the free EP saying it was inconvenient for people her age to pay for her music since they are less likely to have access to a credit card . Reaction to the song on social media was immediate , and by December `` Royals '' was broadcast for the first time on New Zealand radio station George FM . After many downloads it was removed from SoundCloud . On 8 March 2013 , `` Royals '' was sent to online stores in New Zealand and Australia . Jason Flom , president of Lava Records , had heard the song on SoundCloud and immediately signed a contract with Lorde . Flom began promoting Lorde and her song in the United States in March . In an interview with Billboard he commented , `` I sent an email very shortly after signing ( Lorde ) to all the key people at iTunes , and I said , ' This really takes me back to when I signed Tori Amos ' . '' Flom believed the singer could have the same impact . On the 19th of that month , the single was available on US online stores , but received little publicity . According to Flom a key step to popularising the song internationally was the addition of `` Royals '' to Sean Parker 's playlist at Spotify on 2 April . The song subsequently debuted on Spotify 's Viral Chart , which lists the most popular songs among the service 's users . It reached the top in May 2013 , and in the same month online sales increased in its territory . Two months later , `` Royals '' was sent to alternative radio stations in the United States , and on 13 August it was sent to top 40 radio stations . In other regions , `` Royals '' was available in August . In Austria and Finland , the track was digitally released on 2 August . It was released on 5 August in France , Luxembourg and Portugal , and in the United Kingdom its launch took place on 20 October . `` Royals '' was also promoted through remixes released in partnership with artists The Weeknd , Rick Ross , Wale , Magazeen , and T - Pain , who was criticised for making changes to the lyrics and , according to MTV , turning the `` original 's anti-bling sentiments into a celebration of the extravagant life '' . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Royals '' A sample of `` Royals '' , an art pop and electropop song utilizing elements of electronic music and grime . Its production incorporates finger snaps , bass , percussion , hip hop beats and electronic effects . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Royals '' was described as an art pop and electropop song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style , and draws influences from alternative music , R&B and indie pop . Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps bass and percussion , and a `` strong and merciless '' hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects . Its low - fidelity production is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software . `` Royals '' minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes , Animal Collective and James Blake . Its `` synth - heavy production '' was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah `` 40 '' Shebib . Lorde 's husky vocals were compared to those of Amy Winehouse , Lana Del Rey and Florence Welch , for their low - pitch -- a hybrid between Adele and Ellie Goulding . Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound described them as `` romantic and playful '' , while Duncan Greive of The Guardian felt they were `` simultaneously vulnerable and imperious '' . NPR 's Ann Powers found that Lorde 's sultry voice , `` intriguingly sleepy beats and lyrics ( ... ) captured the exquisite ennui of a precocious teenager '' . According to Brad Wheeler of The Globe and Mail , the song expresses disapproval of the `` bejewelled lifestyle '' of hip hop artists : `` But every song 's like gold teeth , Grey Goose , trippin ' in the bathroom . '' The Guardian 's Paul Lester likened its theme to those of `` Million Dollar Bills '' ( from The Love Club EP ) and `` Tennis Court '' ( from Pure Heroine ) . Described as an `` anti-luxury anthem '' , `` Royals '' expresses Lorde 's displeasure at the sumptuous vivid style represented by some pop artists in their songs . She criticizes consumer society , Spin magazine , and ridicules luxury items mentioned in some hip hop songs . Several excerpts from the song were described as a satire on hip hop culture , when the singer says she is not interested in `` gold teeth , Maybachs and Cristal champagne '' -- valued by artists of the genre in their music videos and songs . Matthew Perpetua of BuzzFeed , felt the issue addressed in `` Royals '' is growing up in New Zealand `` immersed in American cultural imperialism '' , and that the core of the song is the alienation of social classes . The New York Times critic shared a similar view noting the track 's verses describe `` growing up in drab reality amid a popular culture that flaunts luxury brands and celebrates wildly conspicuous consumption '' . The Guardian interprets `` Royals '' as a successful attempt to understand the `` push and pull -- why we love something which so often describes a world bearing scant resemblance to our own '' . Jonah Bromwich of The Village Voice , however , remarked that `` Royals '' has the `` potential to sound like a celebration '' the very things '' she is criticizing . Lorde explained the concept was about the opulence one finds in various music videos and how it is `` far from ( her ) reality '' . The song is an honest criticism of a materialistic society . `` Royals '' message was compared to Nirvana 's 1991 single `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' , as it decries `` the pop industry of which it became a part '' . MTV 's James Montgomery said that like `` Teen Spirit '' , `` Royals '' could become Lorde 's signature song . Other analysts noted thematic similarities -- income inequality , or `` unabashedly pop ( songs ) attacking unabashedly pop music '' -- with the songs : `` Thrift Shop '' ( 2012 ) by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis , `` Gangnam Style '' ( 2012 ) , `` Primadonna '' ( 2012 ) by Marina and the Diamonds , `` The Fear '' ( 2008 ) by Lily Allen , `` Swimming Pools ( Drank ) '' ( 2012 ) by Kendrick Lamar and `` New Slaves '' ( 2013 ) by Kanye West . Written in the key of D Mixolydian , it is followed by the chord progression I - VII - IV ( D -- C -- G ) . The song has a moderate tempo of 85 beats per minute ( Andante ) . On the song , Lorde performs with a mezzo - soprano vocal range , spanning F ♯ to F# . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Royals '' received widespread acclaim from music critics . Digital Spy gave the song five out of five stars praising it and saying it has an `` addictive hook that thrives on its simplicity '' and suggesting `` Lorde 's success is here to stay . '' Other reactions were mixed , with The Singles Jukebox having ratings ranging from a three to an eight out of ten . Duncan Greive of The Guardian gave the song a positive review -- specifically Lorde 's vocal performance and the song 's lyrical content . `` The production is spare and haunting , and the vocals somehow simultaneously vulnerable and imperious , but it 's Royals ' words which have propelled its ascent to the top of the UK and US charts . '' He praised the song 's `` direct response '' to excess and wealth . The lyrical appeal of the track was also appreciated by other analysts , like Rita Houston of National Public Radio . She described the song as a brilliant pop number with a brave underdog message , saying the `` song 's melody , Lorde 's rhythmic vocal style and the heartfelt lyrics come together to form a polished little gem of a song '' . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that `` Royals '' is `` smarter and deeper '' than the pop songs that dominate the music market , continuing : `` ( ' Royals ' ) is a class - conscious critique of pop - culture materialism that 's so irresistible it became a ( number one ) pop single . '' The Observer 's Kate Mossman called it `` the 2013 song '' , continuing : `` The formula was original : a playground chant , a cavernous hip - hop beat , harmonies that disappear upwards like wisps of smoke , and most importantly a message -- a dry comment on the excesses of pop culture '' . Scott Interrante of PopMatters described `` Royal '' 's sound as `` ( d ) istinct and cool , mixing hip - hop beats with Queen - style harmonies and sub-urban lyrics '' . Billboard 's Gary Trust called the single an `` atmospheric song celebrating underdogs and spurning celebrity overkill '' . Aziza Jackson of The Washington Times described it as `` sheer genius in attempt and execution '' . `` The soulful vocals , simple lyrics , and slow hypnotic beat make for a hit song packed with a powerful message . '' Huw Woodward from Renowned for Sound , shared similar sentiments , giving the song a four - and - a-half star out of five rating , declaring : `` With a singer that goes far beyond for her young age and a glorious and subtle instrumentation , ' Royals ' is an excellent example of how to create a catchy and satisfyingly danceable melody , without having to use ' explosive . '' Recognition ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Lorde Musicians like David Bowie , Moby , Dizzee Rascal and Dave Grohl . praised `` Royals '' . `` Royals '' appeared on several year - end top songs lists . Many media sources , including Slant , The Boston Herald and Consequence of Sound named it the best song of 2013 . Other publications such as Rolling Stone , and The Guardian included `` Royals '' as the runner - up in their respective year - end lists . A number of the publications , including Billboard , , NME , The Huffington Post , and Time included the song with - in the top ten of their year - end lists . Other publications who placed `` Royals '' outside the top ten included Spin , Paste , PopMatters , and Pretty Much Amazing . It was also included at number 20 on another list from Time . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll to find the best music of 2013 ranked `` Royals '' at number two after Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' ( 2013 ) . `` Royals '' appeared on several all - time and decade year - end lists . The Daily Telegraph placed the song at number 77 on their list of the 100 greatest songs of all time . Pitchfork placed the song at 66 on their decade end list , while NME placed the song at 30 . Billboard ranked the song at number eight in their `` Top 20 Billboard Hits of the 2010s '' list . Treble magazine included `` Royals '' at number 33 on their decade list . On 15 October 2013 , co-writers Ella Yelich - O'Connor and Joel Little won the APRA Silver Scroll award , which honours original New Zealand songwriting . '' `` Royals '' was nominated for three awards for the 56th Annual Grammy Awards : Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It won Best Pop Solo Performance and Song of the Year . Lorde became the youngest New Zealander to win a Grammy and became the third youngest act to do so . `` Royals '' also won Single of the Year at the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards . Listeners ' votes put the song in second place on Australian radio station Triple J 's Hottest 100 of 2013 , after Vance Joy 's `` Riptide '' . Chart performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) In its first seven days on sale , `` Royals '' sold 85,000 downloads and debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending 7 July 2013 . In a subsequent interview , Lorde said , `` I had a sneaking suspicion that it might do all right . '' On 31 August `` Royals '' moved up to number 17 on the Hot 100 , becoming Lorde 's first top 20 entry in the United States . Between 24 August and 7 September `` Royals '' had the largest increase in digital sales , a feat that had previously been accomplished by Taylor Swift 's `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' in 2012 . With sales of 307,000 copies ( up 17 % ) , `` Royals '' became the fourth release by an up - and - coming singer to reach the top spot of the Digital Songs chart . The song had the highest number of digital downloads for five non-consecutive weeks . On the 12 October chart , `` Royals '' replaced `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus , who had been at the top for two straight weeks , as the number one song in the United States . Aly Weisman of Business Insider noted that Lorde 's performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon a few days before the charts were updated helped make it known to a wider audience . The song 's rise to the top spot was attributed to 294,000 downloads made that week , 6.1 million streams ( up 12 % ) , and an airplay audience of 128 million ( up 22 % ) across all genres , earning her the highest airplay gainer for the week . The song would eventually top the charts for nine consecutive weeks -- the longest period for a female singer since Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe '' in 2012 , the second longest running single and the first for a female artist in 2013 . The song became the fourth single with the longest running number one in the 2010s decade and with 23 weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100 , became the third track with the third highest number of appearances in the top ten sharing the distinction with Rihanna 's `` We Found Love '' , ( 2011 ) and `` Call Me Maybe . '' It also became the fifth best - selling song in the US with 4,415,000 downloads sold in 2013 , and was the top selling song of the year by a female artist . As of December 2014 , the song has sold 5.9 million copies in the US . Since its release in the United States , `` Royals '' has broken many records . Many of these records were a result of Lorde 's young age . At sixteen years and eleven months old , Lorde became the youngest female artist to be at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 since American singer Tiffany who , at the age of sixteen , topped the chart with `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' in 1987 . With `` Royals '' , Lorde became the first New Zealand act to have achieved a Billboard Hot 100 number one as a lead artist and the youngest musician to top the chart with a song written by the performer , surpassing Soulja Boy , who achieved this at age seventeen with `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' in 2007 . Lorde became the youngest artist whose song stayed more than eight weeks in the number one position , a feat that was previously achieved by hip hop duo Kris Kross with their song `` Jump '' , in 1992 , when they were thirteen years old . It also made Lorde the youngest solo artist to reach that mark since Mario who , at eighteen years old in 2005 , topped the chart with `` Let Me Love You '' . `` Royals '' set many records in alternative radio stations . On August 2013 , Lorde became the first solo female artist to top the Billboard Alternative Songs chart since Tracy Bonham in 1996 . The song holds the record for longest run by a woman atop the Billboard Alternative Songs chart , surpassing Alanis Morissette 's `` You Oughta Know '' ( 1995 ) , which spent five weeks at number one . `` Royals '' 's success has been credited to heavy airplay on stations playing different genres of music including modern rock , adult contemporary , rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary . In Canada , `` Royals '' debuted at number 58 on the Canadian Hot 100 and in the following weeks experienced a steady rise on the chart . In its twelfth week , the song reached the top of the chart with more than 29,000 copies sold in the 12 October issue , where it remained for six consecutive weeks before being replaced by Eminem and Rihanna 's collaboration `` The Monster '' ( 2014 ) , on 16 November . However , `` Royals '' returned to the top of the chart on the 23rd of that month , for a total of seven non-consecutive weeks at number one . Throughout 2013 , the single sold more than 429,000 copies in the country and ended the year as the sixth best - selling song . It was later awarded seven platinum plaques by Music Canada in return for more than 560,000 copies distributed throughout the nation . Europe and oceania ( edit ) The song debuted at number three on the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) Chart on 3 October 2013 , before climbing to number one the following week selling a further 309,000 copies . Birdy 's `` Wings '' replaced it seven days later . On 28 October , the Official Charts Company ( OCC ) confirmed the song would enter the UK Singles Charts with sales of 82,551 units . On 28 October `` Royals '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart . Lorde became the youngest solo artist to score a UK number one single since Billie Piper 's 1998 song `` Because We Want To '' at the age of fifteen . It competed for the top spot with James Arthur 's `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' , taking it with a sales difference of 7,000 copies . The song sold 82,551 units . Surprised by the news , Lorde commented : `` I 'm so incredibly excited to be in first place this week and very grateful to all fans in the UK who bought ' Royals ' ! '' The single fell to second place in its second week , selling another 59,903 copies , and by April 2014 had shipped more than 470,000 copies in the British territory . In August , it was awarded the platinum certificate of the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , for more than 600,000 copies distributed in the country . In other regions of Europe , `` Royals '' also experienced commercial success , reaching the top position on the Euro Digital Songs chart and landing within the top ten in countries Germany , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , Portugal , among others . In Asia , the song performed moderately . It peaked at number 37 on the Gaon International Singles Chart in South Korea , with initial sales of 4,331 copies . In Japan , the song peaked at number 16 . `` Royals '' debuted at number one on the New Zealand Top 40 on 15 March 2013 and remained in the top position for three weeks . In Australia , `` Royals '' was released simultaneously with `` The Love Club '' and was classified as a single for charting purposes . It spent two weeks at its peak position of number two on the ARIA Singles Chart ; sales of tracks on the album counted toward the EP and therefore could not chart separately . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) has certified it six - times Platinum for shipping 420,000 units . The nation 's fifth best - selling single of the year , the song was awarded a total of seven Platinum discs by ARIA for selling more than 490,000 units . `` Royals '' was the most executed on the Internet through streaming services in 2013 . As of November 2014 , `` Royals '' had sold over 10 million copies worldwide . Music videos ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Royals '' was directed by Joel Kefali , and shot near the singer 's native country of New Zealand . It was released on Lorde 's YouTube channel on 12 May 2013 . Andrew Stroud was in charge of the photographic direction while Amber Easby handled production for the video . The video consists mostly of scenes of normal teenagers doing unexceptional things shot in slow motion . The actors , credited in the video as Robbie , Callum , Hadley and Abraham , are Lorde 's schoolmates . In an interview with The Huffington Post , Lorde revealed that the concept of the video was to show how teenage life can be `` so mundane and so boring . '' She compared the feeling to the `` waiting period of your life '' where you can not get into bars , drive , etc . In another interview with the publication , Lorde revealed that she wanted to create a cinematic work of art that viewers could immerse themselves in . She felt her presence in the video was largely unnecessary . She opens and closes the video , which includes 30 seconds of her performing the song . This structure made some viewers uncomfortable prompting her to say : `` If I can get that kind of response from people , then I think I 'm doing something right . '' Lorde also explained the reason for her absence in the video , saying : With pop music and pop musicians , you know everything about everyone all the time , particularly their physical appearance . With female musicians that 's made a big thing of and I think people , certainly with me , have appreciated a bit of mystery . When I first released the EP ( The Love Club ) I did n't have any imagery of myself , just this one illustration that was the cover of the EP . So that was a bit of a talking point . ( ... ) Since then I 've been very selective about the visual content that comes out of me . It 's something I feel strongly about . Synopsis ( edit ) A screenshot of the video showing the main protagonist sitting in a bench with friends . According to Lorde , this is a picture of the `` straight forward life '' she grew up with , where she spent most of her time riding around on bikes and taking photos . The video begins with a shot of an undone bed , in monochrome colors as the instrumental from `` Biting Down '' ( 2013 ) plays in the background . The scene then fades to a camera moving away from a suburban neighborhood . A boy with a silver chain necklace is seen taking a shower . A television is then shown in static before the scene changes with the boy is in different shots , staring outside his bedroom window , laying down on a couch , eating breakfast and cutting his hair in a buzz cut style . The following scene shows the boy in an indoor swimming complex . He then appears in a living room with boxing gloves as he trains with another person . He then stares at a mirror and pulls down his bloody lip from the injuries he sustained from boxing . The video continues with different locations around the city . Lorde is then shown singing part of the song 's lyrics . The scene then transitions back to the boy , waiting on a bus stop with other friends . He is shown laying his head next the bus window , in a mundane expression . The video ends with the camera moving towards the suburban neighborhood from the start of the video . In the outro , a shot of the boy arriving at a tennis court at night is shown with the instrumental from `` Tennis Court '' ( 2013 ) playing in the background . Reception ( edit ) Vasil from Stereofox stated that the video `` parades just pure minimalism . '' He called the cinematography `` beautifully sterile '' and praised the director for combining humor and smug undertones with `` slick geometrical aesthetic and clever editing '' . Slant placed the video at number three on their best music videos of 2013 list , noting that her absence from it `` speaks to both the 16 - year - old 's ' postcode ' shame and her friends ' suburban - teen ennui '' . The video won the award for Best Rock Video at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Critics were divided over its placement in the rock category . Ethan Sacks of the New York Daily News wrote the singer 's win in the rock category `` over actual rock bands '' , angered many rock fans , but stressed that Lorde was as surprised by the choice as anyone else . Alex Young of Consequence of Sound , however , explained that the reason Lorde won in the rock category was due to the absence of male nominees . Young believed that of the other nominated pop acts such as Ariana Grande , Beyoncé or Miley Cyrus , Lorde was the `` easiest to justify as a ' rock ' artist due to her goth - punk persona '' . Mathew Coyte of Rolling Stone Australia was unhappy with the artist 's win saying that `` Royals '' was by `` no means a rock song by anyone 's definition , it 's an electronic track '' . He found it strange the song was not nominated in the pop category . It received a nomination for Best Female Video in the aforementioned ceremony but lost to Katy Perry 's `` Dark Horse '' ( 2014 ) . It also won best music video at the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards . Other versions ( edit ) A US version of the video was released using the same clips as the original ; however , it intersperses more clips of Lorde singing . It also omits scenes from the beginning and the end , which referred to two other Lorde songs . This cut the running time from 4 : 02 to 3 : 21 . As of April 2018 the video has amassed over 710 million views . Months after the release of the US video , Lorde and her manager Scott Maclachlan both expressed regret over `` pandering '' to the American audience . In his words , the new version tainted the concept of the original . For the Japanese release of Pure Heroine in February 2014 , Lorde collaborated with Japanese illustrator and musician Akiakane to create an animated music video for `` Royals '' . Live performances ( edit ) Lorde performing at the Decibel Festival in Seattle , September 2013 On 13 August 2013 , a rendition of `` Royals '' was recorded live for KCRW 's radio programme Morning Becomes Eclectic . In New Zealand , she made her stage debut at a small venue in Auckland for a reserved audience . On 18 September , Lorde made her television debut on New Zealander 3rd Degree , and on the same day was interviewed by journalist Samantha Hayes . Later , the singer made her debut in the United Kingdom on the BBC program Later ... with Jools Holland ; Lorde also played the song at Madame Jojo 's in London that day . Lorde made her US television debut singing `` Royals '' on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on 1 October 2013 backed by a keyboardist and a drummer . She also performed `` White Teeth Teens '' , but it was shown only online . Lorde 's performance was met with positive reviews ; she was praised by the media for an `` impressive stage presence for a sixteen - year - old girl . '' She later sang the song on VH1 television show Big Morning Buzz Live on 4 October 2013 . Lorde performed `` Royals '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on 9 October 2013 . She opened the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards with `` Royals '' . She later performed it on Q in Canada and sang `` Buzzcut Season '' . Days later , the singer appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and introduced `` Royals '' , `` Team '' , and other tracks from The Love Club EP and Pure Heroine . In early 2014 , Lorde was a performer at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . She sang `` Royals '' during the ceremony , but with some changes to its instrumentation . The presentation , which featured projections of statues behind the singer , was praised by the media and personalities such as Mac Miller and model Chrissy Teigen , and made Lorde the most talked about artist on social networks during the ceremony . At the 2014 BRIT Awards , she performed an electro version of `` Royals '' with Disclosure , which transitioned into their song `` White Noise '' featuring AlunaGeorge . The BRIT Awards released the `` Royals / White Noise '' performance at the iTunes Stores on 19 February 2014 ; proceeds from its sales went to the charity War Child . It debuted at number 72 on the UK Singles Chart . In April , Lorde appeared for the first time in Brazil at the Lollapalooza festival and included `` Royals '' on her set list . G1 portal held a poll days later with festival participants and readers of the site . Her `` Royals '' performance was voted `` the 2014 festival success '' , with the approval of 37 % of respondents . The song was also added to the repertoire of the album 's promotional tour . Covers and Media usage ( edit ) Bruce Springsteen and Jack White ( from The White Stripes ) were some of many musicians who covered `` Royals '' Other artists have recorded or performed versions of `` Royals '' . In August 2013 , Selena Gomez performed a cover during her Stars Dance Tour appearance in Vancouver , Canada . Mayer Hawthorne covered `` Royals '' on Vevo 's Unexpected Covers series that used more electric guitar and heavy percussion . Pentatonix and Cimorelli recorded the song a cappella style ; both uploaded their versions on YouTube . American girl group Fifth Harmony included the song on Cher Lloyd 's I Wish Tour . Saints Of Valory , incorporated a `` country - tinged , rocker twist '' on their cover . American singer Jason Derulo performed an R&B - style version on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge in December 2013 . On 6 October 2013 , American band Paper Route released a cover version as a single . Postmodern Jukebox also covered the song in October 2013 , featuring Puddles Pity Party on vocals . Bruce Springsteen performed an acoustic cover of `` Royals '' in April 2014 in Auckland , New Zealand during his High Hopes Tour . Lorde responded to it , commenting : `` It 's so exciting , it 's a great honor , Springsteen is a fantastic songwriter , I was a little touched , it 's really cool , it 's crazy when someone like him is playing your song . '' American spoof - folk duo Black Simon & Garfunkel performed a cover of the song on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon , which Esquire considered the best cover of the song by any artist . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a parody of the song titled `` Foil '' for his album Mandatory Fun . Its music video was released online on 16 July 2014 . Capital FM described the work as `` equally strange and brilliant '' . Current New York Mayor Bill de Blasio used `` Royals '' at his victory speech in Brooklyn in November 2013 . According to The New York Times , the song was chosen because it dealt with social class inequality , one of de Blasio 's main campaign themes . Samsung used the track in a commercial for the Galaxy Note 3 . `` Royals '' was used as the basis of a parody on the Canadian Senate expenses scandal by the satirical CBC TV programme This Hour Has 22 Minutes . A group of law students from the University of Auckland , who had previously parodied Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' , released a spoof of `` Royals '' titled `` Lawyers '' in October 2013 . The song was used in the first episode of the fifth season of The CW television series The Vampire Diaries , the third episode of the third season of Revenge , and in the season three premiere of Suburgatory . A more classical rendition of the song was used in a scene during episode 18 of the TV series Reign . In 2014 , `` Royals '' was featured in the rhythm game Fantasia : Music Evolved , and The Crew video game played on the fictional 8 - Radio . A remix of the song , with new lyrics , called `` Loyal '' , performed by Demarco , is in the re-released version of Grand Theft Auto V . Impact ( edit ) Industry attempts to construct another Taylor Swift generally fizzled , but that 's no obstacle to attempts to build another Lorde . And so unsurprisingly , a wave of female rebellion is swelling anew , most notably in the pseudo-goth pop of Halsey and the shy soul of Alessia Cara , but also among teen and just - post-teen singers finding glossy ways to express unglossy feelings . -- Jon Caramanica of The New York Times on how Lorde 's song `` Royals '' influenced a slew of other sound - alikes in mainstream pop music Lorde was considered one of the most popular personalities of 2013 . Many analysts emphasized the acclaim the song earned despite the minimal promotion it received when it started to gain an audience . Other publications commented that it was surprising that a song with such a critical view , performed by someone of such a young age , with underground status , led many of music 's most popular charts and garnered international acclaim . `` Royals '' has been credited with changing the pop music landscape because of its take on common modern pop themes . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph , said that `` Royals '' contained a `` solid letter between expressionless cynicism and pleasure in its own disenchantment '' , which `` serves as a riposte to hip - hop 's lyrical clichés , elegantly skewering the long prevailing culture of bling , ego and excess '' , dismissing them all with the punchline : `` We do n't care , we are n't caught up in your love affair . '' According to McCormick , Lorde clearly expresses no interest in `` luxury products and empty lifestyle cliches '' , and makes the pop music genre sound `` ridiculous '' . He credits its strong public appeal to the singer 's use of `` we '' in the lyrics . McCormick adds that Lorde addresses her message to a generation that does not take `` such luxurious objects seriously '' . He ends saying , `` Lorde is the pin - up of self - generation . '' Other journalists echoed McCormick 's opinion , describing the song as an anthem for the `` millennial generation '' . Her lyrics were described as `` anti-luxury '' and Lorde as a `` counterculture '' artist . Matthew Perpetua from BuzzFeed noted `` Royals '' ' are based on growing up in a society subjected to cultural imperialism . According to Matthew , the singer is openly defiant when it comes to class and this sort of imperialism . It may well be the most leftist song to become a major hit in years , at least in that it 's focused on rejecting wealth and privilege , and questioning capitalist ideas that encourage people from lower classes to buy into a system that is mostly rigged against them . The editor concluded saying the singer has pride in `` not coming from money , and asks the listener to give some thought to why they want to buy into a glamorous fantasy '' . Newsweek noted how her Grammy wins `` marked a cultural turning point in a society exhausted by consumerism '' , remarking that Lorde said what `` millions of adults could not '' . It commented further that the singer 's songs are `` not worshipful of the dollar '' the way many songs produced at the turn of the millennium are . Even though other songs such as `` Thrift Shop '' tackled the topic , Lorde 's voice has been the `` loudest , and clearest '' . It is `` above the rising din that extols status symbols '' even as millions struggle to find jobs . Writing for The Guardian Duncan Greive said that he found it `` fascinating '' that the song 's success in `` vast , sophisticated markets '' was a direct response to the sensation of being overwhelmed by overseas culture , particularly that which glories in excess and wealth . '' `` Royals '' is credited with inspiring other artists as well as the rise of `` whisperpop '' . The melodic styles and lyrics of artists such as Halsey , Tove Lo , Daya , Meg Myers , Melanie Martinez , Bea Miller , Alessia Cara , Troye Sivan and Banks have all been compared to Lorde . Elle Hunt from The Spinoff stated that `` elements of post - ' Royals ' pop '' can be heard in songs such as `` Hands to Myself '' ( 2016 ) and `` Bad Liar '' ( 2017 ) by Selena Gomez , `` New Americana '' ( 2014 ) and `` Now or Never '' ( 2017 ) by Halsey , `` Gold '' by Kiiara ( 2015 ) , `` Here '' ( 2015 ) by Alessia Cara as well as `` Blank Space '' ( 2014 ) and `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) by Taylor Swift . Peter Robinson from The Guardian credited Lorde and Lana Del Rey with the rise of `` whisperpop '' in mainstream music . An unnamed source interviewed by the publication said , `` When I was signed it was just after Lorde too , so labels were wanking over trying to get loads of girls who were like her . '' Forbes writer Nick Messitte said that `` Royals '' success helped the re-release Lo 's song `` Habits ( Stay High ) '' become a top five hit in the United States . Messitte writes `` the marketplace ( was ) primed and ready for a record like this to take hold of our earbuds '' . The success of `` Royals '' indicated that `` the smart money ( would be ) on change '' to find a new sound in the pop landscape . Messitte felt that Lorde changed the way contemporary pop music is viewed . David Bowie called her `` the future of music '' , and Dave Grohl , lead singer of Foo Fighters , described `` Royals '' as revolutionary . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Royals '' -- 3 : 09 New Zealand double download 1 `` Royals '' -- 3 : 10 `` 400 Lux '' -- 3 : 54 New Zealand double download 2 `` Royals '' -- 3 : 10 `` Tennis Court '' -- 3 : 18 CD single `` Royals '' -- 3 : 09 `` Bravado '' -- 3 : 41 BRITs performance digital download `` Royals / White Noise '' ( Live from the BRITs ) ( featuring AlunaGeorge ) -- 4 : 59 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ARIA Digital Track Chart ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 20 Brazil Hot Pop Songs ( Billboard Brasil ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 20 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 32 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 10 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16 Mexican Anglo Chart ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 Oficiálna ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 61 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Ukraine ( FDR Pop Singles ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 68 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 39 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 59 Italy ( FIMI ) 53 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 75 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 51 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 44 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 35 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 Italy ( FIMI ) 64 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 92 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 43 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 98 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 65 Royals / White Noise ( Live from the BRITs ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 93 New Zealand Artists ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 0 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Diamond 10,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 10,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 , Recording Industry Association of America certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Catalogue no . United States 3 June 2013 Adult album alternative Lava Republic None Austria 2 August 2013 Digital download Universal Belgium Denmark Finland Greece Indonesia Ireland Japan Norway France 5 August 2013 Italy Luxembourg Portugal Singapore Spain United States 13 August 2013 Contemporary hit radio Lava Republic 3 September 2013 Rhythmic contemporary Germany 13 September 2013 Digital download Universal Italy 20 September 2013 Contemporary hit radio Germany 10 December 2013 CD single 0602537693191 United Kingdom 18 February 2014 Digital download Virgin None Worldwide 19 February 2014 `` Royals / White Noise '' download Brit Awards New Zealand 4 April 2014 `` Royals '' / `` 400 Lux '' download Universal `` Royals '' / `` Tennis Court '' download See also ( edit ) Book : The Love Club EP Book : Pure Heroine Conspicuous consumption List of best - selling singles List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2013 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2013 ( Canada ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2013 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Italy ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason , Lisphutz ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` 6 . 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Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KCRW Presents : Lorde '' . NPR. 13 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde : A retrospective of her rise to international stardom '' . Newshub.com. 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Lorde -- New Music '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Kanye West , Lorde perform on Later With Jools Holland '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Coulehan , Erin ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde Plays It Cool With ' Royals ' on ' Fallon ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Ray ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` Watch Lorde make her American TV debut on Fallon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde Performs `` Royals '' On ' Late Night With Jimmy Fallon ' : Watch Her American TV Debut `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Meghan ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde Graces VH1 's Big Morning Buzz Live With A ' Royals ' Performance '' . VH1 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde Performed ' Royals ' On ' Big Morning Buzz Live , ' Has The No. 1 Song In The Country + Put Out An Album . So , Yeah , Her Week Ruled '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Performs ' Royals ' on Ellen '' . Rap - Up . 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Programme -- Run of Show '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . 21 November 2013 . lift - out booklet : p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Why Lorde is weary of the ' anti-Miley ' label '' . CBC Radio . 10 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Lorde Performs On ' Live With Letterman ' : Watch The Full Stream '' . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Parks , Chanel ( 26 January 2014 ) . `` Lorde 's Grammys Black Fingertips Are A Terrifying Take On Nail Art ( Photos , Poll ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Performs ' Royals ' at Grammy 's '' . Rap - Up . 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` For a Power Girl , Cheers and Disses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( 26 January 2014 ) . `` Grammys : Lorde Performs Rhythmic ' Royals ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disclosure Perform With Lorde , AlunaGeorge At The BRITs 2014Disclosure Perform With Lorde , AlunaGeorge At The BRITs 2014 '' . MTV News . MTV UK . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde 's Brit award a ' priceless surprise ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals / White Noise ( Live from the BRITs ) ( feat . AlunaGeorge ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( Apple Inc ) . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Watch : Lorde and Disclosure team up for ' Royals ' remix at 2014 Brit Awards '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ( 23 February 2014 - 01 March 2014 ) '' . Official Charts Company . 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lorentz , Braulio ( 5 April 2014 ) . `` Lorde faz fã - clube se emocionar com ' Royals ' , boa voz e tremeliques '' . G1 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Royals ' , de Lorde , é eleito o hit do Lollapalooza em enquete do G1 '' . G1. 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Set List from Opening Night of Lorde 's US Tour '' . iHeart . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Covers Lorde 's `` Royals '' : Hear The Live Rendition `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Jodi ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' : Who covered it best ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher Lloyd and Friends Bring I Wish Tour to Toronto '' . themagazine.ca . Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Saints Of Valory 's `` Royals '' ( Lorde Cover ) : Idolator Premiere `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's `` Royals '' Covered By Jason Derulo For BBC Live Lounge : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royals - Single by Paper Route '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , William ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Sad Clown Rendition Of Lorde Song Will Certainly Haunt Your Dreams '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 1 March 2014 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen Covers Lorde 's ' Royals ' In New Zealand '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen 's ' Royals ' Cover Made Lorde ' Teary ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Black Simon and Garfunkel 's ' Royals ' May Be the Best Cover Version Yet '' . Esquire . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CD Promo Sticker '' . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Weird Al rants about the Illuminati in parody of Lorde 's ' Royals ' '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : ' Weird Al ' Yankovic 's Parody Of Lorde 's ' Royals ' -- AKA ' Foil ' -- Is A Must See ! '' . CapitalFM. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ; M. Grynbaum , Michael ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` ' Royals , ' a Dickensian Anthem , Becomes de Blasio 's Victory Song '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Scores Global Samsung Commercial : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's `` Royals '' Gets Covered By Kids In Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Commercial : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clips - Season 21 : `` Tories '' Song by Borde `` . CBC Television . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde 's Royals gets parodied in ' Lawyers ' ( + video ) - Music - NZ Herald News '' . The New Zealand Herald . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` Suburgatory simplifies in season three -- to good effect '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Lily . `` Reign `` No Exit '' Review : Portrait of a Marriage `` . TV.com . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Liebl , Matt ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Oh Lorde , ' Royals ' will be featured in Disney Fantasia : Music Evolved ; new tracks & multiplayer revealed '' . Gamezone . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin . `` Listen to Jamie Lidell 's ' Runaway ' From ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Relaunch , Music Head Talks Soundtrack : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( 30 August 2015 ) . `` In Lorde 's Wake , a Groundswell of Female Rebels in Pop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cardy , Tom ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lorde : NZ 's newest pop star '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` The Year In Pop : Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and Lorde Take On The One Percent ( Opinion ) '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Pop was ruled by women in 2013 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde sounds like Teen Spirit '' . NPR . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Grohl on Lorde : ' She 's a badass ' '' . Newshub . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy 2014 Winner Predictions : Record of the Year '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ R. Atilano , Joseph ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Single Review : ' Royals ' by Lorde '' . Inquirer.net . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McGrath Goodman , Leah ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Money , Music and Why Lorde Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Peter ( 11 November 2017 ) . `` ' Whisperpop ' : why stars are choosing breathy intensity over vocal paint - stripping '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Morris , Alex ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Lorde 's Growing Pains : How Pop 's Favorite Outsider Wrote Her Next Chapter '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoladz , Lindsay ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Lorde Works in Mysterious Ways '' . The Ringer . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Elle ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` How Lorde and Jack Antonoff changed pop music '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Messitte , Nick ( 18 October 2014 ) . `` How Tove Lo Is Capitalizing On A Sound Lorde Made Popular '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in German ) . Austria : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals / 400 Lux -- Single '' . New Zealand : iTunes . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals / Tennis Court -- Single '' . New Zealand : iTunes . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in German ) . Germany : 7digital . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 '' . ARIA. 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. April 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201349 into search . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201418 into search . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde -- Chart history '' . Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Lorde . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI : Lorde -- Royals '' . Suomen virallinen lista. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Lorde Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde -- Royals Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles : Del 11 Al 17 de Noviembre del 2013 '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas. 18 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Lorde '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparáda -- RADIO TOP100 Oficiálna ( Týždeň -- 201404 ) '' ( in Slovak ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Note : insert 201404 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201433 into search . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 11 - 19 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 17 September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pop '' ( in Ukrainian ) . FDR Music Charts . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report -- Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 23 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 singles of 2013 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2013 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2013 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single Digital '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Jaaroverzicht van 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts ( 2013 ) '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2013 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Hitparade . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . p. 2 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : 2014 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Emily ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` The Year In Rock 2014 : Lorde Reigns '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year - End '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Of All Time - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive '' . GFK Chart - Track. 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 New Zealand Singles Chart '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Lorde ; ' Royals ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde -- Royals '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Note : to visualise the certification : Write `` Lorde '' in the search bar and then press `` Sök '' Search `` Royals '' in the results and press `` Visa '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Lorde ; ' Royals ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Royals in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lorde -- Royals '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV. 30 November 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde `` Royals '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 9 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Triple A ( AAA ) Radio Stations '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Belgium : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royals ( Deluxe Single ) by Lorde on Apple Music '' . Apple Music / iTunes. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' . Finland : 7digital . Archived from the original on 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in French ) . France : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Italy : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in French ) . Luxembourg : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Portugal : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' . Singapore : 7digital . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2013 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Spain : 7digital . Archived from the original on 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm ( Available For Airplay ) '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lorde -- Royals ( Universal ) '' . Radio Airplay SRL. 20 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ( 2 - Track ) '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royals by Lorde on Amazon Music '' . Amazon Music . 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . External Links ( edit ) `` Royals '' on YouTube `` Royals '' ( US version ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lorde Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Pure Heroine Melodrama Extended plays The Love Club EP Tennis Court EP Soundtracks The Hunger Games : Mockingjay , Part 1 Singles `` Royals '' `` Tennis Court '' `` Team '' `` Glory and Gore '' `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` Magnets '' `` Green Light '' `` Perfect Places '' `` Homemade Dynamite '' Other songs `` Bravado '' `` The Love Club '' `` Swingin Party '' `` Buzzcut Season '' `` Ribs '' `` No Better '' `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' `` Meltdown '' `` Liability '' `` Sober '' `` The Louvre '' `` Supercut '' `` Hard Feelings / Loveless '' Tours Pure Heroine Tour Melodrama World Tour Related articles Joel Little `` The Cissy '' `` Heartlines '' `` Foil '' `` All My Love '' `` Do n't Take the Money '' Book Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Kansas City Royals Established in 1969 Based in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Current roster Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers All - 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Idaho Falls Chukars Burlington Royals Rookie AZL Royals DSL Royals 1 DSL Royals 2 Key personnel Owner : David Glass General Manager : Dayton Moore Manager : Ned Yost World Series championships ( 2 ) 1985 2015 American League pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Division titles West 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 ( second half ) 1984 1985 Central 2015 Wild Card 2014 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royals_(song)&oldid=846508879 '' Categories : Lorde songs 2013 singles 2013 songs APRA Award winners Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Charity singles Debut singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Kansas City Royals Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Republic Records singles Songs about consumerism Songs written by Joel Little Songs written by Lorde UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Universal Music Group singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use New Zealand English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphopairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 05 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what instruments are played in royals by lorde	[ "\"Royals\" was described as an art pop[34] and electropop[35] song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style, and draws influences from alternative music, R&B[36] and indie pop.[37] Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps[38][39] bass[40] and percussion, and a \"strong and merciless\" hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects. Its low-fidelity production[41] is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software.[42] \"Royals\" minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes,[43] Animal Collective and James Blake.[44] Its \"synth-heavy production\" was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah \"40\" Shebib.[45]", "\"Royals\" was described as an art pop[34] and electropop[35] song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style, and draws influences from alternative music, R&B[36] and indie pop.[37] Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps[38][39] bass[40] and percussion, and a \"strong and merciless\" hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects. Its low-fidelity production[41] is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software.[42] \"Royals\" minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes,[43] Animal Collective and James Blake.[44] Its \"synth-heavy production\" was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah \"40\" Shebib.[45]", "\"Royals\" was described as an art pop[34] and electropop[35] song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style, and draws influences from alternative music, R&B[36] and indie pop.[37] Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps[38][39] bass[40] and percussion, and a \"strong and merciless\" hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects. Its low-fidelity production[41] is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software.[42] \"Royals\" minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes,[43] Animal Collective and James Blake.[44] Its \"synth-heavy production\" was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah \"40\" Shebib.[45]", "\"Royals\" was described as an art pop[34] and electropop[35] song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style, and draws influences from alternative music, R&B[36] and indie pop.[37] Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps[38][39] bass[40] and percussion, and a \"strong and merciless\" hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects. Its low-fidelity production[41] is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software.[42] \"Royals\" minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes,[43] Animal Collective and James Blake.[44] Its \"synth-heavy production\" was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah \"40\" Shebib.[45]", "\"Royals\" was described as an art pop[34] and electropop[35] song that incorporates elements of electronic music and grime style, and draws influences from alternative music, R&B[36] and indie pop.[37] Its instrumentation consists of finger snaps[38][39] bass[40] and percussion, and a \"strong and merciless\" hip hop beat as well as some electronic effects. Its low-fidelity production[41] is enhanced by synthesizers and Pro Tools software.[42] \"Royals\" minimalist instrumentation has been compared to Grimes,[43] Animal Collective and James Blake.[44] Its \"synth-heavy production\" was likened to that of Purity Ring and Noah \"40\" Shebib.[45]" ]	[ "finger snaps", "bass", "percussion", "electronic effects", "synthesizers" ]
7820708270902145344	Central Park	Central Park - Wikipedia Central Park Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Central Park ( disambiguation ) . Central Park The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary in the park 's southeast corner Location Central Park ( New York City ) Central Park ( New York ) Central Park ( the US ) Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Type Urban park Location Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 46 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 55 '' W / 40.78222 ° N 73.96528 ° W / 40.78222 ; - 73.96528 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 55 '' W / 40.78222 ° N 73.96528 ° W / 40.78222 ; - 73.96528 Area 843 acres ( 3.41 km ) Created 1857 Owned by New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Operated by Central Park Conservancy Visitors about 37.5 million annually Status Open all year U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Architect Frederick Law Olmsted ( 1822 -- 1903 ) , Calvert Vaux ( 1824 -- 1895 ) NRHP reference # 66000538 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL May 23 , 1963 Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan , New York City , U.S. state of New York . It comprises 843 acres ( 341 ha ) between the Upper West Side and Upper East Side , roughly bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east , Central Park West ( Eighth Avenue ) on the west , Central Park South ( 59th Street ) on the south , and Central Park North ( 110th Street ) on the north . Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States , with 40 million visitors in 2013 , and one of the most filmed locations in the world . The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres ( 315 ha ) of land acquired by the city . In 1858 , landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and architect / landscape designer Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they titled the `` Greensward Plan '' . Construction began the same year , and the park 's first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858 . Construction north of the park continued during the American Civil War in the 1860s , and the park was expanded to its current size in 1873 . After a period of decline in the early 20th century , Robert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park . Another decline in the late 20th century spurred the creation of the Central Park Conservancy in 1980 , which refurbished many parts of the park during the 1980s and 1990s . Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1962 , which in April 2017 placed it on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage sites . The park , managed for decades by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , is currently managed by the Central Park Conservancy under contract with the municipal government in a public - private partnership . The Conservancy is a non-profit organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Park 's $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843 - acre park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Planning 2.2 Construction 2.3 First decline and renovation 2.4 The `` Events Era '' and second decline 2.5 Restoration and second renovation 2.5. 1 1980s -- 90s renovations 2.5. 2 2000s renovations 2.6 Post-renovation 3 Points of interest 3.1 Visitor attractions 3.2 Art and architecture 3.2. 1 Sculptures 3.2. 2 Structures and exhibitions 3.2. 3 Other 3.3 Geographic features 3.3. 1 Geology 3.3. 2 Lakes 4 Wildlife 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Activities 5.1 Hobbies 5.2 Leisure tours 5.3 Sports 5.4 Attractions 5.5 Restaurants 5.6 Entertainment 6 Transportation 6.1 Public transport 6.2 Roads 6.2. 1 Vertical drives 7 Issues 8 Gallery 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Description ( edit ) Map of Central Park . Clicking on a feature in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article . Central Park , which has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962 , was designed by landscape architect and writer Frederick Law Olmsted and the English architect Calvert Vaux in 1858 after winning a design competition . They also designed Brooklyn 's Prospect Park . Central Park is one of the most famous sightseeing spots in New York . It is bordered on the north by Central Park North , on the south by Central Park South , on the west by Central Park West , and on the east by Fifth Avenue . Only Fifth Avenue along the park 's eastern border retains its name ; the other streets bordering the park ( 110th Street , 59th Street , and Eighth Avenue , respectively ) change names while they are adjacent to the park . The park , with a perimeter of 6.1 miles ( 9.8 km ) , was opened on 770 acres ( 3.1 km ) of land and was expanded to 843 acres ( 3.41 km ; 1.317 sq mi ) . It is 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) long between 59th Street ( Central Park South ) and 110th Street ( Central Park North ) , and is 0.5 mile ( 0.8 km ) wide between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West . Central Park constitutes its own United States census tract , number 143 . According to American Community Survey 5 - year estimates , the park 's population was five people , all female , with a median age of 19.8 years . However Central Park officials have rejected the claim of anyone permanently living there . The real estate value of Central Park was estimated by property appraisal firm Miller Samuel to be about $528.8 billion in December 2005 . Central Park 's size and cultural position , similar to London 's Hyde Park and Munich 's Englischer Garten , has served as a model for many urban parks , including San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park , Tokyo 's Ueno Park , and Vancouver 's Stanley Park . The park , which receives approximately 35 million visitors annually , is the most visited urban park in the United States . It is also the most filmed location in the world . A December 2017 report found that 231 movies have used Central Park for on - location shoots , more than the 160 movies that have filmed in Greenwich Village or the 99 movies that have filmed in Times Square . The park is maintained by the Central Park Conservancy , a private , not - for - profit organization that manages the park under a contract with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , in which the president of the Conservancy is ex officio Administrator of Central Park . Today , the conservancy employs 80 % of maintenance and operations staff in the park . It effectively oversees the work of both the private and public employees under the authority of the Central Park administrator ( publicly appointed ) , who reports to the parks commissioner , conservancy 's president . As of 2007 , the conservancy had invested approximately $450 million in the restoration and management of the park ; the organization presently contributes approximately 85 % of Central Park 's annual operating budget of over $37 million . The system was functioning so well that in 2006 the conservancy created the Historic Harlem Parks initiative , providing horticultural and maintenance support and mentoring in Morningside Park , St. Nicholas Park , Jackie Robinson Park , and Marcus Garvey Park . The park has its own New York City Police Department precinct , the Central Park Precinct , which employs both regular police and auxiliary officers . In 2005 , safety measures held the number of crimes in the park to fewer than one hundred per year ( down from approximately 1,000 annually in the early 1980s ) . The New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol also patrols Central Park . There is an all - volunteer ambulance service , the Central Park Medical Unit , that provides free emergency medical service to patrons of Central Park and the surrounding streets . It operates a rapid - response bicycle patrol , particularly during major events such as the New York City Marathon , the 1998 Goodwill Games , and concerts in the park . While planting and land form in much of the park appear natural , it is in fact almost entirely landscaped . The park contains several natural - looking lakes and ponds that have been created artificially by damming natural seeps and flows . There is a large area of woods in addition to seven major lawns , the `` meadows '' , and many minor grassy areas ; some of them are used for informal or team sports and some set aside as quiet areas ; there are a number of enclosed playgrounds for children . The 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of drives within the park are used by joggers , cyclists , skateboarders , and inline skaters , especially when automobile traffic is prohibited , on weekends and in the evenings after 7 : 00 pm . Panoramic view of Central Park from Rockefeller Center Central Park in 2004 History ( edit ) See also : History of New York City Planning ( edit ) View in Central Park NY 1861 Mt . St. Vincent John Randel 's survey bolt One of 36 bridges in the park Bethesda Terrace and Fountain Between 1821 and 1855 , New York City nearly quadrupled in population . As the city expanded northward up Manhattan Island , people were drawn to the few existing open spaces , mainly cemeteries , to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city . Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , John Randel , Jr. , surveyed the grounds . The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is embedded in a rock located north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse , and south of Center Drive . The bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue . New York City 's need for a great public park was resounded by the famed poet and editor of the Evening Post ( now the New York Post ) , William Cullen Bryant , as well as by the first American landscape architect , Andrew Jackson Downing , who predicted and began to publicize the city 's need for a public park in 1844 . A stylish place for open - air driving , similar to Paris ' Bois de Boulogne or London 's Hyde Park , was felt to be needed by many influential New Yorkers , and , after an abortive attempt in 1850 -- 1851 to designate Jones 's Wood , in 1853 the New York legislature settled upon a 700 - acre ( 280 ha ) area from 59th to 106th Streets for the creation of the park , at a cost of more than US $5 million for the land . Portrait of Frederick Law Olmsted by John Singer Sargent , ( 1895 ) The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park , and in 1857 the commission held a landscape design contest . Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the `` Greensward Plan '' , which was selected as the winning design . According to Olmsted , the park was `` of great importance as the first real Park made in this country -- a democratic development of the highest significance ... '' , a view probably inspired by his various trips to Europe during 1850 ( he had visited several parks during these trips and was particularly impressed by Birkenhead Park and Derby Arboretum in England ) . The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges , all designed by Vaux , ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite , to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron ; no two are alike . The ensemble of the formal line of the Mall 's doubled allées of elms culminating at Bethesda Terrace , whose centerpiece is the Bethesda Fountain , with a composed view beyond of lake and woodland , was at the heart of the larger design . Execution of the Greensward Plan was the responsibility of a number of individuals , including Jacob Wrey Mould ( architect ) , Ignaz Anton Pilat ( master gardener ) , George E. Waring , Jr. ( engineer ) , and Andrew Haswell Green ( politician ) , in addition to Olmsted and Vaux . Several influences came together in the design . Landscaped cemeteries , such as Mount Auburn ( Cambridge , Massachusetts ) and Green - Wood ( Brooklyn , New York ) had set examples of idyllic , naturalistic landscapes . The most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the `` separate circulation '' systems for pedestrians , horseback riders , and pleasure vehicles . The `` crosstown '' commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways ( today called `` transverses '' ) , screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance . Construction ( edit ) A map of Central Park from 1875 From 1864 to 1934 , a flock of pedigree Southdown and Dorset sheep grazed in the Sheep Meadow . They were removed to Prospect Park in Brooklyn in 1934 . Children 's festival in Central Park , sponsored by the Federal Art Project , September 1938 In 1850 , the land was occupied by free blacks and Irish immigrants who had purchased land , where they raised livestock , built churches and cemeteries , and had lived as a community for close to 50 years . Before the construction of the park could start , the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants . Rossi states that part of the impetus to schemes such as Central Park and others was to remove what they incorrectly deemed as shanty towns and their denizens . However , most lived in small villages , such as Harsenville , the Piggery District , or Seneca Village ; or in the school and convent at Mount St. Vincent 's Academy . Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857 . Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park . In addition , when the commission finally submitted its report for public examination on October 4 , 1855 , taxpayers learned that they would be paying $5 million just for the park land , more than three times what they had been told the completed park as a whole would cost . At the same time , the offsetting revenue from property taxes of adjacent land came to $1.7 million , or one - third of the purchase price , and was considerably less than earlier estimates . During the park 's construction , Olmsted battled with the park commissioners , many of them also politicians . In 1860 , he was forced out for the first of many times as Central Park 's superintendent , and Andrew Haswell Green , the former president of New York City 's Board of Education took over as the commission 's chairman . Despite his having relatively little experience , Green managed to accelerate the construction . Green also finalized the negotiations to purchase an additional 65 acres ( 260,000 m ) at the north end of the park , between 106th and 110th Streets , which would be used as the `` rugged '' part of the park , its swampy northeast corner dredged , and reconstructed as the Harlem Meer . Between 1860 and 1873 , most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome , and the park was substantially completed . Construction combined the modern with the ageless : up - to - date steam - powered equipment and custom - designed wheeled tree - moving machines augmented massive numbers of unskilled laborers wielding shovels . The work was extensively documented with technical drawings and photographs . During this period , more than 18,500 cubic yards ( 14,100 m ) of topsoil had been transported from New Jersey , because the original soil was neither fertile nor sufficiently substantial to sustain the various trees , shrubs , and plants called for by the Greensward Plan . When the park was officially completed in 1873 , more than 10 million cartloads of material had been transported out of the park , including soil and rocks , and more than four million trees , shrubs , and plants representing approximately 1,500 species were transplanted to the park . More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War . A proposal to have ornate , European - style entrances to the park was opposed by Olmsted and Vaux , who intended for the park 's unadorned entrances to signal `` that all were welcome , regardless of rank or wealth . '' The park 's commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862 . The names were chosen to represent the broad diversity of New York City 's trades ; for example , `` Mariner 's Gate '' for the entrance at 85th Street and Central Park West . The majority of entrances did not receive an inscription , however , until a park restoration effort in 1999 . Sheep grazed on the Sheep Meadow from the 1860s until 1934 , when they were moved to Prospect Park in Brooklyn and soon thereafter moved to a farm near Otisville , New York , in the Catskill Mountains . It was feared they would be used for food by impoverished Depression - era New Yorkers . First decline and renovation ( edit ) Following completion , the park quickly slipped into decline . One of the main reasons for this was the lack of interest from the Tammany Hall political machine , which was the largest political force in New York at the time . Around the turn of the 20th century , the park faced several new challenges . Cars were becoming commonplace , bringing with them their burden of pollution , and people 's attitudes were beginning to change . No longer were parks to be used only for walks and picnics in an idyllic environment but also for sports and similar recreation . Following the dissolution of the Central Park Commission in 1870 and Andrew Green 's departure from the project , and Vaux 's death in 1895 , the maintenance effort gradually declined . All of this changed in 1934 , when Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City and unified the five park - related departments then in existence . Robert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park . Moses , about to become one of the most powerful men in New York City , took over what was essentially a relic , a leftover from a bygone era . According to historian Robert Caro : Lawns , unseeded , were expanses of bare earth , decorated with scraggly patches of grass and weeds , that became dust holes in dry weather and mud holes in wet ... The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after . Benches lay on their backs , their legs jabbing at the sky ... In a single year , Moses managed to clean up Central Park and other parks in New York City . Lawns and flowers were replanted , dead trees and bushes were replaced , walls were sandblasted , and bridges were repaired . Another dramatic change was Moses 's removal of the `` Hoover valley '' shantytown , whose site was transformed into the 30 acres ( 12 ha ) Great Lawn . Major redesigning and construction also was carried out : for instance , the Croton Lower Reservoir was filled in so the Great Lawn could be created . The Greensward Plan 's purpose of creating an idyllic landscape was combined with Moses ' vision of a park to be used for recreational purposes : 19 playgrounds , 12 ball fields , and handball courts were constructed . Moses managed to secure funds from the New Deal program , as well as donations from the public . He also created the 67th Street Transverse , widened West Drive , and evicted the sheep from Sheep Meadow . Lower end of mall in 1901 Play media Skating in Central Park , a movie by Frank S. Armitage , American Mutoscope and Biograph , 1900 . Collection of EYE Film Institute Netherlands . Brooklyn Museum collection : `` Early Spring Afternoon -- Central Park '' ( 1911 ) by Willard Leroy Metcalf Belvedere Castle , Central Park , built 1869 The `` events era '' and second decline ( edit ) Central Park in May 1940 The Dairy , pictured in modern times Look out point on the lake at Central Park , one of four rustic landing stages on the Lake Looking west out of Central Park in November 2001 The 1960s marked the beginning of an `` Events Era '' in Central Park that reflected the widespread cultural and political trends of the period . The Public Theater 's annual Shakespeare in the Park festival was settled in the Delacorte Theater in 1961 , and summer performances were instituted on the Sheep Meadow , and then on the Great Lawn by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and the Metropolitan Opera . During the late 1960s , the park became the venue for rallies and cultural events such as the `` Love - ins '' and `` Be-Ins '' of the period . In 1966 , Mayor John Lindsay , an avid cyclist , initiated a weekend ban on automobiles in Central Park for the enjoyment of cyclists and public alike -- a policy that continues . Increasingly through the 1970s , the park became a venue for events of unprecedented scale , including rallies , demonstrations , festivals , and concerts . Despite the increasing numbers of visitors to the park , Robert Moses ' departure in 1960 marked the beginning of a 20 - year period of decline in its management . The city was experiencing economic and social changes , with some residents leaving the city and moving to the suburbs in the wake of increased crime . The Parks Department , suffering from budget cuts , responded by opening the park to any and all activities that would bring people into it , without adequate oversight and maintenance follow - up . Some of these events nevertheless became milestones in the social history of the park and in the cultural history of the city . By the mid-1970s , however , managerial neglect was taking a toll on the park 's condition . `` Years of poor management and inadequate maintenance had turned a masterpiece of landscape architecture into a virtual dustbowl by day and a danger zone by night '' , in the opinion of Douglas Blonsky , a president of the Central Park Conservancy . Vandalism , territorial use ( e.g. a pick - up game of softball or association football , which commandeered open space and excluded others ) , and illicit activities were taking place in the park . Several volunteer citizen groups emerged , intent upon reclaiming the park by fundraising and organizing volunteer initiatives . One of these groups , the Central Park Community Fund , commissioned a study of the park 's management . The study 's conclusion was bi-linear ; it called for establishment of a single position within the New York City Parks Department , responsible for overseeing both the planning and management of Central Park , as well as a board of guardians to provide citizen oversight . In 1979 , Parks Commissioner Gordon Davis established the Office of Central Park Administrator , appointing to the position the executive director of another citizen organization , the Central Park Task Force . The Central Park Conservancy was founded the following year , to support the office and initiatives of the administrator and to provide consistent leadership through a self - perpetuating , citizen - based board that also would include as ex-officio trustees , the Parks Commissioner , the Central Park Administrator , and mayoral appointees . Restoration and second renovation ( edit ) Under the leadership of the Central Park Conservancy , the park 's reclamation began with modest but highly significant first steps , addressing needs that could not be met within the existing structure and resources of the parks department . Interns were hired and a small restoration staff to reconstruct and repair unique rustic features , undertaking horticultural projects , and removing graffiti under the broken windows theory . The state of the park has improved since the 1970s , according to Conservancy president Douglas Blonsky : Graffiti does n't last 24 hours in Central Park ; visible litter gets carted off by 9 each morning and throughout the day . Our workers empty trash receptacles daily ( at least ) and maintain lawns with tremendous care . Broken benches and playground equipment get fixed on the spot . 1980s -- 90s renovations ( edit ) The Great Lawn before renovations in the late 1970s ... ... and after renovations in the 1980s . By 1980 , the Conservancy was also engaged in design efforts and long - term restoration planning , using both its own staff and external consultants . It provided the impetus and leadership for several early restoration projects funded by the city , preparing a comprehensive plan for rebuilding the park . The restoration was accompanied by a crucial restructuring of management , whereby the park was subdivided into zones , to each of which a supervisor was designated , responsible for maintaining restored areas . That year , the Dairy ( which was originally designed as a refreshment stand and rest spot ) was transformed into the park 's first visitor 's center , with the Conservancy using it to revitalize public interest in the park through exhibits , music series , and children 's programs . The first landscape to be restored was the Sheep Meadow , primarily with funds provided by New York State . During the next few years , Bethesda Terrace and Fountain , Belvedere Castle , and the East Green were restored . Bethesda Fountain , which had been dry for decades , was restored in 1980 -- 81 and the Terrace was restored a year later , its stonework disassembled , cleaned , deteriorated surfaces removed , restored , patched , and reset . Resodding , and fifty new trees , 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986 , most of which , having matured into dense blocks , were removed in 2008 , to make way for plants native to the United States . Around the same time , the Belvedere Castle , which had been closed for many years , was renovated and reopened on May 1 , 1983 , as the Henry Luce Nature Observatory . By 1982 , the Chess & Checkers House and Frisbee Hill had been restored ; thousands of shrubs and flowers asserted the park as a horticultural showpiece . To tend to those plants , more than 1,900 volunteers contributed more than 4,000 hours of work in the park . On completion of the planning stage in 1985 , the conservancy launched its first capital campaign , assuming increasing responsibility for funding the park 's restoration , and full responsibility for designing , bidding , and supervising all capital projects in the park . The Conservancy launched its first fundraising campaign in 1986 , mapping out a 15 - year restoration plan that sought to remain true to the original design . Over the next several years , Campaign for the Central Park Conservancy restored landmarks in the southern part of the park -- Grand Army Plaza , Shakespeare Garden , and Cedar Hill . By 1988 , Conservancy volunteers logged more than 13,000 hours in the park , with the organization 's volunteer program winning a citation for excellence from the White House . View of Heckscher Playground and skyline from Rat Rock ( April 2015 ) In the early 1990s , the Conservancy announced a $50 million capital campaign to focus on improvements to the northern end of the park . Efforts culminated in the restoration of the Mall and Concert Ground , Harlem Meer , and the Ravine in the North Woods . The Conservancy 's work on the Meer and the Charles A. Dana Discovery Center was subsequently honored with three awards : the 1994 New York City Landmarks Preservation Award , the American Society of Landscape Architects ' Design Merit Award and the Victorian Society 's Citation of Merit . In 1996 , the Conservancy embarked on its most ambitious landscape restoration : the overhaul of the 55 acres ( 22 hectares ) including and surrounding the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond ( formerly the Great Lawn and the Belvedere Lake ) . The project was the centerpiece of the Conservancy 's three - year Wonder of New York Campaign , which raised $71.5 million and also helped restore southern and westside landscapes , as well as the North Meadow . The Great Lawn project was completed in 1997 , featuring new amenities to encourage passive and active recreation as well as nature appreciation . Citywide budget cuts in the early 1990s , however , resulted in attrition of the park 's routine maintenance staff , and the conservancy began hiring staff to replace these workers . Management of the restored landscapes by the conservancy 's `` zone gardeners '' proved so successful that core maintenance and operations staff were reorganized in 1996 . The zone - based system of management was implemented throughout the park , which was divided into 49 zones . Zone gardeners supervise volunteers assigned to them ; these volunteers commit to a consistent work schedule and are supported by specialized crews in areas of maintenance requiring specific expertise or equipment , or more effectively conducted on a park - wide basis . In 2007 , there were 3,000 volunteers compared to just under 250 paid workers in the park . 2000s renovations ( edit ) Central Park after renovations Conservatory Water after renovation Renovated Bethesda Fountain Plaza in 2010 Oak Bridge spanning Bank Rock Bay was replaced in 2009 following Calvert Vaux 's original design of 1860 Renovations continued through the early 2000s . In 2000 the Conservatory Water opened after a six - month restoration effort , with a $4 million project beginning on the 59th Street Pond , one of the park 's most visible and heavily used landscapes . A new Reservoir fence was installed in 2003 under a $2 million capital project that replaced the old chain - link fence with a replica of the 8,000 - foot long steel and cast - iron one that had enclosed the Reservoir in 1926 . The new fence , along with removal of invasive trees and shrubs , restored the panoramic views of the park and Manhattan skyline . Another ambitious restoration effort began in 2004 , when Conservancy staff and contractors worked together to refurbish the 15,876 Minton tiles that hang on the ceiling of the Bethesda Arcade . Originally designed by Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould , the ceiling of the Arcade is lined by 15,876 elaborately patterned encaustic tiles . Made by Minton and Company , a leading 19th - century ceramic manufacturer in England , the ceiling tiles are divided into 49 panels , each containing 324 tiles . Salt and water infiltration from the roadway above had badly damaged the tiles , leaving their backing plates so corroded they had to be removed in the 1980s . The tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a generous private donation for their restoration . The Conservancy embarked on a $7 million restoration effort to return the Minton tiles to their original luster in 2004 . A team of seven conservation technicians cleaned and repaired more than 14,000 original tiles by hand . Only three panels of replica tiles were needed to replace those that had been damaged beyond repair . For those recreations , the Conservancy decided to commission Maw and Company , Minton 's successor in Stoke - on - Trent , England . The completed Bethesda Terrace Arcade was unveiled to much fanfare in March 2007 . In 2006 , the Conservancy completed a nine - month renovation of the Mall in a project that returned the landscape to its original character and ensured the protection of its great American Elms . The Lake was the last of Central Park 's bodies of water to be renovated by the Central Park Conservancy , in a project to enhance both its ecological and scenic aspects . In the summer of 2007 , the first phase of a restoration of the Lake and its shoreline plantings commenced , with replanting using native shrubs and understory trees around the northern end of the Lake , from Bank Rock Bay -- a narrow cove in the northwest corner that had become a silted - up algae - covered stand of aggressively invasive Phragmites reeds -- to Bow Bridge , which received replicas of its four original Italianate cast - iron vases , overspilling with annuals . In the earliest stages , invasive non-native plants like Japanese knotweed were eradicated , the slopes were regraded with added humus and protected with landscaping burlap to stabilize the slopes while root systems became established and leaf litter developed . During the same time , Bank Rock Bridge , also called Cabinet Bridge , across the mouth of the cove was recreated in carved oak with cast - iron panels and pine decking , its original materials , following Vaux 's original design of 1859 -- 60 . The cascade , where the Gill empties into the lake , was reconstructed to approximate its dramatic original form , inspired by paintings of Asher B. Durand . Sections of the Lake were dredged of accumulated silt -- topsoil that had washed off the surrounding slopes -- and the island formerly in the lake , which gradually eroded below water level , was reconstructed in the summer of 2007 with rugged boulders along its shoreline , graded wetland areas , and submerged planting shelves for water - loving native plants , like Pickerel weed . Oak Bridge , the major entrance to the Ramble from the Upper West Side , spans Bank Rock Bay in the Lake 's northwest corner ; the long - lost picturesque feature was recreated in 2009 based on Calvert Vaux 's original drawings . The bridge , built in 1860 of white oak with decorative openwork panels of cast iron , has been recreated in steel clad in ornamental cast iron facings , with wooden deck and railings . Restoration of further sections of the Lake 's shoreline landscapes was undertaken , and the first renovated sections were opened to visitors in April 2008 . Post-renovation ( edit ) On October 23 , 2012 , hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy , the largest ever monetary donation to New York City 's park system . Since the 1960s , there has been a grassroots campaign to restore the park 's loop drives to their original car - free state . Over the years , the number of car - free hours has increased , though a full closure is currently resisted by the New York City Department of Transportation . Legislation was proposed in October 2014 to conduct a study to make the park car - free in summer 2015 . In 2015 , Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the permanent closure of West and East Drives north of 72nd Street to vehicular traffic as it was proven that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic . The law was to take into effect permanently north of 72nd Street . Central Park panorama Points of interest ( edit ) Visitor attractions ( edit ) Visitor attractions include : Arsenal Ballplayers House Belvedere Castle Bethesda Terrace and Fountain Blockhouse Burnett Memorial Fountain Carousel Delacorte Theater Diana Ross Playground Fort Clinton Harlem Meer and Dana Discovery Center Lasker Rink Mall Marionette Theatre McGowan 's Pass Metropolitan Museum of Art Pug Hill Rumsey Playfield Tavern on the Green Victorian Gardens Wollman Rink Zoo Art and Architecture ( edit ) Sculptures ( edit ) Main article : List of sculptures in Central Park Cleopatra 's Needle , Central Park , carved c. 1450 B.C. for Thutmose III , hieroglyphs inscribed c. 1250 B.C. for Rameses II A total of 29 sculptures by sculptors such as Augustus Saint - Gaudens , Emma Stebbins , and John Quincy Adams Ward have been erected over the years , most donated by individuals or organizations . Much of the first statuary placed was of authors and poets , in an area now known as Literary Walk . Some of the sculptures are : Alice in Wonderland Margaret Delacorte Memorial ( 1959 ) , a sculpture of Alice by sculptor José de Creeft , landscape architect Hideo Sasaki , and designer Ferando Texidor at the Central Park Conservatory Pond Angel of the Waters at Bethesda Terrace by Emma Stebbins ( 1873 ) , the first large public sculpture commission for an American woman Balto ( 1925 ) , a statue of Balto , the sled dog who became famous during the 1925 serum run to Nome Duke Ellington Memorial ( dedicated in 1997 ) , by sculptor Robert Graham , near Fifth Avenue and 110th Street , in the Duke Ellington Circle King Jagiello Monument , a bronze monument on the east end of Turtle Pond Structures and exhibitions ( edit ) Victory Leading Sherman Strawberry Fields Cleopatra 's Needle is a red granite obelisk . The `` Cleopatra 's Needle '' in Central Park is one of three ; there also is one in Paris and one in London . Each obelisk is approximately 68 -- 69 feet tall and weigh about 180 tons . They originally were erected at the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis in Ancient Egypt around 1450 BC by the Pharaoh Thutmose III . The hieroglyphs were inscribed about two hundred years later by Pharaoh Rameses II to glorify his military victories . The obelisks were all moved during the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar when Ancient Egypt was under the control of Rome . They were brought to Alexandria and erected as tribute to Julius Caesar , in front of the Caesarium , a temple originally built by Cleopatra VII of Egypt in honor of Mark Antony , thus the name `` Cleopatra 's Needle '' . There are two versions of how the Central Park Cleopatra 's Needle made its way to Central Park : either it was a gift from the Khedive of Egypt , Isma'il Pasha , or it was stolen through the machinations of William H. Vanderbilt who paid the tab to have the obelisk shipped to New York and erected . The obelisk arrived in New York in July 1880 ; it took thirty - two horses hitched in sixteen pairs to pull the obelisk to the park . It was erected in an official ceremony on January 22 , 1881 . Strawberry Fields : On October 9 , 1985 , on what would have been John Lennon 's 45th birthday , New York City dedicated 2.5 acres ( 1.0 hectare ) to his memory . Countries from all around the world contributed trees , and Italy donated the iconic `` Imagine '' mosaic . It has since become the site of impromptu memorial gatherings for other notables , and in the days following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , candlelight vigils were held there . The Gates : For sixteen days in 2005 ( February 12 -- 27 ) , Central Park was the setting for Christo and Jeanne - Claude 's installation The Gates . Although the project was the subject of mixed reactions ( and it took many years for Christo and Jeanne - Claude to get the necessary approvals ) , it was nevertheless a major , if temporary , draw for the park . Other ( edit ) George Delacorte Musical Clock , a gift George T. Delacorte dedicated in 1965 that is mounted above the arcade between the Wildlife Center and the Children 's Zoo in Manhattan 's Central Park Geographic features ( edit ) Geographic features include : Cedar Hill Cherry Hill Conservatory Garden Conservatory Water Great Lawn / Turtle Pond Harlem Meer Onassis Reservoir The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary The Ramble and Lake Sheep Meadow Geology ( edit ) East side of Rat Rock Congregating at the top of Rat Rock There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan . In Central Park , Manhattan schist and Hartland schist , which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock , are exposed in various outcroppings . The other two types , Fordham gneiss ( an older deeper layer ) and Inwood marble ( metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss ) , do not surface in the park . Fordham gneiss , which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks , was formed a billion years ago , during the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent . It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield , the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate . Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era , about 450 million years ago . During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other , which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent Pangaea . Cameron 's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east - west axis . Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past , with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago . Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of glacial erratics ( large boulders dropped by the receding glacier ) and north - south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings . One such outcrop is Rat Rock at 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 40.769361 ° N 73.977655 ° W / 40.769361 ; - 73.977655 , named after the rats that used to swarm there at night but also known as ' Umpire Rock ' . Located near the southwest corner of the park , the outcrop is roughly circular , about 55 feet ( 17 m ) wide and 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) tall with different east , west , and north faces . Boulderers usually congregate there , as many as fifty per day , with some being regulars , and others being tourists ; the quality of the stone is poor , and the climbs present so little challenge that it has been called `` one of America 's most pathetic boulders '' . The park police formerly ticketed climbers who climbed more than a few feet up the rock , but the City Climbers Club approached the park authorities and , by working to provide safety features such as wood chips around the base , they were able to legalize climbing there . Lakes ( edit ) Central Park is home to seven bodies of water , all artificial . The largest lake is the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir , so named since 1994 . It was constructed between 1858 and 1862 . Covering an area of 106 acres ( 43 ha ) between 86th and 96th Streets , the reservoir reaches a depth of more than 40 feet ( 12 m ) in places and contains about 1 billion US gallons ( 3.8 billion litres ) of water . The Reservoir is best known to New Yorkers for the jogging track around it . The Ramble and Lake south of the Great Lawn covers nearly 18 acres ( 7.3 ha ) . Built on a former swamp , it was designed by Olmsted and Vaux to accommodate boats in the summer and ice skaters in winter . The Lake was opened to skaters in December 1858 , while the rest of the park was still under construction . At the northern end of the park , at 110th Street , the Harlem Meer , named in honor of one of the first communities in the region , covers nearly 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) . Located in a wooded area of oak , cypress , and beech trees , it was built after the completion of the southern portion of the park . Harlem Meer also allows visitors to fish , on a catch and release basis . In the southeast corner is the Pond , with an area of 3.5 acres ( 1.4 ha ) . The Pond is located near one of the busiest entrances to Central Park but still provides an atmosphere of calm and solitude . Wildlife ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Bracts of Flowering Dogwood , an understory tree native to Central Park Strawberry Fields Central Park is home to over 25,000 trees and has a stand of 1,700 American elms , one of the largest remaining stands in the northeastern U.S. , protected by their isolation from the Dutch elm disease that devastated the tree throughout its native range . A partial listing of the tree species found in Central Park , both natives and exotics , includes : Acer campestre Hedge maple Acer ginnala Amur maple Acer palmatum Japanese maple Acer platanoides Norway maple Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore maple Acer saccharinum Silver maple Acer saccharum Sugar maple Aesculus glabra American buckeye Aesculus hippocastanum Common horsechestnut Aesculus pavia Red buckeye Aesculus × carnea Red horschestnut Ailanthus altissima Tree of heaven Aralia spinosa Devil 's walkingstick Betula alleghaniensis Yellow birch Betula lenta Black birch Betula nigra River birch Betula papyrifera Paper birch Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Cedrus atlantica glauca Blue Atlas cedar Cornus florida Flowering dogwood Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust Carpinus betulus European hornbeam Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Magnolia grandiflora Southern magnolia Pinus strobus Eastern White pine Platanus occidentalis American sycamore Quercus alba White oak Quercus palustris Pin oak Quercus rubra Red oak Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust Taxodium distichum Bald cypress Tilia americana Basswood or American linden Tilia cordata Little - leaf linden Tsuga canadensis Canadian hemlock Ulmus americana American elm Fauna ( edit ) Red - tailed hawk , one of the bird species found in Central Park Many water birds live in Central Park Birds : The first official list of birds observed in Central Park , numbering 235 species , was published in Forest and Stream on June 10 , 1886 , by Augustus G. Paine , Jr. , and Lewis B. Woodruff . Over the decades the list has been updated and changed . The park is frequented by various migratory species of birds during their spring and fall migration on the Atlantic Flyway . Over a quarter of all the bird species found in the United States have been seen in Central Park . One of these species is the red - tailed hawk , which re-established a presence in the park when a male hawk known as Pale Male for his light coloration , nested on a building on Fifth Avenue , across the street from the park in 1991 . He became a local media celebrity and a prolific breeder . Central Park was the site of the misguided unleashing of European starlings in North America , a native of Eurasia which has become an invasive species . In April 1890 , eighty birds were released by Eugene Schieffelin and the following March another eighty ; these one hundred and sixty birds are the progenitors of the flocks which now span the United States and parts of Canada . Mammals : Raccoons have become extremely common in Central Park in recent years , prompting the Parks Department to post rabies warnings around certain areas . Eastern gray squirrel , or grey squirrel . Eastern chipmunk : although not commonly sighted , there are chipmunks in Central Park . Virginia opossum . Arthropods In 2002 a new genus and species of centipede ( Nannarrup hoffmani ) was discovered in Central Park . At about 0.4 inches ( 10 mm ) long , it is one of the smallest centipedes in the world . Beetles Since the late 1990s , the Central Park Conservancy , the United States Department of Agriculture , and several city and state agencies have been fighting an infestation of the Asian long - horned beetle , which has been reported in Long Island and Manhattan , including some parts of Central Park . The beetle , which likely was accidentally shipped from its native China in an untreated shipping crate , has no natural predators in the United States , and the fight to contain its infestation has been very expensive . The beetle infests trees by boring a hole in them to deposit its eggs , at which point the only way to end the infestation is to destroy the tree . Several thousand trees were infected in the city and later removed , including 2 trees that were removed from Central Park . Activities ( edit ) Hobbies ( edit ) Loeb Boathouse Cafe A wooded section of the park , called the Ramble and Lake , is popular among birders . Many species of woodland birds , especially warblers , may be seen in the Ramble in the spring and the fall . Rowboats and kayaks are rented on an hourly basis at the Loeb Boathouse , which also houses a restaurant overlooking the Lake . As early as 1922 , model power boating was popular on park waters . Leisure tours ( edit ) One of the many carriage horses present throughout the park The tradition of carriage horses in New York City was revived in 1935 . The carriages have appeared in many films , and the first female horse and carriage driver , Maggie Cogan , appeared in a Universal newsreel in 1967 . As such , they have become a symbolic institution of the city . After the September 11 attacks , in a much - publicized event , Mayor Rudolph Giuliani went to the stables himself to ask the drivers to go back to work to help return a sense of normality . Some activists such as NYCLASS , as well as politicians , have questioned the ethics of this tradition . The history of accidents involving spooked horses has come under scrutiny with recent horse deaths . Protests from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals , and celebrities including Alec Baldwin , Alecia Beth Moore and Cheryl Hines have raised the issue 's profile . Additional media accounts have corroborated some charges , but they have also shown that the standards vary from stable to stable . Both activists and horse owners agree that part of the problem is lack of enforcement of the city code . Supporters of the trade say it needs to be reformed , not shut down , and that carriage drivers deserve a raise , which the city has not authorized since 1989 . Paris , London , Beijing , and several U.S. cities have banned carriage horses . Replacements for the carriage horses may include electric vintage cars . Pedicabs operate mostly in the southern part of the park , the same part as horse carriages . Such vehicles have more recently offered visitors a more dynamic way in which to view the park ; covering three to ten times the distance of a typical Central Park horse carriage ride , pedicabs have become very popular with visitors and New Yorkers alike ; also , they are being eyed as another replacement for the carriage horses . Sports ( edit ) The Victorian Gardens seasonal amusement park operates over Wollman Rink during the summer Skating Pond , Central Park , c. 1862 Park Drive , just over 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) long , is heavily used by runners , joggers , pedestrians , bicyclists , and inline skaters . On most weekends , running races take place in the park , many of which are organized by the New York Road Runners . The New York City Marathon finishes in Central Park outside Tavern on the Green . Many other professional races are run in the park , including the 2008 USA Men 's 8k Championships . Baseball fields are numerous , and there are also courts for volleyball , tennis , croquet and lawn bowling . The park is home to several competitive running clubs , including Central Park Track Club . Central Park has two ice skating rinks , Wollman Rink and Lasker Rink ; during summer , the former is the site of Victorian Gardens seasonal amusement park , and the latter converts to an outdoor swimming pool . The park drives are used as the home course for the Century Road Club Association 's racing series . The CRCA is a USA Cycling sanctioned amateur cycling club . Central Park 's glaciated rock outcroppings attract climbers , especially boulderers . The two most renowned spots for boulderers are Rat Rock and Cat Rock ; others include Dog Rock , Duck Rock , Rock N ' Roll Rock , and Beaver Rock , near the south end of the park . Attractions ( edit ) Central Park Carousel Central Park has twenty - one playgrounds for children located throughout the park ; the largest , at 3 acres ( 12,000 m ) , is Heckscher Playground named for August Heckscher . The current Central Park Carousel , installed in 1951 , is one of the largest merry - go - rounds in the United States . The fifty - eight hand - carved horses and two chariots were made by Solomon Stein and Harry Goldstein in 1908 . The carousel originally was installed in Coney Island in Brooklyn . The Central Park Zoo is part of a system of four zoos and one aquarium that is managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society . The zoo is home to an indoor rainforest , a leafcutter ant colony , a chilled penguin house , and a polar bear pool . Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre is located in the Swedish Cottage . The building was originally a model schoolhouse built in Sweden . Made of native pine and cedar , it was disassembled and rebuilt in the U.S. as Sweden 's exhibit for the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia . Frederick Law Olmsted moved the cottage to its present site in 1877 . Restaurants ( edit ) Tavern on the Green was originally built in the era of Tammany Hall to house Central Park 's sheep Central Park is home to two indoor restaurants . The famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located on the park 's grounds at Central Park West and West 67th Street . It was originally the sheepfold that housed the sheep that grazed Sheep Meadow , built to a design by Calvert Vaux in 1870 . It became a restaurant as part of a 1934 renovation of the park under Robert Moses . In 1974 , Warner LeRoy took over the restaurant 's lease and reopened it in 1976 after $10 million in renovations including the addition of a glass - enclosed Crystal Room overlooking the restaurant 's garden ( one of several dining rooms ) , which doubled the seating capacity to 800 . The restaurant closed in 2009 and reopened on April 24 , 2014 , after a renovation . The Loeb Boathouse restaurant is the other indoor restaurant in Central Park . Located at the Loeb Boathouse on The Lake , it was designed in 1874 , destroyed in 1950 , and rebuilt in 1954 on the East Side between 74th and 75th Streets . Entertainment ( edit ) The oldest free classical music concert series in the United States , the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts -- founded in 1905 -- presents concerts in the park 's only neo-classical building , the Naumburg Bandshell on the Concert Ground , each summer . The concerts feature promising new talent and promote the professional development of young composers and conductors . Summerstage features free musical concerts throughout the summer Central Park has given birth to other arts groups dedicated to performing in the park , notably Central Park Brass , which performs an annual concert series , and the New York Classical Theatre , which produces an annual series of plays . Each summer , there are several events happening in the park . The Public Theater presents free open - air theatre productions , often starring well - known stage and screen actors . The Delacorte Theater is the summer performing venue of the New York Shakespeare Festival , where most , although not all , of the plays presented are by William Shakespeare , and the performances are generally regarded as being of high quality since its founding by Joseph Papp in 1962 . The New York Philharmonic gives an open - air concert on the Great Lawn yearly during the summer . City Parks Foundation has offered Central Park Summerstage since 1985 , a series of free performances including music , dance , spoken word , and film presentations , often featuring famous performers ; the Summerstage facility also has non-free concerts that are branded under different names . Since 1992 , local singer - songwriter David Ippolito has performed almost every summer weekend to large crowds of passers - by and regulars and has become a New York icon , often simply referred to as `` That guitar man from Central Park '' . From 1967 until 2007 , the Metropolitan Opera presented two operas in concert each year . The Fifth Avenue Mile is along the east side of the park between 80th and 60th Streets each September . Many popular one - time concerts have been given in the park including Barbra Streisand , 1967 ; The Supremes , 1970 ; Carole King , 1973 ; Bob Marley and The Wailers , 1975 ; America , 1979 ; Elton John , 1980 ; the Simon and Garfunkel reunion , 1981 ; Diana Ross , 1983 ; Paul Simon , 1991 ; Garth Brooks , 1997 ; Sheryl Crow , 1999 ; Dave Matthews Band , 2003 ; Bon Jovi , 2008 ; and Andrea Bocelli , 2011 . Central Park was the location of the largest concert ever on record when country superstar Garth Brooks performed a free concert in August 1997 , to which about 980,000 had attended . Panorama of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir at Central Park , looking north Transportation ( edit ) Public transport ( edit ) The New York City Subway 's IND Eighth Avenue Line runs along the western edge of the park , with a transfer station to the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line at Columbus Circle . In addition , the IRT Lenox Avenue Line has a station at Central Park North . From there the line curves southwest under the park , and heads west under 104th Street , and the BMT Broadway Line has a station at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street . Roads ( edit ) Central Park is surrounded by four roadways : Central Park North , Central Park South , Central Park West , and Fifth Avenue . There are four plazas , one on each corner of the park : Frederick Douglass Circle on the northwest , Duke Ellington Circle on the northeast , Columbus Circle at the southwest , and Grand Army Plaza at the southeast . There are also four transverse roadways : 65th -- 66th Streets , 79th -- 81st Streets , 86th Street , and 96th Street . The park has three roadways that travel it vertically : West , Center , and East Drives . Vertical drives ( edit ) West Drive in Central Park West Drive is the westernmost of the park 's three vertical `` drives '' . The southbound - running road is described as `` ... concealed in sunken roadways and screened with densely planted shrub belts , creating a country - road feel in the center of the city . '' In the early 20th century , the drive was a popular place for carriage rides . A painting by Gifford Beal shows a picture of West Drive depicted with a horse and buggy . However , the drive is also dangerous ; in 2014 , a 0.5 - mile ( 0.80 km ) stretch of West Drive was considered to be `` the most dangerous section of Central Park '' for pedestrians , with bicycle crashes along the drive leaving 15 people injured . Center Drive in Central Park Center Drive ( also known as the `` Central Park Lower Loop '' ) connects northbound traffic from Midtown at West Drive and Sixth Avenue near the 65th Street Transverse . The street generally goes east and then north , forming the bottom part of the Central Park loop . The attractions along this street include the Victorian Gardens Amusement Park , the Central Park Carousel and the Central Park Mall . East Drive , the easternmost of the three drives , connects northbound traffic from Midtown to the Upper West Side at Lenox Avenue . The street is renowned for its country scenery and free concerts . It generally straddles the east side of the park along Fifth Avenue . The drive passes by the Central Park Zoo around 63rd Street and the Metropolitan Museum of Art around the 80th to 84th Street area . The drive is also one of the legs of the New York Marathon . It is known as the `` Elite Carriage Parade '' , because at the time of the park 's opening , only 5 percent of the city was able to afford the carriage ; of this , Walt Whitman said that the carriage parade was `` an impressive , rich , interminable circus on a grand scale , full of action and color . '' Issues ( edit ) The Lake at Central Park Central Park was once a very dangerous place , especially after dark , as measured by crime statistics . The park is considerably safer in the 21st century , though during prior periods it was the site of numerous muggings and rapes . Well - publicized incidents of sexual and confiscatory violence , such as the notorious 1989 Central Park jogger case , dissuaded many from visiting one of Manhattan 's most scenic areas . Fear was also directed to the gay community after World War II from a panic of sex crimes . As crime has declined in the park and in the rest of New York City , many of the negative perceptions have begun to wane . Safety measures hold the number of crimes in the park to fewer than one hundred per year , down from approximately 1,000 in the early 1980s . On June 11 , 2000 , following the Puerto Rican Day Parade , gangs of drunken men sexually assaulted women in the park . Several arrests were made shortly after the attacks , but it was not until 2006 that a civil suit against the city for failing to provide police protection was finally settled . Permission to hold issue - centered rallies in Central Park , similar to the be-ins of the 1960s , has been met with increasingly stiff resistance from the city . During some 2004 protests , the organization United for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn during the Republican National Convention . The city denied application for a permit , stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass and that such damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the park . Courts upheld the refusal . During the 2000s and early 2010s , new towers were constructed along the southern end of Central Park . According to a Municipal Art Society report , such buildings cast shadows over the southern end of the park . There has been some controversy over this . Gallery ( edit ) The Lake and San Remo apartments in the background Lower Central Park The Mall & Literary Walk Strawberry Fields with the Dakota behind The Pond , looking south , with the Plaza Hotel in view One of the park 's bridges ; no two are alike . Bethesda Fountain with the Loeb Boathouse in background Passage under Bethesda Terrace Chess and Checkers House Aerial view of Central Park The Mall The buildings that line Central Park South include Essex House Bridge in Central Park , designed by Calvert Vaux , separates pedestrians from the carriage drive . Central Park viewed from atop the GE Building The Pond and Central Park South Wollman Skating Rink Jose de Creeft , Statue of Alice , 1959 Jogging in Central Park The Lake in snow , seen from the San Remo on Central Park West Vista of the Great Lawn from Belvedere Castle Bicycles Benches Landscape Carriage horse Bicyclists Shakespeare Garden Turtle Pond The Ramble Hans Christian Andersen Statue Sheep Meadow The Pond The West Drive , now closed to automobiles At dusk View of Harlem Meer and Dana Discovery Center Cleopatra 's Needle , Central Park Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Its increasing significance as a wildlife habitat '' was noted on the Conservancy 's on - site information boards . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . Central Park Conservancy. 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most - Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Travel + Leisure by various contributors . October 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No. 2 Central Park , New York City '' . Travel + Leisure . October 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Central Park , UNESCO tentative list Jump up ^ `` Central Park '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . August 14 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . August 14 , 1975 . Jump up ^ http://www.centralpark.com/usr/maps/CentralParkRunningMap.pdf Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census Tract 143 , New York , NY '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Feuer , Alan ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Census Apparently Did Check Behind Every Tree '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robledo , S. Jhoanna ; `` Central Park : Because We Would n't Trade a Patch of Grass for $528,783,552,000 '' NYMag.com , December 18 , 2005 ( Retrieved : August 26 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Central Park FAQ '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Visited City Parks '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . June 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Central Park is a film superstar '' . am New York . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Central Park Conservancy '' . Central Park Conservancy . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Blonsky , Douglas ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Saving the Park : A key to NYC 's revival '' . New York Post . p . Op - Ed . Jump up ^ `` Restoring a meadow to grandeur : Conservancy marks milestone in Central Park '' , September 2011 Jump up ^ Todd , John Emerson Todd ( 1982 ) . Frederick Law Olmsted ( see the history of Green - Wood Cemetery ) . Boston : Twayne Publishers : Twayne 's World Leader Series . p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Park Debate -- 1850 '' . CentralParkHistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taking the Land -- 1850 '' . CentralParkHistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew S. Dolkart . `` The Architecture and Development of New York City '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olmsted letter to Parke Godwin August 1 , 1858 '' . Empire City : The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape . Jump up ^ `` The Design Competition '' . CentralParkHistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Victors '' . CentralParkHistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ www.insecula.com Central Park ( retrieved March 5 , 2007 ) Archived November 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilligan , Heather ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) . `` An entire Manhattan village owned by black people was destroyed to build Central Park '' . Timeline . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Peter H. ( 1989 ) . Down and Out in America : The Origins of Homelessness . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 72828 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan 's Lost Village of Harsenville '' . Ephemeral New York . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Beach , Frederick Converse Beach ; Rines , George Edwin , eds. ( 1903 ) . `` Central City -- Central Park '' . The Encyclopedia Americana . The Americana Company . 4 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Central Park '' . Sarah Waxman . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CentralParkHistory.com '' . centralparkhistory.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Haswell Green '' . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Meer '' . Centralpark.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew H. Green and Central Park '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , Roy ; Blackmar , Elizabeth ( 1992 ) . The Park and the People : A History of Central Park . p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Pollak , Michael . ( July 3 , 2014 ) . What Is Jamaica , Queens , Named After ? , The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep Meadow Your Complete Guide to Central Park '' . Centralpark.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Apple History . New York Living . Bread Lines PBS KIDS GO ! '' . Pbskids.org . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Moses and a New Deal '' . Centralparkhistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caro , Robert A. ( 1974 ) . The Power Broker : Robert Moses and the Fall of New York . Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 48076 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stern , Robert A.M. ; Gregory Gilmartin ; Thomas Mellins ( 1987 ) . New York 1930 . Rizzoli New York . p. 710 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 3096 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Planting the Seeds for the `` Great Lawn '' `` . Centralparkhistory.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A pioneer of urban cycling '' . Jim 's Bike Blog . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Central Park '' . Centralparknyc.org . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy and Ottavino 1986 : 24 : `` materials science , chemical testing , historical research , and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace '' . Jump up ^ Central Park Conservancy on - line history Archived January 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 , pp. 497 - 498 ; Louie , Elaine ( March 1 , 1990 ) . `` Currents ; Grand Army Plaza 's Rather Grand History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ; Goldberger , Paul ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Architecture ; A Restored Grand Army Plaza , With a New Coat for the General '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ; `` Grand Army Plaza , Redressed '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 1990 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ; Morgan , Ann Lee ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists . Oxford reference online . Oxford University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512878 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle Pond '' . CentralPark.org . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy and Ottavino 1986 and Peter Champe and Mark Rabinowitz , `` Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling , Bethesda Terrace Arcade , Central Park , New York City '' Association for Preservation Technology Bulletin , 30. 2 / 3 ( 1999 : 11 - 16 ) Jump up ^ The former replacement bridge with utilitarian spiked steel pipe handrails . Jump up ^ Central Park Conservancy press release Archived October 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Central Park Conservancy ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Oak Bridge at Bank Rock Bay '' . The Official Website of Central Park NYC . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lisa W. Foderaro ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` A $100 Million Thank - You for a Lifetime 's Central Park Memories '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew Hours in Central Park '' . Jump up ^ `` Imagine a Car - Free Central Park '' . The Epoch Times . October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CENTRAL PARK , PROSPECT PARK LOOPS TO BE CLOSED TO TRAFFIC ON WEEKDAYS '' . 7 Online . 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Emily Frost ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Central Park Will Be Permanently Car - Free Above 72nd Street , Mayor Says '' . DNA Info . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank Leslie 's New York journal , Volumes 1 - 2 p. 292 Jump up ^ Christo and Jeanne - Claude , The Gates : Central Park , New York City , 1979 -- 2005 , ISBN 3 - 8228 - 4242 - 7 Jump up ^ February 25 , 2005 CNN story about Christo and Jeanne - Claude 's The Gates Central Park 's ' Gates ' to close Jump up ^ `` Central Park Monuments : Delacorte Clock '' . NYC Parks . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ City at the water 's edge : a natural history of New York By Betsy McCully p. 6 Jump up ^ Deformational History of Manhattan Rocks and Its Relationship with the State of In - situ Stress in New York City ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Geology of Central Park -- From Rocks to Ice '' by Charles Merguerian and Mickey Merguerian Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` RatRock @ ClimbNYC.com '' . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Bleyer ( October 7 , 2007 ) , `` The Zen of the Rock '' , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : John Sherman ( 1994 ) , Stone crusade : a historical guide to bouldering in America , The Mountaineers Books , pp. 226 -- 228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 930410 - 62 - 9 Jump up ^ The New York Times report by Diane Cardwell , July 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ www.centralparknyc.org The Reservoir article Jump up ^ www.centralparknyc.org The Lake article Jump up ^ www.centralparknyc.org Harlem Meer article Jump up ^ www.centralparknyc.org The Pond article Jump up ^ `` List of birds of Central Park '' . Forest and Stream . New York : The Forest and Stream Publishing Company . XXVI ( 20 ) : 386 -- 387 . June 10 , 1886 . Jump up ^ Eugene Kinkead ( August 26 , 1974 ) . `` The Birds of Central Park '' . The New Yorker . New York . XXVI ( 20 ) : 78 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Beetle Nears Central Park '' . Chicago Tribune . August 19 , 1999 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Longhorned Beetle Returns to Central Park '' . NYC Parks . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beetles infest 2 trees in Central Park '' . The Baltimore Sun . February 17 , 2002 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powerboats . ^ Jump up to : Tradition or Cruelty ? , Jessica Bennett , Newsweek , September 25 , 2007 ; accessed August 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Chris Hicks ( April 16 , 1996 ) . `` Jupiter 's Wife '' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Bill Could Halt New York Carriage Horses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Could Halt New York Carriage Horses , Keith B. Richburg , The Washington Post , December 17 , 2007 ; accessed August 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Another Horse Down in Central Park Archived September 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Blog of the ASPCA , September 17 , 2007 ; accessed August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ PETA Fact Sheet on Horse Carriage Archived October 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed August 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Home on the Asphalt , Lloyd Grove , New York Magazine , March 16 , 2008 ; accessed August 23 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Carriage Horse Industry At A Crossroads , Kristin Cole , CBS News , November 5 , 2007 ; Accessed August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horse Pucky , Editorial of The New York Sun , November 30 , 2007 ; accessed August 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Film Highlights Suffering of NYC Carriage Horses Archived July 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Humane Society of the United States , April 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Central Park Conservancy says cars are poor alternative to horses '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Old school cars could replace Central park horse carriages '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Pedicab Tours '' . Jump up ^ `` In recent years , pedicabs have become ubiquitous in Midtown . They pick up theatergoers on Broadway , courting couples in Central Park and give gawking tourists a new way to stare at the tall buildings '' ( `` Keep the Big Wheels Turning `` , The New York Times , 18 December 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Hourigan , sSan . `` Racing '' . Century Road Club Association . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher S. Wren , `` A Summit in Central Park ; Boulder Gives Climbers a Taste of the Mountain '' , The New York Times , July 21 , 1999 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cuozzo , Steve ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Tavern deal not Crystal Clear '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tavern on the Green to open April 24 for dinner ; to add brunch , lunch in May '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ Central Park Conservancy . `` Loeb Boathouse '' . The Official Website of Central Park NYC . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gretschel , Johanna ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Jenny Simpson Aims For Sixth Title , Course Record At 5th Avenue Mile '' . FloTrack . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ For the Bon Jovi concert , July 12 , 2008 , 60,000 free tickets were distributed by the city ; a large section of Central Park was closed to the non-ticketed public . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks : The Entertainer '' . garthbrooks.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Central Park West Drive 1906 '' . Jump up ^ `` West Drive , Central Park '' . Jump up ^ `` Pedestrians walking into bicycle danger zones in Central Park '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Central Park Drives : Improvements for Pedestrians & Cyclists '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The elite `` carriage parade '' in 1860s Central Park `` . Jump up ^ `` Affirmation in Response to Motion to Vacate Judgment of Conviction : The People of the State of New York - against - Kharey Wise , Kevin Richardson , Antron McCray , Yusef Salaam , and Raymond Santana , Defendants '' ( PDF ) . Robert M. Morgenthau , District Attorney , New York County . December 5 , 2002 . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Didion , Joan ( January 17 , 1991 ) . `` Sentimental Journeys '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . This essay has also been published in Didion 's non-fiction collection After Henry ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gays in Central Park '' . Jump up ^ Chauncey , George ( May 19 , 1995 ) . Gay New York : Gender , Urban Culture , and the Makings of the Gay Male World . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0465026214 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD CompStat report , 22nd Precinct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ; Kevin Flynn ( 13 June 2000 ) . `` 35 Scary Minutes : Women Tell Police Of Assaults in Park '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hartocollis , Anemona ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) . `` New York Settles With Woman Abused at 2000 Parade '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Blocks Central Park Protest '' . Commondreams.org . August 25 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge blocks RNC protest in Central Park '' . CNN.com . August 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Accidental Skyline '' . MAS.org . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry Hope Reed , Robert M. McGee and Esther Mipaas . The Bridges of Central Park . ( Greensward Foundation ) 1990 . Further reading ( edit ) `` 1857 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1857 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1858 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1858 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1859 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1859 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1860 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1860 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1865 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1865 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1868 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1868 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` 1869 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1869 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` Architects ' Report To the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park , New York '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1858 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` Communication to the Comissioners of Central Park '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1866 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` Documents of the Board of Commissioners of Central Park for the Year Ending April 30 , 1858 '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1858 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` Documents of the Board of Commissioners of Central Park for the Year Ending January 30 , 1859 '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1859 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Kelly , Bruce ; Guillet , Gail T. ; Hern , Mary Ellen W. ( 1981 ) . Art of the Olmsted Landscape . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ; Arts Publisher . ISBN 0 - 941302 - 00 - 8 . Kinkead , Eugene ( 1990 ) . Central Park , 1857 - 1995 : The Birth , Decline , and Renewal of a National Treasure . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02531 - 4 . Martin , Douglas ( January 31 , 1997 ) . `` A Village Dies , A Park Is Born '' . The New York Times . Miller , Sara Cedar ( 2003 ) . Central Park , An American Masterpiece : A Comprehensive History of the Nation 's First Urban Park . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3946 - 0 . Rosenzweig , Roy ; Blackmar , Elizabeth ( 1992 ) . The Park and the People : A History of Central Park . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9751 - 5 . Schuyler , David . Parks in Urban America . Oxford University Press . Swerdlow , Joel L ( May 1993 ) . `` Central Park -- Oasis in the city '' . National Geographic . Taylor , Dorceta E. ( 2009 ) . `` section 3 '' . The Environment and the People in American Cities , 1600s - 1900s : Disorder , Inequality , and Social Change . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4451 - 3 . Voorsanger , Catherine Hoover ; Howat , John K. , eds. ( 2000 ) . Art and the empire city : New York , 1825 - 1861 . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780870999574 . Wiseman , Frederick ( director ) ( 1990 ) . Central Park ( motion picture ) . Van Buren , Alex ( 2016 ) . `` 12 Secrets of New York 's Central Park '' . Smithsonian Magazine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Central Park ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Manhattan / Central Park . KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Central Park KML is from Wikidata Official website ( New York City Department of Parks and Recreation ) Official website ( Central Park Conservancy ) `` Central Park Police Precinct '' . NYC.gov . `` Central Park '' . National Historic Landmarks Program . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Central Park Features Geographical features Cedar Hill Cherry Hill Conservatory Garden Conservatory Water Great Lawn / Turtle Pond Harlem Meer Onassis Reservoir The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary The Ramble and Lake Seneca Village Sheep Meadow Sculptures 107th Infantry Memorial Alexander Hamilton Balto Christopher Columbus Cleopatra 's Needle Daniel Webster Eagles and Prey The Falconer Fitz - Greene Halleck Frederick Douglass Memorial Giuseppe Mazzini Indian Hunter King Jagiello Monument Robert Burns Romeo and Juliet Samuel Finley Breese Morse Seventh Regiment Memorial Sir Walter Scott The Gates ( former ) The Tempest Untermyer Fountain USS Maine National Monument Victor Herbert William Shakespeare Other features Arsenal Belvedere Castle Bethesda Terrace and Fountain Blockhouse Bridges Burnett Memorial Fountain Carousel Delacorte Theater Diana Ross Playground Fort Clinton Lasker Rink Mall Marionette Theatre McGowan 's Pass McGown 's Pass Tavern Pug Hill Richard Morris Hunt Memorial Rumsey Playfield Strawberry Fields Tavern on the Green Victorian Gardens Wollman Rink Zoo Escape hoax Zoo York Wall Zoo York Events Be-Ins The Concert UAE Healthy Kidney 10K New York Mini 10K Concerto : One Night in Central Park Shakespeare in the Park SummerStage Neighboring features Streets Border Streets Fifth ( East ) North South West Transverses 66th 79th 85th 97th Subway stations Fifth Avenue -- 59th Street 59th Street -- Columbus Circle 72nd Street 81st Street 86th Street 96th Street 103rd Street Cathedral Parkway -- 110th Street Central Park North -- 110th Street People and animals Frederick Law Olmsted Calvert Vaux Hal the Coyote Pale Male Pattycake Miscellaneous Conservancy Jogger case Medical Unit Popular culture See also : NYC Parks Articles related to Central Park Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons New York City Historic Sites NRHP Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx NHL New York State NYC Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places VIAF : 315146053 GND : 4480303 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Park&oldid=827897600 '' Categories : Central Park 1873 establishments in New York ( state ) Frederick Law Olmsted works Harlem Historic public gardens Landscape design history of the United States Midtown Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Parks in Manhattan Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Upper East Side Upper West Side Urban forests in the United States Urban public parks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles using KML from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 11 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did central park open to the public	[ "The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres (315 ha) of land acquired by the city. In 1858, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and architect/landscape designer Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they titled the \"Greensward Plan\". Construction began the same year, and the park's first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction north of the park continued during the American Civil War in the 1860s, and the park was expanded to its current size in 1873. After a period of decline in the early 20th century, Robert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park. Another decline in the late 20th century spurred the creation of the Central Park Conservancy in 1980, which refurbished many parts of the park during the 1980s and 1990s." ]	[ "1857" ]
4346113281513449883	List of FIFA World Cup finals	List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the champions of fifa world cup	[ "List of FIFA World Cup finals\nFrance celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup FinalFounded\n1930Region\nInternational (FIFA)Number of teams\n204 (qualifiers)32 (finals)Current champions\n France (2nd title)Most successful team(s)\n Brazil (5 titles)" ]	[ "France" ]
-4778352028047793898	Tally Solutions	Tally Solutions - Wikipedia Tally Solutions Jump to : navigation , search Tally Solutions Pvt Ltd . Type Private Industry ERP Software Founded Founder Shyam Sunder Goenka Bharat Goenka Headquarters Bangalore , Karnataka , India Products Tally. ERP9 , Tally. Server9 , Tally. Developer9 and Shoper9 Number of employees 700 ( 2017 ) Website www.tallysolutions.com Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd. , is an Indian multinational company that provides enterprise resource planning software . It is headquartered in Bangalore , Karnataka India . The company reports that its software is used by more than 1 Million customers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tally. ERP 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Tally Solutions , then known as Peutronics , was co-founded in 1986 by Shyam Sunder Goenka and his son Bharat Goenka . Shyam Sundar Goenka was running a company that supplied raw materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India . Unable to find software that could manage his books of accounts , he asked his son , Bharat Goenka , 23 , a Maths graduate to create a software application that would handle financial accounts for his business . The first version of the accounting software was launched as an MS - DOS application . It had only basic accounting functions , and was named Peutronics Financial Accountant . In 1988 , the product was renamed as Tally . In 1997 , the first Windows based version Tally 5.4 was released . In 1999 , the company formally changed its name to Tally Solutions . in 2001 , Tally 6.3 launched ( Educational / Licence version ) In 2005 , Tally 7.2 was launched with features designed to meet Indian value - added taxation ( VAT ) requirements . In 2006 , Tally launched Tally 8.1 , a concurrent multi-lingual version , and also Tally 9 . In 2009 , the company released Tally. ERP 9 , a business management solution In 2015 , the company launched a program called Vriddhi to certify and classify its business partners . Also in 2015 , Tally Solutions announced the launch of Tally. ERP 9 Release 5.0 with taxation and compliance features . As of 2016 , the company had 1 million customers . In 2016 , Tally Solutions was shortlisted as a GST Suvidha Provider to provide interface between the new Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) server and taxpayers , and in 2017 , the company launched its updated GST compliance software . Tally ERP ( edit ) Tally main product is its enterprise resource planning software called Tally. ERP 9 with single and multi-user licences . For large organisations with many branches , Tally. Server 9 is offered . The software handles accounting , inventory management , tax management , payroll etc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tally Solutions clocks 1 Million Customers Globally '' . indiatimes.com. 2016 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Goenka ( Tally Solutions ) talks to us about the company 's ' stubborn ' decision to stay focussed on products '' . ispirit.in. 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Profile : Bharat Goenka '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tally Solutions : a calculated move '' . indiatimes.com. 2005 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Goenka discusses his dream of building Tally into a $1 bn company by 2015 '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history about Tally. ERP 9 and its versions since Tally 3.0 '' . accountsguy.net. 2014 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tally Launches Multilingual Accounting Software '' . CXOtoday.com. 2006 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tally launches Tally. ERP 9 '' . thehindubusinessline.com. 2014 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tally Solutions launched new channel partner programme '' . indiatimes.com. 2015 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tally Solutions Set to Transform Business Taxation '' . ChannelWorld India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tally Solutions clocks 1 Million Customers Globally - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Chhavi ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Tally Solutions launches GST compliance software '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) . `` TCS , Deloitte , EY among 34 cos shortlisted for providing GST interface '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Live Mint `` Business Strategy : A Case of Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd . '' . CMRD Journal of Management Research . pp. 56 -- 59 . Business Standard Business Standard The Hindu Business India . pp. 24 --. ( subscription required ) ( hide ) ERP software List of ERP software packages Open - source Adaxa Suite Adempiere Apache OFBiz Compiere Dolibarr Epesi ERP5 ERPNext GNU Enterprise HeliumV iDempiere inoERP IntarS Kuali LedgerSMB metasfresh Odoo Openbravo ERP Postbooks Tryton Commercial Acumatica Eclipse ERP FinancialForce.com JD Edwards Enterprise One Microsoft Dynamics 365 NetSuite Oracle ERP Cloud Oracle Applications Sage 300 SAP ERP Tally Solutions Traverse Unit4 Business World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tally_Solutions&oldid=829448357 '' Categories : Software companies of India ERP software companies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 18 : 22 . About Wikipedia	what is the use of tally software in accounting	[ "Tally main product is its enterprise resource planning software called Tally.ERP 9 with single and multi-user licences. For large organisations with many branches, Tally.Server 9 is offered. The software handles accounting, inventory management, tax management, payroll etc.[8]", "Tally main product is its enterprise resource planning software called Tally.ERP 9 with single and multi-user licences. For large organisations with many branches, Tally.Server 9 is offered. The software handles accounting, inventory management, tax management, payroll etc.[8]", "Tally main product is its enterprise resource planning software called Tally.ERP 9 with single and multi-user licences. For large organisations with many branches, Tally.Server 9 is offered. The software handles accounting, inventory management, tax management, payroll etc.[8]" ]	[ "tax management", "inventory management", "payroll" ]
-8678992768049522179	And the Mountains Echoed	And the Mountains Echoed - wikipedia And the Mountains Echoed And the Mountains Echoed Author Khaled Hosseini Country United States Language English Genre Historical fiction Drama Publisher Riverhead Books Publication date May 21 , 2013 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 402 pp ( first edition , hardcover ) ISBN 9781594631764 OCLC 829999614 And the Mountains Echoed is the third novel by Afghan - American author Khaled Hosseini . Published in 2013 by Riverhead Books , it deviates from Hosseini 's style in his first two works through his choice to avoid focusing on any one character . Rather , the book is written similarly to a collection of short stories , with each of the nine chapters being told from the perspective of a different character . The book 's foundation is built on the relationship between ten - year - old Abdullah and his three - year - old sister Pari and their father 's decision to sell her to a childless couple in Kabul , an event that ties the various narratives together . Hosseini stated his intentions to make the characters more complex and morally ambiguous . Continuing the familial theme established in his previous novels , The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns , And the Mountains Echoed centers on the rapport between siblings . Besides Abdullah and Pari , Hosseini introduced two other sibling and sibling - like relationships -- the children 's stepmother Parwana and her disabled sister Masooma and an Afghan - American doctor named Idris and his cousin Timur . As it was Hosseini 's first novel to be published in six years , And the Mountains Echoed was reportedly in high demand . It received favorable pre-publication reviews and was anticipated as another strong success , reaching the top 10 on Amazon.com before its release and later becoming a bestseller . Five months after the publication of And the Mountains Echoed , it was reported that three million copies had been sold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and publication 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes 5 Critical reviews 6 See also 7 References Composition and publication ( edit ) Khaled Hosseini , 2007 Khaled Hosseini was born in Afghanistan but left the country in 1976 at the age of 11 , eventually moving to the United States where he worked as a doctor . He wrote his first novel , The Kite Runner , in 2003 and became a full - time writer a year and a half later . He published his second book , A Thousand Splendid Suns , in 2007 . Both novels were successful , and by the time of his third publication they had together sold over 38 million copies across 70 countries . Hosseini first began to consider the plot of And the Mountains Echoed during a 2007 trip to Afghanistan with the UN Refugee Agency . While there , he heard stories from several village elders about the deaths of young , impoverished children during the winters , which gave the foundation for the fundamental event of the novel : a parent 's choice to sell a child to prevent this from occurring . `` The novel began very , very small , and it began with a single image in my head that I simply could not shed , '' he relayed . `` It was the image of a man walking across the desert and he 's pulling a little Radio Flyer red wagon , and in it there 's a little girl about 3 years old , and there 's a boy walking behind him , and these three people are walking across the desert . '' Hosseini originally planned for it to be written in a linear fashion similar to his previous novels , but , during the writing process , it was expanded to cover a series of interconnected stories surrounding a large number of characters not directly related to each other . Comparing the process to a tree , he stated that story `` just branched out '' and `` got bigger and bigger as it went along '' . `` Slowly , a family began to take shape in my mind - not unlike the many I had visited - one living in a remote village , forced to make a painful choice that most of us would find unbearable . At the heart of this family , I pictured a young brother and sister , who become the unwitting victims of their family 's despair . The novel begins , then , with this single act of desperation , of sacrifice , an act that ruptures the family and ultimately becomes the tree trunk from which the novel 's many branches spread out . '' -- Khaled Hosseini As is his pattern , Hosseini drew on his early experiences in Afghanistan to create the foundation of the book . He states that his travels to Afghanistan later in life also influenced his writing , albeit involuntarily . For example , during a 2009 visit he met two young sisters in a remote village outside Kabul . The older one , who he estimated to be around six years old , acted as a mother figure to the younger girl . Hosseini stated that their bond formed the foundation of the relationship between Abdullah and Pari in the novel . And the Mountains Echoed became the first to not deal directly with the Taliban , which featured prominently in both of his previous works . Though Hosseini did not consciously decide to avoid that topic , he stated that he was glad that he had moved away from it in order to keep the storyline fresh . The characters ' struggles were largely personal and unrelated to the political turmoil in Afghanistan . Hosseini added , `` I hope a day will come when we write about Afghanistan , where we can speak about Afghanistan in a context outside of the wars and the struggles of the last 30 years . In some way I think this book is an attempt to do that . '' The title was derived from a line from `` The Nurse 's Song '' by English poet William Blake : `` And all the hills echoed '' . In January 2013 , Publishers Weekly announced the publication date as May 21 of that year , and Riverhead Books released a statement that the novel was about `` how we love , how we take care of one another , and how the choices we make resonate through generations '' . First printed in hardback , And the Mountains Echoed was priced at $28.95 in the United States and £ 14.99 in the United Kingdom . Hosseini went on a five - week tour to 41 cities across America to promote the book . In October 2013 , plans were confirmed to translate And the Mountains Echoed into 40 languages , among them Icelandic and Malay . Plot ( edit ) The novel opens in the year 1952 . Saboor , an impoverished farmer from the fictional village of Shadbagh , decides to sell his three - year - old daughter Pari to a wealthy , childless couple in Kabul . The choice devastates his ten - year - old son , Abdullah , who raised Pari following their mother 's death in childbirth . Subsequent chapters expound on how the arrangement came to be : the children 's stepmother , Parwana , grew up as the less - favored child to her beautiful twin sister Masooma . One day , in a flash of jealousy , she caused Masooma to suffer a debilitating injury that resulted in paraplegia . Parwana subsequently spent several years caring for her sister until the latter asked her to help her commit suicide and to then marry Saboor . Their older brother , Nabi , left to work for Mr. Wahdati , a wealthy man in Kabul , and became infatuated with his wife , Nila . After Nila expressed dismay about her inability to have children , Nabi arranged for Pari to be sold to the couple . In the ensuing years , Abdullah leaves Afghanistan and Mr. Wahdati suffers a stroke , prompting Nila to take Pari and move to Paris , France . Nabi , while assuming the role of Wahdati 's primary caregiver , finds a number of sketchbooks in Wahdati 's closet filled with pictures of him drawn before the stroke . Unnerved by the discovery that Mr. Wahdati loves him , he resolves to leave but decides against it after he is unable to find someone suitable to take over for him . Nabi subsequently spends the next 50 years working for Mr. Wahdati . He develops a deep bond with his employer , and Nabi comes to the realization that his purpose is to take care of Mr. Wahdati . Later Mr. Wahdati 's health deteriorates further , and Nabi helps him commit assisted suicide by kissing him on the lips and pressing a pillow over his face . Wahdati 's neighbors , meanwhile , move to the United States with their children after the Soviet invasion . Cousins Idris and Timur return to Afghanistan over two decades later in 2003 to reclaim their family 's property . While there , Timur makes a great show of publicly distributing money to street beggars while Idris privately bonds with Roshi , an Afghan girl who suffers from a horrific injury and whose family was murdered by her uncle . Idris at first promises to arrange for Roshi to undergo the operations needed for her recovery but distances himself from her and Afghanistan on returning to the States . Several years later , Idris comes across Roshi signing copies of her bestselling memoir , which she has dedicated to her adoptive mother and Timur , who paid for her surgery . Nila , now living in Paris , is unhappy for much of her life , taking up a number of lovers and beginning to refer to the plain and practical Pari as her `` punishment '' . She commits suicide in 1974 after giving a detailed interview about her early life . Pari suspects that she is not Nila 's biological daughter and plans a trip to Afghanistan to explore her heritage . However , she postpones it indefinitely after marrying and becoming pregnant . After having three children and being widowed at the age of 48 , she receives a posthumous letter from Nabi in 2010 detailing the circumstances of her adoption by the Wahdatis . Later chapters focus on Adel , a boy learning that his father is a war criminal and that his house is built on the land that previously belonged to Saboor , and Markos , a Greek aid worker in Afghanistan and acquaintance of Nabi . In the final chapter , narrated by Abdullah 's daughter , Abdullah and Pari are reunited in California . However , he is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease and is unable to remember her . Characters ( edit ) `` Is the quintessential Afghan woman Nila , the dramatic Kabul socialite turned Parisian poetess ? Or is she the guilt wracked Parwana , who feels condemned to a life of grief for a single moment of jealousy ? Or is she the war - maimed ( Roshi ) , whose story is written into an archetypal tale of woe for mass consumption by American readers , where the guilt of the Afghan character melts indelibly with the guilt of the Western reader , accomplishing with grace the revelation of the complicated relationship between the two ? '' -- Rafia Zakaria , a director of Amnesty International USA Khaled Hosseini chose to tell the story in a `` fragmented and fluid '' form ; each of the nine chapters is told from a different character 's perspective , and each narrative provides an interconnection with the others ' . Los Angeles Times critic Wendy Smith compared this style to the classic One Thousand and One Nights . Abdullah is an Afghan growing up in the fictional village of Shadbagh . After his father 's choice to sell his younger sister to a couple in Kabul , he resolves to leave Afghanistan , travelling to Pakistan and eventually the United States . He opens an Afghan restaurant there and has a daughter , whom he names after his sister . Following his wife 's death , Abdullah is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's and is later unable to remember his sister after being reunited with her . Pari is Abdullah 's younger sister who , at the age of three , is sold by her father to the wealthy Wahdati couple in Kabul . She and Abdullah are portrayed as having an unusually close relationship during her early years , though she forgets him along with the rest of her biological family following her adoption . She spends her adolescence and adulthood in France following her adoptive father 's stroke and eventually becomes aware of her history through a posthumous letter from her uncle Nabi , who had arranged for her to be sold as a child . When she is finally reunited with Abdullah , he is unable to remember her due to his Alzheimer 's . `` I could see that if the reunion were to occur , it would occur on these terms and it would n't be the reunion we 'd expect and perhaps the one we want , '' Hosseini explained . Nila Wahdati is a young Afghan woman renowned for her sexually charged poetry who is married off to a wealthy Kabul businessman . According to Hosseini , many aspects of her character were derived from women he encountered during parties his parents hosted in Kabul in the 1970s , many of whom he recalls as `` beautiful , very outspoken , temperamental ... drinking freely , smoking '' . At some point prior to the beginning of the story , she was apparently sterilized while undergoing treatment for an illness , leading her to buy Pari as an adopted daughter . Described as unusually beautiful and discontent , she later relocates to Paris following her husband 's stroke and eventually commits suicide . Hosseini explained that he was unconcerned with making Nila likable -- `` I just wanted her to be real -- full of anger and ambition and insight and frailty and narcissism . '' Parwana is the stepmother of Abdullah and Pari . She grew up in Shadbagh with her brother , Nabi , and twin sister , Masooma . Parwana is ill - favored for most of her life as opposed to the strikingly beautiful Masooma . This eventually results in what Rafia Zakaria describes as a `` poignant tale of a plain twin whose single act of vengeance , of pushing her pretty sister off a swing results in a lifelong moral burden '' . Masooma 's accident leaves her paralyzed , leaving Parwana tortured by guilt and forced to care for her from then on . After several years , Masooma persuades Parwana to leave her in the desert to die and marry Saboor , Abdullah and Pari 's father . Nabi is the older brother of Parwana and Masooma . Despite being `` a character who slips beneath the notice of many of the novel 's noisier characters '' , he organizes the event that serves as the primary plot of the story : the adoption of Pari . After being hired as a chauffeur for the Wahdatis , he becomes infatuated with the childless Nila and arranges for Pari to be sold to her in hopes that she will become his lover . After Nila 's husband suffers a stroke and Nila leaves for Paris , he realizes that he had been foolish to think so and becomes the primary caregiver for his bedridden employer . He later develops a deep bond with Mr. Wahdati , and they become platonic lifelong partners . Amra Ademovic is a Bosnian nurse working in a hospital in Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban . She cares for and later adopts Roshi , a critically wounded Afghan orphan . Amra , according to Hosseini , was created to represent the foreign aid workers serving in Afghanistan . While visiting the country in 2003 , he had encountered a number of people who had left comfortable lifestyles to help provide relief aid , and he had wanted to pay tribute to them through the portrayal of Amra . Hosseini described the character as one of his favorites and said , `` She has seen humanity at its worst , having worked in war zones most of her career , and yet she has retained great capacity for compassion and mercy . She is also very street smart , fiercely intelligent , and brutally honest . '' Idris is an Afghan - American doctor who left Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion . He later returns to Afghanistan , along with his narcissistic and childish cousin Timur , in 2003 to reclaim their family 's land . While there , Idris meets Roshi and befriends her , moved by her tragic story . Hosseini stated that Idris ' experience as an Afghan expatriate was partly based on his own . `` He was a vehicle to describe what it 's like to be an Afghan in exile , to return to see how divergent my experience was from other Afghans , '' Hosseini said . Idris begins to set up plans to pay for her surgery in America , but upon returning home , he loses that drive . It is later revealed Timur pays for Roshi 's surgery . Markos Varvaris is a plastic surgeon from the Greek island of Tinos . His childhood best friend , Thalia , suffered from severe facial disfigurement after being attacked by a dog and undergoing a botched surgery . This motivated Markos to become a surgeon and work in various developing countries , including Afghanistan . Adel is the son of a wealthy war criminal who has turned Shadbagh into `` Shadbagh - e-Nau '' or `` New Shadbagh '' . Adel is raised in an isolated mansion with the belief that his father is a hero , witnessing him donate money and fund the building of schools . When he discovers the truth , he is deeply upset but aware of `` ( t ) he part of him that over time would gradually , almost imperceptibly , accept this new identity that at present prickled like a wet wool sweater . '' Themes ( edit ) Whereas The Kite Runner focused on the dynamic between fathers and sons , and Splendid Suns on that between mothers and daughters , this novel tells its story through the prism of sibling relationships -- a theme refracted through the lives of several pairs of brothers and sisters . -- Michiko Kakutani of The New York Times Khaled Hosseini considers pain , love , and familial love to be the primary themes of And the Mountains Echoed . The separation of the two siblings , Abdullah and Pari , is `` the heart of the book '' . Both subsequently become `` victims of the passage of time '' : Abdullah , who is older and remembers Pari , agonizes over her loss for most of his life , while Pari is younger and able to forget her brother after losing him . However , towards the end of the book , Pari is informed that she was adopted and that she has a brother , Abdullah ; she locates him in the United States only to discover that he is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease and has forgotten her . Hosseini stated , `` The question is raised a number of times about whether memory is a blessing -- something that safeguards in all the things that are dear to you -- or is memory a curse -- something that makes you relive the most painful parts of your life , the toil , the struggle , the sorrows . '' Thus , the combination of these events make And the Mountains Echoed `` kind of like a fairytale turned on its head '' . I think at the core , all three of my books have been love stories -- and they have n't been traditional love stories in the sense that a romantic love story between a man and a woman , you know , they 've been stories of love between characters where you would not expect love to be found . So it is always these intense relationships that form under unexpected circumstances . Rafia Zakaria , a director for Amnesty International USA , wrote that the themes of guilt and gratitude also feature prominently . She used the backstory of Parwana , Abdullah and Pari 's stepmother , and her sister Masooma as an example : `` We find a poignant tale of a plain twin whose single act of vengeance , of pushing her pretty sister off a swing results in a lifelong moral burden . The sister , who was to be married to a man both sisters love , becomes an invalid for life , and both serve the sentence , the healthy one tending to the other and wrecked within by the knowledge that she was the cause of their collective misfortune . '' She stated the theme of dependence also extended to the story of Nabi , the brother of Parwana who arranges the selling of Pari and who is later left as the sole caretaker of his paralyzed employer . Critical reviews ( edit ) `` It 's hard to do justice to a novel this rich in a short review . There are a dozen things I still want to say -- about the rhyming pairs of characters , the echoing situations , the varied takes on honesty , loneliness , beauty and poverty , the transformation of emotions into physical ailments . Instead , I 'll just add this : Send Hosseini up the bestseller list again . '' -- Marcela Valdes of The Washington Post Three million copies of And the Mountains Echoed were sold within five months of its publication . In general , the novel was received well , with Los Angeles Times critic Wendy Smith finding it `` painfully sad but also radiant with love '' . Fran Hawthorne of The National described the book as `` masterful storytelling '' and a `` haunting portrayal of war - ravaged Afghanistan and insight into the life of Afghan expatriates '' . Susan Balee from Philly.com wrote that it `` ( captures ) at the personal level the history of his war - torn homeland : Fierce loyalties alternate with bloody betrayals '' . The Guardian 's Philip Hensher gave a more mediocre review and said , `` I enjoyed this novel in a very undemanding sort of way . The shifts of viewpoint would be ambitious if the novel had any interest in varieties of psychology . But it serves its purpose in providing amusement for two and a half hours ; a day after finishing it , I had forgotten everything about it . '' Reviewers agreed that Hosseini 's succeeded in making his characters complex . Alexander Linklater from The Guardian wrote , `` From the moment the realisation dawns that Saboor is going to give Pari to the wife of a wealthy man in Kabul , Hosseini saturates the various layers and characters of his novel with a yearning for the moment that brother and sister will reunite . '' Soniah Kamal of Atlanta Arts was particularly favorable towards Amra , the Bosnian aid worker who cares for and adopts Roshi , as she `` stuns with her hope in humanity no matter what callousness she has witnessed '' . USA Today critic Kevin Nance found the story of Abdullah and Pari `` devastating '' but thought the large cast of characters , `` including some introduced fairly late in the proceedings , when the reader just wants to return to the core cast '' , was excessive . The structure of the book drew mixed reactions , with Toronto Star 's Kim Hughs describing it as `` the novel 's most defining feature and its most exasperating conceit '' . She believed that Pari was meant to be the protagonist of the story but that the shifting focus on the numerous other personalities left her `` barely ( squeaking ) through the clutter '' . The Independent 's Arifa Akbar stated , `` The changing points of view and leaps in time can confuse and confine , leaving characters clearly defined but lacking depth . Decades gallop by and it is as if the story of these interconnected , cross - generational lives will simply go on echoing the original crime of Abdullah and Pari 's separation . '' Michiko Kakutani from The New York Times thought the novella - like storytelling was handled well and wrote , `` Khaled Hosseini 's new novel , And the Mountains Echoed , may have the most awkward title in his body of work , but it 's his most assured and emotionally gripping story yet , more fluent and ambitious than The Kite Runner ( 2003 ) , more narratively complex than A Thousand Splendid Suns ( 2007 ) . '' Kamal agreed , saying that the structure was `` exquisitely crafted '' . Scoop Empire 's Sherine El Banhawy added that the focus on multiple characters allowed to readers to gain a better understanding of the diversities of Afghan culture . See also ( edit ) A Fort of Nine Towers A Thousand Splendid Suns The Kite Runner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medley , Mark ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Relative unease : Khaled Hosseini discusses And The Mountains Echoed '' . National Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Italie , Hillel ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini on his new novel `` And the Mountains Echoed '' `` . Denver Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' And the Mountains Echoed ' is a local best - seller '' . The Seattle Times . July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khaled Hosseini condemns Western ' fortress mentality ' '' . Dawn.com . October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jain , Saudamini ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini and his new book And The Mountains Echoed '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siblings ' Separation Haunts In ' Kite Runner ' Author 's Latest '' . NPR . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Merschel , Michael ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini struggled with ' And the Mountains Echoed ' '' . Dallas News . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin Wrenn , Jill ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini on parenthood and political asylum '' . CNN . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alter Mark , Lois ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini on And the Mountains Echoed '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Khaled Hosseini Book To Publish in May 2013 '' . Publishers Weekly . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` And the Mountains Echoed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase Khaled Hosseini 's new novel for just £ 14.99 '' . The Daily Telegraph . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Khaled Hosseini 's tour for AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED announced exclusively by Entertainment Weekly ! '' . Riverhead Books . February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zarkaria , Rafia ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Resurrecting Afghanistan : Khaled Hosseini 's ' And the Mountains Echoed ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Wendy ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini sets ' And the Mountains Echoed ' against Afghan history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoby , Hermione ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini : ' If I could go back now , I 'd take The Kite Runner apart ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Helen ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` And The Mountains Echoed , by Khaled Hosseini , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pera , Mariam ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini Discusses Unforeseen Consequences '' . American Libraries Magazine . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Al - Shawaf , Rayyan ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini examines generations connected by a Kabul villa in ' And the Mountains Echoed ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Siblings Haunted by the Past , and by Afghanistan 's Cycle of Misery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Marcela ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Book review : Khaled Hosseini 's ' And the Mountains Echoed ' is riveting and complex '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Fran ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Khaled Hosseini 's new novel captures the Afghan experience at home and abroad '' . The National . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Balee , Susan ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tales ' we 're not entitled to ' '' . Philly.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hensher , Philip ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linklater , Alexander ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kamal , Soniah ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Khaled Hosseini finds light amid darkness in masterful `` And the Mountains Echoed '' `` . Atlanta Arts . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nance , Kevin ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kim ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini : Review '' . The Star . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Akbar , Arifa ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed , By Khaled Hosseini ; A Fort of Nine Towers , By Qais Akbar Omar '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ El Banhawy , Sherine ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` And the Mountains Echoed '' . Scoop Empire . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_the_Mountains_Echoed&oldid=834216592 '' Categories : 2013 American novels Afghan literature Novels set in Afghanistan Riverhead Books books Sterilization in fiction Novels by Khaled Hosseini Hidden categories : Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español فارسی Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული മലയാളം Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Српски / srpski Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the theme of and the mountains echoed	[ "Hosseini stated his intentions to make the characters more complex and morally ambiguous. Continuing the familial theme established in his previous novels, The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, And the Mountains Echoed centers on the rapport between siblings. Besides Abdullah and Pari, Hosseini introduced two other sibling and sibling-like relationships—the children's stepmother Parwana and her disabled sister Masooma and an Afghan-American doctor named Idris and his cousin Timur.\n" ]	[ "the rapport between siblings" ]
-6465798888254419528	NBA draft lottery	NBA draft lottery - wikipedia NBA draft lottery Jump to : navigation , search The NBA Draft lottery is an annual event held by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , in which the teams who had missed the playoffs that previous year participate in a lottery process to determine the draft order in the NBA draft . The NBA Draft lottery started in 1985 . In the NBA draft , the teams obtain the rights to amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The lottery winner would get the first selection in the draft . The term `` lottery pick '' denotes a draft pick whose position is determined through the lottery , while the non-playoff teams involved in the process are often called `` lottery teams . '' Under the current rules , only the top three picks are decided by the lottery , and are chosen from the 14 teams that do not make the playoffs . The team with the worst record , or the team that holds the draft rights of the team with the worst record , has the best chance to obtain a higher draft pick . After the top three positions are selected ( from the lottery slotting system ) , the remainder of the first - round draft order is in inverse order of the win - loss record for the remaining teams , or the teams who originally held the lottery rights if they were traded . The lottery does not determine the draft order in the subsequent rounds of the draft . Beginning with the 2019 draft , the NBA will change the lottery odds ( the top three teams will all have an equal 14 % chance of winning the top pick ) and increase the number of teams selected in the lottery from three to four . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1985 : Territorial picks and coin flip 1.2 1985 -- 1989 : Early lottery system 1.3 1990 -- present : Weighted lottery system 2 Process 3 Lottery ceremony 4 Lottery winners 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Before 1985 : territorial picks and coin flip ( edit ) Further information : NBA territorial pick In the earlier drafts , the teams would draft in reverse order of their win - loss record . However , a special territorial - pick rule allowed a team to draft a player from its local area . If a team decided to use its territorial pick , it forfeited its first - round pick in the draft . The territorial pick rules remained until the NBA revamped the draft system in 1966 . In 1966 , the NBA introduced a coin flip between the worst teams in each division to determine who would obtain the first overall draft pick . The team who lost the coin flip would get the second pick , while the rest of the first - round picks were determined in reverse order of the win - loss record . In this system , the second - worst team would never have a chance to obtain the first pick if it was in the same division as the worst team . The coin flip meant that both teams had an equal chance to draft first . The coin - flip system remained in operation until 1984 . 1985 -- 1989 : early lottery system ( edit ) After the 1984 coin flip , which was won by the Houston Rockets , the NBA introduced the lottery system to counter the accusations that the Rockets and several other teams were deliberately losing their regular season games in order to secure the worst record and consequently the chance to obtain the first pick . The lottery system involved a random drawing of an envelope from a hopper . Inside each of the envelopes was the name of a non-playoff team . The team whose envelope was drawn first would get the first pick . The process was then repeated until the rest of the lottery picks were determined . In this system , each non-playoff team had an equal chance to obtain the first pick . The rest of the first - round picks were determined in reverse order of the win - loss record . Starting from 1987 , the NBA modified the lottery system so that only the first three picks were determined by the lottery . After the three envelopes were drawn , the remaining non-playoff teams would select in reverse order of their win - loss record . This meant that the team with the worst record could receive no worse than the fourth selection , and the second - worst team could pick no lower than fifth , and so on . The New York Knicks were the first winner of the lottery in 1985 . They selected Georgetown University standout Patrick Ewing with their first overall pick . However , speculation arose that the NBA had rigged the lottery so that the Knicks would be assured to get the first pick . Even though the envelope system was highly criticized , it was used until 1989 before being replaced by the weighted lottery system in 1990 . 1990 -- present : weighted lottery system ( edit ) In 1990 , the NBA changed the format of the lottery to give the team with the worst record the best chance of landing the first pick . The worst non-playoff team that season would have 11 chances , out of 66 , to obtain the first pick . The second worst would have 10 chances , and so on . Similarly to the previous system , the weighted lottery system was also used only to determine the first three picks , while the rest of the teams selected in reverse order of their win - loss records . Despite the weighted odds , the Orlando Magic managed to win the lottery in 1993 with only one chance to obtain the first pick as it was the best non-playoff team in the previous season . In October of 1993 , the NBA modified the lottery system to give the team with the worst record a higher chance to win the draft lottery and to decrease the better teams ' chances to win . The new system increased the chances of the worst team obtaining the first pick in the draft from 16.7 percent to 25 percent , while decreasing the chances of the best non-playoff team from 1.5 percent to 0.5 percent . In the new system , 14 numbered table tennis balls were used . Then , a four - number combination from the 14 balls were drawn to determine the lottery winner . Prior to the draft , the NBA assigns 1,000 possible combinations to the non-playoff teams . The process was then repeated to determine the second and third pick . The table below shows the lottery chances and the probabilities for each team to win the first pick in the weighted lottery system in 1993 and 1994 draft . In 2016 , Dikembe Mutombo made people question the draft 's legitimacy when he prematurely tweeted a congratulatory message to the Philadelphia 76ers for receiving the first pick hours before the lottery was conducted . Philadelphia did indeed win the first overall pick . Further questions were raised a bit when the NBA Draft revealed that every spot remained exactly the same as it was before the event took place , which was the first occurrence in draft lottery history . A year later , Lakers executive Magic Johnson raised even further questions about the draft process with him assuring head coach Luke Walton that the Lakers would acquire a top 3 pick for the 2017 NBA draft after an interview Walton had on May 4 , 2017 , twelve days before the draft lottery commenced and moved up to the second pick . As a result of the way teams like the Philadelphia 76ers were manipulating draft odds in their favor by losing games on purpose , starting September 28 , 2017 with the end of the 2018 NBA Draft , the NBA would implement a new system discouraging teams from going through Philadelphia 's route in the mid-2010's by not only giving the worst three teams equal odds at the # 1 pick , but also increasing their odds at going down within the draft with four teams being selected instead of the usual three . 1993 draft lottery 1994 draft lottery Team 1992 -- 1993 record Chances ( out of 66 ) Probability Team 1993 -- 1994 record Chances ( out of 1000 ) Probability Dallas 11 -- 71 11 16.67 % Dallas 13 -- 69 250 25.00 % Minnesota 19 -- 63 10 15.15 % Detroit 20 -- 62 164 16.40 % Washington 22 -- 60 9 13.64 % Minnesota 20 -- 62 164 16.40 % Sacramento 25 -- 57 8 12.12 % Milwaukee 20 -- 62 163 16.30 % 5 Philadelphia 26 -- 56 7 10.61 % Washington 24 -- 58 94 9.40 % 6 Milwaukee 28 -- 54 6 9.09 % Philadelphia 25 -- 57 66 6.60 % 7 Golden State 34 -- 48 5 7.58 % L.A. Clippers 27 -- 55 44 4.40 % 8 Denver 36 -- 46 6.06 % Sacramento 28 -- 54 27 2.70 % 9 Miami 36 -- 46 4.55 % Boston 32 -- 50 15 1.50 % 10 Detroit 40 -- 42 3.03 % L.A. Lakers 33 -- 49 8 0.80 % 11 Orlando 41 -- 41 1.52 % Charlotte 41 -- 41 5 0.50 % In 1995 , the NBA had an agreement with the two expansion franchises , the Toronto Raptors and the Vancouver Grizzlies that neither team would be eligible to obtain the first overall pick in the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 drafts . The Raptors won the 1996 lottery but were forced to settle for the second pick . Another combination was drawn and resulted in the Philadelphia 76ers getting the first pick . Two years later , the Grizzlies won the lottery and likewise had to pick second in the draft , while the L.A. Clippers obtained the first pick . Process ( edit ) The lottery is normally held during either the third or fourth week of May . To determine the winner , fourteen ping pong balls numbered 1 -- 14 are placed in a standard lottery machine and four balls are randomly selected from the lot . Just as in most traditional lotteries , the order in which the numbers are drawn is not important . That is , 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 is considered to be the same as 4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1 . There are a total of 1,001 combinations ( or 14 ! / ( 10 ! x 4 ! ) ) . Of these combinations , one outcome is disregarded and the remaining outcomes are distributed among the 14 non-playoff NBA teams . The combination 11 -- 12 -- 13 -- 14 ( in any order that those numbers are drawn ) is not assigned and is ignored if drawn ; this has never occurred in practice . In the event a lottery pick is traded to another team , the record of the original team ( whose pick it was before the trade ) still determines eligibility for the lottery , and assignment of chances . Since 2005 , with 30 NBA teams , 16 qualify for the playoffs and the remaining 14 teams enter in the draft lottery . These 14 teams are ranked in reverse order of their regular season record and are assigned the following number of chances 250 combinations , 25.0 % chance of receiving the No. 1 pick 199 combinations , 19.9 % chance 156 combinations , 15.6 % chance 119 combinations , 11.9 % chance 88 combinations , 8.8 % chance 63 combinations , 6.3 % chance 43 combinations , 4.3 % chance 28 combinations , 2.8 % chance 17 combinations , 1.7 % chance 11 combinations , 1.1 % chance 8 combinations , 0.8 % chance 7 combinations , 0.7 % chance 6 combinations , 0.6 % chance 5 combinations , 0.5 % chance The following table lists the odds for each seed to get specific picks if there were no ties ( rounded to three decimal places ) . Seed Chances 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 357 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 123 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 156 . 156 . 157 . 156 . 226 . 265 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 119 . 119 . 126 . 133 . 099 . 351 . 160 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 88 . 088 . 097 . 107 -- . 261 . 360 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 63 . 063 . 071 . 081 -- -- . 439 . 305 . 040 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- 7 43 . 043 . 049 . 058 -- -- -- . 599 . 232 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- 8 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 724 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- 9 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- 10 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- 11 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 907 . 063 . 001 . 000 12 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 13 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 14 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 Beginning with the 2019 draft , the NBA will change the lottery odds as follows 140 combinations , 14.0 % chance of receiving the No. 1 pick 140 combinations , 14.0 % chance 140 combinations , 14.0 % chance 125 combinations , 12.5 % chance 105 combinations , 10.5 % chance 90 combinations , 9.0 % chance 75 combinations , 7.5 % chance 60 combinations , 6.0 % chance 45 combinations , 4.5 % chance 30 combinations , 3.0 % chance 20 combinations , 2.0 % chance 15 combinations , 1.5 % chance 10 combinations , 1.0 % chance 5 combinations , 0.5 % chance The following table lists the odds for each seed to get specific picks , beginning with the 2019 draft , if there were no ties ( rounded to three decimal places ) . Seed Chances 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 140 . 140 . 134 . 127 . 120 . 479 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 . 140 . 134 . 127 . 120 . 278 . 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 . 140 . 134 . 127 . 120 . 148 . 260 . 070 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 125 . 125 . 122 . 119 . 115 . 072 . 257 . 167 . 022 -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 105 . 105 . 105 . 106 . 105 . 022 . 196 . 267 . 087 . 006 -- -- -- -- -- 6 90 . 090 . 092 . 094 . 096 -- . 086 . 298 . 206 . 037 . 001 -- -- -- -- 7 75 . 075 . 078 . 081 . 085 -- -- . 197 . 341 . 129 . 013 . 000 -- -- -- 8 60 . 060 . 063 . 067 . 072 -- -- -- . 345 . 321 . 067 . 004 . 000 -- -- 9 45 . 045 . 048 . 052 . 057 -- -- -- -- . 507 . 259 . 030 . 001 . 000 -- 10 30 . 030 . 033 . 036 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- . 659 . 190 . 012 . 004 . 000 11 20 . 020 . 022 . 024 . 028 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 776 . 126 . 004 . 000 12 15 . 015 . 017 . 019 . 021 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 861 . 067 . 001 13 10 . 010 . 011 . 012 . 014 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 929 . 023 14 5 . 005 . 006 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 976 In the event that teams finish with the same record , each tied team receives the average of the total number of combinations for the positions that they occupy . In 2007 , the Minnesota Timberwolves and the Portland Trail Blazers tied for the sixth worst record . The average of the 6th and 7th positions in the lottery was taken , resulting in each team getting 53 combinations ( the average of 63 and 43 ) . Should the average number not be an integer , a coin flip is then used to determine which team or teams receive the extra combination . The result of the coin flip is also used to determine who receives the earlier pick in the event that neither of the tied teams wins one of the first three picks via the lottery . The lottery is conducted with witnesses ( from the accounting firm Ernst & Young ) verifying that all fourteen balls are represented once as they are placed in the lottery machine . The balls are placed in the machine for 20 seconds to randomize before the first ball is drawn . The remaining three balls are drawn at 10 - second intervals . NBA officials determine which team holds the winning combination and that franchise is awarded the # 1 overall draft pick . The four balls are returned to the machine and the process is repeated to determine the second and third picks . In the event that a combination belongs to a team that has already won its pick ( or if the one unassigned combination comes up ) , the round is repeated until a unique winner is determined . When the first three teams have been determined , the remaining picks are given out based on regular season record with the worst teams getting the highest picks . This assures each team that it can drop no more than three spots from its projected draft position . In a case where a lottery team trades its pick to a playoff team , the playoff team assumes the lottery team 's position in all draft lottery situations , unless provisioned by the conditions of the trade . In 2014 , the NBA Board of Governors voted on a proposed reform to the lottery . If the proposed changes passed , the four worst teams in the league would have been given identical odds ( around 11 percent ) at winning the top pick . The fifth team would have a 10 percent chance and the odds would decrease for each team picking after . The proposed changes would take away the advantage of having the worst record in the league ( currently the worst team is given a 25 % chance at the pick ) , and would work to keep teams competitive throughout the entire season . The final vote was 17 - 13 in favor of the reform , but that was short of the required 23 votes needed to push the change through . Lottery ceremony ( edit ) See also : National Basketball Association criticisms and controversies The drawing of the ping - pong balls is conducted in private , though observed by independent auditors and representatives from each team . The results are subsequently presented in a short ceremony ( typically broadcast prior to or during halftime of an NBA playoff game ) , in which the order of the lottery is announced in reverse order , from the fourteenth selection to the first . Representatives from each NBA franchise with a lottery pick are present at the lottery ceremony . The decision of not showing the ping - pong balls live has fueled speculation that the NBA will occasionally fix the draft lottery if it can benefit the league . The speculation originated with the 1985 draft lottery that sent Patrick Ewing to New York , with the theory being that the NBA wanted to send the best player in the draft to New York to increase ratings in a large television market . At that time , the NBA used 7 envelopes in a tumbler representing the seven teams with the worst record . Some have speculated that the envelope containing the Knicks logo was refrigerated beforehand , enabling David Stern to recognize and select it . Another conspiracy theory suggests that one of the seven envelopes was thrown into the tumbler , causing one of the corners to fold . After the envelopes were mixed , Stern took a deep breath before reaching into the tumbler and picking the envelope with the folded corner . No one has ever explained why all the other teams would go along with the fix . Afterward , the Draft Lottery Format was changed to the current ping - pong ball lottery in a private room with team representatives . However , despite the lack of any evidence , conspiracy theories still persist regarding the annual outcome of the lottery . Lottery winners ( edit ) Visual representation of the following table . The largest upset in the lottery occurred in 1993 when the Magic won the lottery with just a 1.5 % chance to win . The second largest upsets occurred in 2008 and 2014 when the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers both won their respective lotteries with just a 1.7 % chance . In 1999 , the Charlotte Hornets also overcame long odds in the draft lottery when they won the third pick despite having the best record among all non-playoff teams . The Hornets only had a 1.83 % chance of winning a top - three pick . Since the lottery was introduced in 1985 , only 18 of 30 NBA teams have won the lottery . The Los Angeles Clippers have won five lotteries , although two of them were conveyed to other teams in trades prior to the lottery . The Orlando Magic and Cleveland Cavaliers are second with three lottery wins each . Since the weighted lottery system was introduced in 1990 , only four teams with the worst record went on to win the lottery while only four teams with the second - worst record have won the lottery . Year Team Previous season record Lottery chances Probability Player selected 1985 New York Knicks 24 -- 58 ( 3rd - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing 1986 Los Angeles Clippers ( conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers via Philadelphia 76ers ) 32 -- 50 ( 7th - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Daugherty , Brad Brad Daugherty San Antonio Spurs 28 -- 54 ( 4th - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Robinson , David David Robinson 1988 Los Angeles Clippers 17 -- 65 ( Worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Manning , Danny Danny Manning 1989 Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 ( 6th - worst ) -- 7001111100000000000 ♠ 11.11 % Ellison , Pervis Pervis Ellison 1990 New Jersey Nets 17 -- 65 ( Worst ) 11 ( out of 66 ) 7001166700000000000 ♠ 16.67 % Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 1991 Charlotte Hornets 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 7 ( out of 66 ) 7001106100000000000 ♠ 10.61 % Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson 1992 Orlando Magic 21 -- 61 ( 2nd - worst ) 10 ( out of 66 ) 7001151500000000000 ♠ 15.15 % O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal 1993 Orlando Magic 41 -- 41 ( 11th - worst ) 1 ( out of 66 ) 7000152000000000000 ♠ 1.52 % Webber , Chris Chris Webber 1994 Milwaukee Bucks 20 -- 62 ( 2nd - worst ) 163 ( out of 1000 ) 7001163000000000000 ♠ 16.30 % Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson 1995 Golden State Warriors 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 94 ( out of 1000 ) 7000940000000000000 ♠ 9.40 % Smith , Joe Joe Smith Philadelphia 76ers 18 -- 64 ( 2nd - worst ) 200 ( out of 593 ) 7001337309999999999 ♠ 33.73 % Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson 1997 San Antonio Spurs 20 -- 62 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 727 ) 7001216000000000000 ♠ 21.60 % Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 1998 Los Angeles Clippers 17 -- 65 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 696 ) 7001225600000000000 ♠ 22.56 % Olowokandi , Michael Michael Olowokandi 1999 Chicago Bulls 13 -- 37 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 1000 ) 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.70 % Brand , Elton Elton Brand 2000 New Jersey Nets 31 -- 51 ( 7th - worst ) 44 ( out of 1000 ) 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.40 % Martin , Kenyon Kenyon Martin 2001 Washington Wizards 19 -- 63 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 1000 ) 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.70 % Brown , Kwame Kwame Brown 2002 Houston Rockets 28 -- 54 ( 5th - worst ) 89 ( out of 1000 ) 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.90 % Yao Ming , Yao Ming 2003 Cleveland Cavaliers 17 -- 65 ( T - Worst ) 225 ( out of 1000 ) 7001225000000000000 ♠ 22.50 % James , LeBron LeBron James Orlando Magic 21 -- 61 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard 2005 Milwaukee Bucks 30 -- 52 ( 6th - worst ) 63 ( out of 1000 ) 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.30 % Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 2006 Toronto Raptors 27 -- 55 ( 5th - worst ) 88 ( out of 1000 ) 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8.80 % Bargnani , Andrea Andrea Bargnani 2007 Portland Trail Blazers 32 -- 50 ( 6th - worst ) 53 ( out of 1000 ) 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.30 % Oden , Greg Greg Oden 2008 Chicago Bulls 33 -- 49 ( 9th - worst ) 17 ( out of 1000 ) 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.70 % Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose 2009 Los Angeles Clippers 19 -- 63 ( 2nd - worst ) 177 ( out of 1000 ) 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.70 % Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin Washington Wizards 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 103 ( out of 1000 ) 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.30 % Wall , John John Wall 2011 Los Angeles Clippers ( conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers ) 32 -- 50 ( 8th - worst ) 28 ( out of 1000 ) 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.80 % Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 2012 New Orleans Hornets 21 -- 45 ( T - 3rd - worst ) 137 ( out of 1000 ) 7001137000000000000 ♠ 13.70 % Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis 2013 Cleveland Cavaliers 24 -- 58 ( 3rd - worst ) 156 ( out of 1000 ) 7001156000000000000 ♠ 15.60 % Bennett , Anthony Anthony Bennett 2014 Cleveland Cavaliers 33 -- 49 ( 9th - worst ) 17 ( out of 1000 ) 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.70 % Wiggins , Andrew Andrew Wiggins 2015 Minnesota Timberwolves 16 -- 66 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns 2016 Philadelphia 76ers 10 -- 72 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons 2017 Brooklyn Nets ( conveyed to the Philadelphia 76ers via the Boston Celtics ) 20 -- 62 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % , Markelle Fultz Markelle Fultz Notes ^ Jump up to : From 1985 to 1988 , each of the 7 non-playoff teams had an equal chance to win the lottery , i.e. 14.29 % . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia 76ers obtained Los Angeles Clippers ' first - round pick in a previous trade on October 6 , 1979 that sent Joe Bryant to the Clippers . On June 16 , 1986 , after the lottery and a day before the draft , the 76ers traded the first pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Roy Hinson . Jump up ^ In 1989 , each of the 9 non-playoff teams had an equal chance to win the lottery , i.e. 11.11 % . ^ Jump up to : The Toronto Raptors and the Vancouver Grizzlies were not eligible to win the lottery in 1996 , 1997 and 1998 due to their expansion agreement . Therefore , their lottery combinations for the first pick were excluded . Jump up ^ Due to the 1998 -- 99 NBA lockout , the season was shortened to 50 games per team . Jump up ^ The Los Angeles Clippers and the Washington Wizards had identical 19 -- 63 records for 2nd - worst record in the NBA . However , the Wizards won the tiebreaker and were awarded one extra lottery combination . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Cavaliers had two lottery picks , their own pick and the Los Angeles Clippers ' pick . The Cavaliers obtained the Clippers ' first - round pick from a previous trade on February 24 , 2011 that sent Mo Williams and Jamario Moon to the Clippers and Baron Davis to the Cavaliers . The Cavaliers , who had the second - worst record ( 19 -- 63 ) , had a combined total of 227 chances ( 22.7 % ) to win the lottery , which consists of 199 chances ( 19.9 % ) from their own pick and 28 chances ( 2.8 % ) from the Clippers ' pick . Jump up ^ Due to the 2011 NBA lockout , the season was shortened to 66 games per team . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) General `` Evolution of the Draft and Lottery '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . `` Year - by - Year Lottery Probabilities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Dengate , Jeff ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Let the Ping - Pong Balls Fall '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bondy , Filip ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Draft That Changed It All . Tanks to ' 84 , the lottery was born '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York : Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DuPree , David ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` 25 drafts , dozens of stars , one Michael '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Litke , Jim ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Tanking games ? If only NBA 's bad teams were that good '' . SportingNews.com . Sporting News . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League has used variety of methods to determine No. 1 pick '' . The Indianapolis Star . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Winning the Lottery is easy ; picking the right player is not '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Florke , Chad R. ; Ecker , Mark D. ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` NBA Draft Lottery Probabilities '' ( PDF ) . University of Northern Iowa . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/dikembe-mutombo-tweet-nba-draft-lottery-rigged-76ers-sixers-philadelphia-051716 Jump up ^ http://www.sbnation.com/2017/5/4/15543124/luke-walton-magic-johnson-draft-pick-lakers Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` ' New ' Charlotte Gets Fast Break '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York : Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers Get Pick Of The Litter '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . May 17 , 1998 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery Reform Vote Set to Pass ? '' . basketballinsiders.com . Jump up ^ Higin , Sean . `` Report : Board of Governors expected to pass draft lottery reform , Sixers and Thunder opposed '' . probasketballtalk.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery reform falls short of passing '' . ESPN . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin the big gift at lottery 's 25th anniversary '' . USA Today . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McManis , Sam ( May 14 , 1985 ) . `` NBA 's New Showtime : It 's Called the Lottery '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( May 16 , 2002 ) . `` NBA out to prove conspiracy theorists wrong '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX1kMlG8c7Y Jump up ^ Dengate , Jeff ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Let the Ping - Pong Balls Fall '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` The first lottery draft still rates the best '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . `` David Stern expects your draft conspiracy theories now '' . nbcsports.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Stern , Jim Rome battle on radio '' . ESPN . June 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Bulls Win NBA 's Draft Lottery , Eye Beasley , Rose With Top Pick '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Year - By - Year Lottery Probabilities '' . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Transactions '' . NBA.com/Clippers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ties broken for Draft 2009 order of selection '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Davis traded for Williams , Moon '' . ESPN . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers win draft lottery , will pick No. 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs win No. 1 pick ; Wolves 2nd '' . ESPN . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) NBA.com NBA.com : NBA Draft History The Hoops Report : NBA Draft Lottery ( hide ) NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_draft_lottery&oldid=802852151 '' Categories : National Basketball Association draft Recurring events established in 1985 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 21 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the lottery picks in nba draft	[ "The NBA Draft lottery is an annual event held by the National Basketball Association (NBA), in which the teams who had missed the playoffs that previous year participate in a lottery process to determine the draft order in the NBA draft. The NBA Draft lottery started in 1985. In the NBA draft, the teams obtain the rights to amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery winner would get the first selection in the draft. The term \"lottery pick\" denotes a draft pick whose position is determined through the lottery, while the non-playoff teams involved in the process are often called \"lottery teams.\"" ]	[ "a draft pick whose position is determined through the lottery" ]
8557573788651666871	Legal drinking age	Legal drinking age - wikipedia Legal drinking age Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age is 25 Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 15 No regulation / no age set The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume or purchase alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks . Some Islamic nations prohibit Muslims , or both Muslims and non-Muslims , from drinking alcohol at any age . In other countries , it is not illegal for minors to drink alcohol , but the alcohol can be seized without compensation . In some cases , it is illegal to sell or give alcohol to minors . The following list indicates the age of the person for whom it is legal to consume and purchase alcohol . Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages , however some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg , Nicaragua , Serbia and Zimbabwe have the lowest set drinking ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , Gambia with a age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . And in Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production ond consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Algeria None Angola None There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . Luanda Province : 18 Legislation in Luanda Province : It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Botswana None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume or possess alcoholic beverages . Burundi None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . Cameroon 21 / 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults fromn the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . Cape Verde None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Central African Republic None Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ethiopia None 15 It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' Gabon None Gambia None 17 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Lesotho 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . Liberia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Libya Illegal Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of acloholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . Malawi None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Mauritius None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Morocco None Mozambique 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo None 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal 18 Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania None 18 Togo None Tunisia None Uganda None 18 16 It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides a exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . Western Sahara None Zambia 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . Zimbabwe None 16 It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . Americas ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided the buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal pruchase and drinking age of 20 years . Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . Antigua and Barbuda None 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . Barbados None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . Bolivia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $ 3.000 to R $ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada Alberta Manitoba Quebec 18 In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut 19 Cayman Islands 18 It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia None 18 The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Costa Rica None 18 The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Cuba None 16 The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that defacto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . Dominican Republic None 18 Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . El Salvador None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . Falkland Islands 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . Grenada 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guyana 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal It is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence . Haiti None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Nicaragua None 14 18 The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of acloholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . Panama None 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru None 18 Puerto Rico 18 Trinidad and Tobago None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . Turks and Caicos Islands None 18 It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Venezuela None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Asia ( edit ) Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China 18 Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq 18 Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar 19 Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) . Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam None 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming aclohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , although the 1980 passed `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a contonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out Austria Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna 16 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg 16 18 Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . Belarus None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . Belgium None 16 18 Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . Bulgaria None 18 By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . Croatia None 18 It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . Cyprus None 17 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 18 While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . Estonia 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . Finland 18 20 18 All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 18 By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Germany 14 16 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to 50.000 € . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 18 16 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . Ireland None 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . Liechtenstein 16 18 Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 20 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 on January 1 , 2018 . Luxembourg None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Montenegro 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , although giving it away in private is not . Norway None 18 20 Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking on streets , town squares , and in parks is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . Serbia None 16 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None 18 18 20 , See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18 , commonly 20 or 23 . It is legal to drink below 18 , but it is illegal to sell , lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them , apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation '' . It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland Switzerland ( federal law ) None ( See notes ) 16 18 Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . Ticino 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom England Wales 18 16 5 None Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Scotland 18 16 None Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Northern Ireland 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . United Kingdom Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 18 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are commiting a offence . The law provides a exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . Papua New Guinea 18 It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . Samoa 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Solomon Islands None 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Tokelau 18 Tonga 18 Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . Vanuatu 18 It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , beeing found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies ^ Jump up to : `` PROTECTION FROM DRUG ABUSE / MINIMUM AGE FOR SALE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS : INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL LAWS '' ( PDF ) . The African Child Policy Forum . 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Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sanções duras para infractores do novo regulamento '' . Domingo . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liquor Act 6 of 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Legal Assistance Centre . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LOI N ° 4 - 2010 DU 14 JUIN 2010 Article 123 '' ( PDF ) . UNICEF . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N ° 3097 / MINT / DAGAT / DEL / DB '' ( PDF ) . REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL MINISTRE DE L'INTERIEUR . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol - Somalia '' ( PDF ) . WHO . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of Trade & Industry ( 26 April 2004 ) . `` The National Liquor Act , 59 of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Government Gazette. 446 ( 26294 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Country Specific Information '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Law of the Child Act 2009 - Section 17 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Од март алкохол ќе се продава и по 19 часот '' . inovativnost.mk . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Drinking Age in Malta - Buying Alcohol from Bars - Malta Blog '' . Malta.cc. 2009 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` LEGE Nr. 1100 din 30.06. 2000 cu privire la fabricarea şi circulaţia alcoolului etilic şi a producţiei alcoolice - Art . 30 '' . lex.justice.md. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Art. 30 lit. j ) în redacţia LP22 din 01.03. 12 , MO92 / 15.05. 12 art. 290 ) Jump up ^ `` Proposition to Odelstinget rejecting the idea of holding minors criminally responsible for the purchase or consumption of alcohol '' . Regjeringen.no . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Alkoholloven § 8 - 13 '' . Jump up ^ `` Police : It 's okay to drink in public parks '' . Aftenposten. 2009 - 07 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` USTAWA z dnia 26 października 1982 r . o wychowaniu w trzeźwości i przeciwdziałaniu alkoholizmowi . ( tekst jednolity : Dz . U. 2002 r . Nr 147 poz. 1231 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1 de Julho : nova legislação sobre o álcool ea vacina Prevenar em vigor '' . Público ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legea nr. 61 / 1991 ( Actualizata 2008 ) , pentru sanctionarea faptelor de incalcare a unor norme de convietuire sociala , a ordinii si linistii publice '' ( in Romanian ) . June 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Федеральный закон о государственном регулировании производства и оборота этилового спирта , алкогольной и спиртосодержащей продукции ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Закон о јавном реду и миру , члан 21 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Zákon č. 219 / 1996 Z. z . o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Zákon o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Asturias raises legal drinking age from 16 to 18 '' . ThinkSpain. 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Systembolaget - Rules on selling '' . Systembolaget.se . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Alkohollag ( 1994 : 1738 ) '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 817.02 Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung Art . 11 '' . admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 680 Bundesgesetz über die gebrannten Wasser Art . 41 IV . 1 . i . '' admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21 . Dezember 1937 ( Stand am 1 . Januar 2015 ) - Art . 411 '' ( PDF ) . admin.ch ( in German ) . Swiss Federal Council . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 680 Bundesgesetz vom 21 . Juni 1932 über die gebrannten Wasser ( Alkoholgesetz ) - Art . 57 '' . admin.ch ( in German ) . Swiss Federal Council . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jugendschutz '' . bag.admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Licensing Act 2003 section 150 '' . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Children and Young Persons Act 1933 '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bringing goods into the UK - 3 . Arrivals from outside the EU '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and young people - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBPA Home - Industry Briefings - Challenge 21 '' . Jump up ^ `` ALCOHOL REFORM ISSUES PAPER '' ( PDF ) . samoalawreform.gov.ws . Samoa Law Reform Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and young people '' . Victorian State Government , Department of Health , Australia . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Offence for supplying alcohol to minors '' . Department of Health Victoria . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` State lowers legal drink age - Fiji Times Online '' . Fijitimes.com. 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Drinking Age On Guam Is Now 21 , Pacific News Center , July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Youth Drinking in Micronesia , Francis X . Hezel , S.J. , Micronesian Counselor # 06 ( March , 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Young people and alcohol '' . communitylaw.org.nz . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Interpretation -- Sale of Liquor Act 1989 No 63 ( as at 01 July 2011 ) , Public Act -- New Zealand Legislation Online '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The law about supply to young people '' . Alcohol.org.nz . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.B. No. 19 - 141 HDI SSI '' ( PDF ) . cnmilaw.org . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Act - § 1068 . Sale or distribution to minors ; purchase , possession , or consumption by minors '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Act 1985 - Section 103 '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liquor Act 2011 - Section 14 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Samoa . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 72 of the Liquor Act ( Ch. 144 ) '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crimes , Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003 , s50 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` INTOXICATING LIQUOR ACT - Section 65 '' ( PDF ) . The Kingdom of Tonga , Attorney General 's Office . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Licensing Act - Section 17 '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the legal drinking age in italy 2017	[ "\n\nCountry\nState/Region/Province\nDe jure\nNotes\n\nDrinking age\nPurchase age\n\n\n\n Albania\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Armenia\nNone[124]\n18[124]\nThere are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[124]\n\n\n Austria\n Burgenland\n Lower Austria\n Vienna\n16\n[125]\n\n\n Carinthia\n Upper Austria\n Salzburg\n Styria\n Tyrol\n Vorarlberg\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (distilled beverages)\nCarinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[125]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nNone[126]\n18[126]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[126]\n\n\n Belarus\nNone[127]\n18[127]\nThe law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[127]\n\n\n Belgium\nNone[128]\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits)[128]\nSince 10 January 2010, it is illegal to \"sell, serve, or offer\" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[128] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nNone[129]\n18[129]\nSelling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[129]\n\n\n Bulgaria\nNone[130]\n18[130]\nBy law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[130]\n\n\n Croatia\nNone[131]\n18[131]\nIt is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[131]\n\n\n Cyprus\nNone[132]\n17[132]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[132]\n\n\n Czech Republic\nNone\n18[133]\nIt is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[134] (punishable by fine or up to 1[135] or 2[136] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[137]\n\n\n Denmark\nNone\n16 (ABV)\n18 (≥16.5% ABV)\nWhile there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:\n\nIn order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.\nIn order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[138]\n\nBy tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[139] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[140] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[141]\nBoth the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Estonia\n18[142]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.\n\n\n Finland\n18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)\n20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)\n18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[143]\nAll major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[144] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[143][145]\nPolice may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[146]\nIn private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[143]\n\n\n\n France\nNone\n18\nFrance has no explicitly stated consumption age,[147] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[148] and can be fined 7500 euros.[147] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[149][150]\n\n\n Georgia\nNone[151]\n18[151]\nBy Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[151]\n\n\n Germany\n14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[152]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the \"Protection of Young Persons Act\" can be fined up to 50.000€.\nSee also: Alcohol laws in Germany\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nNone[153]\n18\n16(beer, wine and cider)[153]\nIt is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[153]\n\nThe alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or\nThe alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\nNone[154]\n18[154]\nIn 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[154]\n\n\n Hungary\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Iceland\nNone\n20[155]\nPossession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.\n\n\n Ireland\nNone (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[156]\n18[156]\nIt is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[157]\n\n\n Italy\nNone [158]\n18[159][158]\nIn 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[158] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).\n\n\n Kosovo\nNone[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Latvia\nNone[160]\n18[160]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[160]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n16 beer, wine and cider\n18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[161]\nWine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[161]\n\n\n Lithuania\n20[123]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 on January 1, 2018.[123]\n\n\n Luxembourg\nNone [162]\n16[162]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[162]\n\n\n Macedonia\n18[163]\nMust show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.\n\n\n Malta\n17[164]\nMust provide identification upon request.\n\n\n Moldova\nNone[165]\n18[165]\nIt is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[166][165]\n\n\n Montenegro\n18[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Netherlands\n18\nThe legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]\n\n\n Norway\nNone[167]\n18 (\n20 (≥22% ABV)[42]\nSelling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.\nAlcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[168]\nAlcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[169]\n\n\n\n Poland\nNone[170]\n18[170]\nArticle 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[171] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.\n\n\n Portugal\nNone[172]\n18[172]\n\n\n\n Romania\nNone\n18[173]\nAccording to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.\n\n\n Russia\nNone\n18[174]\nThere is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.\n\n\n Serbia\nNone\n16[175]\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n18[176]\n\n\n\n Slovenia\nNone\n18[177]\nThere is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.\n\n\n Spain\n18\nAsturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[178]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nNone\n\n\nNone (less than 2.25% ABV)\n18 (bars and restaurants)\n18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)\n20 (Systembolaget shops)[179],\n\n\nSee also: Alcohol in Sweden\nMany clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private \"in moderation\". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[180] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.\n\n\n Switzerland\n Switzerland (federal law)\nNone\n(See notes)\n16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[181]\n18 (spirits) [182]\nWhoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[183] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[184]\n\n\n Ticino\n18\nThe canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[185]\n\n\n Turkey\n18[42]\n\nSee also: Alcohol laws of Turkey\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n18[42]\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\n England\n Wales\n18[186]\n16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[186]\n5 (private)[187]\nNone (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[187]\nLegislation in England and Wales:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[186]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[186]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nIt is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[187]\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [188]\n\n\n\n\n Scotland\n18\n16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[189]\nNone (private)\nLegislation in Scotland:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[190]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[190]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [188]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland\n18\nLegislation in Northern Ireland:\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\nChallenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the United Kingdom)\nUnder the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[191] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.\n\n" ]	[ "None" ]
5367234912284473211	Cardiac marker	Cardiac marker - wikipedia Cardiac marker Jump to : navigation , search Cardiac marker Medical diagnostics LOINC 58260 - 1 ( edit on Wikidata ) Cardiac markers are biomarkers measured to evaluate heart function . They are often discussed in the context of myocardial infarction , but other conditions can lead to an elevation in cardiac marker level . Most of the early markers identified were enzymes , and as a result , the term `` cardiac enzymes '' is sometimes used . However , not all of the markers currently used are enzymes . For example , in formal usage , troponin would not be listed as a cardiac enzyme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications of measurement 2 Types 2.1 suPAR 3 Limitations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Applications of measurement ( edit ) Measuring cardiac biomarkers can be a step toward making a diagnosis for a condition . Whereas cardiac imaging often confirms a diagnosis , simpler and less expensive cardiac biomarker measurements can advise a physician whether more complicated or invasive procedures are warranted . In many cases medical societies advise doctors to make biomarker measurements an initial testing strategy especially for patients at low risk of cardiac death . Many acute cardiac marker IVD products are targeted at nontraditional markets , e.g. , the hospital ER instead of traditional hospital or clinical laboratory environments . Competition in the development of cardiac marker diagnostic products and their expansion into new markets is intense . Recently , the intentional destruction of myocardium by alcohol septal ablation has led to the identification of additional potential markers . Types ( edit ) Types of cardiac markers include the following : Test Sensitivity and specificity Approximate peak Description Troponin test The most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage . Because it has increased specificity compared with CK - MB , troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury . 12 hours Troponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes . Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments . Isoforms of the protein , T and I , are specific to myocardium . Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction , severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload , heart failure , myocarditis . Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day . After myocyte injury , troponin is released in 2 -- 4 hours and persists for up to 7 days . Creatine Kinase ( CK - MB ) test It is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present . 10 -- 24 hours The CK - MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle . It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria . Since it has a short duration , it can not be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again . This is usually back to normal within 2 -- 3 days . Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) LDH is not as specific as troponin . 72 hours Lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate . LDH - 1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH - 2 is found predominantly in blood serum . A high LDH - 1 level to LDH - 2 suggest MI . LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis . It can mean cancer , meningitis , encephalitis , or HIV . This is usually back to normal 10 -- 14 days . Aspartate transaminase ( AST ) This was the first used . It is not specific for heart damage , and it is also one of the liver function tests . Myoglobin ( Mb ) low specificity for myocardial infarction 2 hours Myoglobin is used less than the other markers . Myoglobin is the primary oxygen - carrying pigment of muscle tissue . It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity . It has the advantage of responding very rapidly , rising and falling earlier than CK - MB or troponin . It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis . Ischemia - modified albumin ( IMA ) low specificity IMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding ( ACB ) test , a limited available FDA approved assay . Myocardial ischemia alters the N - terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin . IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours . ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam . Additional studies are required . Pro-brain natriuretic peptide This is increased in patients with heart failure . It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure . Pt with < 80 have a much higher rate of symptom - free survival within a year . Generally , pt with CHF will have > 100 . Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB 0.854 and 0.767 7 hours Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB ( abbreviation : GPBB ) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase . This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac ( heart ) and brain tissue . Because of the blood -- brain barrier , GP - BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle . GP - BB is one of the `` new cardiac markers '' which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome . During the process of ischemia , GP - BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood . A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina . GP - BB is elevated 1 -- 3 hours after process of ischemia . SuPAR ( edit ) suPAR , soluble urokinase - type plasminogen activator receptor , ( NCBI Accession no . AAK31795 ) is the soluble form of uPAR . uPAR is a membrane bound receptor for uPA , otherwise known as urokinase . suPAR results from the cleavage and release of membrane - bound uPAR . suPAR concentration positively correlates to the activation level of the immune system and is present in plasma , urine , blood , serum , and cerebrospinal fluid . suPAR is a biomarker for activation of the inflammatory and immune systems . suPAR levels are positively correlated with pro-inflammatory biomarkers , such as tumor necrosis factor - α , leukocyte counts , and C - reactive protein . Elevated levels of suPAR are associated with increased risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS ) , cancer , Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes , infectious diseases , HIV , and mortality . suPARnostic is a prognostic test used to detect suPAR levels in blood plasma . Limitations ( edit ) Reference ranges for blood tests , measured in units , including several cardiac markers . Depending on the marker , it can take between 2 and 24 hours for the level to increase in the blood . Additionally , determining the levels of cardiac markers in the laboratory - like many other lab measurements - takes substantial time . Cardiac markers are therefore not useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction in the acute phase . The clinical presentation and results from an ECG are more appropriate in the acute situation . However , in 2010 , research at the Baylor College of Medicine revealed that , using diagnostic nanochips and a swab of the cheek , cardiac biomarker readings from saliva can , with the ECG readings , determine within minutes whether someone is likely to have had a heart attack . Comparison of cardiac markers over time Comparison of cardiac marker in the first hours after chestpain onset and the relative concentration . Comparison of cardiac marker in the first hours after chestpain onset and the multiples of the cutoff . Kinetics of cardiac markers in myocardial infarction with or without reperfusion treatment . See also ( edit ) Myocardial markers in myocardial infarction Reference ranges for blood tests # Cardiac tests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rao SP , Miller S , Rosenbaum R , Lakier JB ( August 1999 ) . `` Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies , ablations , and defibrillator implantations '' . Am. J. Cardiol. 84 ( 4 ) : 470 , A9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9149 ( 99 ) 00337 - 9 . PMID 10468091 . Jump up ^ American Society of Nuclear Cardiology , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' ( PDF ) , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Society of Nuclear Cardiology , retrieved August 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hendel , R.C. ; Berman , D.S. ; Di Carli , M.F. ; Heidenreich , P.A. ; Henkin , R.E. ; Pellikka , P.A. ; Pohost , G.M. ; Williams , K.A. ; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force ; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology ; American College Of , R. ; American Heart , A. ; American Society of Echocardiology ; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography ; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance ; Society Of Nuclear , M. ( 2009 ) . `` ACCF / ASNC / ACR / AHA / ASE / SCCT / SCMR / SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 53 ( 23 ) : 2201 -- 2229 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jacc. 2009.02. 013 . PMID 19497454 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiac Marker Diagnostic Testing Markets '' . TriMark Publications , LLC . November 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis GD ; Wei R ; Liu E ; et al. ( October 2008 ) . `` Metabolite profiling of blood from individuals undergoing planned myocardial infarction reveals early markers of myocardial injury '' . J. Clin. Invest . 118 ( 10 ) : 3503 -- 12 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI35111 . PMC 2525696 . PMID 18769631 . Jump up ^ NISSEN NI , RANLOV P , WEIS - FOGH J ( July 1965 ) . `` EVALUATION OF FOUR DIFFERENT SERUM ENZYMES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION '' . Br Heart J. 27 ( 4 ) : 520 -- 6 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 27.4. 520 . PMC 503341 . PMID 14324110 . Jump up ^ `` Use of Cardiac Markers in the Emergency Department : - eMedicine '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christenson RH ; Ohman EM ; Topol EJ ; et al. ( September 1997 ) . `` Assessment of coronary reperfusion after thrombolysis with a model combining myoglobin , creatine kinase - MB , and clinical variables . TAMI - 7 Study Group . Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction - 7 '' . Circulation. 96 ( 6 ) : 1776 -- 82 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 96.6. 1776 . PMID 9323061 . Jump up ^ Lippi , G. ; Mattiuzzi , C. ; Comelli , I. ; Cervellin , G. ( 2013 ) . `` Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction : a meta - analysis '' . Biochem Med ( Zagreb ) . 23 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.11613 / bm. 2013.010 . PMC 3900091 . PMID 23457768 . Further reading ( edit ) Ross G , Bever F , Uddin Z , Devireddy L , Gardin J ( 2004 ) . `` Common scenarios to clarify the interpretation of cardiac markers '' . J Am Osteopath Assoc. 104 ( 4 ) : 165 -- 76 . PMID 15127984 . Full text on GPBB External links ( edit ) Quick overview , with graph eMedicine -- more detailed Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood tests ( R70 -- R79 , 790 ) Red blood cells Size Anisocytosis Macrocyte Microcyte Shape Poikilocytosis membrane abnormalities : Acanthocyte Codocyte Ovalocyte Spherocyte Dacrocyte Echinocyte Schistocyte Degmacyte Drepanocyte Stomatocyte Knizocyte Hemoglobinization Anisochromia Hypochromia Inclusion bodies Developmental Howell -- Jolly body Basophilic stippling Pappenheimer bodies Cabot rings Hemoglobin precipitation Heinz body Other Rouleaux Reticulocyte Elevated ESR Lymphocytes Smudge cell Downey cell Small molecules Blood sugar Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Oxyhyperglycemia Nitrogenous Azotemia Hyperuricemia Hypouricemia Proteins LFT Elevated transaminases Elevated ALP Hypoproteinemia Hypoalbuminemia Other Elevated cardiac markers Elevated alpha - fetoprotein Minerals Iron overload disorder Pathogens / sepsis Bacteremia Viremia Fungemia Parasitemia Algaemia Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_marker&oldid=793482661 '' Categories : Biomarkers Cardiology Chemical pathology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 01 : 11 . About Wikipedia	what are the different cardiac biomarkers in heart disease	[ "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n", "\n\nTest\nSensitivity and specificity\nApproximate peak\nDescription\n\n\nTroponin test\nThe most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury.\n12 hours\nTroponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.\n\n\nCreatine Kinase (CK-MB) test\nIt is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present.\n10–24 hours\nThe CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.\n\n\nLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\nLDH is not as specific as troponin.\n72 hours\nLactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.\n\n\nAspartate transaminase (AST)\n\n\nThis was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.\n\n\nMyoglobin (Mb)\nlow specificity for myocardial infarction\n2 hours\nMyoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]\n\n\nIschemia-modified albumin (IMA)\nlow specificity\n\nIMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.\n\n\nPro-brain natriuretic peptide\n\n\nThis is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with 100.\n\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB\n0.854 and 0.767[9]\n7 hours\n\nGlycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the \"new cardiac markers\" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.\n\n\n" ]	[ "Troponin", "Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)", "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)", "Aspartate transaminase (AST)", "Myoglobin (Mb)", "Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)", "Pro-brain natriuretic peptide", "Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB" ]
-229261663604829717	To Kill a Mockingbird	To Kill a Mockingbird - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird Jump to : navigation , search For the film based on the novel , see To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . To Kill a Mockingbird First edition cover -- late printing Author Harper Lee Country United States Language English Genre Southern Gothic , Bildungsroman Published July 11 , 1960 Publisher J.B. Lippincott & Co . Pages 281 To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . The story is told by the six - year - old Jean Louise Finch . The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . '' As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Academy Award - winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown . To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biographical background and publication 2 Plot summary 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Style 4.1 Genres 5 Themes 5.1 Southern life and racial injustice 5.2 Class 5.3 Courage and compassion 5.4 Gender roles 5.5 Laws , written and unwritten 5.6 Loss of innocence 6 Reception 6.1 Atticus Finch and the legal profession 6.2 Social commentary and challenges 6.3 Honors 7 Adaptations 7.1 1962 film 7.2 Play 8 Go Set a Watchman 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Biographical background and publication Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey , known professionally as Tay Hohoff . Hohoff was impressed , `` ( T ) he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , '' she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott , but as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , `` more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . '' During the following two and a half years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form . After the `` Watchman '' title was rejected , it was re-titled Atticus but Lee renamed it To Kill a Mockingbird to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , `` I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . '' Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . Plot summary See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters The story takes place during three years ( 1933 -- 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six - year - old Jean Louise Finch ( nicknamed Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jeremy ( nicknamed Jem ) , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur `` Boo '' Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a `` nigger - lover '' . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's perspective . Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers -- Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk -- are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed ( Ewell 's ) last shred of credibility at that trial . '' Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley . Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem 's room . Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in , before leaving to go back to Jem . Autobiographical elements Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author `` should write about what he knows and write truthfully '' . Nevertheless , several people and events from Lee 's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . After they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper . Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died . Lee 's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . Lee 's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem . Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote were atypical children : both loved to read . Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood . Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up ; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys . The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame . He was hidden until virtually forgotten ; he died in 1952 . The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her . The story and the trial were covered by her father 's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death . After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . He died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . Scholars believe that Robinson 's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson . Style The narrative is very tough , because ( Lee ) has to both be a kid on the street and aware of the mad dogs and the spooky houses , and have this beautiful vision of how justice works and all the creaking mechanisms of the courthouse . Part of the beauty is that she ... trusts the visual to lead her , and the sensory . -- Allan Gurganus The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called `` tactile brilliance '' . Writing a decade later , another scholar noted , `` Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . Her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . '' Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . This narrative method allows Lee to tell a `` delightfully deceptive '' story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . However , at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout 's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson 's life . Writing about Lee 's style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar Jacqueline Tavernier - Courbin states : `` Laughter ... ( exposes ) the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . '' Scout 's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspired National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her `` hysterically funny '' . To address complex issues , however , Tavernier - Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective . After Dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with Jem , Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . Scout 's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids Atticus from teaching her further . Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier - Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking -- of education , the justice system , and her own society -- by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach . This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's . Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . Genres Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and a Bildungsroman . The grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson , contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel . Lee used the term `` Gothic '' to describe the architecture of Maycomb 's courthouse and in regard to Dill 's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley . Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem 's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . However , scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification , noting that Boo Radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . Furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . As children coming of age , Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them . Lee seems to examine Jem 's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout 's . Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , `` It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like '' . This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . As one scholar writes , `` To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman , for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . '' Themes In the 33 years since its publication , ( To Kill a Mockingbird ) has never been the focus of a dissertation , and it has been the subject of only six literary studies , several of them no more than a couple of pages long . -- Claudia Johnson in To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries , 1994 Despite the novel 's immense popularity upon publication , it has not received the close critical attention paid to other modern American classics . Don Noble , editor of a book of essays about the novel , estimates that the ratio of sales to analytical essays may be a million to one . Christopher Metress writes that the book is `` an icon whose emotive sway remains strangely powerful because it also remains unexamined '' . Noble suggests it does not receive academic attention because of its consistent status as a best - seller ( `` If that many people like it , it ca n't be any good . '' ) and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation . Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s . However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : `` Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . '' Southern life and racial injustice When the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about Lee 's ability to connect them . The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem 's observations of their quirky neighbors . One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism . This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee 's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character 's behavior in the novel . Scout 's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb 's inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb . This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of `` fine folks '' being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed `` the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro '' . In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . Claudia Durst Johnson considers it `` reasonable to believe '' that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted ( Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . In writing about the historical context of the novel 's construction , two other literary scholars remark : `` To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction . Inevitably , despite its mid-1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . '' Scholar Patrick Chura , who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced . Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the `` mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood '' . Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision . Furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as `` stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him '' . Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , being shot seventeen times . The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens . He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom 's trial . Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . Jones writes , `` ( t ) he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury 's and the town 's anger . '' Class One of the amazing things about the writing in To Kill a Mockingbird is the economy with which Harper Lee delineates not only race -- white and black within a small community -- but class . I mean different kinds of black people and white people both , from poor white trash to the upper crust -- the whole social fabric . -- Lee Smith In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was `` to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . '' Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia . One writer notes that Scout , `` in Austenian fashion '' , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : `` affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status '' . Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . '' Lee 's use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower - class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior . Courage and compassion The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . Atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is `` when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what '' . External video After Words interview with Shields on Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee , July 11 , 2015 , C - SPAN Charles J. Shields , who wrote the first book - length biography of Harper Lee , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' . Atticus ' lesson to Scout that `` you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view -- until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it '' exemplifies his compassion . She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony . When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus ' question if she has any friends , Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley . Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives , Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo 's perspective . One writer remarks , `` ... ( w ) hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense ( of ) courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . '' Gender roles Just as Lee explores Jem 's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , Scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . Scout 's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . Scout 's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie , both of whom are strong - willed , independent , and protective . Mayella Ewell also has an influence ; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . The female characters who comment the most on Scout 's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson . By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . '' Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . Scout and Jem 's mother died before Scout could remember her , Mayella 's mother is dead , and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo 's confinement to the house . Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers . Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom . Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men , as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society , can lead society astray . Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : `` It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . '' Laws , written and unwritten Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , have drawn the attention of legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that `` a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . The opening quote by the 19th - century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . '' Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm , and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on ( her ) '' . Johnson states , `` ( t ) he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . '' Loss of innocence Lee used the mockingbird to symbolize innocence in the novel Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . Their family name Finch is also Lee 's mother 's maiden name . The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air - rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot . Atticus warns them that , although they can `` shoot all the bluejays they want '' , they must remember that `` it 's a sin to kill a mockingbird '' . Confused , Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , `` They do n't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . '' Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , `` ' To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless -- like Tom Robinson . '' Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : `` Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , Scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' -- that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . '' The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and , in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson , states about a character who was misunderstood , `` when they finally saw him , why he had n't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , '' to which he responds , `` Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . '' The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R.A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . She guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . Scout 's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and `` reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races '' while giving the `` appearance of gentility , piety , and morality '' . Conversely , when Atticus loses Tom 's case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts . Reception Despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles , in her hometown of Monroeville , and throughout Alabama . The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books . Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee `` a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer '' , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book `` pleasant , undemanding reading '' , but found the narrative voice -- `` a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult '' -- to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it `` teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life '' and calls Scout Finch `` the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding '' . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . '' Not all reviewers were enthusiastic . Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book `` melodramatic and contrived '' . When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented , `` I think for a child 's book it does all right . It 's interesting that all the folks that are buying it do n't know they 're reading a child 's book . Somebody ought to say what it is . '' Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review , writing to a cousin : `` Well , honey , one thing we know is that she 's been poaching on my literary preserves . '' One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 -- 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are `` most often cited as making a difference '' . It is considered by some to be the `` Great American Novel '' . The 50th anniversary of the novel 's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee 's `` rich use of language '' but writes that the central lesson is that `` courage is n't always flashy , is n't always enough , but is always in style '' . Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees , stating that the book `` still rouses fresh and horrified indignation '' as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with `` a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question '' , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that `` one 's moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled '' is eloquently discussed . Native Alabamian sports writer Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a `` repository of cracker - barrel epigrams '' and the novel represents a `` sugar - coated myth '' of Alabama history . Barra writes , `` It 's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature . Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated '' . Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls Scout `` a kind of highly constructed doll '' whose speech and actions are improbable . Although acknowledging that the novel works , Mallon blasts Lee 's `` wildly unstable '' narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that `` the book has begun to cherish its own goodness '' by the time the case is over . Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice `` is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . '' Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . External video Interview with Mary McDonagh Murphy on Scout , Atticus & Boo , June 26 , 2010 , C - SPAN Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo . Atticus Finch and the legal profession Main article : Atticus Finch I promised myself that when I grew up and I was a man , I would try to do things just as good and noble as what Atticus had done for Tom Robinson . -- Scott Turow One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . '' Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , '' before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun '' . In 1992 , an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus , saying that as liberal as Atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' . In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who `` has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor '' . Social commentary and challenges To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . The book 's racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States . The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 . Following parental complaints about the racist language it contains , the novel was removed from classrooms in Virginia in 2016 and Biloxi in 2017 , where it was described as making people `` uncomfortable . '' In the Mississippi case , the novel was removed from the required reading list but subsequently made available to interested students with parental consent . Such decisions have been criticised : the American Civil Liberties Union noted the importance of engaging with the novel 's themes in places where racial injustice persists . Becky Little of The History Channel and representatives of the Mark Twain House pointed out the value of classics lies in their power to `` challenge the way we think about things '' ( Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has attracted similar controversy ) . Arne Duncan , who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama , noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with `` real problems . '' In 1966 , a parent in Hanover , Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape . Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book 's appropriateness for the classroom , Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of `` the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice '' . The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations -- after Little Black Sambo . With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s , To Kill a Mockingbird faced challenges of a different sort : the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly enough . This has led to disparate perceptions that the novel has a generally positive impact on race relations for white readers , but a more ambiguous reception by black readers . In one high - profile case outside the U.S. , school districts in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia attempted to have the book removed from standard teaching curricula in the 1990s , stating : The terminology in this novel subjects students to humiliating experiences that rob them of their self - respect and the respect of their peers . The word ' Nigger ' is used 48 times ( in ) the novel ... We believe that the English Language Arts curriculum in Nova Scotia must enable all students to feel comfortable with ideas , feelings and experiences presented without fear of humiliation ... To Kill a Mockingbird is clearly a book that no longer meets these goals and therefore must no longer be used for classroom instruction . Furthermore , despite the novel 's thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the `` contented slave '' motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . One writer asserts that the use of Scout 's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . Scout 's voice `` functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us -- black and white , male and female -- to find our relative position in society '' . A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions , `` what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another '' . A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it `` demoralizing '' . Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural `` white trash '' . The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement '' . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it `` inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion '' and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as `` an act of humanity '' in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel `` gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . '' Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize - winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . '' Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : `` I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . '' McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with `` honesty and integrity '' . Honors Harper Lee and President George W. Bush at the November 5 , 2007 , ceremony awarding Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom for To Kill a Mockingbird During the years immediately following the novel 's publication , Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee . It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 . Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . Since then , she declined talking with reporters about the book . She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : `` Introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . Mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . '' In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that `` there is no greater honor the novel could receive '' . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states `` people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . '' In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame . During the ceremony , the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her . Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush . In his remarks , Bush stated , `` One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . It 's been a gift to the entire world . As a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . '' Adaptations 1962 film Main article : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) The book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch . The film 's producer , Alan J. Pakula , remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : `` They said , ' What story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' I said , ' Have you read the book ? ' They said , ' Yes . ' I said , ' That 's the story . ' '' The movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2 - million budget . It won three Oscars : Best Actor for Gregory Peck , Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Black - and - White , and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote . It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham , the actress who played Scout . Film producer Alan J. Pakula with Lee ; Lee spent three weeks watching the filming , then `` took off when she realized everything would be fine without her '' Harper Lee was pleased with the movie , saying : `` In that film the man and the part met ... I 've had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into TV or stage plays , but I 've always refused . That film was a work of art . '' Peck met Lee 's father , the model for Atticus , before the filming. Lee 's father died before the film 's release . Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocket watch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for Best Actor . Years later , he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport . When Peck eventually did tell Lee , he said she responded , `` ' Well , it 's only a watch . ' Harper -- she feels deeply , but she 's not a sentimental person about things . '' Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor . In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : `` She 's like a national treasure . She 's someone who has made a difference ... with this book . The book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . '' Play The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel . It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' . The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : `` It becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras . With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it 's part of a central , civic education -- what Monroeville aspires to be . '' Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch . The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years . The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a UK tour . According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because `` she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame '' . To underscore this sentiment , Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia 's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum . David Lister in The Independent states that Lee 's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence `` makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart '' . Despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination , hoping to see Lee 's inspiration for the book , or Lee herself . Local residents call them `` Mockingbird groupies '' , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic `` Hell , no ! '' Go set a Watchman Main article : Go Set a Watchman An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it , but this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : `` They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . '' This assertion has been discredited , however , by rare - books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird . Nurnberg 's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . See also Southern literature Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Notes Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird has appeared on numerous other lists that describe its impact . In 1999 , it was voted the `` Best Novel of the 20th century '' by readers of the Library Journal . It is listed as number five on the Modern Library 's Reader 's List of the 100 Best Novels in the English language since 1900 and number four on the rival Radcliffe Publishing Course 's Radcliffe Publishing Course 's 100 Best Board Picks for Novels and Nonfiction Archived 2007 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... The novel appeared first on a list developed by librarians in 2006 who answered the question , `` Which book should every adult read before they die ? '' followed by the Bible and The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The British public voted in the BBC 's Big Read broadcast to rank it 6th of all time in 2003 . BBC -- The Big Read . Two thousand readers at Play.com voted it the ' Greatest novel of all time ' in 2008 . ( Urmee Khan , June 6 , 2008 . To Kill a Mockingbird voted Greatest Novel Of All Time , The Daily Telegraph ) . Jump up ^ Mallon received hate mail for his commentary , and declined to answer challenges about his observations from professional writers , saying he did not want to be the `` skunk at the garden party '' . ( Murphy , p. 18 . ) Jump up ^ In August 2009 , St. Edmund Campion Secondary School in Toronto removed To Kill a Mockingbird from the grade 10 curriculum because of a complaint regarding the language in the book . ( Noor , Javed ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Complaint prompts school to kill ' Mockingbird ' `` , The Star ( Toronto ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ McWhorter went to school with Mary Badham , the actor who portrayed Scout in the film adaptation . ( Murphy , p. 141 ) Jump up ^ Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College ( 1962 ) and the University of Alabama ( 1990 ) . ( Noble , p. 8 . ) References Jump up ^ Crespino , J. ( 2000 ) . `` The Strange Career of Atticus Finch '' . Southern Cultures. 6 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 30 . doi : 10.1353 / scu. 2000.0030 . Jump up ^ Zipp , Yvonne ( July 7 , 2010 ) . Scout , Atticus & Boo , The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Michelle ( March 2 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee tops librarians ' must - read list , Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved on February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 79 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Nelle Harper Lee Alabama Academy of Honor : Alabama Department of Archives and History ( 2001 ) . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lacher , Irene ( May 21 , 2005 ) . `` Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend ; The author of ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' shuns fanfare . But for the kin of Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ Shields , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. xii Jump up ^ Lee , p. 249 Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee , '' in American Decades . Gale Research , 1998 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 122 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin . `` Truman Capote Is Dead at 59 ; Novelist of Style and Clarity '' , The New York Times , August 26 , 1984 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Capote '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Advameg , Inc. 2003 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Anne Taylor ( July 9 , 1976 ) . `` The Private World of Truman Capote '' , The New York Times Magazine . p . SM6 . Jump up ^ Steinem , Gloria ( November 1967 ) . `` Go Right Ahead and Ask Me Anything ( And So She Did ) : An Interview with Truman Capote '' , McCall 's , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Clasen , Sharon ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Read Harper Lee 's Profile of `` In Cold Blood '' Detective Al Dewey That Has n't Been Seen in More Than 50 Years `` . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hile , Kevin S. `` Harper Lee '' in Authors and Artists for Young Adults , Gale Research 13 ( August 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 8566 - 5 Jump up ^ Bigg , Matthew ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Novel Still Stirs Pride , Debate ; ' Mockingbird ' Draws Tourists to Town Coming to Grips With Its Past , The Washington Post , p . A3 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , pp. 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Noble , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Chura , Patrick ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Prolepsis and Anachronism : Emmett Till and the Historicity of To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Literary Journal 32 ( 2 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : About Life & Little Girls Time ( August 1 , 1980 ) . Retrieved on February 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dave , R.A. ( 1974 ) . `` Harper Lee 's Tragic Vision '' Indian Studies in American Fiction MacMillan Company of India , Ltd . pp. 311 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 90034 - 5 Jump up ^ Graeme Dunphy , `` Meena 's Mockingbird : From Harper Lee to Meera Syal '' , Neophilologus , 88 ( 2004 ) 637 -- 660 . PDF online Jump up ^ Ward , L. `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( book review ) . '' Commonwealth : December 9 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Phoebe ( August 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee ( review ) '' . The Atlantic Monthly . New York . 206 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 99 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : LeMay , Harding ( July 10 , 1960 ) . `` Children Play ; Adults Betray '' , New York Herald Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Granville ( July 23 , 1970 ) . `` Three at the Outset '' , Saturday Review , 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernier - Courbin , Jacqueline `` Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boerman - Cornell , William `` The Five Humors '' , The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 ( 4 ) , p. 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 822422 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Blackall , Jean `` Valorizing the Commonplace : Harper Lee 's Response to Jane Austen '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) . University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 39 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. x , 96 , 149 . Jump up ^ Fine , Laura `` Structuring the Narrator 's Rebellion in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Ware , Michele `` ' Just a Lady ' : Gender and Power in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' in Women in Literature : Reading Through the Lens of Gender Jerilyn Fisher and Ellen S. Silber ( eds . ) , Greenwood Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31346 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metress , Christopher ( September 2003 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch '' , The Chattahoochee Review , 24 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. vii -- viii . ^ Jump up to : `` Harper Lee Twits School Board In Virginia for Ban on Her Novel '' , The New York Times ( January 6 , 1966 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 20 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Erisman , Fred ( April 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Regionalism of Harper Lee '' , The Alabama Review , 27 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bruell , Edwin ( December 1964 ) . `` Keen Scalpel on Racial Ills '' , The English Journal 51 ( 9 ) pp. 658 -- 661 . Jump up ^ Henderson , R. ( May 15 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Library Journal . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Claudia ( Autumn 1991 ) . `` The Secret Courts of Men 's Hearts '' , Studies in American Fiction 19 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hovet , Theodore and Grace - Ann ( Fall 2001 ) . `` ' Fine Fancy Gentlemen ' and ' Yappy Folk ' : Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 40 pp. 67 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Roslyn `` The Black Man and the Macabre in American Literature '' , Black American Literature Forum ( 1976 ) , 10 ( 4 ) , p. 133 . doi : 10.2307 / 3041614 Jump up ^ Lee , pp. 107 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carolyn ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog '' Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 34 ( 4 ) , pp. 53 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Shackelford , Dean ( Winter 1996 -- 1997 ) . `` The Female Voice in To Kill a Mockingbird : Narrative Strategies in Film and Novel '' , Mississippi Quarterly : The Journal of Southern Cultures , 50 ( 1 ) , pp. 101 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nelle Harper Lee . '' Contemporary Authors Online , Gale , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jolley , Susan `` Integrating Poetry and ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' , The English Journal ( 2002 ) , 92 ( 2 ) , p. 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 822224 Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , Laura ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Gender Conflicts and Their ' Dark ' Projections in Coming of Age White Female Southern Novels '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South 36 ( 4 ) , pp. 121 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Baecker , Diane ( Spring 1998 ) . `` Telling It In Black and White : The Importance of the Africanist Presence in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 36 ( 3 ) , pp. 124 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Edgar `` Discovering Theme and Structure in the Novel '' The English Journal ( 1963 ) , 52 ( 7 ) p. 506 . doi : 10.2307 / 810774 Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. 207 . Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` Lee , Harper . '' Contemporary Southern Writers . St. James Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 185 -- 188 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Robert `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 1980 ) , pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0390 - X Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The New Yorker ( September 10 , 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Richard ( July 17 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Chicago Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 21 , 24 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , F. , `` Carson McCullers '' ( Book Review ) . Atlantic Monthly ( 1993 ) v. 287 no . 4 ( April 2001 ) pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Book description : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee HarperCollins ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 14 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : Endearing , enduring at 50 years '' . USA Today . `` It is Lee 's only book and one of the handful that could earn the title of Great American Novel . '' Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' Turns 50 : Fans Descend on Alabama Town to Celebrate Scout , Atticus and Boo Radley CBS News ( July 11 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Eric ( July 9 , 2010 ) , ' Mockingbird ' still sings after 50 years , The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jane ( July 9 , 2010 ) . To celebrate a Mockingbird , The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adichie , Chimamanda Ngozi ( July 10 , 2010 ) . Rereading : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Loxton , Rachel ( July 10 , 2010 ) . America 's favourite novel still vital after 50 years , The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( June 24 , 2010 ) . What ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Is n't , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mallon , Thomas ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Big Bird : A biography of the novelist Harper Lee '' , The New Yorker , 82 ( 15 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ajayi , Akin ( July 9 , 2010 ) To Kill a Mockingbird : the case for the defence , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird '' . HarperCollins Publishers . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch '' , Michigan Law Review 97 ( 6 ) pp. 1339 -- 1362 . doi : 10.2307 / 1290205 Jump up ^ Petry , pp. xxv -- xxvii . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) ( May 3 , 1997 ) , p. 7A . Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee Can Take a Place at the Bar '' , The Birmingham News ( March 17 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 -- 2009 American Library Association . Retrieved July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kean , Danuta ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird removed from Virginia schools for racist language '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balingit , Moriah ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` School district weighs ban of ' Mockingbird , ' ' Huckleberry Finn ' after complaint '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Karen ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why did Biloxi pull ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' from the 8th grade lesson plan ? '' . Sun Herald . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selk , Avi ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` The ironic , enduring legacy of banning ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' for racist language '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zorthian , Julia ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` People Are Not Happy That This School District Banned Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Time . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Karen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Biloxi to teach ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' in class again . Parents must sign permission slip '' . Sun Herald . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summers , Zakiya ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ACLU of MS Responds to Biloxi Officials ' Ban of To Kill a Mockingbird '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Little , Becky ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Keeps Getting Banned '' . History . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pengelly , Martin ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Mississippi students allowed to read To Kill a Mockingbird -- with a parent 's note '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Arne ( @ arneduncan ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` When school districts remove ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' from the reading list , we know we have real problems . trib.al/2zObDXh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook pp. 208 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Saney , Isaac ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The Case Against To Kill a Mockingbird '' Race & Class 45 ( 1 ) , pp. 99 -- 110 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306396803045001005 Jump up ^ Beryle , Banfield `` Commitment to Change : The Council on Interracial Books for Children and the World of Children 's Books '' , African American Review ( 1998 ) 32 ( 17 ) , pp. 17 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3042264 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Suhor , Charles , Bell , Larry `` Preparing to Teach To Kill a Mockingbird , The English Journal ( 1997 ) 86 ( 4 ) , pp. 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 820996 Jump up ^ Martelle , Scott ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` A Different Read on ' Mockingbird ' ; Long a classroom starting point for lessons about intolerance , the Harper Lee classic is being reexamined by some who find its perspective limited '' , The Los Angeles Times , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Trash Gothic '' . thesmartset.com . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flora , Joseph `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A New Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. xi -- xiv Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold `` Modern Critical Interpretations : To Kill a Mockingbird '' Chelsea House Publishers ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 219 -- 220 , 223 , 233 -- 235 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 141 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tabor , May ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` A ' new foreword ' that is n't '' , The New York Times , p . C11 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( January 20 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee , Gregarious for a Day , The New York Times . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Launches City - wide Book Group '' , Library Journal ( August 13 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` To Read a Mockingbird '' Library Journal ( September 1 , 2004 ) 129 ( 14 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Commencement 2006 Notre Dame Magazine ( July 2006 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients , White House press release ( November 5 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ( Review ) '' , The New York Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn `` Harper Lee '' , in The History of Southern Women 's Literature , Carolyn Perry ( ed . ) : Louisiana State University Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2753 - 7 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 21 , 1997 ) . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) , p. 1. F Jump up ^ King , Susan ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A With Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 1 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 18 , 1999 ) . `` Q&A ; Film Honors Peck , ' Perfectly Happy ' in a Busy Retirement '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Roy ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` Long Lives the Mockingbird '' , The New York Times Book Review , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lynne ( 30 September 2006 ) . `` To Kill A Mockingbird , West Yorkshire , Leeds Playhouse '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , Theatre Royal , York '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Returns '' . openairtheatre.com . Open Air Theatre . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Cathy ( January 2006 ) . To Catch a Mockingbird , National Geographic . Retrieved on November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , David. The One and Only , The Scotsman . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( July 10 , 2010 ) . David Lister : Those reclusive authors really know how to live , The Independent . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pressley , Sue ( June 10 , 1996 ) . `` Quiet Author , Home Town Attract ' Groupies , ' Press ; To Live With ' Mockingbird ' '' , The Washington Post p . A3 ^ Jump up to : `` The Harper Lee ' Go Set a Watchman ' Fraud '' . The New York Times . 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marja Mills ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` The Harper Lee I knew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Maloney . `` What Would Gregory Peck Think of ' Go Set a Watchman ' ? His Son Weighs In '' . WSJ . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee to release second novel 50 years after To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee 's ' lost ' novel was intended to complete a trilogy , says agent '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Expert Says Manuscript Is Not Harper Lee 's Third Novel '' . The New York Times . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Collins . `` See how Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' became ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Bibliography Johnson , Claudia . To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries . Twayne Publishers : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8068 - 8 Johnson , Claudia . Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historic Documents . Greenwood Press : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29193 - 4 Lee , Harper . To Kill a Mockingbird . HarperCollins : 1960 ( Perennial Classics edition : 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093546 - 4 Mancini , Candice , ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Racism in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , The Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 3904 - 5 Murphy , Mary M. ( ed . ) Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird , HarperCollins Publishers : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 192407 - 1 Noble , Don ( ed . ) . Critical Insights : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , Salem Press : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 618 - 7 Petry , Alice . `` Introduction '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections . University of Tennessee Press : 1994 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 578 - 5 Shields , Charles . Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7919 - X External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' dated 2008 - 07 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Quotations related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( novel ) at Wikiquote To Kill a Mockingbird in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Lee , Harper ( 1988 ) ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . In association with McIntosh and Otis , Inc. at the Internet Archive . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was to kill a mocking bird based	[ "The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person." ]	[ "1933–35" ]
4049440362279448331	The Wiz (soundtrack)	The Wiz ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Wiz ( soundtrack ) The Wiz Soundtrack album by Diana Ross , Michael Jackson & Various Artists Released September 18 , 1978 Recorded 1977 Genre R&B , soul , pop , disco Length 1 : 16 : 22 Label MCA / Motown 2 - 14000 Producer Quincy Jones , Tom Bahler Singles from The Wiz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Ease on Down the Road '' Released : September 21 , 1978 `` You Ca n't Win '' Released : January 11 , 1979 `` A Brand New Day '' Released : 1979 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Wiz is the original motion picture soundtrack album for the 1978 film adaptation of the Broadway musical The Wiz . Although the film was produced for Universal Pictures by Motown Records ' film division , the soundtrack album was issued on MCA Records as a two - LP collection ( Universal was owned by MCA Inc. at the time ) . Chiefly produced by Quincy Jones , The Wiz soundtrack features non-sync cast performances by the stars of the film , including Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell , Ted Ross , Mabel King , Theresa Merritt , Thelma Carpenter , and Lena Horne . Like many musicals of the period , the performances in the soundtrack album are not those used directly in the film , but re-recorded by the same artists at an earlier and / or later date . Several differences are noted including Michael Jackson 's line and a Nipsey Russell scat section being dropped in `` A Brand New Day '' among others . The song `` Is This What Feeling Gets ? '' was not used in the film 's final cut , though the tune is used throughout the film . The track selection is made up of both songs from the original 1975 Broadway musical by Charlie Smalls and Luther Vandross , as well as new songs written for the film by Quincy Jones , Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson , and Anthony Jackson . This soundtrack marks Jones ' first collaboration with Michael Jackson ; Jones would go on to produce Jackson 's hit solo albums Off the Wall , Thriller , and Bad . The album , with its hit single `` Ease on Down the Road '' , was more successful than the film itself , which was a commercial and critical failure . It was certified Gold in the US . It also did well in some European territories like the Netherlands , where `` A Brand New Day '' was a surprise number 1 . In 2009 , Diana Ross ended each of two sold - out performances at the 34,000 - seat Geldredome Stadium ( in Arnhem , Netherlands ) with a finale of `` A Brand New Day '' . The soundtrack sold well in Australia , as well . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Original vinyl listing 2.1 Record one , side one 2.2 Record one , side two 2.3 Record two , side one 2.4 Record two , side two 3 Charts 3.1 Album 3.2 Singles 4 References Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Charlie Smalls , unless otherwise noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' Instrumental 2 : 36 2 . `` Overture ( Part Two ) '' Instrumental 1 : 57 3 . `` The Feeling That We Had '' Theresa Merritt and Chorus 3 : 26 4 . `` Can I Go On ? '' Quincy Jones , Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson Diana Ross 1 : 56 5 . `` Glinda 's Theme '' Instrumental 1 : 10 6 . `` He 's the Wizard '' Thelma Carpenter and Chorus 4 : 09 7 . `` Soon As I Get Home / Home '' Diana Ross 4 : 04 8 . `` You Ca n't Win '' Michael Jackson 3 : 14 9 . `` Ease on Down the Road # 1 '' Diana Ross and Michael Jackson 3 : 55 10 . `` What Would I Do If I Could Feel ? '' Nipsey Russell 2 : 18 11 . `` Slide Some Oil to Me '' Nipsey Russell 2 : 51 12 . `` Ease on Down the Road # 2 '' Diana Ross , Michael Jackson and Nipsey Russell 1 : 31 13 . `` I 'm a Mean Ole Lion '' Ted Ross 2 : 24 14 . `` Ease on Down the Road # 3 '' Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross 1 : 26 15 . `` Poppy Girls Theme '' Anthony Jackson Instrumental 3 : 27 16 . `` Be a Lion '' Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross 4 : 04 17 . `` End of the Yellow Brick Road '' Instrumental 1 : 01 18 . `` Emerald City Sequence '' ( music : Jones , lyrics : Smalls ) Chorus 6 : 44 19 . `` So You Wanted to See the Wizard '' Richard Pryor - ( spoken dialogue ) 2 : 46 20 . `` Is This What Feeling Gets ? ( Dorothy 's Theme ) '' ( music : Jones , lyrics : Ashford & Simpson ) Diana Ross - ( vocal version not used in film ) 3 : 21 21 . `` Do n't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News '' Mabel King and Chorus 3 : 03 22 . `` Everybody Rejoice / A Brand New Day '' Luther Vandross Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross 7 : 49 23 . `` Believe in Yourself ( Dorothy ) '' Diana Ross 2 : 55 24 . `` The Good Witch Glinda '' Instrumental 1 : 09 25 . `` Believe in Yourself ( Reprise ) '' Lena Horne 2 : 15 26 . `` Home ( Finale ) '' Diana Ross 4 : 03 Total length : 1 : 16 : 22 Original vinyl listing ( edit ) All songs written by Charlie Smalls , unless otherwise noted . Record one , side one ( edit ) `` Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' ( instrumental ) `` Overture ( Part Two ) '' ( instrumental ) `` The Feeling That We Have '' - Theresa Merritt and Chorus `` Can I Go On ? '' ( Quincy Jones , Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson ) - Diana Ross `` Glinda 's Theme '' ( instrumental ) `` He 's the Wizard '' - Thelma Carpenter and Chorus `` Soon as I Get Home '' / `` Home '' - Diana Ross Record one , side two ( edit ) `` You Ca n't Win '' - Michael Jackson `` Ease on Down the Road # 1 '' - Diana Ross and Michael Jackson `` What Would I Do If I Could Feel ? '' - Nipsey Russell `` Slide Some Oil to Me '' - Nipsey Russell `` Ease on Down the Road # 2 '' - Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , and Nipsey Russell `` I 'm a Mean Ole Lion '' - Ted Ross `` Ease on Down the Road # 3 '' - Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell , and Ted Ross `` Poppy Girls '' - ( Anthony Jackson ) ( instrumental ) Record two , side one ( edit ) `` Be a Lion '' - Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell , and Ted Ross `` End of the Yellow Brick Road '' ( instrumental ) `` Emerald City Sequence '' ( music : Jones , lyrics : Smalls ) - Chorus `` So You Wanted to See the Wizard '' - Richard Pryor ( spoken dialogue ) `` Is This What Feeling Gets ? ( Dorothy 's Theme ) '' ( music : Jones , lyrics : Ashford & Simpson ) - Diana Ross Record two , side two ( edit ) `` Do n't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News '' - Mabel King and Chorus `` A Brand New Day '' ( Luther Vandross ) - Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , Nipsey Russell , Ted Ross , and Chorus `` Believe in Yourself ( Dorothy ) '' - Diana Ross `` The Good Witch Glinda '' ( instrumental ) `` Believe in Yourself ( Reprise ) '' - Lena Horne `` Home '' - Diana Ross Charts ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 40 US Billboard Black Albums Chart 33 Singles ( edit ) Title Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position `` Ease on Down the Road '' US Billboard Hot 100 41 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 17 `` You Ca n't Win '' US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 42 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AllMusic review Jump up ^ Jones , Quincy ( 2002 ) . Q : The Autobiography of Quincy Jones . Broadway Books . pp. Pages 229 , 259 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0510 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . Billboard 's Hottest Hot 100 Hits . Watson - Guptill . pp. Page 107 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7738 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( The Wiz ( Original Soundtrack ) > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( The Wiz ( Original Soundtrack ) > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Diana Ross Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Diana Ross ( 1970 ) Everything Is Everything Surrender Touch Me in the Morning Diana & Marvin Last Time I Saw Him Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Baby It 's Me Ross ( 1978 ) The Boss Diana Why Do Fools Fall in Love Silk Electric Ross ( 1983 ) Swept Away Eaten Alive Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Workin ' Overtime The Force Behind the Power A Very Special Season Take Me Higher Every Day Is a New Day Blue I Love You Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz Compilations Greatest Hits Diana Ross ' Greatest Hits 20 Golden Greats To Love Again All the Great Hits Forever Diana : Musical Memoirs One Woman : The Ultimate Collection Diana Extended : The Remixes Voice of Love Love & Life : The Very Best of Diana Ross The Definitive Collection The Greatest Upside Down : The Collection Live releases Live at Caesars Palace An Evening with Diana Ross Greatest Hits Live Stolen Moments : The Lady Sings ... Jazz and Blues Christmas in Vienna Soundtrack albums Diana ! Lady Sings the Blues Mahogany The Wiz Tours Return to Love Tour I Love You Tour More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour In the Name of Love Tour The Essential Diana Ross : Some Memories Never Fade Related topics The Supremes Rhonda Ross Kendrick ( daughter ) Tracee Ellis Ross ( daughter ) Evan Ross ( son ) Arne Næss , Jr. ( second husband ) Arthur `` T - Boy '' Ross ( brother ) Berry Gordy Diana Ross Playground Book Category Template Michael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever , Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Other albums Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday Thriller 25 One Night in Japan Bad 25 Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson 's This Is It Immortal Compilations A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies The Best of Michael Jackson 18 Greatest Hits One Day in Your Life The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary : The Video Singles Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 The Collection Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad World Tour Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It Filmography Michael Jackson 's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Ghosts Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Michael Jackson 's This Is It Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Video albums Dangerous : The Short Films Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory HIStory on Film , Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson 's Vision Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Television `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story Move Like Michael Jackson Michael Jackson 's Halloween Video games Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 Space Channel 5 : Part 2 Michael Jackson : The Experience Planet Michael Bibliography Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever MJ & Friends Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand : What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Assets Neverland Ranch Northern Songs Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) Influence on society Heal the World Foundation Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour Michael Jackson : One Related The Jackson 5 Moonwalk Health and appearance Personal relationships 1993 child sexual abuse accusations Living with Michael Jackson People v. Jackson Death Memorial service Trial of personal physician Cover versions Thriller jacket HIStory statue Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Bubbles Mesoparapylocheles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award We Are the World Mind Is the Magic : Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson Queen Forever Relatives Katherine Esther Scruse ( mother ) Joseph Walter Jackson ( father ) Maureen Reillette Brown ( elder sister ) Sigmund Esco Jackson ( elder brother ) Toriano Adaryll Jackson ( elder brother ) Jermaine La Juane Jackson ( elder brother ) La Toya Yvonne Jackson ( elder sister ) Marlon David Jackson ( elder brother ) Steven Randall Jackson ( younger brother ) Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( younger sister ) Nathaniel Austin Brown ( nephew ) Tito Joe Jackson ( nephew ) Lisa Marie Presley ( ex-wife ) Deborah Jeanne Rowe ( ex-wife ) Paris - Michael Katherine Jackson ( daughter ) Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wiz_(soundtrack)&oldid=848890915 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Quincy Jones soundtracks 1978 soundtracks Motown soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Michael Jackson albums Diana Ross soundtracks Albums produced by Quincy Jones Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings no bad news in the wiz	[ "No.TitleWriter(s)ArtistLength1.\"Main Title (Overture, Part One)\" Instrumental2:362.\"Overture (Part Two)\" Instrumental1:573.\"The Feeling That We Had\" Theresa Merritt and Chorus3:264.\"Can I Go On?\"Quincy Jones, Nickolas Ashford and Valerie SimpsonDiana Ross1:565.\"Glinda's Theme\" Instrumental1:106.\"He's the Wizard\" Thelma Carpenter and Chorus4:097.\"Soon As I Get Home / Home\" Diana Ross4:048.\"You Can't Win\" Michael Jackson3:149.\"Ease on Down the Road #1\" Diana Ross and Michael Jackson3:5510.\"What Would I Do If I Could Feel?\" Nipsey Russell2:1811.\"Slide Some Oil to Me\" Nipsey Russell2:5112.\"Ease on Down the Road #2\" Diana Ross, Michael Jackson and Nipsey Russell1:3113.\"I'm a Mean Ole Lion\" Ted Ross2:2414.\"Ease on Down the Road #3\" Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross1:2615.\"Poppy Girls Theme\"Anthony JacksonInstrumental3:2716.\"Be a Lion\" Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross4:0417.\"End of the Yellow Brick Road\" Instrumental1:0118.\"Emerald City Sequence\"(music: Jones, lyrics: Smalls)Chorus6:4419.\"So You Wanted to See the Wizard\" Richard Pryor - (spoken dialogue)2:4620.\"Is This What Feeling Gets? (Dorothy's Theme)\"(music: Jones, lyrics: Ashford & Simpson)Diana Ross - (vocal version not used in film)3:2121.\"Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News\" Mabel King and Chorus3:0322.\"Everybody Rejoice / A Brand New Day\"Luther VandrossDiana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell and Ted Ross7:4923.\"Believe in Yourself (Dorothy)\" Diana Ross2:5524.\"The Good Witch Glinda\" Instrumental1:0925.\"Believe in Yourself (Reprise)\" Lena Horne2:1526.\"Home (Finale)\" Diana Ross4:03Total length:1:16:22" ]	[ "Mabel King and Chorus" ]
-733452191948603862	Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005	Protection of women from domestic violence Act , 2005 - Wikipedia Protection of women from domestic violence Act , 2005 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Indian law . For other related Harami topics , see Outline of domestic violence . Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 An Act to provide for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 43 of 2005 Enacted by Parliament of India Date assented to 13 September 2005 Date commenced 26 October 2006 Status : In force Part of a series on Violence against women Issues Acid throwing Breast ironing Dating abuse Domestic violence outline management and pregnancy Eve teasing FGM Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Force - feeding Forced abortion Forced marriage Forced pregnancy Forced prostitution Human trafficking Raptio Violence against prostitutes Witch trials Killing Bride burning Dowry death Honor killing Femicide Infanticide Matricide Pregnant women Sati Sororicide Uxoricide Sexual assault and rape Sexual violence Sexual assault Campus sexual assault Mass sexual assault Rape and pregnancy laws Types of rape by deception corrective date gang genocidal in war marital prison statutory Sexual slavery Related topics Prosecution of gender - targeted crimes Women 's shelter 25 November 6 February By country The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence . It was brought into force by the Indian government from 26 October 2006 . The Act provides for the first time in Indian law a definition of `` domestic violence '' , with this definition being broad and including not only physical violence , but also other forms of violence such as emotional / verbal , sexual , and economic abuse . It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders and not meant to penalize criminally . The act does not extend to Jammu and Kashmir , which has its own laws , and which enacted in 2010 the Jammu and Kashmir Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Scope 3 Duties of Authorities 4 Application to the magistrate 4.1 Jurisdiction of court 4.2 Different kinds of order issued by the Magistrate 4.2. 1 Protection orders 4.2. 2 Residence orders 4.2. 3 Monetary relief 4.2. 4 Custody orders 4.2. 5 Compensation orders 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Definitions ( edit ) The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 differs from the provision of the Penal Code - section 498A of the Indian Penal Code - in that it provides a broader definition of domestic violence . Domestic violence is defined by Section 3 of the Act as `` any act , omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it : harms or injures or endangers the health , safety , life , limb or well - being , whether mental or physical , of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse , sexual abuse , verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse ; or harasses , harms , injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security ; or has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause ( a ) or clause ( b ) ; or otherwise injures or causes harm , whether physical or mental , to the aggrieved person . '' The Act goes on , through the section Explanation 1 , to define `` physical abuse '' , `` sexual abuse '' , `` verbal and emotional abuse '' and `` economic abuse '' . What is domestic violence ? Any kind of abusive behavior by your husband or male partner or their relatives ( includes male and female relatives ) . It need not be physical abuse . It could also be verbal , emotional , sexual or economic abuse . If you are a victim of domestic violence , what can you do ? This is a special law focused on victims and giving them relief from domestic violence . You can file an application under this law . This does not stop you from seeking other civil or criminal action against the offenders . Who are the different authorities you can approach under this law ? As a victim , you can approach either the ' Protection Officer ' or the ' Service Provider ' under this law . You can also approach the police or a Magistrate directly . This is a database of all Registered Protection Officers and Service Providers across India ( last updated in 2009 ) . What can you expect from the courts when you file a complaint ? The judge or the Magistrate can order many different measures under this law in order to ensure your protection and well - being . This includes protection orders ( ordering the offender to stop violence ) , residence orders , monetary relief , custody orders and compensation orders. ( 2 ) Scope ( edit ) Primarily meant to provide protection to the wife or female live - in partner from domestic violence at the hands of the husband or male live - in partner or his relatives , the law also extends its protection to women living in a household such as sisters , widows or mothers . Domestic violence under the act includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse whether physical , sexual , verbal , emotional or economic . Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition . The salient features of the Protection from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 are as follows : The Act seeks to cover those women who are or have been in a relationship with the abuser where both parties have lived together in a shared household and are related by consanguinity , marriage or a relationship in the nature of marriage , or adoption ; in addition relationship with family members living together as a joint family are also included . Even those women who are sisters , widows , mothers , single women , or living with them are entitled to get legal protection under the proposed Act . `` Domestic violence '' includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse that is physical , sexual , verbal , emotional and economic . Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition . One of the most important features of the Act is the woman 's right to secure housing . The Act provides for the woman 's right to reside in the matrimonial or shared household , whether or not she has any title or rights in the household . This right is secured by a residence order , which is passed by a court . These residence orders can not be passed against anyone who is a woman . The other relief envisaged under the Act is that of the power of the court to pass protection orders that prevent the abuser from aiding or committing an act of domestic violence or any other specified act , entering a workplace or any other place frequented by the abused , attempting to communicate with the abused , isolating any assets used by both the parties and causing violence to the abused , her relatives and others who provide her assistance from the domestic violence . The draft Act provides for appointment of Protection Officers and NGOs to provide assistance to the woman w.r.t medical examination , legal aid , safe shelter , etc . The Act provides for breach of protection order or interim protection order by the respondent as a cognizable and non-bailable offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both . Similarly , non-compliance or discharge of duties by the Protection Officer is also sought to be made an offence under the Act with similar punishment . While `` economic abuse '' includes deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the victim is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a Court or otherwise or which the victim requires out of necessity including , but not limited to , household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children , if any , stridhan , property , jointly or separately owned by her , payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance and disposal of household effects , any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable , valuables , shares , securities , bonds and the like or other property in which the victim has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic prelationship or which may be reasonably required by the victim or her children or her sthridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the victim and prohibition m restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the victim is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household , `` physical abuse '' means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain , harm or danger to life , limb , or health or impair the health or development of the victim and includes assault , criminal intimidation and criminal force . Duties of authorities ( edit ) The law imposes certain duties on the main authorities responsible for enforcing this law . When a police officer , Protection Officer , Service Provider or Magistrate comes to know that someone is suffering from domestic violence , they must inform the victim of the following rights : The victim can apply for any of the reliefs recognized under this law i.e. a protection order , monetary relief , custody order , residence order or a compensation order . The victim can use the services of certain official Service Providers . The victim can approach a Protection Officer and ask them for help . The victim can ask for free legal aid . The victim can also file a criminal complaint under the general law on crimes ( the Indian Penal Code , 1860 ) . Please note that filing a criminal complaint can put the offenders in jail for up to three years . The victim must have suffered a graver degree of abuse ( i.e. cruelty ) to be able to file a complaint. ( 3 ) Application to the magistrate ( edit ) An application regarding domestic violence can be presented to the magistrate seeking one or more reliefs mentioned in sections by : The aggrieved person , Protection officer on behalf of aggrieved person Any other person on behalf of aggrieved person Jurisdiction of court ( edit ) The first class magistrate court or metropolitan court shall be the competent court within the local limits of which The aggrieved person permanently or temporary resides or carries on business or is employed The respondent permanently or temporally resides or carries on business or is employed or The cause of action arises . Any order made under this Act shall be enforceable throughout India While disposing application the magistrate shall take in to consideration any domestic incident report received from the protection officer or service provider . The relief sought under this section includes the issuance of order of payment or compensation or damages without prejudice to the right of such person to institute suit for compensation or damages for injuries caused by the act of domestic violence . If the magistrate is satisfied that an application prima facie discloses that the respondent is committing or has committed an act of domestic violence or there is a likelihood of such violence , he may grant following exparte interim order against the respondent on the basis of affidavit of the aggrieved person . Magistrate can issue different orders such as Protection order , residence order , monetary relief , custody order or compensatory orders as per the circumstances of the case . In case of an earlier decree of compensation or damages passed by any other court , in favour of aggrieved person , the amount if any paid shall be set off against the order of amount payable under this act . The application to the magistrate shall be as nearly possible to the formats prescribed under this Act and Rules . After receiving the application the Magistrate shall fix the date of first hearing within 3 days and the magistrate shall endeavor to dispose of every application be within a period of 60 days of the first hearing . The notice of the date of hearing shall be given by the magistrate to the protection officer who shall get it served to the respondent . At any stage of the application , the magistrate may order , counselling of the respondent or aggrieved person either singly or jointly with any member of service provider . The magistrate may secure the service of suitable person preferably a woman including a person engaged in the welfare of women for assisting the court in the discharge of its function . If the circumstance of the case so warrant and if either party so desires the magistrate may conduct the proceedings on camera . Different kinds of order issued by the magistrate ( edit ) Protection orders ( edit ) After giving an opportunity to the aggrieved person and respondent of being heard and the magistrate is satisfied that a prima facie case of domestic violence has taken place or is likely to take place , pass a protection order in favour of the aggrieved person prohibiting the respondent from the following acts such as Committing any acts of domestic violence Aiding or abetting in the act of domestic violence Entering the place of employment of aggrieved person or if the person is child , its school or any other places Attempting to communicate in any form including personal , oral or written , electronic or telephonic contact Alienating any assets , operating bank account , bank locker held or enjoyed by both parties jointly or singly by the respondent including her sthridhan Causing violence to the dependents , or other relative or any other person who give the assistance to the aggrieved person or Committing any other acts specified by the protection officer Residence orders ( edit ) The magistrate being satisfied that a domestic violence has taken place , pass residence order - Restraining the respondent from dispossessing or in any manner disturbing the peaceful possession of the shared household Directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household Restraining the respondent or his relatives from entering any portion of the shared house hold where the aggrieved person lives Restraining the respondent from alienating or disposing of the shared house hold or encumbering it Restraining the respondent from renouncing his right in the shared household Directing the respondent to secure same level of alternate accommodation for the aggrieved person as enjoyed by her or to pay rent for the same if the circumstances so require . No order shall be made against women under this section . Magistrate may impose additional condition and pass any other order to protect the safety of the aggrieved person or her child . Magistrate is also empowered to order direction the concerned station house officer of the police station to give protection to the aggrieved person r to assist in implementing his order . Magistrate may also impose on the respondent to direct stridhan or any other property or valuabale security she is entitled Monetary relief ( edit ) The magistrate may direct the respondent to pay monetary relief to meet the expenses of the aggrieved person and any child as a result of domestic violence and such relief include Loss of earnings Medical expenses Loss caused due to destruction or removal or damage of any property Pass order as to maintenance for the aggrieved person as well as her children if any Including the order under or in addition to an order of maintenance under section 125 criminal procedure code or any other law . The quantum of relief shall be fair reasonable and consistent with the standard of living to which the aggrieved person is accustomed to . Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order , magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent . Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order , magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent . Custody orders ( edit ) Magistrate can grant temporary custody of any child or children to the aggrieved person or to the person making application on her behalf and specify the arrangements for visit of such child by the respondent . Magistrate can refuse the visit of such respondent in such case if it may harmful to the interest of the child . Compensation orders ( edit ) Magistrate may pass order directing the respondent to pay compensation to the petitioner for injuries including mental torture and emotional distress caused by the acts of domestic violence committed by the respondent . Copies of orders passed by the magistrate shall be supplied free of cost to the parties concerned and police officer and service provider Any relief available under this Act may also be sought in any other legal proceedings before a civil court , family court or criminal court and such relief may be sought in addition to and along with relief sought for in suit , or legal proceeding before civil or criminal court Criticism ( edit ) Some have criticized the law as having too little force , serving chiefly as a civil , rather than criminal , law -- requiring a further offense by the accused respondent ( such as violating a Protection Order issued under this law ) before triggering criminal law sanctions against the respondent ( such as arrest and imprisonment ) . However , groups involved in drafting the law believed this would provide more rapid and flexible relief for the victim . Men 's organizations such as the Save Indian Family Foundation have opposed the law , arguing that it might be misused by women during disputes . Renuka Chowdhury , the Indian Minister for Women and Child Development , agreed in a Hindustan Times article that `` an equal gender law would be ideal . But there is simply too much physical evidence to prove that it is mainly the woman who suffers at the hands of man '' . Former Attorney General of India Soli Sorabjee has also criticized the broad definition of verbal abuse in the act . According to the then President of India , Pratibha Devisingh Patil , `` Another disquieting trend has been that women themselves have not been innocent of abusing women . At times women have played an unsavory , catalytic role in perpetrating violence whether against the daughter - in - law , the mother - in - law or female domestic helps . Instances exist whereby protective legal provisions for the benefit of women have been subjected to distortion and misuse to wreak petty vengeance and to settle scores . Some surveys have concluded that 6 to 10 percent of dowry complaints are false and were registered primarily to settle scores . It is unfortunate if laws meant to protect women get abused as instruments of oppression . The bottom - line therefore , is the fair invocation of legal provisions and their objective and honest implementation . '' See also ( edit ) Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Domestic violence in India Honor killing in India Dowry system in India Dowry death in India Bride burning Dowry system in India Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Violence against women References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.icrw.org/files/images/Reducing-HIV-Stigma-and-Gender-Based-Violence-Toolkit-for-Health-Care-Providers-in-India-Annex-4.pdf Jump up ^ Tribune News Service . `` 4,157 booked in 2,009 domestic violence cases in five years '' . http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/crime/4-157-booked-in-2-009-domestic-violence-cases-in-five-years/57598.html . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Datta , Damayanti ( 4 December 2006 ) . `` The new laws of marriage '' . India Today . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pandey , Geeta , et . al. , BBC News , `` 100 Women 2014 : Violence at home is India 's ' failing ' '' , 29 October 2014 , BBC News Jump up ^ Hornbeck , Amy ; Bethany Johnson ; Michelle LaGrotta ; & Kellie Sellman ; `` The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act : Solution or Mere Paper Tiger ? '' , Loyola University Chicago International Law Review , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , Spring / Summer , 2007 , pp. 273 - 307 , Loyola University , Chicago ( also online at : ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Gupta , Monobina ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Malevolence for women 's law -- Men go to PM against female ' terrorist activity ' '' . The Telegraph , Calcutta . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Veenu ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` Men running scared now '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` SUNDAY DEBATE : Is verbal abuse domestic violence ? No '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speech of the Hon'ble President of India , at the National Conference of Lady Lawyers and Lady Teachers , at Yavatmal '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Domestic Violence Act 2005 Simple explainer on the Domestic Violence Act ( hide ) Indian Legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code CrPC In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions Black Money Corruption Lokpal Mines & Minerals Act 2015 Money Laundering Whistle Blowers Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Education National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Biological Diversity Act , 2002 Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 CAMPA bill Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Financial Aadhaar Act Banking Regulation Act , 1949 COFEPOSA Depositories Act Electricity Act Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Factories Act , 1948 , India Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Insurance Act , 1938 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments Act Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies Act Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Punjab States Telangana Uttarakhand Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transportation Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies ' Registration Act The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Other Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Ordinance List of Ordinances Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 Official Secrets Act ( India ) Public Debt Act , 1944 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2000 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Indian Institute of Management Bill , 2017 Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act,_2005&oldid=802613610 '' Categories : Acts of the Parliament of India 2005 Indian family law Women 's rights in India Women 's rights legislation Violence against women in India 2005 in women 's history Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use Indian English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 09 : 11 . About Wikipedia	in which year domestic violence act was passed	[ "The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence. It was brought into force by the Indian government from 26 October 2006. The Act provides for the first time in Indian law a definition of \"domestic violence\", with this definition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse. It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders and not meant to penalize criminally.[1] The act does not extend to Jammu and Kashmir, which has its own laws, and which enacted in 2010 the Jammu and Kashmir Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2010.[2]" ]	[ "2005" ]
3190922683222211432	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics - wikipedia European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics Map of UEFA countries , stages reached by teams on the UEFA Champions League and European Cup . UEFA member country with winning clubs UEFA member country with runner - up clubs UEFA member country that has been represented in the semi-final stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the round of 16 , quarterfinal or second group stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group or knockout stage after round of 16 Not a UEFA member This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League . Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955 -- 56 season , including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per `` Competition facts '' ; all goals scored before league phase ( s ) count as `` qualifying goals '' . Contents 1 General performances 1.1 By club 1.2 By nation 1.3 By city 1.4 All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings 1.5 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era 2 Clubs 2.1 Performance review ( from 1992 to 1993 ) 2.2 By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) 2.3 Presidents records 2.4 Unbeaten sides 2.5 Final success rate 2.6 Consecutive appearances 2.7 Winning other trophies 2.8 Biggest wins 2.9 Biggest two leg wins 2.10 Deciding drawn ties 2.10. 1 Play - offs 2.10. 2 Coin toss 2.10. 3 Away goals 2.10. 4 Penalty shootout 2.10. 5 Extra time 2.11 Most goals in a match 2.12 Highest scoring draws 2.13 Not winning the domestic league 2.14 Comebacks 2.15 Defence 2.16 Defending the trophy 2.17 Nationalities 2.18 Countries 2.19 Cities 2.20 Specific group stage records 2.20. 1 6 wins 2.20. 2 6 draws 2.20. 3 6 losses 2.20. 4 Two goals in each match 2.20. 5 Advancing past the group stage 2.20. 6 Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up 2.20. 7 Most points achieved , yet knocked out 2.20. 8 Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group 2.20. 9 Fewest points achieved , yet advanced 2.20. 10 Knocked out on tiebreakers 2.20. 11 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 2.21 Qualifying from first qualifying round 2.22 Winning after playing in a qualifying round 2.23 Consecutive goalscoring 2.24 Consecutive home wins 2.25 Consecutive away wins 2.26 Consecutive wins 2.27 Longest home undefeated run 2.28 Longest away undefeated run 2.29 Longest undefeated run 2.30 Most successive draws 2.31 Most successive defeats 2.32 Most successive games without a win 3 Players 3.1 Appearances 3.2 Goalscoring 3.2. 1 All - time top scorers 3.2. 2 Top scorers by seasons 3.2. 3 Most goals in a single season 3.2. 4 Hat - tricks 3.2. 5 Four goals in a match 3.2. 6 Five goals in a match 3.2. 7 Oldest and youngest 3.2. 8 Other goalscoring records 3.3 Other records 3.3. 1 First goal 3.3. 2 Most wins 3.3. 3 Oldest and youngest 3.3. 4 Penalties 3.3. 5 Own goals 3.3. 6 Goalkeeping 3.3. 7 Assisting 3.3. 8 Disciplinary 3.3. 9 Captaincy 3.3. 10 Trivia 4 Managers 4.1 All - time top coach appearances 4.2 Final and winning records 4.3 Winning other trophies 4.4 Other records 5 Referees 5.1 Disciplinary 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links General performances By club For details on winning clubs , see List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals . A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception , with Real Madrid being the only team to win it thirteen times , including the first five . Only two other clubs have reached ten or more finals : Milan and Bayern Munich . A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times : the three forementioned clubs , along with Liverpool , Ajax , Barcelona , Internazionale , Manchester United , Benfica , Nottingham Forest , Juventus , and Porto . A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament . Clubs from ten different countries have provided tournament winners . Spanish clubs have been the most successful , winning a total of 17 . Italy and England are joint - second with 12 , while the other multiple - time winners are Germany with seven , Netherlands with six , and Portugal with four . The only other countries to provide a tournament winner are Scotland , Romania , Yugoslavia , and France . Greece , Belgium and Sweden have all provided losing finalists . Clubs from a total of 35 European cities have participated in the tournament final . Clubs from 21 cities have provided winners , with the clear city leaders being Madrid ( winning twelve ) and Milan ( winning ten ) ; though both Milan and Internazionale have helped the city of Milan be successful , only Real Madrid have won it for the city of Madrid , with Atlético Madrid losing all three of their finals ( albeit two of these were against city rivals Real Madrid , therefore by the time of these two finals , a win for the city of Madrid was guaranteed ) . Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 13 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 , 2018 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation As of 2017 -- 18 season Country Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Spain 18 11 Real Madrid ( 13 ) , Barcelona ( 5 ) Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) , Barcelona ( 3 ) , Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Valencia ( 2 ) Italy 12 16 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) , Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) , Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) , Fiorentina ( 1 ) , Roma ( 1 ) , Sampdoria ( 1 ) England 12 8 Liverpool ( 5 ) , Manchester United ( 3 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) , Aston Villa ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) , Manchester United ( 2 ) , Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) , Leeds United ( 1 ) Germany 7 10 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) , Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) , Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) Netherlands 6 Ajax ( 4 ) , Feyenoord ( 1 ) , PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Portugal 5 Benfica ( 2 ) , Porto ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) France 5 Marseille ( 1 ) Reims ( 2 ) , Monaco ( 1 ) , Marseille ( 1 ) , Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Serbia Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Romania Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Scotland Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Greece 0 & -- Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Belgium 0 & -- Club Brugge ( 1 ) Sweden 0 & -- Malmö FF ( 1 ) By city As of 2017 -- 18 season City Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Madrid 13 6 Real Madrid ( 13 ) Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) Milan 10 6 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) Munich 5 5 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Barcelona 5 Barcelona ( 5 ) Barcelona ( 3 ) Liverpool 5 Liverpool ( 5 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) Amsterdam Ajax ( 4 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Manchester Manchester United ( 3 ) Manchester United ( 2 ) Turin 7 Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) Lisbon 5 Benfica ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) Nottingham 0 Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) Porto 0 Porto ( 2 ) London Chelsea ( 1 ) Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Glasgow Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Hamburg Hamburg ( 1 ) Hamburg ( 1 ) Bucharest Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Belgrade Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Marseille Marseille ( 1 ) Marseille ( 1 ) Dortmund Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Rotterdam 0 Feyenoord ( 1 ) Birmingham 0 Aston Villa ( 1 ) Eindhoven 0 PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Reims 0 Stade de Reims ( 2 ) Valencia 0 Valencia ( 2 ) Florence 0 Fiorentina ( 1 ) Frankfurt 0 Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) Athens 0 Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Leeds 0 Leeds United ( 1 ) Saint - Étienne 0 Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Mönchengladbach 0 Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) Bruges 0 Club Brugge ( 1 ) Malmö 0 Malmö FF ( 1 ) Rome 0 Roma ( 1 ) Genoa 0 Sampdoria ( 1 ) Leverkusen 0 Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) Monaco 0 Monaco ( 1 ) All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings As of 28 May 2018 Rank Club Years Pld GF GA GD Pts FW SF QF Real Madrid 48 423 254 74 95 942 458 + 484 582 13 16 29 36 Bayern Munich 34 333 191 69 73 665 334 + 331 451 5 10 19 30 Barcelona 28 298 175 67 56 594 288 + 306 417 5 8 16 22 Manchester United 27 269 150 65 54 496 253 + 243 365 5 12 18 5 Juventus 32 261 130 67 64 413 255 + 158 327 9 12 18 6 Milan 28 249 125 64 60 416 231 + 185 314 7 11 13 17 7 Benfica 37 242 108 55 79 393 274 + 119 271 7 8 17 8 Liverpool 22 196 109 45 42 369 172 + 197 263 5 8 10 14 9 Porto 32 233 103 56 74 341 258 + 83 262 9 10 Arsenal 21 201 101 43 57 332 218 + 114 245 0 7 11 Dynamo Kyiv 34 227 96 49 82 326 275 + 51 241 0 0 8 12 Ajax 34 199 87 53 59 302 224 + 78 227 6 8 12 13 Celtic 32 200 93 33 74 297 239 + 58 219 7 14 Internazionale 19 166 82 44 40 239 161 + 78 208 5 8 12 15 Chelsea 15 160 80 46 34 274 142 + 132 206 7 9 16 Anderlecht 34 200 70 44 86 282 320 -- 38 184 0 0 7 17 Rangers 30 161 62 40 59 232 218 + 14 164 0 0 18 PSV Eindhoven 26 167 61 39 67 215 205 + 10 161 7 19 Atlético Madrid 13 119 60 32 27 181 104 + 77 152 0 6 9 20 Galatasaray 24 163 56 40 67 207 250 -- 43 152 0 0 5 21 Borussia Dortmund 16 130 62 26 42 227 166 + 61 150 8 22 Lyon 16 130 60 29 41 205 148 + 57 149 0 0 23 FCSB 26 145 52 41 52 203 204 -- 1 145 24 Panathinaikos 28 157 49 45 63 182 214 -- 32 143 0 25 Olympiacos 31 160 56 30 74 191 250 -- 59 142 0 0 0 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era A total of 137 clubs from 33 national associations have played in or qualified for the Champions League group stage . Nation # Clubs Years Spain ( 13 ) 23 Barcelona 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 23 Real Madrid 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Valencia 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 9 Atlético Madrid 1996 -- 97 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Deportivo La Coruña 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 5 Sevilla 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Villarreal 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Real Sociedad 2003 -- 04 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 1998 -- 99 , 2014 -- 15 Mallorca 2001 -- 02 Celta Vigo 2003 -- 04 Real Betis 2005 -- 06 Málaga 2012 -- 13 Germany ( 13 ) 22 Bayern Munich 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Borussia Dortmund 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Bayer Leverkusen 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 8 Schalke 04 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- 19 7 Werder Bremen 1993 -- 94 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 VfB Stuttgart 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Hamburger SV 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 VfL Wolfsburg 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 Borussia Mönchengladbach 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Kaiserslautern 1998 -- 99 Hertha BSC 1999 -- 2000 RB Leipzig 2017 -- 18 1899 Hoffenheim 2018 -- 19 England ( 10 ) 22 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 19 Arsenal 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 15 Chelsea 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 11 Liverpool 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 8 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Tottenham Hotspur 2010 -- 11 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Newcastle United 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Leeds United 2000 -- 01 Leicester City 2016 -- 17 France ( 10 ) 15 Lyon 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 11 Paris Saint - Germain 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 9 Marseille 1992 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 9 Monaco 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lille 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Bordeaux 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Auxerre 1996 -- 97 , 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 11 Nantes 1995 -- 96 , 2001 -- 02 Lens 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 Montpellier 2012 -- 13 Italy ( 9 ) 19 Juventus 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 17 Milan 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 12 Internazionale 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2018 -- 19 11 Roma 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lazio 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 5 Napoli 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Fiorentina 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Parma 1997 -- 98 Udinese 2005 -- 06 Netherlands ( 7 ) 15 PSV Eindhoven 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 14 Ajax 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- 19 5 Feyenoord 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- 18 Willem II 1999 -- 2000 Heerenveen 2000 -- 01 AZ 2009 -- 10 Twente 2010 -- 11 Russia ( 6 ) 12 Spartak Moscow 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 -- 18 12 CSKA Moscow 1992 -- 93 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 6 Zenit Saint Petersburg 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Lokomotiv Moscow 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2018 -- 19 Rubin Kazan 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Rostov 2016 -- 17 Belgium ( 6 ) 12 Anderlecht 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 6 Club Brugge 1992 -- 93 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 Genk 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 Lierse 1997 -- 98 Standard Liège 2009 -- 10 Gent 2015 -- 16 Portugal ( 5 ) 23 Porto 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Benfica 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 8 Sporting CP 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Boavista 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Braga 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Turkey ( 5 ) 15 Galatasaray 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 7 Beşiktaş 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 6 Fenerbahçe 1996 -- 97 , 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Bursaspor 2010 -- 11 Trabzonspor 2011 -- 12 Switzerland ( 5 ) 8 Basel 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Grasshopper 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Thun 2005 -- 06 Zürich 2009 -- 10 Young Boys 2018 -- 19 Romania ( 4 ) 7 FCSB 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 CFR Cluj 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Unirea Urziceni 2009 -- 10 Oțelul Galați 2011 -- 12 Sweden ( 4 ) IFK Göteborg 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 Malmö FF 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 AIK 1999 -- 2000 Helsingborg 2000 -- 01 Denmark ( 4 ) Copenhagen 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 AaB 1995 -- 96 , 2008 -- 09 Brøndby 1998 -- 99 Nordsjælland 2012 -- 13 Austria ( 4 ) Sturm Graz 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 Rapid Wien 1996 -- 97 , 2005 -- 06 Red Bull Salzburg 1994 -- 95 Austria Wien 2013 -- 14 Greece ( 3 ) 18 Olympiacos 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 9 Panathinaikos 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 5 AEK Athens 1994 -- 95 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2018 -- 19 Czech Republic ( 3 ) 7 Sparta Prague 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 Viktoria Plzeň 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2018 -- 19 Slavia Prague 2007 -- 08 Israel ( 3 ) Maccabi Haifa 2002 -- 03 , 2009 -- 10 Maccabi Tel Aviv 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Hapoel Tel Aviv 2010 -- 11 Slovakia ( 3 ) Košice 1997 -- 98 Petržalka 2005 -- 06 Žilina 2010 -- 11 Ukraine ( 2 ) 16 Dynamo Kyiv 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 13 Shakhtar Donetsk 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Scotland ( 2 ) 10 Rangers 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 10 Celtic 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Norway ( 2 ) 11 Rosenborg 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Molde 1999 -- 2000 Croatia ( 2 ) 6 Dinamo Zagreb 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Hajduk Split 1994 -- 95 Cyprus ( 2 ) APOEL 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Anorthosis 2008 -- 09 Poland ( 2 ) Legia Warsaw 1995 -- 96 , 2016 -- 17 Widzew Łódź 1996 -- 97 Bulgaria ( 2 ) Ludogorets Razgrad 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Levski Sofia 2006 -- 07 Hungary ( 2 ) Ferencváros 1995 -- 96 Debrecen 2009 -- 10 Belarus ( 1 ) 5 BATE Borisov 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Slovenia ( 1 ) Maribor 1999 -- 2000 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Serbia ( 1 ) Partizan 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 Finland ( 1 ) HJK 1998 -- 99 Kazakhstan ( 1 ) Astana 2015 -- 16 Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Qarabağ 2017 -- 18 Team in Bold : qualified for the knockout phase . European Cup group stage participants only one season was played in that format 1991 -- 92 : Anderlecht Barcelona Benfica Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos Red Star Belgrade Sampdoria Sparta Prague Red Star Belgrade and Sampdoria are the only sides to have played in 1991 -- 92 European Cup group stage , but to have not played in the Champions League group stage . Clubs Performance review ( from 1992 to 1993 ) Main article : UEFA Champions League clubs performance comparison By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) Team No . Years Real Madrid 29 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1973 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Bayern Munich 19 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Barcelona 16 1960 , 1961 , 1975 , 1986 , 1992 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Milan 13 1956 , 1958 , 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 Manchester United 12 1957 , 1958 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 Juventus 12 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1985 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Liverpool 10 1965 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2018 Benfica 8 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 , 1988 , 1990 Internazionale 8 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1981 , 2003 , 2010 Ajax 8 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1980 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 Chelsea 7 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 Atlético Madrid 6 1959 , 1971 , 1974 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Red Star Belgrade 1957 , 1971 , 1991 , 1992 Borussia Dortmund 1964 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 Celtic 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 Monaco 1994 , 1998 , 2004 , 2017 Hamburg 1961 , 1980 , 1983 Leeds United 1970 , 1975 , 2001 Panathinaikos 1971 , 1985 , 1996 PSV Eindhoven 1976 , 1988 , 2005 Dynamo Kyiv 1977 , 1987 , 1999 Steaua București 1986 , 1988 , 1989 Porto 1987 , 1994 , 2004 Marseille 1990 , 1991 , 1993 Reims 1956 , 1959 Rangers 1960 , 1993 Feyenoord 1963 , 1970 Zürich 1964 , 1977 CSKA Sofia 1967 , 1982 Saint - Étienne 1975 , 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 1977 , 1978 Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Anderlecht 1982 , 1986 IFK Göteborg 1986 , 1993 Valencia 2000 , 2001 Arsenal 2006 , 2009 Roma 1984 , 2018 Hibernian 1956 Fiorentina 1957 Vasas 1958 Young Boys 1959 Eintracht Frankfurt 1960 Rapid Wien 1961 Standard Liège 1962 Tottenham Hotspur 1962 Dundee 1963 Győri ETO 1965 Partizan 1966 Dukla Praha 1967 Spartak Trnava 1969 Legia Warsaw 1970 Derby County 1973 Újpest Club Brugge 1978 Austria Wien 1979 Köln 1979 Malmö FF 1979 Aston Villa 1982 Real Sociedad Widzew Łódź Dinamo București 1984 Dundee United 1984 Bordeaux 1985 Galatasaray 1989 Spartak Moscow 1991 Sparta Prague 1992 Sampdoria 1992 Paris Saint - Germain 1995 Nantes Bayer Leverkusen 2002 Deportivo La Coruña Villarreal 2006 Lyon Schalke 04 2011 Manchester City 2016 Team in Bold : Finalist team in season By nation Country Won Lost Total Spain 29 27 56 England 20 20 40 Italy 28 9 37 Germany 17 15 32 France 6 9 15 Netherlands 8 5 13 Portugal 9 11 Scotland 7 9 Serbia 5 Romania Belgium Greece Sweden Hungary 0 Switzerland 0 Ukraine 0 Austria 0 Bulgaria 0 Czech Republic 0 Poland 0 Russia 0 Slovakia 0 Turkey 0 Cities with multiple representatives Country No . Clubs Madrid 35 Real Madrid ( 29 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 6 ) Manchester 13 Manchester United ( 12 ) , Manchester City ( 1 ) London 10 Chelsea ( 7 ) , Arsenal ( 2 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) Glasgow 6 Celtic ( 4 ) , Rangers ( 2 ) Belgrade 5 Red Star Belgrade ( 4 ) , Partizan ( 1 ) Bucharest Steaua București ( 3 ) , Dinamo București ( 1 ) Budapest Újpest ( 1 ) , Vasas ( 1 ) Dundee Dundee ( 1 ) , Dundee United ( 1 ) Prague Dukla Praha ( 1 ) , Sparta Prague ( 1 ) Vienna Austria Wien ( 1 ) , Rapid Wien ( 1 ) Note : In the 1992 and 1993 seasons there were no semi-finals as the finalists qualified via a group stage . The winners ( Sampdoria and Barcelona in 1992 , Marseille and Milan in 1993 ) and runners - up ( Red Star Belgrade and Sparta Prague in 1992 , Rangers and IFK Göteborg in 1993 ) of the two groups are marked as semi-finalists in the table . Presidents records Jaap van Praag and Michael van Praag are the first father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Ajax . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 and 1994 -- 95 . Angelo Moratti and Massimo Moratti are the second father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Internazionale . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 and 2009 -- 10 . Santiago Bernabéu won 6 European Cups as a president of Real Madrid : 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 1965 -- 66 . Two presidents won 5 European Cups / UEFA Champions League : Silvio Berlusconi as a president of Milan : 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 . Florentino Pérez as a president of Real Madrid : 2001 -- 02 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 . Unbeaten sides Nine clubs have won either the European Cup or the Champions League unbeaten , only four clubs have done this twice : Liverpool had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1980 -- 81 and 7 wins and 2 draws in 1983 -- 84 . Milan had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1988 -- 89 and 7 wins and 5 draws in 1993 -- 94 . Ajax had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1971 -- 72 and 7 wins and 4 draws in 1994 -- 95 . Manchester United had 5 wins and 6 draws in 1998 -- 99 and 9 wins and 4 draws in 2007 -- 08 ( Manchester United is the only team in the Champions League era to go unbeaten twice ) . Five clubs have achieved it on one occasion : Internazionale had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1963 -- 64 . Nottingham Forest had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1978 -- 79 . Red Star Belgrade had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1990 -- 91 . Marseille had 7 wins and 4 draws in 1992 -- 93 . Barcelona had 9 wins and 4 draws in 2005 -- 06 . The team to have won the European Cup with the fewest games won is PSV Eindhoven ( 1987 -- 88 ) , managing just three victories in the entire tournament ( including none from the quarter - finals onwards ) . The team to have won the Champions League with the fewest games won is Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 ) , with five wins . Two teams have won the Champions League with the most games lost , Milan ( 2002 -- 03 ) and Real Madrid ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , both losing four games . Final success rate Statue of Brian Clough , Nottingham Forest manager in 1979 and 1980 Only two clubs have appeared in the final of the European Cup / Champions league more than once , with a 100 % success rate : Nottingham Forest ( 1979 , 1980 ) Porto ( 1987 , 2004 ) Four clubs have appeared in the final once , being victorious on that occasion : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) Aston Villa ( 1982 ) PSV Eindhoven ( 1988 ) Red Star Belgrade ( 1991 ) On the opposite end of the scale , 18 clubs have played at least one final , but never won . Only three of these have appeared in the final more than once , losing on each occasion : Reims ( 1956 , 1959 ) Valencia ( 2000 , 2001 ) Atlético Madrid ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) Of the 22 teams who have won the trophy , only two have lost more finals than they have won : Juventus two wins ( 1985 , 1996 ) and seven losses ( 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 ) Benfica two wins ( 1961 , 1962 ) and five losses ( 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 ) Consecutive appearances Most consecutive seasons in the European Cup : 15 , Real Madrid ( 1955 -- 56 to 1969 -- 70 ) Most consecutive seasons in the UEFA Champions League : 21 , Real Madrid ( 1997 -- 98 to present ) Most consecutive final appearances : 5 , Real Madrid ( 1956 to 1960 ) Most consecutive final appearances ( Champions League era ) : 3 -- joint record Milan ( 1993 to 1995 ) Juventus ( 1996 to 1998 ) Real Madrid ( 2016 to 2018 ) Most consecutive semi-final appearances : 8 , Real Madrid ( 2010 -- 11 to 2017 -- 18 ) Most consecutive quarter - final appearances : 11 , Barcelona ( 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 ) Winning other trophies Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . See also Treble ( association football ) and Tuples in association football . Although not an officially recognised achievement , seven clubs have achieved the distinction of winning the Champions League or European Cup , their domestic championship , and their primary domestic cup competition in the same season , known colloquially as `` the treble '' : Celtic in 1967 , having won the European Cup , the Scottish First Division , and the Scottish Cup . Ajax in 1972 won the European Cup , the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . PSV Eindhoven in 1988 did likewise , having won the European Cup the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . Manchester United in 1999 , having won the Premier League , the FA Cup , and the Champions League . Barcelona in 2009 , which included La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Internazionale in 2010 , which included Serie A , the Coppa Italia , and the Champions League . Bayern Munich in 2013 , which included Bundesliga , the DFB - Pokal , and the Champions League . Barcelona in 2015 won the treble for the second time , having won La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Liverpool in 1984 won the English First Division and the European Cup . However , this ' treble ' included the Football League Cup rather than the FA Cup . Bayern Munich in 2001 won the Bundesliga and the Champions League . However , this ' treble ' included the DFB - Ligapokal rather than the DFB - Pokal . In addition to this treble , several of these clubs went on to win further cups . However , most of these cups were technically won the following year following the conclusion of regular domestic or international leagues the year before . Also , several domestic cups may not have been extant at the time that equivalent cups were won by clubs of other nations , and in some cases they remain so . Furthermore , there is much variance in the regard with which several cups are taken both over time and between nations . Regardless , the following clubs all won competitions further to the treble mentioned above : Celtic also won their secondary domestic cup competition , the Scottish League Cup , in the 1966 -- 67 season concurrently with the treble of cups mentioned previously ( sometimes colloquially referred to as a part of `` the quadruple '' ) , thus making their achievement unique in this respect to every other club . Ajax also won the Intercontinental Cup ( the predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup and the de facto premier global club cup ) and the inaugural ( and technically unofficial ) UEFA Super Cup the following season , forming part of a quintuple of Cup successes ; they thus won all available cups to them . Manchester United won the Intercontinental Cup the following season , winning a quadruple of cups . Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup , the European Super Cup , and the Supercopa de España the following season , making it a sextuple of cup successes , and thus winning all available cups to them . Internazionale completed The Quintuple by winning Serie A , the Coppa Italia , the Champions League , the FIFA Club World Cup , and the Supercoppa Italiana . Bayern Munich also won the DFL - Supercup in the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , winning a quadruple of cups . Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Chelsea and Manchester United are also the only teams to have won the three major UEFA official Cups , namely UEFA Champions League / European Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / Europa League . Juventus was the first club in association football history -- and remain the only one at present -- to have won all official continental tournaments and the world champions title . Chelsea became the first club to hold the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League trophies simultaneously by winning 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League and 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League . Biggest wins The following teams won a single match by ten goals or more in the preliminary rounds of the European Cup : Dinamo București beat Crusaders 11 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in 1969 -- 70 Manchester United beat Anderlecht 10 -- 0 in 1956 -- 57 Ipswich Town beat Floriana 10 -- 0 in 1962 -- 63 Benfica beat Stade Dudelange 10 -- 0 in 1965 -- 66 Leeds United beat Lyn 10 -- 0 in 1969 -- 70 Borussia Mönchengladbach beat EPA Larnaca 10 -- 0 in 1970 -- 71 Ajax beat Omonia 10 -- 0 in 1979 -- 80 The largest margin of victory in the current Champions League format is 10 -- 0 : HJK Helsinki beat Bangor City in the second qualifying round in 2011 -- 12 The largest margin of victory after the preliminary rounds in either competition is 8 -- 0 : Real Madrid beat Sevilla in the quarter - final in 1957 -- 58 Liverpool beat Beşiktaş in the group stage in 2007 -- 08 Real Madrid beat Malmö FF in the group stage in 2015 -- 16 The largest margin of victory in the knockout stage in the current Champions League format is 7 -- 0 : Bayern Munich beat Basel in the first knockout round in 2011 -- 12 Bayern Munich beat Shakhtar Donetsk in the first knockout round in 2014 -- 15 The largest margin of victory in a final is four goals : Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in 1959 -- 60 Bayern Munich beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 ( replay ) Milan beat Steaua București 4 -- 0 in 1988 -- 89 Milan beat Barcelona 4 -- 0 in 1993 -- 94 The largest margin of victory in an away match is seven goals : Žilina 0 -- 7 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 BATE Borisov 0 -- 7 Shakhtar Donetsk in 2014 -- 15 Maribor 0 -- 7 Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 Biggest two leg wins Benfica hold the overall record for highest aggregate win . They beat Stade Dudelange 18 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1965 -- 66 : 8 -- 0 away score and 10 -- 0 at home . As for the group stage , record belongs to Shakhtar Donetsk , who beat BATE Borisov 12 -- 0 ( 7 -- 0 away , 5 -- 0 at home ) in 2014 -- 15 . Including the preliminary rounds , HJK Helsinki hold the Champions League era record by beating Bangor City 13 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 , 10 -- 0 ) in 2011 -- 12 . Bayern Munich hold the biggest margin of overall home and away result in the Champions League era in play - off . They beat Sporting CP 12 -- 1 ( 5 -- 0 , 7 -- 1 ) in the round of 16 in 2008 -- 09 . Real Madrid hold the record for the biggest win in a quarter - final , beating Sevilla 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) in 1957 -- 58 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Kaiserslautern 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) in 1998 -- 99 . Eintracht Frankfurt hold the record for the biggest win in a semi-final , beating Rangers 12 -- 4 ( 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 ) in 1959 -- 60 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Barcelona 7 -- 0 ( 4 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) in 2012 -- 13 . Deciding drawn ties Play - offs The first play - off was Borussia Dortmund beating Spora Luxembourg 7 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1956 -- 57 after the two first games tied 5 -- 5 ( 4 -- 3 , 1 -- 2 ) . The last play - off match was Ajax beating Benfica 3 -- 0 in the quarter - final in 1968 -- 69 after the two first games tied 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 3 , 3 -- 1 ) . Ajax later progressed to the final . The first ( and only ) replayed final was in 1974 , with Bayern Munich beating Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 after 1 -- 1 in the first meeting . A total of 32 play - offs have been played . Real Madrid is the only team to have won three times , in 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 and 1961 -- 62 , later progressing to the final on all three occasions . Feyenoord is the only team to win two play - offs in the same season , beating Servette and Vasas in 1962 -- 63 , while Wismut Karl Marx Stadt and Atlético Madrid have played the most play - offs with four each . Coin toss The first coin toss was in 1957 -- 58 , with Wismut Karl Marx Stadt beating Gwardia Warsaw after the play - off was abandoned after 100 minutes due to floodlight power failure . Zürich won a coin toss against Galatasaray in 1963 -- 64 after their play - off match ended 2 -- 2 . This was the first time this rule was used for a tie played to completion . The last season using a coin toss was 1969 -- 70 , with Galatasaray beating Spartak Trnava and Celtic beating Benfica , both in the second round . Celtic later progressed to the final . A total of 7 European Cup ties were decided by a coin toss , Galatasaray being the only team to be involved twice , with one win and one loss . Away goals The away goals rule was introduced in 1967 -- 68 , with Valur beating Jeunesse Esch 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 3 ) and Benfica beating Glentoran 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) , both in the first round . Benfica later progressed to the final . In 2002 -- 03 , Milan and Internazionale met in the semi-final . Sharing the same stadium ( Giuseppe Meazza ) , they played 0 -- 0 in the first tie and 1 -- 1 in the second . However , Milan were the designated away side in the latter , and so became the only team to win on `` away '' goals without having scored a goal away from their own stadium . They later went on to win the final against Juventus . Milan and Paris Saint - Germain are the only teams to have advanced on the away goals rule after extra time . In the semi-final against Bayern Munich in 1989 -- 90 , Milan won 1 -- 0 at home and were 1 -- 0 down after 90 minutes in the second leg . Both teams scored one goal each in the extra time , giving Milan the victory on away goals . They later went on to win the final against Benfica . In the round of 16 against Chelsea in 2014 -- 15 , PSG drew 1 -- 1 at home and away . Both teams scored one goal each in extra time , giving PSG the victory on away goals . Penalty shootout Alan Kennedy scored the decisive penalty kick in 1984 . The first penalty shootout in the European Cup was between Everton and Borussia Mönchengladbach on 4 November 1970 , after both games ended 1 -- 1 . Gladbach 's Klaus - Dieter Sieloff was the first player to score on a penalty kick , while Everton 's Joe Royle was the first to miss . Everton went on to win 4 -- 3 with Sandy Brown scoring the decisive goal . The first penalty shootout in a final was between Liverpool and Roma in the 1984 final after 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) . Roma 's Agostino Di Bartolomei was the first player to score , while Liverpool 's Steve Nicol was the first to miss . Liverpool went on to win 4 -- 2 with Alan Kennedy scoring the deciding goal . Kennedy also scored the deciding goal in the 1981 final . 11 finals have been decided by a penalty shootout . Liverpool is the only team to have won more than once ( 1984 and 2005 ) , while Juventus , Milan , Bayern Munich and Chelsea have won one and lost one . No team has lost twice . Barcelona , Bayern Munich and Atlético Madrid are the only teams to have been involved in two penalty shootouts in the same season . In 1985 -- 86 , Barcelona beat IFK Göteborg in the semi-finals , but lost to Steaua București in the final . In 2011 -- 12 , Bayern Munich beat Real Madrid in the semi-finals but lost to Chelsea in the final . In 2015 -- 16 , Atlético Madrid beat PSV Eindhoven in the Round of 16 but lost to Real Madrid in the final . Extra time 17 finals have gone to extra time . One was replayed , eleven went to penalty shootout , while the remaining five were decided after 120 minutes : Real Madrid beat Milan 3 -- 2 in 1958 Manchester United beat Benfica 4 -- 1 in 1968 Feyenoord beat Celtic 2 -- 1 in 1970 Barcelona beat Sampdoria 1 -- 0 in 1992 Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 in 2014 Most goals in a match Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in the first round in 1969 -- 70 . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League matches . Borussia Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8 -- 4 in the group stage in 2016 -- 17 . This is the record for the Champions League era . Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in the 1960 final . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League finals . Highest scoring draws The highest scoring draw is eight goals ( four goals each ) : Hamburg 4 -- 4 Juventus in 2000 -- 01 Chelsea 4 -- 4 Liverpool in 2008 -- 09 Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 4 Roma in 2015 -- 16 Not winning the domestic League Nottingham Forest is the only club to have won the European Cup more times ( twice ) than they have won their domestic league ( once ) . Forest won the English League in 1978 before winning the European Cup in 1979 and defending it in 1980 . Nottingham Forest are also the only previous winners of the European Cup to be later relegated to the third tier of their national league ( in 2005 ) . The competition format was changed in 1997 -- 98 to allow teams that were not champions of their domestic league to compete in the competition . Since then there have been European Champions who had not been domestic champions . Notable instances include the following : Manchester United 's treble - winners of 1999 were the first winners of the tournament to have won neither their domestic title nor the European Cup / Champions League the previous season . Since then , Real Madrid ( 2000 , 2014 , 2016 ) , Milan ( 2003 and 2007 ) , Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Barcelona ( 2009 and 2015 ) , and Chelsea ( 2012 ) have achieved this feat . Liverpool 's 2005 triumph came 15 years after their previous domestic league title ( 1990 ) . That was the longest time any Champions League winner had gone since previously winning their league . Prior to this , the longest time period for any winner was Milan , whose victory in 2003 had come four years since their last Serie A win . Bayer Leverkusen ( in 2002 ) is the only club to play in the final having never won their domestic league . Comebacks Newcastle United in 2002 -- 03 is the only team to have progressed past the group stage after losing their first three games . In their last game against Feyenoord , Craig Bellamy 's injury time ( 90 + 1 ' ) goal secured the 3 -- 2 victory and a place in the second group stage . Only ten teams have progressed past the group stage after losing their first two games . Only Galatasaray managed to advance past the Round of 16 in the tournament , however . Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 , lost on head - to - head criteria in second group stage to Real Madrid despite having a better goal difference Newcastle United and Bayer Leverkusen in 2002 -- 03 , placed 3rd and 4th in second group stage Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 , lost to Juventus on away goals ( 4 -- 4 agg ) in the round of 16 Internazionale in 2006 -- 07 , lost to Valencia on away goals ( 2 -- 2 agg ) in the round of 16 Lyon in 2007 -- 08 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Panathinaikos in 2008 -- 09 , came back to win the group but lost 2 -- 3 to Villarreal in the round of 16 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 , lost 3 -- 5 to Real Madrid in the quarter - finals Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 , lost 1 -- 5 to Barcelona in the round of 16 In 1994 -- 95 , defending champions Milan started the group stage with a loss and a win , but were deducted two points for crowd trouble against Casino Salzburg on matchday two . With 0 points after two games , they still managed to advance from the group and later to the final , where they lost to Ajax . Only Juventus 1998 -- 99 have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first five games ( five draws ) . Zinedine Zidane and Juventus drew their first five games in 1998 -- 99 . Only two teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first four games : Lokomotiv Moscow lost three and drew one in 2002 -- 03 ( first group stage ) Manchester City lost two and drew two in 2014 -- 15 The following teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first three games : Dynamo Kyiv lost one and drew two in 1998 -- 99 Dynamo Kyiv lost two and drew one in 1999 -- 2000 Fiorentina lost one and drew two in 1999 -- 2000 Feyenoord drew their first five games in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool lost one and drew two in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Newcastle United lost their first three games in 2002 -- 03 Arsenal lost two and drew one in 2003 -- 04 Celta Vigo lost one and drew two in 2003 -- 04 Porto lost two and drew one in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen lost two and drew one in 2005 -- 06 Villarreal drew three in 2005 -- 06 Liverpool lost two and drew one in 2007 -- 08 Panathinaikos lost two and drew one in 2008 -- 09 Internazionale drew three in 2009 -- 10 Stuttgart lost one and drew two in 2009 -- 10 Juventus drew three in 2012 -- 13 Galatasaray lost two and drew one in 2012 -- 13 17 teams have lost the first leg of a knockout match with three goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Milan lost 5 -- 2 to Rapid Wien in the preliminary round 1957 -- 58 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 in the play - off Schalke 04 lost 3 -- 0 to KB in the first round 1958 -- 59 , but won 5 -- 2 in the second leg and 3 -- 1 in the play - off Jeunesse Esch lost 4 -- 1 to Haka in the preliminary round 1963 -- 64 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Partizan lost 4 -- 1 to Sparta Prague in the quarter - final 1965 -- 66 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 6 -- 4 on aggregate Panathinaikos lost 4 -- 1 to Red Star Belgrade in the semi-final 1970 -- 71 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and progressed to the final on away goals Saint - Étienne lost 4 -- 1 to Hajduk Split in the second round 1974 -- 75 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Real Madrid lost 4 -- 1 to Derby County in the second round 1975 -- 76 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Barcelona lost 3 -- 0 to Gothenburg in the semi-final 1985 -- 86 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on penalties Werder Bremen lost 3 -- 0 to Dynamo Berlin in the first round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Galatasaray lost 3 -- 0 to Neuchâtel Xamax in the second round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Leeds United lost 3 -- 0 to Stuttgart in the first round 1992 -- 93 , but was awarded a score of 3 -- 0 in the second leg and won 2 -- 1 in the play - off Copenhagen lost 3 -- 0 to Linfield in the first round 1993 -- 94 , but won 4 -- 0 ( aet ) in the second leg and 4 -- 3 on aggregate Paris Saint - Germain lost 3 -- 0 to Steaua București in the second qualifying round 1997 -- 98 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Widzew Łódź lost 4 -- 1 to Litex Lovech in the second qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 3 -- 2 on penalties KF Tirana lost 3 -- 0 to Dinamo Tbilisi in the first qualifying round 2003 -- 04 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 on penalties Deportivo La Coruña lost 4 -- 1 to Milan in the quarter - final 2003 -- 04 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Roma lost 4 -- 1 to Barcelona in the quarter - final 2017 -- 18 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and went through on away goals Only one team has lost the first leg of a knockout match by four goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Barcelona lost 4 -- 0 to Paris Saint - Germain in the first leg of the round of 16 in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League , but won 6 -- 1 in the second leg to win 6 -- 5 on aggregate . Defence Arsenal goalkeepers Jens Lehmann and Manuel Almunia racked up ten consecutive clean sheets en route to the 2006 Final . Arsenal hold the record for the most consecutive clean sheets with ten in 2005 -- 06 . They went without conceding a goal for 995 minutes between September 2005 and May 2006 . The run started after Markus Rosenberg 's goal for Ajax after 71 minutes on matchday two of the group stage , continued with four group stage games and six games in the knockout rounds , and ended with Samuel Eto'o 's goal for Barcelona after 76 minutes in the final . The 995 minutes were split between two goalkeepers , Jens Lehmann with 648 and Manuel Almunia with 347 minutes . Manchester United hold the record for the longest run without conceding from the start of a campaign , with 481 minutes in 2010 -- 11 . The run ended with Pablo Hernández 's goal for Valencia after 32 minutes on matchday six of the group stage . Manchester United in 2010 -- 11 is the only team to play six away games in a single Champions League season without conceding a goal . Defending the trophy A total of 63 tournaments have been played , 37 in the European Cup era ( 1955 -- 56 to 1991 -- 92 ) and 26 in the Champions League era ( 1992 -- 93 to 2017 -- 18 ) . 15 of the 62 attempts to defend the trophy ( 24.19 % ) have been successful , split between 8 teams . These are : Real Madrid on 6 attempts out of 12 ( 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 ) Benfica on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1961 -- 62 ) Internazionale on 1 attempt out of 3 ( 1964 -- 65 ) Ajax on 2 attempts out of 4 ( 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 ) Bayern Munich on 2 attempts out of 5 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 ) Liverpool on 1 attempt out of 5 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Nottingham Forest on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Milan on 1 attempt out of 7 ( 1989 -- 90 ) . Between the two eras of this competition , this breaks down as : Of the 37 attempts in European Cup era : 13 successful ( 35.1 % ) Of the 26 attempts in the Champions League era : 2 successful ( 7.69 % ) The only team to successfully defend the trophy in the Champions League era is Real Madrid ( twice ) , who won in 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 . The teams closest to defending the trophy in the Champions League era but who were unsuccessful , all making it to the final : Milan in 1994 -- 95 Ajax in 1995 -- 96 Juventus in 1996 -- 97 Manchester United in 2008 -- 09 Of the 22 teams that have won the trophy , 14 have never defended it . Only four of these have won the trophy more than once , and so have had more than one attempt to do so . These are : Barcelona on 5 attempts : Lost to CSKA Moscow in the second round in 1992 -- 93 , to Liverpool in the round of 16 in 2006 -- 07 , to Internazionale in the semi-final in 2009 -- 10 , to Chelsea in the semi-final in 2011 -- 12 and to Atlético Madrid in the quarter - final in 2015 -- 16 . Manchester United on 3 attempts : Lost to Milan in the semi-final in 1968 -- 69 , to Real Madrid in the quarter - final in 1999 -- 2000 and to Barcelona in the final in 2008 -- 09 . Juventus on 2 attempts : Lost to Barcelona in the quarter - final in 1985 -- 86 and to Borussia Dortmund in the final in 1996 -- 97 . Porto on 2 attempts : Lost to Real Madrid in the second round in 1987 -- 88 and to Internazionale in the round of 16 in 2004 -- 05 . During the Champions League era , only one title holder has failed to qualify from the group stage : Chelsea in 2012 -- 13 Nationalities Benfica twice won the competition ( 1961 and 1962 ) with a team consisting entirely of Portuguese players , although some of them had been born in Portuguese African colonies , then Overseas Provinces of Portugal but now independent nations . Celtic won the competition in 1967 with their entire squad born within a 30 - mile radius of Celtic Park , their home ground . Nottingham Forest ( 1979 and 1980 ) won twice with a team consisting of players from England , Scotland and Northern Ireland ( Martin O'Neill played in the 1980 final ) . Liverpool won in 1981 with a team consisting of players from England and Scotland . Aston Villa also won the European Cup ( 1982 ) with a team consisting entirely of players from England and Scotland . Arsenal are believed to be the first club in Champions League history to have fielded 11 players of different nationality at the same time , in their 2 -- 1 win away to Hamburg on 13 September 2006 . The Arsenal team , after the 28th minute substitution of Kolo Touré , was : Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , Emmanuel Eboué ( Ivory Coast ) , Johan Djourou ( Switzerland ) , Justin Hoyte ( England ) , William Gallas ( France ) , Tomáš Rosický ( Czech Republic ) , Gilberto Silva ( Brazil ) , Cesc Fàbregas ( Spain ) , Alexander Hleb ( Belarus ) , Emmanuel Adebayor ( Togo ) and Robin van Persie ( Netherlands ) . Countries Only on six occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same country : 2000 Spain : Real Madrid vs Valencia 3 -- 0 2003 Italy : Milan vs Juventus 0 -- 0 ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) 2008 England : Manchester United vs Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) 2013 Germany : Bayern Munich vs Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) In addition to the 6 finals , 28 meetings between teams from the same country have been played : 11 meetings from the Spanish league : 1957 -- 58 Real Madrid -- Sevilla , quarter - final , 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid -- Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) , 2 -- 1 in play - off 1959 -- 60 Real Madrid -- Barcelona , semi-final , 6 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) 1960 -- 61 Barcelona -- Real Madrid , first round , 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 1 ) 1999 -- 2000 Valencia -- Barcelona , semi-final , 5 -- 3 ( 4 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 ) 2001 -- 02 Real Madrid -- Barcelona , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Barcelona -- Real Madrid , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2013 -- 14 Atlético Madrid -- Barcelona , quarter - final , 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid -- Atlético Madrid , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2015 -- 16 Atlético Madrid -- Barcelona , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid -- Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 ) 11 meetings from the English league : 1978 -- 79 Nottingham Forest -- Liverpool , first round , 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea -- Arsenal , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) 2004 -- 05 Liverpool -- Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2005 -- 06 Liverpool -- Chelsea , group stage , 0 -- 0 and 0 -- 0 2006 -- 07 Liverpool -- Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) 4 -- 1 pen . 2007 -- 08 Liverpool -- Arsenal , quarter - final , 5 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 2 ) 2007 -- 08 Chelsea -- Liverpool , semi-final , 4 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 ) 2008 -- 09 Chelsea -- Liverpool , quarter - final , 7 -- 5 ( 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 4 ) 2008 -- 09 Manchester United -- Arsenal , semi-final , 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Manchester United -- Chelsea , quarter - final , 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 2017 -- 18 Liverpool -- Manchester City , quarter - final , 5 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 3 meetings from the Italian league : 1985 -- 86 Juventus -- Hellas Verona , second round , 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) 2002 -- 03 Milan -- Internazionale , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) , Milan won on `` away '' goals 2004 -- 05 Milan -- Internazionale , quarter - final , 5 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ( match forfeited ) ) 2 meetings from the German league : 1997 -- 98 Borussia Dortmund -- Bayern Munich , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 1998 -- 99 Bayern Munich -- Kaiserslautern , quarter - final , 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) 1 meeting from the French league : 2009 -- 10 Lyon -- Bordeaux , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) 2007 -- 08 was the first season that four teams from the same country reached the quarter - final stage , England 's Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . This feat was repeated by the same teams in the 2008 -- 09 season . The country providing the highest number of wins is Spain with 18 victories , shared by two teams , Real Madrid ( 13 ) and Barcelona ( 5 ) . The country playing the highest number of finals is Italy with 27 ( in 2003 both finalists were from Italy : Milan and Juventus ) . England has provided the highest number of different winning clubs with five : Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest , Aston Villa and Chelsea . England has also provided the highest number of different finalists , with seven : The five winners , plus Leeds and Arsenal . England has also provided the highest number of different semi-finalists , with ten : The seven finalists , plus Tottenham Hotspur , Derby County and Manchester City . England and Spain has also provided the highest number of participants in the competition in one season : Five . England ( twice ) in ( 2005 -- 06 ) : Arsenal , Chelsea , Everton , Liverpool and Manchester United , and in ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Spain ( twice ) in ( 2015 -- 16 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia , and in ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Villarreal . In 2017 -- 18 , England became the first country to have five representatives in the knockout phase : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Cities On two occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same city : 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Apart from Milan , three cities have been represented by more than one team in the final : Madrid has been represented by two clubs in 16 finals , with twelve wins ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) and three losses ( 1962 , 1964 , 1981 ) for Real Madrid , and three losses for Atlético Madrid in ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) . Belgrade , Yugoslavia , ( now Belgrade , Serbia ) has one win for Red Star Belgrade in 1991 and a loss for Partizan in 1966 . London has been represented by Arsenal , who lost in 2006 , and Chelsea who lost in 2008 , and won in 2012 . Athens and London are the only cities that have been represented in the group stage by three teams in the same season : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos and AEK Athens in 2003 -- 04 , and Chelsea , Arsenal , and Tottenham Hotspur in 2010 -- 11 respectively . London is the only city to be represented in the knockout stage by three teams in the same season when Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur all progressed to the first knockout round in 2010 -- 11 England is the only country with teams who have won the Cup from five different cities : Liverpool , Liverpool Manchester , Manchester United Nottingham , Nottingham Forest Birmingham , Aston Villa London , Chelsea Only eight derbies between teams of the same city have ever been played : 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) 2002 -- 03 Internazionale vs Milan ( semi-final ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea vs Arsenal ( quarter - final ) 2004 -- 05 Internazionale vs Milan ( quarter - final ) -- the second leg was abandoned because of disturbances among the Inter fans . 2013 -- 14 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( quarter - final ) 2015 -- 16 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) The 2002 -- 03 semi-final between Milan and Internazionale was the first time both games of a two - legged tie were played in the same stadium ( San Siro ) . The teams share the stadium as their home venue . Milan won by the `` away goals '' rule . The teams also played each other in the same stadium in the 2004 -- 05 quarter - final . Specific group stage records Most goals scored in a group stage : 25 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a group stage : 0 Deportivo La Coruña ( 2004 -- 05 ) Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest goals conceded in a group stage : 1 Milan ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ajax ( 1995 -- 96 ) Juventus ( 1996 -- 97 and 2004 -- 05 ) Villarreal ( 2005 -- 06 ) Liverpool ( 2005 -- 06 ) Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Monaco ( 2014 -- 15 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 2015 -- 16 ) Barcelona ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals conceded in a group stage : 24 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) Legia Warsaw ( 2016 -- 17 ) Highest goal difference in a group stage : + 21 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Lowest goal difference in a group stage : -- 22 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) 6 wins Frank Rijkaard and Milan won all six group stage matches in 1992 -- 93 . Five clubs have won all their games in a group stage . Real Madrid are the first and only club to achieve this feat twice in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 . Milan , 1992 -- 93 Paris Saint - Germain , 1994 -- 95 Spartak Moscow , 1995 -- 96 Barcelona , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage ) Real Madrid , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 6 draws Only one club has drawn all their games in a group stage : AEK Athens , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage , finished 3rd and advanced to UEFA Cup ) 6 losses In the history of the Champions League , the following clubs have lost all 6 group stage matches : Košice ( 1997 -- 98 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 matches with a goal difference of -- 11 . They conceded 13 goals , scoring only twice . Fenerbahçe ( 2001 -- 02 ) lost all 6 group stage matches with a goal difference of -- 9 . They conceded 12 goals and scored only 3 . Spartak Moscow ( 2002 -- 03 ) have the second worst goal difference in a Champions League group stage with -- 17 . They lost all 6 matches , conceding 18 goals and scoring just once . Bayer Leverkusen ( 2002 -- 03 , second group stage ) lost all 6 matches , scoring 5 and conceding 15 . This was the only time that a club lost all matches in the second group stage . It was also the first time that two clubs lost six group stage matches in the same season . Anderlecht ( 2004 -- 05 ) lost all 6 of their group stage matches . They conceded 17 goals and scored just 4 , with a goal difference of -- 13 . Rapid Wien ( 2005 -- 06 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 games . They conceded 15 goals and scored only 3 , with a goal difference of -- 12 . Levski Sofia ( 2006 -- 07 ) finished their only appearance in the group stage conceding 17 goals and scoring just one , ending with a goal difference of -- 16 . Dynamo Kyiv ( 2007 -- 08 ) ended the group stage also losing all 6 games . They conceded 19 goals , scoring only 4 , ending with a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) is the first club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They did this finishing only their second appearance in the competition with 0 points after losing to Bayern Munich 3 -- 0 in the first group game and then losing 5 consecutive games 1 -- 0 , ending the group stage with a goal difference of -- 8 . In their first Champions League appearance in 2002 -- 03 , the team scored 12 goals . Deportivo La Coruña is another club that scored no goals in the group stage ( in 2004 -- 05 ) , but they collected 2 points by twice drawing 0 -- 0 . Debrecen ( 2009 -- 10 ) finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 14 . They conceded 19 goals , scoring just 5 . Partizan ( 2010 -- 11 ) lost all six group stage matches . They conceded 13 goals while scoring only 2 , finishing with a goal difference of -- 11 . MŠK Žilina ( 2010 -- 11 ) also finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 16 , scoring 3 and conceding 19 . This was the second consecutive season that two different clubs had lost all six group stage matches . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2011 -- 12 ) lost all six group stage matches , setting new records for worst goal difference ( -- 19 ) and most goals conceded ( 22 ) , scoring 3 . Villarreal ( 2011 -- 12 ) also finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 12 , scoring 2 and conceding 14 . Oțelul Galați ( 2011 -- 12 ) as well finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 8 , scoring 3 and conceding 11 . That became the first season in which three separate teams had lost all six group stage matches , and a third consecutive season in which at least two teams finished with 0 points . Marseille ( 2013 -- 14 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 5 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 9 . Maccabi Tel Aviv ( 2015 -- 16 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 1 and conceding 16 goals for a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi 's only goal came from a penalty . Club Brugge ( 2016 -- 17 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 2 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 12 . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) is the second club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They finished their group stage matches with conceding 15 goals and a goal difference of -- 15 . They are also the first team to have finished the group stage with 0 points twice , the first time being in the 2011 -- 12 season . Benfica ( 2017 -- 18 ) finished with 0 points , scoring just once and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 13 . Two goals in each match Four teams have managed to score at least two goals in each match of the group stage : On 7 December 2010 , Tottenham Hotspur drew 3 -- 3 against Twente and became the first team to achieve this . Bayern Munich equaled the record the very next day by beating Basel 3 -- 0 . Barcelona managed the same on 6 December 2011 by beating BATE Borisov 4 -- 0 . Real Madrid achieved this by beating Copenhagen 2 -- 0 on 10 December 2013 . On 7 December 2016 , Real Madrid drew 2 -- 2 against Borussia Dortmund to achieve the record for the second time . Advancing past the group stage Real Madrid hold the record of the most consecutive seasons in advancing past the group stage with 21 from 1997 -- 98 to 2017 -- 18 . The first seven seasons ( 1997 -- 98 to 2003 -- 04 ) they qualified for at least the quarter - final each year , winning the tournament three times . After this followed six consecutive seasons ( 2004 -- 05 to 2009 -- 10 ) losing the first round ( round of 16 ) after the group stage . Ever since then , Real Madrid have made it to the semi-finals for seven consecutive seasons ( 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 ) , winning the tournament three times . Barcelona set a record of finishing top of their group with 11 consecutive seasons from 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 . In 2012 -- 13 , Chelsea became the first title holder not to qualify from the following year 's group stage . Monaco scored the fewest goals ( 4 ) to earn 11 points in the group stage in 2014 -- 15 . Villarreal won a group with the fewest goals scored ( 3 ) in 2005 -- 06 resulting in 2 wins . Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up Luis Enrique and Barcelona won group H by 11 points in 2002 -- 03 . The biggest points difference between the first - and second - placed teams in a Champions League group phase is 11 points , achieved by three teams : Real Madrid , 18 points ( 16 : 2 goals ) ( + 14 ) in 2014 -- 15 . ( 2nd Basel 7 points , 3rd Liverpool 5 points , 4th Ludogorets Razgrad 4 points ) . Spartak Moscow , 18 points ( 15 : 4 goals ) ( + 11 ) in 1995 -- 96 . ( 2nd Legia Warsaw 7 points , 3rd Rosenborg 6 points , 4th Blackburn Rovers 4 points ) . Spartak lost to Nantes in the next round ( quarter - final ) . Barcelona , 18 points ( 13 : 4 goals ) ( + 9 ) in 2002 -- 03 . ( 2nd Lokomotiv Moscow 7 points , 3rd Club Brugge 5 points , 4th Galatasaray 4 points ) . Barcelona went on to win their group in the second group stage with 16 points , but lost to Juventus in the quarter - final . Most points achieved , yet knocked out Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked third out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 Rosenborg , 11 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked fourth out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Dynamo Kyiv , 10 points in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) and 2004 -- 05 Borussia Dortmund , 10 points in 2002 -- 03 ( second group stage ) PSV Eindhoven , 10 points in 2003 -- 04 Olympiacos , 10 points in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen , 10 points in 2006 -- 07 Manchester City , 10 points in 2011 -- 12 Chelsea , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 CFR Cluj , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 Benfica , 10 points in 2013 -- 14 Porto , 10 points in 2015 -- 16 Fenerbahçe , 9 points in 2004 -- 05 Olympiacos , 9 points in 2015 -- 16 Copenhagen , 9 points in 2016 -- 17 CSKA Moscow , 9 points in 2017 -- 18 Rangers , 8 points in 1992 -- 93 ( 2 wins and 4 draws , 2 points for a win , only 1 team advanced ) Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group Manchester City , 15 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Bayern Munich , 15 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 13 points in 2014 -- 15 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 13 points in 2015 -- 16 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 13 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked third ) Bayern Munich , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Basel , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Shakhtar Donetsk , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Fewest points achieved , yet advanced Milan , 5 points in 1994 -- 95 ( 3 wins and 1 draw , 2 points deducted , 2 points for a win ) Zenit Saint Petersburg , 6 points in 2013 -- 14 Roma , 6 points in 2015 -- 16 Legia Warsaw , 7 points in 1995 -- 96 Dynamo Kyiv , 7 points in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool , 7 points in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Lokomotiv Moscow , 7 points in 2002 -- 03 Werder Bremen , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Rangers , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Galatasaray , 7 points in 2013 -- 14 Basel , 7 points in 2014 -- 15 Knocked out on tiebreakers Several teams have been knocked out on a tiebreaker , most on the head - to - head criteria : Manchester United lost to Barcelona in 1994 -- 95 Casino Salzburg lost to Milan in 1994 -- 95 ( 2 points for a win , would have been 2 points behind with 3 points for a win ) Paris Saint - Germain lost to Bayern Munich in 1997 -- 98 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) , and on goal difference to Juventus in the ranking of runners - up Galatasaray lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) Rosenborg lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( third place , only one team advanced directly ) Bayer Leverkusen lost to Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 Dynamo Kyiv lost on head - to - head to Real Madrid in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Olympiacos lost to Lyon in 2000 -- 01 , to Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 and to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Rangers lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2000 -- 01 despite having a better goal difference Lyon lost to Arsenal in 2000 -- 01 ( second group stage ) and to Ajax in 2002 -- 03 , both on head - to - head with a better goal difference Dortmund lost on goal difference to Boavista in 2001 -- 02 , both teams winning 2 -- 1 at home in head - to - head matches Mallorca lost to Arsenal in 2001 -- 02 Roma lost on head - to - head to Liverpool in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Internazionale lost to Lokomotiv Moscow in 2003 -- 04 PSV Eindhoven lost on head - to - head to Deportivo La Coruña in 2003 -- 04 despite having a better goal difference Udinese lost to Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 Ajax lost to Lyon on overall goal difference in 2011 -- 12 , having both head - to - head games end in a 0 -- 0 draw . Lyon won their last group game against Dinamo Zagreb with 7 -- 1 ( after being 0 -- 1 down at half time ) while Ajax lost 0 -- 3 against Real Madrid ( in which two goals from Ajax were wrongfully cancelled ) . The aggregate goal difference in both games would have to be at least 7 goals for Lyon to advance , and in fact it was 9 . Chelsea lost on head - to - head to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference CFR Cluj lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference Benfica lost on head - to - head to Olympiacos in 2013 -- 14 Napoli lost on head - to - head to Dortmund and Arsenal in 2013 -- 14 Bayer Leverkusen lost on head - to - head to Roma in 2015 -- 16 Olympiacos lost on head - to - head to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 1995 -- 96 was the first tournament in which three points were awarded for a win instead of two . The following teams were knocked out from the group stage , but would have advanced following the old rule : Rosenborg was ranked fourth out of six runners - up in 1997 -- 98 , but would have equaled the points of Paris Saint - Germain and eventual finalists Juventus and advanced on goal difference Bayer Leverkusen ended third in Group A in 1999 -- 2000 , but would have been one point ahead of Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos ended third in Group E in 2004 -- 05 , but would have equaled the points of PSV Eindhoven and advanced on head - to - head matches Werder Bremen ended third in Group B in 2008 -- 09 , but would have equaled the points of Internazionale and advanced on head - to - head matches Qualifying from first qualifying round Since the addition of a third qualifying round in 1999 -- 2000 , four teams have negotiated all three rounds of qualification and reached the Champions League group phase : Liverpool in 2005 -- 06 Artmedia Bratislava in 2005 -- 06 Anorthosis in 2008 -- 09 BATE Borisov in 2008 -- 09 Liverpool went on to become the first team in the history of the competition to reach the knockout phase from the first qualifying round . No team has progressed to the group stage from the first qualifying round since the competition format was altered for the 2009 -- 10 season . Winning after playing in a qualifying round Pep Guardiola coached Barcelona to victory through qualification in 2009 . Four teams have won the tournament from the third qualification round : Manchester United in 1998 -- 99 Milan in 2002 -- 03 and 2006 -- 07 Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 Barcelona in 2008 -- 09 Consecutive goalscoring Real Madrid hold the record of consecutive goalscoring in the Champions League matches . They have scored at least one goal in 34 consecutive games . The run started with a 1 -- 1 draw against Barcelona in the second leg of the semi-final of the 2010 -- 11 season . This continued with all 12 matches of both the 2011 -- 12 season and 2012 -- 13 season , and continued into the 2013 -- 14 season for nine games ( six group stage games , both legs of the round of 16 and the first leg of the quarter - finals ) , with the run finally coming to an end in a 2 -- 0 away loss in the quarter - finals second leg against Borussia Dortmund on 8 April 2014 . Consecutive home wins Bayern Munich hold the record with 16 consecutive home wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich record streak started by winning against Manchester City 1 -- 0 on 17 September 2014 . The run has reached the 16th win by beating Arsenal 5 -- 1 on 15 February 2017 , The run ended after a home defeat to Real Madrid 1 -- 2 on 12 April 2017 . Consecutive away wins Bayern Munich equaled the record of Ajax ( 1995 -- 1997 ) for consecutive away wins in the Champions League having won 7 consecutive away games . The run began with a 3 -- 1 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in the first leg of the 2012 -- 13 round of 16 , and continued through to the final , with wins against Juventus ( 2 -- 0 ) at the Juventus Stadium and against Barcelona ( 3 -- 0 ) at the Camp Nou . In the 2013 -- 14 season the streak continued with group stage wins over Manchester City ( 3 -- 1 ) at the City of Manchester Stadium , Viktoria Plzeň ( 1 -- 0 ) and CSKA Moscow ( 3 -- 1 ) . The record equaling seventh win was achieved when they again defeated Arsenal 2 -- 0 at the Emirates Stadium in the round of 16 first leg on 19 February 2014 . Their run ended with a 1 -- 1 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United in the first leg of the quarter - finals . Consecutive wins Bayern Munich ( 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) hold the record of ten consecutive wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich 's run started on 2 April 2013 in the 2 -- 0 win against Juventus in the first leg of the quarter - final of the 2012 -- 13 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Arsenal three weeks earlier . The run continued in the other three knockout matches and the final of the 2012 -- 13 season . The run continued in the first five group stage matches of the 2013 -- 14 season , but ended with the sixth in a 2 -- 3 home defeat against Manchester City on 10 December 2013 . Real Madrid 's run started on 23 April 2014 in the 1 -- 0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of semi-final of the 2013 -- 14 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Borussia Dortmund two weeks earlier in the second leg of the quarter - final . The run continued in the other leg of the semi-final , the final against Atlético Madrid , the six group stage matches of the 2014 -- 15 season , and the first leg of round of 16 of the 2014 -- 15 season , against Schalke 04 . Longest home undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run at home stands at 29 games and is held by Bayern Munich . The run began with a 0 -- 0 draw against Borussia Dortmund in 1997 -- 98 and finished with a 2 -- 1 win against Real Madrid in the first leg of the 2001 -- 02 quarter - finals . The 29 game unbeaten run ended with a 2 -- 3 loss to Deportivo La Coruña in the first group stage in 2002 -- 03 . Longest away undefeated run The record for the longest away unbeaten run stands at 16 games and is held by Manchester United . The run began with a 1 -- 0 win against Sporting CP in the 2007 -- 08 group stage . It lasted until the 3 -- 2 win against Milan at the San Siro in the first leg of the first knockout stage of 2009 -- 10 . The run ended with a 1 -- 2 defeat to Bayern Munich in the first leg of the 2009 -- 10 quarter - finals . During this run , Manchester United were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the 2009 final . This game , however , was at a neutral venue and as such is not classified as an away game . Longest undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run stands at 25 games and is held by Manchester United . It began with a 1 -- 0 away win against Sporting Clube de Portugal in their opening group stage game in 2007 -- 08 and finished with a 3 -- 1 away win against Arsenal in the second leg of the semi-final in 2008 -- 09 . The 25 game unbeaten streak ended with a 0 -- 2 loss to Barcelona in the 2009 final . Most successive draws AEK Athens holds the record of most consecutive draws : 7 draws starting from 17 September 2002 until 17 September 2003 . Most successive defeats Anderlecht holds the record of most consecutive defeats : 12 defeats starting from 10 December 2003 until 23 November 2005 . Most successive games without a win Steaua București holds the record of most successive games without a win : 23 matches starting from 26 September 2006 until 11 December 2013 . Players Appearances Main article : List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances Iker Casillas has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Nation Appearances Years Clubs Iker Casillas Spain 167 1999 -- Real Madrid , Porto Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 153 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Xavi Spain 151 1998 -- 2015 Barcelona Raúl Spain 142 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 5 Ryan Giggs Wales 141 1993 -- 2014 Manchester United 6 Andrés Iniesta Spain 130 2002 -- Barcelona 7 Clarence Seedorf Netherlands 125 1994 -- 2012 Ajax , Real Madrid , Internazionale , Milan Lionel Messi Argentina 125 2005 -- Barcelona 9 Paul Scholes England 124 1994 -- 2013 Manchester United 10 Roberto Carlos Brazil 120 1997 -- 2007 Real Madrid , Fenerbahçe Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 120 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United Goalscoring See also : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers All - time top scorers Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Country Goals Apps Ratio Years Clubs Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 120 153 0.78 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina 100 125 0.8 2005 -- Barcelona Raúl Spain 71 142 0.5 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 PSV Eindhoven , Manchester United , Real Madrid Karim Benzema France 56 104 0.54 2006 -- Lyon , Real Madrid 6 Thierry Henry France 50 112 0.45 1997 -- 2010 Monaco , Arsenal , Barcelona 7 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina 49 58 0.84 1955 -- 1964 Real Madrid 8 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine 48 100 0.48 1994 -- 2012 Dynamo Kyiv , Milan , Chelsea Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 48 120 0.4 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United 10 Eusébio Portugal 47 63 0.75 1961 -- 1974 Benfica Top scorers by seasons Gerd Müller was the first player to become top scorer in four Champions League seasons . Cristiano Ronaldo has been the top scorer for 6 consecutive seasons and 7 seasons overall : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Real Madrid has produced the top scorer in twelve seasons : Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1957 -- 58 Ferenc Puskás in 1959 -- 60 and 1963 -- 64 Míchel in 1987 -- 88 Raúl in 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Portuguese players have achieved thirteen top scorer titles : José Águas in 1960 -- 61 José Torres in 1964 -- 65 Eusébio in 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 Rui Águas in 1987 -- 88 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 José ( 1960 -- 61 ) and Rui Águas ( 1987 -- 88 ) are the only father -- son duo to finish as top scorers ; each achieved this while playing for Benfica . Jupp Heynckes is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup / Europa League : 1975 -- 76 top scorer with Borussia Mönchengladbach , and 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup , 1973 -- 74 Cup Winners ' Cup , and 1974 -- 75 UEFA Cup top scorer also with Borussia Mönchengladbach The following top scorer has also been top scorer in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 with Barcelona ) in the 1988 -- 89 season with CSKA Sofia The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA Cup / Europa League : Allan Simonsen ( 1977 -- 78 with Borussia Mönchengladbach ) in the 1978 -- 79 season with Borussia Mönchengladbach Dieter Hoeneß ( 1981 -- 82 with Bayern Munich ) in the 1979 -- 80 season with Bayern Munich Torbjörn Nilsson ( 1984 -- 85 with Göteborg ) in the 1981 -- 82 season with Göteborg Gerd Müller is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the World Cup and the European Championship : 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , and 1976 -- 77 top scorer with Bayern Munich , 1970 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972 top scorer with West Germany The following top scorers have also won the FIFA World Cup Golden Boot : Just Fontaine ( 1958 -- 59 ) at the 1958 FIFA World Cup Flórián Albert ( 1965 -- 66 ) at the 1962 FIFA World Cup Eusébio ( 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 ) at the 1966 FIFA World Cup Paolo Rossi ( 1982 -- 83 ) at the 1982 FIFA World Cup Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 ) at the 1994 FIFA World Cup The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA European Championship : Michel Platini ( 1984 -- 85 ) at the UEFA Euro 1984 Marco van Basten ( 1988 -- 89 ) at the UEFA Euro 1988 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 ) at the UEFA Euro 2012 Most goals in a single season As of 26 May 2018 Bold indicates ongoing season and active player in the season . Rank Player Season Goals Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 16 Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 15 José Altafini 1962 -- 63 14 Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 6 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 12 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Mario Gómez 2011 -- 12 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 Hat - tricks Main article : List of UEFA Champions League hat - tricks The European Cup 's first hat - trick was scored by Péter Palotás of MTK Hungária against Anderlecht on 7 September 1955 , in the second match ever played in the competition . Only three players managed to score a hat - trick in a final , Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1960 , Ferenc Puskás in 1960 ( 4 goals ) and in 1962 , and Pierino Prati in 1969 . Puskás is the only player to score a hat - trick in a final and lose it ( 1962 ) . The first hat - trick of the Champions League era was scored by PSV Eindhoven 's Juul Ellerman against FK Žalgiris on 16 September 1992 . Only Cristiano Ronaldo has scored three hat - tricks in a single Champions League season ( 3 + 4 + 3 goals ) , in the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . Four players have scored two hat - tricks in a single Champions League season : Lionel Messi ( 3 + 5 goals ) and Mario Gómez ( 3 + 4 goals ) , both in the 2011 -- 12 season , Luiz Adriano , who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of group stage ( 5 + 3 goals ) in the 2014 -- 15 season and Cristiano Ronaldo who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of knockout stage ( 3 + 3 goals ) in the 2016 -- 17 season The fastest - ever Champions League hat - trick was scored by Bafétimbi Gomis , who scored three goals in seven minutes for Lyon against Dinamo Zagreb in the 2011 -- 12 season . The youngest player to score a hat - trick is Wayne Rooney , aged 18 years , 335 days on his Champions League and Manchester United debut , in a 6 -- 2 home win against Fenerbahçe on 28 September 2004 . Seven players have scored a hat - trick on their debut in the Champions League : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , Faustino Asprilla ( Newcastle United ) , Yakubu ( Maccabi Haifa ) , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) , Vincenzo Iaquinta ( Udinese ) , Grafite ( Wolfsburg ) , and Yacine Brahimi ( Porto ) Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo both have scored 7 hat - tricks in the Champions League . Four goals in a match Ferenc Puskás scored four goals against Eintracht Frankfurt in the 1959 -- 60 final . Marco van Basten twice scored four goals in one match . Ruud van Nistelrooy scored four goals against Sparta Prague in 2004 -- 05 . Robert Lewandowski scored four goals for Borussia Dortmund against Real Madrid in the semi-finals in 2013 . The following players have scored four goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match . Only Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Sándor Kocsis , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski managed to do this from the quarter - final stage onwards and Ferenc Puskás is the only footballer to score four goals in a final ( 1960 ) . European Cup era : Miloš Milutinović ( Partizan ) , 5 -- 2 against Sporting CP , first round of 1955 -- 56 Dennis Viollet ( Manchester United ) , 10 -- 0 against Anderlecht , preliminary round of 1956 -- 57 Ivan Petkov Kolev ( CSKA Sofia ) , 8 -- 1 against Dinamo București , first round of 1956 -- 57 Jovan Cokić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Bora Kostić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( Real Madrid ) , 8 -- 0 against Sevilla , quarter - final of 1957 -- 58 , and 7 -- 1 against Wiener Sport - Club , quarter - final of 1958 -- 59 Just Fontaine ( Stade de Reims ) , 4 -- 1 away against Ards , first round of 1958 -- 59 Josef Hamerl ( Wiener Sport - Club ) , 7 -- 0 against Juventus , first round of 1958 -- 59 Sándor Kocsis ( Barcelona ) , 5 -- 2 away against Wolverhampton Wanderers , quarter - final of 1959 -- 60 Ferenc Puskás ( Real Madrid ) , 7 -- 3 against Eintracht Frankfurt , final of 1959 -- 60 , and 5 -- 0 against Feyenoord , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Lucien Cossou ( Monaco ) , 7 -- 2 against AEK Athens , preliminary round of 1963 -- 64 Vladimir Kovačević ( Partizan ) , 6 -- 2 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1963 -- 64 José Torres ( Benfica ) , 5 -- 1 away against Aris , preliminary round of 1964 -- 65 Eusébio ( Benfica ) , 10 -- 0 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Friedhelm Konietzka ( 1860 München ) , 8 -- 0 against Omonia , first round of 1966 -- 67 Denis Law ( Manchester United ) , 7 -- 1 against Waterford United , first round of 1968 -- 69 Zoran Antonijević ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 4 -- 2 away against Linfield , first round of 1969 -- 70 Ruud Geels ( Feyenoord ) , 12 -- 2 away against KR Reykjavík , first round of 1969 -- 70 Antonis Antoniadis ( Panathinaikos ) , 5 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1970 -- 71 João Lourenço ( Sporting CP ) , 5 -- 0 against Floriana , first round of 1970 -- 71 Kurt Müller , ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Reipas Lahti , first round of 1971 -- 72 Dudu Georgescu ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Radu Nunweiller ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Jupp Heynckes ( Borussia Mönchengladbach ) , 6 -- 1 away against Wacker Innsbruck , first round of 1975 -- 76 René van de Kerkhof ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 0 against Dundalk , first round of 1976 -- 77 Willy van der Kuijlen ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 1 against Fenerbahçe , first round of 1978 -- 79 Sotiris Kaiafas ( Omonia ) , 6 -- 1 against Red Boys Differdange , first round 1979 -- 80 Ton Blanker ( Ajax ) , 8 -- 1 against HJK Helsinki , first round of 1979 -- 80 Fernando Gomes ( Porto ) , 9 -- 0 against Rabat Ajax , first round of 1986 -- 87 Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 5 -- 2 against Vitosha , first round of 1988 -- 89 Rabah Madjer ( Porto ) , 8 -- 1 away against Portadown , first round of 1990 -- 91 Hugo Sánchez ( Real Madrid ) , 9 -- 1 against Swarovski Tirol , second round of 1990 -- 91 Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) , 6 -- 1 against Austria Wien , first round of 1991 -- 92 Sergei Yuran ( Benfica ) , 6 -- 0 away against Hamrun Spartans , first round of 1991 -- 92 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Serhiy Rebrov ( Dynamo Kyiv ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town , first qualifying round 1998 -- 99 Pena ( Porto ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town United , second qualifying round of 2001 -- 02 Tomasz Frankowski ( Wisła Kraków ) , 8 -- 2 away against WIT Georgia , second qualifying round of 2004 -- 05 Semih Şentürk ( Fenerbahçe ) , 5 -- 0 away against MTK Hungária , second qualifying round of 2008 -- 09 Champions League era : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 against IFK Göteborg , group stage of 1992 -- 93 Simone Inzaghi ( Lazio ) , 5 -- 1 against Marseille , second group stage of 1999 -- 2000 Dado Pršo ( Monaco ) , 8 -- 3 against Deportivo La Coruña , group stage of 2003 -- 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) , 4 -- 1 against Sparta Prague , group stage of 2004 -- 05 Andriy Shevchenko ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 away against Fenerbahçe , group stage of 2005 -- 06 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 4 -- 1 against Arsenal , quarter - final of 2009 -- 10 Bafétimbi Gomis ( Lyon ) , 7 -- 1 against Dinamo Zagreb , group stage of 2011 -- 12 Mario Gómez ( Bayern Munich ) , 7 -- 0 against Basel , round of 16 of 2011 -- 12 Robert Lewandowski ( Borussia Dortmund ) , 4 -- 1 against Real Madrid , semi-final of 2012 -- 13 Zlatan Ibrahimović ( Paris Saint - Germain ) , 5 -- 0 against Anderlecht , group stage of 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 8 -- 0 against Malmö FF , group stage of 2015 -- 16 Five goals in a match Luiz Adriano scored five goals in Shakhtar Donetsk 's 7 -- 0 win against BATE Borisov , including a record four goals in the first - half , in 2014 -- 15 . The following players have managed to score five goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match : European Cup era : Ove Olsson ( Gothenburg ) , 6 -- 1 against Linfield , preliminary round , 1959 -- 60 Bent Løfqvist ( Boldklubben 1913 ) , 9 -- 2 against Spora , preliminary round , 1961 -- 62 José Altafini ( Milan ) , 8 -- 0 against Union Luxembourg , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Ray Crawford ( Ipswich ) , 10 -- 0 against Floriana , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Nikola Kotkov ( Lokomotiv Sofia ) , 8 -- 3 against Malmö FF , preliminary round , 1964 -- 65 Flórián Albert ( Ferencváros ) , 9 -- 1 against Keflavík , preliminary round , 1965 -- 66 Paul van Himst ( Anderlecht ) , 10 -- 1 away against Haka , first round , 1966 -- 67 Gerd Müller ( Bayern Munich ) , 9 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1972 -- 73 Claudio Sulser ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Valletta , first round , 1978 -- 79 Søren Lerby ( Ajax ) , 10 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1979 -- 80 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Mihails Miholaps ( Skonto ) , 8 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 David Lafata ( Sparta Prague ) , 7 -- 0 against Levadia Tallinn , second qualifying round 2014 -- 15 Champions League era : Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 7 -- 1 against Bayer Leverkusen , round of 16 , 2011 -- 12 Luiz Adriano ( Shakhtar Donetsk ) , 7 -- 0 against BATE Borisov , group stage , 2014 -- 15 Oldest and youngest Manfred Burgsmüller of Werder Bremen is the oldest ( 38 years , 293 days ) player to score in the European Cup and Champions League , when he scored against Dynamo Berlin on 11 October 1988 . Peter Ofori - Quaye of Olympiacos is the youngest ( 17 years , 194 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against Rosenborg on 1 October 1997 . Paolo Maldini of Milan is the oldest ( 36 years , 333 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 2005 . Patrick Kluivert of Ajax is the youngest ( 18 years , 327 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 1995 . Francesco Totti of Roma is the oldest ( 38 years , 59 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against CSKA Moscow on 25 November 2014 . Other goalscoring records Roy Makaay scored the fastest ever Champions League goal . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 120 goals in the competition ( 60 GS , 20 R16 , 23 QF , 13 SF , 4 F ) ( 82 RF , 18 LF , 20 H ) . Lionel Messi has scored 100 goals in the competition ( 60 GS , 24 R16 , 10 QF , 4 SF , 2 F ) ( 16 RF , 80 LF , 4 H ) . Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have both scored 60 goals in the group stage . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most goals in the knockout phase with 60 . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 10 goals in the knockout phase in one season in 2016 -- 17 . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player ever to score 100 goals in the competition on 18 April 2017 . On 18 February 2018 , he became the first player to score 100 goals with one club , Real Madrid . Cristiano Ronaldo scored in all six group stage matches in 2017 -- 18 ; a total of 9 goals , the first person to do so . Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2015 -- 16 ) holds the record for most goals in the group stage in a single season in the UEFA Champions league with 11 goals scored . Cristiano Ronaldo scored at least 10 goals in seven consecutive seasons ( 2011 -- 12 to 2017 -- 18 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored in 11 consecutive UEFA Champions League appearances , the 2017 final and the first 10 matches of 2017 -- 18 , with a total of 17 goals . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored in 12 consecutive away UEFA Champions League appearances , started from the 2012 -- 13 round of 16 - second leg , until the 2014 -- 15 round of 16 first leg , with a total of 17 goals . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored in 7 consecutive home UEFA Champions League appearances , the 2016 -- 17 quarter - final second leg , semi-final first leg and the first 5 matches of 2017 -- 18 , with a total of 13 goals . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most home goals with 61 . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most away goals with 55 . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored a brace or more on 34 different matches . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored a record of 12 direct free kicks ( 2 for Manchester United and 10 for Real Madrid ) . The fastest ever Champions League goal was scored by Bayern Munich 's Roy Makaay in 10.12 seconds against Real Madrid on 7 March 2007 . The fastest goal in a final was scored by Milan 's Paolo Maldini after 53 seconds in the 2005 final , which Milan lost to Liverpool . Alfredo Di Stéfano has scored in most finals with five , one goal in each final from 1956 to 1959 and three goals in 1960 . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored the most goals in finals in the UEFA Champions league era , with 4 goals in 5 finals ; one goal each in 2008 and 2014 , and two in 2017 . Ferenc Puskás and Alfredo Di Stéfano have scored seven final goals . Puskás scored four in 1960 and three in 1962 , while Di Stéfano scored seven goals in five different finals . Three players scored for two different teams in the final : Velibor Vasović for Partizan in 1966 and Ajax in 1969 . Cristiano Ronaldo for Manchester United in 2008 and Real Madrid in 2014 and 2017 ; he is the only player to score for two different winning teams . Mario Mandžukić for Bayern Munich in 2013 and Juventus in 2017 . Three goalkeepers have scored in the Champions League : Hans - Jörg Butt has done so three times with three different clubs , all with penalties , and all against Juventus : For Hamburg in a 4 -- 4 home draw on 13 September 2000 in a group stage match For Leverkusen in a 3 -- 1 home win on 12 March 2002 in a second group stage match The equaliser for Bayern Munich on 8 December 2009 in a group stage match in Turin , which Bayern had to win to qualify for the next stage , and went on to win 4 -- 1 . Sinan Bolat is the only goalkeeper to score a goal in open play : his stoppage time ( 90 + 5 ' ) equaliser for Standard Liège against AZ on 9 December 2009 , securing the third place in Group H , led his team to the Europa League . Vincent Enyeama ( Hapoel Tel Aviv ) scored a penalty on 29 September 2010 , playing against Lyon . Zlatan Ibrahimović is the only player to have scored for six different teams in the Champions League : Ajax ( 6 goals in 19 games ; 2002 -- 03 to 2003 -- 04 ) Juventus ( 3 goals in 19 games ; 2004 -- 05 to 2005 -- 06 ) Internazionale ( 6 goals in 22 games ; 2006 -- 07 to 2008 -- 09 ) Barcelona ( 4 goals in 10 games ; 2009 -- 10 ) Milan ( 9 goals in 14 games ; 2010 -- 11 to 2011 -- 12 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 10 goals in 13 games ; 2012 -- 13 to 2013 -- 14 ) Raúl is the only player to score in 14 consecutive Champions League seasons : Raúl scored from 1997 -- 98 to 2010 -- 11 , for Real Madrid and Schalke 04 . Ryan Giggs is the only player to score in 16 different Champions League seasons : Giggs scored in 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 to 2006 -- 07 and 2008 -- 09 to 2011 -- 12 , all for Manchester United . Cristiano Ronaldo ( against Juventus : 2013 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 ) is the only player to have scored 10 goals against a single opponent . Three players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 : Roberto Firmino ( 10 ) , Sadio Mané ( 10 ) and Mohamed Salah ( 10 ) Two players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Barcelona in 2014 -- 15 : Lionel Messi ( 10 ) and Neymar ( 10 ) . Other records First goal On 4 September 1955 , João Baptista Martins scored the first goal of the European Cup with Sporting CP after 14 minutes in a 3 -- 3 draw against Partizan . On 25 November 1992 , Daniel Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge against CSKA Moscow . Most wins Paolo Maldini , winner of two European Cups and three Champions League titles with Milan appeared in eight finals . Clarence Seedorf was the first player to win the tournament with three different teams . Francisco Gento is the only player to win the tournament six times , all during his time at Real Madrid : 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 and 1966 . Cristiano Ronaldo is the only player to win the tournament five times in the Champions League era , one at Manchester United : 2008 and four at Real Madrid : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Cristiano Ronaldo has won 97 matches in his Champions League career , the most by any player . Two players have appeared in eight finals : Francisco Gento in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 , all with Real Madrid Paolo Maldini in 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 , all with Milan Only one player has won the tournament with three different teams : Clarence Seedorf with Ajax in 1995 , with Real Madrid in 1998 and with Milan in 2003 and 2007 Only five players have won the Champions League in two consecutive seasons with two different teams : Marcel Desailly -- Marseille 1993 and Milan 1994 Paulo Sousa -- Juventus 1996 and Borussia Dortmund 1997 Gerard Piqué -- Manchester United 2008 and Barcelona 2009 Samuel Eto'o -- Barcelona 2009 and Internazionale 2010 -- the only player to have won the treble in two consecutive seasons with two different teams Three father - son duos have won the competition for the same club : Manuel Sanchís Martínez ( 1966 ) and Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo ( 1998 and 2000 ) , both for Real Madrid Cesare Maldini ( 1963 ) and Paolo Maldini ( 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 and 2007 ) , both for Milan Carles Busquets ( 1992 ) and Sergio Busquets ( 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 ) both for Barcelona Oldest and youngest The oldest player to win the tournament is Alessandro Costacurta , who was 41 years and 29 days when Milan won against Liverpool on 23 May 2007 . The youngest player to win the tournament is António Simões , who was 18 years and 139 days when Benfica won against Real Madrid on 2 May 1962 . The oldest player to play in the tournament is Lazio 's Marco Ballotta , against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . The youngest player to play in the tournament is Anderlecht 's Celestine Babayaro , against Steaua București on 23 November 1994 , aged 16 years and 87 days . He was sent off in the 37th minute . The oldest player to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Penalties Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 15 penalties out of 18 taken . Most penalty kicks saved ( non-shootout ) : 5 Petr Čech saved 5 penalties out of 11 Iker Casillas saved 5 out of 19 The oldest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Maribor 's Jasmin Handanović , against Liverpool on 1 November 2017 , aged 39 years and 274 days . The youngest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Benfica 's Mile Svilar , against Manchester United on 31 October 2017 , aged 18 years and 65 days . On 15 April 2015 , the fastest penalty ever was awarded for Porto against Bayern Munich at 1 minute 20 seconds . Own goals 19 players scored 2 own goals against their teams : Igor Akinfeev , Alex , Ânderson Polga , Wes Brown , Cadú , Gary Caldwell , Edu Dracena , Andrzej Grębosz , Iván Helguera , Jószef Horváth , Tomáš Hubočan , Jardel , Thomas Kleine , Jérémy Mathieu , Craig Moore , Gerard Piqué , Sergio Ramos , Stefan Savić and Zoco . Iñigo Martínez scored after 69 seconds the fastest own goal ever in 2013 -- 14 Champions League against his team Real Sociedad for Manchester United . Goalkeeping Jens Lehmann holds the record for the most consecutive clean sheets , with 10 for Arsenal in the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In total his run without conceding a goal lasted 853 minutes . Helmuth Duckadam holds the record of saving all 4 penalties during the shoot - out in the 1986 final between Steaua București and Barcelona . Heinz Stuy holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in the finals of 1971 , 1972 and 1973 . Iker Casillas holds the record for most clean sheets in the competition with 56 ( 58 including 2 qualifying games ) , 50 with Real Madrid and 6 with Porto . Marco Ballotta holds the record of being the oldest goalkeeper to play in the tournament for Lazio against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . Mile Svilar holds the record of being the youngest goalkeeper , aged 18 years and 52 days , to start a Champions League game for Benfica in the 2017 -- 18 . Edwin van der Sar is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Champions League with two different teams : Ajax in 1995 , and Manchester United in 2008 . Edwin van der Sar is the oldest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2008 , aged 37 years 205 days . Iker Casillas is the youngest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2000 , aged 19 years 4 days . The oldest goalkeeper to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Eight goalkeepers won the Champions League on three occasions : Juan Alonso : ( 1956 , 1957 and 1958 ) with Real Madrid . Heinz Stuy : ( 1971 , 1972 and 1973 ) with Ajax , he holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in these finals . Sepp Maier : ( 1974 , 1975 and 1976 ) with Bayern Munich . Ray Clemence : ( 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ) with Liverpool . Víctor Valdés : ( 2006 , 2009 and 2011 ) with Barcelona . Iker Casillas : ( 2000 , 2002 and 2014 ) with Real Madrid . Keylor Navas : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Kiko Casilla : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Two goalkeepers won all three major UEFA club competitions : Stefano Tacconi : 1984 European Cup Winners ' Cup , 1985 European Cup and 1990 UEFA Cup all with Juventus . Vítor Baía : 1997 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup with Barcelona , 2003 UEFA Cup and 2004 UEFA Champions League with Porto . Assisting Ryan Giggs holds the record of most assists in the competition with 42 assists ( 29 GS , 2 R16 , 7 QF , 2 SF , 2 F ) , all with Manchester United . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the second place of most assists in the competition with 39 assists ( 25 GS , 9 R16 , 2 QF , 2 SF , 1 F ) , 10 with Manchester United and 29 with Real Madrid . Two players hold the record of most assists in one season : 9 assists Luís Figo for Barcelona in the 1999 -- 00 season . James Milner for Liverpool in the 2017 -- 18 season . Four players finished twice at the top of the assists list ( including joint top ) : Luís Figo for Barcelona in 1999 -- 00 and Real Madrid in 2000 -- 01 season . Kaká for Milan in 2004 -- 05 and Real Madrid in 2011 -- 12 season . Lionel Messi for Barcelona in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 season . Neymar for Barcelona in 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 season . Three players provided four assists in one match : Ryan Giggs for Manchester United against Roma on 10 April 2007 . Zlatan Ibrahimović for Paris Saint - Germain against Dinamo Zagreb on 6 November 2012 . Neymar for Barcelona against Celtic on 13 September 2016 . Three players provided three assists in the Finals : Roberto Carlos for Real Madrid : 1998 , 2002 ( 2 ) . Andrés Iniesta for Barcelona : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 . Marcelo for Real Madrid : 2017 , 2018 ( 2 ) . Disciplinary Only three players have ever been sent off in a Champions League Final : Jens Lehmann ( Arsenal ) in the 2006 Final against Barcelona ( sent off by Terje Hauge in the 18th minute after bringing down Samuel Eto'o ) ; Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) in the 2008 Final against Manchester United ( sent off by Ľuboš Micheľ in the 116th minute for slapping Nemanja Vidić ) ; and Juan Cuadrado ( Juventus ) in the 2017 Final against Real Madrid ( second yellow given by Felix Brych in the 84th minute for pushing Sergio Ramos ) . All three players ' teams lost their respective finals . Edgar Davids and Zlatan Ibrahimović jointly hold the record for the most red cards in the Champions League ; they have each been sent off four times . Patrick Vieira is also the only player to have been sent off for three different teams in the Champions League , with Arsenal , Juventus and Internazionale . Olexandr Kucher holds the record for the fastest red card ever in 2 minutes 39 seconds in 2014 -- 15 , when he was sent off in the match between his team Shakhtar Donetsk against Bayern Munich . Sergio Ramos holds the record for the most yellow cards in the Champions League , with 36 along with two straight red cards . Captaincy Paolo Maldini is the oldest captain to lift the trophy with Milan in 2007 , aged 38 years 10 months 27 days . Didier Deschamps is the youngest captain to lift the trophy with Marseille in 1993 , aged 24 years 7 months 11 days . David Weir became the oldest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Rangers against Bursaspor in 2010 -- 11 , aged 40 years and 212 days . Rúben Neves became the youngest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Porto against Maccabi Tel Aviv in 2015 -- 16 , aged 18 years and 221 days . Trivia Despite he did n't play the final match , Gary Mills is considered the youngest player to win the competition with Nottingham Forest on 30 May 1979 at age 17 years and 201 days on the virtue of having made one appearance in the competition that season . Michael Ballack became the first player to reach the Champions League quarter - finals with four separate clubs : Kaiserslautern , Bayer Leverkusen , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Zlatan Ibrahimović became the first player to play in the Champions League group stage with seven different clubs : Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain and Manchester United . Moise Kean is the first player born in the 2000s to play in the Champions League for Juventus against Sevilla on 22 November 2016 . Managers Main article : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers All - time top coach appearances Alex Ferguson has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 10 April 2018 The table below does not include the qualification stage of the competition . Coach Country Apps Years Club ( s ) Alex Ferguson Scotland 190 1993 -- 2013 Manchester United Arsène Wenger France 178 1988 -- 2017 Monaco , Arsenal Carlo Ancelotti Italy 154 1997 -- Parma , Juventus , Milan , Chelsea , Paris Saint - Germain , Real Madrid , Bayern Munich José Mourinho Portugal 135 2002 -- Porto , Chelsea , Internazionale , Real Madrid , Manchester United 5 Mircea Lucescu Romania 103 1998 -- 2016 Internazionale , Galatasaray , Beşiktaş , Shakhtar Donetsk Pep Guardiola Spain 103 2008 -- Barcelona , Bayern Munich , Manchester City 7 Louis van Gaal Netherlands 95 1994 -- 2015 Ajax , Barcelona , Bayern Munich , Manchester United Ottmar Hitzfeld Germany 95 1995 -- 2004 Borussia Dortmund , Bayern Munich Rafael Benítez Spain 95 2002 -- 2015 Valencia , Liverpool , Internazionale , Chelsea , Napoli , Real Madrid 10 Fabio Capello Italy 78 1992 -- 2007 Milan , Roma , Juventus , Real Madrid Final and winning records Carlo Ancelotti is the only manager to hold the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Carlo Ancelotti holds the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Three managers have won the UEFA European Cup three times . Zinedine Zidane in 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ( all with Real Madrid ) . He is the only manager to have succeeded winning three consecutive times . Bob Paisley in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ( all with Liverpool ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2007 ( Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Four managers have managed four finalists : Marcello Lippi in 1996 , 1997 , 1998 and 2003 ( all with Juventus ) . Miguel Muñoz in 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 ( all with Real Madrid ) . Sir Alex Ferguson in 1999 , 2008 , 2009 and 2011 ( all with Manchester United ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ( all three Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Seven individuals have won the Champions League as a player then later as a manager , three of them with the same club : Miguel Muñoz of Real Madrid won as a player in 1956 and 1957 and as a manager in 1960 and 1966 . Carlo Ancelotti won as a player in 1989 and 1990 and as a manager in 2003 and 2007 with Milan , then as a manager in 2014 with Real Madrid . Pep Guardiola of Barcelona won as a player in 1992 and as a manager in 2009 and 2011 . Giovanni Trapattoni won as a player in 1963 and 1969 , both with Milan , and as a manager in 1985 with Juventus . Johan Cruyff won as a player in 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , all with Ajax , and as a manager in 1992 with Barcelona . Frank Rijkaard won as a player in 1989 and 1990 , both with Milan and in 1995 with Ajax , and as a manager in 2006 with Barcelona . Zinedine Zidane of Real Madrid won as player in 2002 and as a manager in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Five managers have won the title with two different clubs : Ernst Happel did so with Feyenoord in 1970 and Hamburg in 1983 . Ottmar Hitzfeld did so with Borussia Dortmund in 1997 and Bayern Munich in 2001 . José Mourinho did it with Porto in 2004 and Internazionale in 2010 . Jupp Heynckes did so with Real Madrid in 1998 and Bayern Munich in 2013 . Carlo Ancelotti did so with Milan in 2003 and 2007 , and Real Madrid in 2014 . Ernst Happel is the only manager to reach the Champions League final with three different teams : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) , Club Brugge ( 1978 ) and Hamburg in ( 1983 ) . Winning other trophies Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to win the Champions League , the FIFA World Cup and the European Championship . Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to have won the Champions League , the World Cup and the European Championship : Real Madrid in 2000 and 2002 , the World Cup in 2010 and the European Championship in 2012 with Spain One other manager has won the Champions League as well as the World Cup : Marcello Lippi won the Champions League with Juventus in 1996 and the World Cup in 2006 with Italy Two other managers have won the European Cup as well as the European Championship : José Villalonga won the European Cup with Real Madrid in 1956 and 1957 and the European Championship in 1964 with Spain Rinus Michels won the European Cup with Ajax in 1971 and the European Championship in 1988 with Netherlands Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup and the European Cup with the same club in two consecutive seasons : Nereo Rocco of Milan won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1968 and the European Cup in 1969 Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 Three managers have won the UEFA Cup and the European Cup in two consecutive seasons , two of them with the same club : Bob Paisley won the UEFA Cup in 1976 and the European Cup in 1977 , both with Liverpool José Mourinho won the UEFA Cup in 2003 and the Champions League in 2004 , both with Porto Rafael Benítez won the UEFA Cup in 2004 with Valencia and the Champions League in 2005 with Liverpool Rafael Benítez is the only manager to have won the FIFA Club World Cup , the UEFA Cup , and the UEFA Champions League Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup , the UEFA Cup and the European Cup : Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the UEFA Cup in 1977 and 1993 , the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 . He also won the UEFA Cup in 1991 with Internazionale . Udo Lattek won the European Cup in 1974 with Bayern Munich , the UEFA Cup in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1982 with Barcelona . Other records José Villalonga Llorente is the youngest coach to win the competition with Real Madrid in 1955 -- 56 at age 36 years and 185 days . Raymond Goethals is the oldest coach to win the competition with Marseille in 1992 -- 93 at age 71 years and 232 days . Alex Ferguson holds the record of winning 114 European Cup and UEFA Champions League matches . Jupp Heynckes holds the record of most consecutive wins in the competition , twelve wins all with Bayern Munich . The winning run started on 2 April 2013 by beating Juventus 2 -- 0 in the quarter - finals , then winning the second leg , two semi-finals against Barcelona and the 2013 final against Borussia Dortmund . After two group stage matches with Carlo Ancelotti in the 2017 -- 18 season , Heynckes came out of retirement winning four group stage matches , two round of 16 matches , then he reached the twelfth successive win on 3 April 2018 by defeating Sevilla 2 -- 1 in the first leg of quarter - finals , the run ended with a goalless draw against Sevilla on the second leg . Referees Kim Milton Nielsen has made the most appearances in the competition . Kim Milton Nielsen has made the most appearances in the competition with 59 matches . 4 referees officiated a record of 2 Finals : Leo Horn in 1957 and 1962 Gottfried Dienst in 1961 and 1965 Concetto Lo Bello in 1968 and 1970 Károly Palotai in 1976 and 1981 8 referees officiated a record of 7 matches in one season : Anders Frisk and Ľuboš Micheľ in 1999 -- 00 Dick Jol and Urs Meier in 2000 -- 01 Anders Frisk ( 2 ) , Urs Meier ( 2 ) and Kim Milton Nielsen in 2001 -- 02 Manuel Mejuto González in 2004 -- 05 Wolfgang Stark in 2008 -- 09 Cüneyt Çakır in 2015 -- 16 Disciplinary As of 26 May 2018 Felix Brych has awarded 195 yellow cards , in which 12 of them turned to a red card . Markus Merk has awarded 12 direct red cards . Felix Brych has awarded 20 penalties . See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics List of UEFA Cup and Europa League winners Notes Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Season 2009 / 10 -- Matchweek stats pack '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Horncastle , James ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` AC Milan v Inter Milan : Financial troubles hit both clubs '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Umair , M.A. ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Champions League Winners : The most successful countries and cities '' . SoccerLens . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - time records 1955 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of European official clubs ' cups and tournaments '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ In addition , Juventus were the first club in association football history to have won all possible confederation competitions ( e.g. the international tournaments organised by UEFA ) and remain the only in the world to achieve this , cf . `` Legend : UEFA club competitions '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . `` 1985 : Juventus end European drought '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 8 December 1985 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup : Solidarity -- the name of the game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Activity Report 2005 . Zurich : Fédération Internationale de Football Association : 62 . April 2004 -- May 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We are the champions '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanović heads Chelsea to Europa League glory '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Champions ' Cup / Champions League Trivia '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of an Iconic Manager : Sir Bobby Robson '' . Jump up ^ `` Italian media hit out at ' crazy ' Inter '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona make history with stunning comeback '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Football Champions League Trivia : 50 things about the UCL ESPNSTAR.com Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 13 September 2006 ) . `` Rosicky rocket sinks 10 - man Hamburg '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4406660/Ronaldo-scores-2-Madrid-wins-2-1-ends-Bayern-record-run.html%7Ctitle=Ronaldo landmark as Madrid wins 2 - 1 , ends Bayern record run work = Daily Mail ) Jump up ^ `` Macht Report : Arsenal v Bayern Munich '' . FC Bayern München AG . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 4 , 6 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 8 , 9 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 12 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's debut hat - trick against Fenerbahçe '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's 100 Champions League goals : how , when , where '' . UEFA. 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal '' . UEFA. 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Messi 's 100 European goals were scored '' . UEFA. 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi vs Ronaldo : The race to 100 Champions League goals is over '' . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo first to reach 100 UCL goals with one team '' . ESPN . 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks one Champions League goal record ... and has Lionel Messi in his sights '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches new group stage high '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten in a row : what records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Only Cristiano Ronaldo Scored 12 Free Kick Goals in Champions League '' . Genius Production . 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The fastest goal in the UEFA Champions League '' . ECA . Archived from the original on 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes history by scoring in third final '' . UEFA. 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' Club matches `` Champions League '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . UEFA . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Penalties '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 Maribor 0 match report : Emre Can scores wonderful goal for Reds after Mohamed Salah 's opener and Daniel Sturridge scores third with Champions League knock - out stages one win away '' . The Sun . 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest goalkeeper to save a Champions League penalty '' . Goal.com. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Porto 3 × 1 Bayern Munich 15 / 04 / 2015 '' . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` All - time scorers ( own goals ) '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League landmarks and milestones '' . UEFA. 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona . `` Jens Lehmann '' . The Times . London . ^ Jump up to : `` The Champions League 's greatest ever goalkeepers '' . UEFA. 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas '' Club matches `` Champions League '' . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest keeper in Champions League '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milner beats Champions League assists record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar matched a Zlatan Ibrahimovic record as Barca thrashed Celtic '' . 101 great goals . 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Assist Makers of the in the Champions League Finals '' . Twitugal. 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oleksandr Kucher given fastest red card in Champions League history as Shakhtar defender is dismissed in third minute '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Ramos is officially the dirtiest player in Champions League history as Real Madrid defender overtakes Paul Scholes on card count '' . The Sun . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest person to captain a European Cup / Champions League - winning team '' . Guinness World Records . 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Early candidates in the frame to take over from Kenny Dalglish at Liverpool '' . The Telegraph . 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Porto 's Rúben Neves makes history '' . UEFA . ^ Jump up to : `` European Champions ' Club Cup / UEFA Champions League Winning Squads '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Michael Ballack '' . go.com . Jump up ^ `` Moise Kean becomes first player born in 2000 to play in the Champions League '' . BBC . 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McCourt , Ian ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Napoli 's Rafa Benítez has his eyes on another final in Europa League '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In profile : Sir Alex Ferguson '' . UEFA. 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heynckes sets Champions League record to leave Bayern wanting more '' . goal.com. 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Milton Nielsen '' Matches as referee `` . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Champions League '' Referees `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Felix Brych '' Matches as referee `` . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Markus Merk '' Matches as referee `` . worldfootball.net . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the highest assist in uefa champions league history	[ "Ryan Giggs holds the record of most assists in the competition with 42 assists (29 GS, 2 R16, 7 QF, 2 SF, 2 F), all with Manchester United.\nCristiano Ronaldo holds the second place of most assists in the competition with 39 assists (25 GS, 9 R16, 2 QF, 2 SF, 1 F), 10 with Manchester United and 29 with Real Madrid." ]	[ "Ryan Giggs" ]
1641560475933293802	Gladiator (2000 film)	Gladiator ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia Gladiator ( 2000 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gladiator Theatrical release poster Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Douglas Wick David Franzoni Branko Lustig Screenplay by David Franzoni John Logan William Nicholson Story by David Franzoni Starring Russell Crowe Joaquin Phoenix Connie Nielsen Oliver Reed Derek Jacobi Djimon Hounsou Richard Harris Music by Hans Zimmer Lisa Gerrard Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by Pietro Scalia Production companies Scott Free Productions Red Wagon Entertainment Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date May 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 01 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) ( United States ) May 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 11 ) ( Singapore ) Running time 155 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $103 million Box office $457.6 million Gladiator is a 2000 epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Franzoni , John Logan , and William Nicholson . It stars Russell Crowe , Joaquin Phoenix , Connie Nielsen , Ralf Möller , Oliver Reed ( in his final role ) , Djimon Hounsou , Derek Jacobi , John Shrapnel , and Richard Harris . Crowe portrays Hispano - Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius , who is betrayed when Commodus , the ambitious son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius , murders his father and seizes the throne . Reduced to slavery , Maximus rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murders of his family and his emperor . The film was released in the United States on May 5 , 2000 . The film received favorable reviews from critics and grossed $457 million worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2000 . The film won multiple awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor for Crowe and three other Oscars at the 73rd Academy Awards . It has also been credited with rekindling interest in entertainment centered around ancient Greek and Roman culture , such as the TV series Rome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Historical authenticity 4.1 Development 4.2 Fictionalization 4.3 Anachronisms 5 Influences 6 Music 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Impact 9 Home media 10 Possible sequel 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Plot ( edit ) In AD 180 , Hispano - Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return to his home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus . Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son , Commodus , is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him , as regent , to help save Rome from corruption . Commodus murders his father when he is told about the plan . Commodus announces he is the new Emperor and asks Maximus for his loyalty , but the general refuses . Maximus is arrested by guards and is told that he and his family will die . He kills his captors and rides for his home near Trujillo , where he finds his family murdered . Maximus buries his wife and son ; then collapses . He is found by slavers who take him to the Roman province of Zucchabar , where he is sold to a gladiator trainer named Proximo . Although reluctant at first , Maximus fights in local tournaments and makes friends with two other gladiators : Juba , a Numidian ; and Hagen , a German . His military skills help him win matches and gain recognition from other gladiators and the crowd . Proximo reveals that he was once a gladiator , and advises Maximus that he must `` win the crowd '' to win his freedom . Proximo takes his gladiators to fight in Rome 's Colosseum , because Commodus has organized 150 days of games . Disguised by a masked helmet , Maximus debuts in gladiatorial combat in the Colosseum as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama . Unexpectedly , Maximus leads his side to victory , and Commodus enters the Colosseum to offer his congratulations . He orders the disguised Maximus , as leader of the gladiators , to show himself and give his name ; Maximus reveals himself and declares vengeance . Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let the gladiators live , and the Praetorian Guard is held back from striking them down . Maximus 's next fight is a victory against a legendary undefeated gladiator . Commodus orders Maximus to kill the gladiator , but Maximus spares his opponent 's life ; he is called `` Maximus the Merciful '' by the crowd . Angered at this outcome , Commodus taunts Maximus about his family 's deaths , but Maximus turns and walks away . Maximus discovers from Cicero , his ex-orderly , that his former legions remain loyal . Lucilla , Commodus 's sister ; Gracchus , an influential senator ; and Maximus meet secretly . Maximus will escape Rome , join his soldiers , topple Commodus by force , and hand power back to the Roman Senate . Commodus learns of the plot by threatening Lucilla , and has the Praetorian Guard arrest Gracchus and attack the gladiators ' barracks . Proximo and his men , including Hagen , sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape . Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero , where Cicero is killed . Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum . He stabs Maximus before the match to gain an advantage . Maximus disarms Commodus , whom the Praetorian Guard refuse to aid . Commodus then produces a hidden knife , which Maximus drives into his throat , killing him . Maximus succumbs to his wound . Before he dies , he asks for political reforms , for his gladiator allies to be freed , and for Senator Gracchus to be reinstated . Maximus 's friends and allies honor him as `` a soldier of Rome '' , at Lucilla 's behest , and carry his body out of the arena , leaving the dead Commodus behind . Juba visits the Colosseum at night and buries the figurines of Maximus 's wife and son at the spot where he died . Juba says he is to return to his own family and promises to see Maximus again , `` but not yet '' . Cast ( edit ) Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius : a Hispano - Roman legatus forced into becoming a slave who seeks revenge against Commodus . He has earned the favor of Marcus Aurelius , and the love and admiration of Lucilla prior to the events of the film . His home is near Trujillo in today 's Province of Cáceres , Spain . After the murder of his family he vows vengeance . Maximus is a fictional character partly inspired by Marcus Nonius Macrinus , Narcissus , Cincinnatus , and Maximus of Hispania . Mel Gibson was first offered the role , but declined as he felt he was too old to play the character . Antonio Banderas and Hugh Jackman were also considered . Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus : The amoral , power - hungry , twisted son of Marcus Aurelius , he murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor 's powers in trust until a new republic can be formed . Connie Nielsen as Lucilla : Maximus 's former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius . Lucilla has been recently widowed . She resists her brother 's incestuous advances and hates him , while also having to be careful to protect her son , Lucius , from her brother 's corruption and wrath . Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo : An old , gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa . A former gladiator himself , he was freed by Marcus Aurelius , and gives Maximus his own armor and eventually a chance at freedom , and becomes somewhat of a mentor to Maximus . This was Reed 's final film appearance , before he died during the filming . In the original film script , Proximo was supposed to live . Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus : A member of the Roman Senate who opposes Commodus 's rule and an ally of Lucilla and Maximus . Djimon Hounsou as Juba : A Numidian tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders . He becomes Maximus 's closest ally and friend , and inspires Maximus to bring down Commodus for the greater good before he joins his family in the afterlife . Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius : The old and wise emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus , whom he loves as a son , to be his successor , with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government . He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled . Ralf Möller as Hagen : A Germanic warrior and Proximo 's chief gladiator who later befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome . Tommy Flanagan as Cicero , by his accent probably a native of Caledonia : Maximus 's loyal servant who provides liaison between the enslaved Maximus , his former legion based at Ostia , and Lucilla . He is used as bait for the escaping Maximus and eventually killed by the Praetorian Guard . David Schofield as Senator Falco : A Patrician , a senator opposed to Gracchus . He helps Commodus to consolidate his power . John Shrapnel as Senator Gaius : Another Roman senator allied with Gracchus , Lucilla , and Maximus against Commodus . Tomas Arana as General Quintus : another Roman legatus , who served under and was a friend to Maximus . Made commander of the Praetorian Guard by Commodus , after betraying Maximus . In the extended version , Quintus sees the mad side of the Emperor when he is forced to execute two innocent men . Quintus later redeems himself by refusing to allow Commodus a second sword during the latter 's duel with Maximus , and promises to honor Maximus 's last wishes . Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus : The young son of Lucilla . He is named after his father Lucius Verus , who was co-emperor until AD 169 . He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius . David Hemmings as Cassius : the master of ceremonies for the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum . Sven - Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul : An undefeated champion gladiator who is called out of retirement by Commodus to kill Maximus but is defeated by Maximus . Commodus then ordered Maximus to kill Tigris , but Maximus spared him , much to Commodus ' fury . Omid Djalili as a slave trader . Giannina Facio as Maximus 's wife . Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus 's son , who is the same age as Lucilla 's son Lucius . Production ( edit ) Screenplay ( edit ) Gladiator was based on an original pitch by David Franzoni , who wrote the first draft . Franzoni was given a three - picture deal with DreamWorks as writer and co-producer on the strength of his previous work , Steven Spielberg 's Amistad , which helped establish the reputation of DreamWorks . Not a classical scholar , Franzoni was inspired by Daniel P. Mannix 's 1958 novel Those About to Die , and he chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the Augustan History . In Franzoni 's first draft , dated April 4 , 1998 , he named his protagonist Narcissus , a wrestler who , according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio , strangled Emperor Commodus to death . Pollice Verso ( Thumbs Down ) by Jean - Léon Gérôme , the 19th - century painting that inspired Ridley Scott to tackle the project Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick . They showed him a copy of Jean - Léon Gérôme 's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso ( Thumbs Down ) . Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome . However , Scott felt Franzoni 's dialogue was too `` on the nose '' ( lacking subtlety ) and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking . Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus 's family to increase the character 's motivation . Russell Crowe describes being eager for the role as pitched by Walter F. Parkes , in his interview for Inside the Actors Studio : `` They said , ' It 's a 100 - million - dollar film . You 're being directed by Ridley Scott . You play a Roman General . ' I 've always been a big fan of Ridley 's . '' With two weeks to go before filming , the actors complained of problems with the script . William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character . Nicholson reworked Maximus ' friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film , saying `` he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody . '' The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions . Crowe allegedly questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers . According to a DreamWorks executive , `` ( Russell Crowe ) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot . You know the big line in the trailer , ' In this life or the next , I will have my vengeance ' ? At first he absolutely refused to say it . '' Russell Crowe described the script situation : `` I read the script and it was substantially underdone . Even the character did n't exist on the pages . And that set about a long process , that 's probably the first time that I 've been in a situation where the script was n't a complete done deal . We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks . '' Of the writing and filming process , Crowe added , `` Possibly , a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my quote unquote volatility has to do with that experience . Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever , and I did n't have anything to learn . I actually did n't know what the scenes were gon na be . We had , I think , one American writer working on it , one English writer working on it , and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas , and then Ridley himself ; and then , on the occasion where Ridley would say , ' Look , this is the structure for it -- what are you gon na say in that ? ' So then I 'd be doing my own stuff , as well . And this is how things like , ' Strength and honor , ' came up . This is how things like , ' At my signal , unleash hell , ' came up . The name Maximus Decimus Meridius , it just flowed well . '' Maximus ' habit of rubbing soil before each fight references the attachment and affection to his former life as a farmer . In a conversation with Marcus Aurelius , Maximus says the fecund soil of his farm is `` black like my wife 's hair '' . Crowe wrote the speech himself , drawing on his feelings of homesickness for his own ranch . Pre-production ( edit ) In preparation for filming , Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot . Over six weeks , production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse , including Italy , France , North Africa , and England . All of the film 's props , sets , and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items . One hundred suits of steel armour and 550 suits in polyurethane were made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo . The unique sprayed - polyurethane system was developed by Armordillo and pioneered for this production . Over a three - month period , 27,500 component pieces of armor were made . Filming ( edit ) The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999 . The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods , near Farnham , Surrey , in England . When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest , he persuaded them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down . Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45 - degree shutter , creating stop motion effects in the action sequences , similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . Subsequently , the scenes of slavery , desert travel , and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate , Morocco , just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks . To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights , the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000 - seat mud brick arena . Finally , the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli , Malta . In Malta , a replica of about one - third of Rome 's Colosseum was built , to a height of 52 feet ( 15.8 meters ) , mostly from plaster and plywood ( the other two - thirds and remaining height were added digitally ) . The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million . The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture , colonnades , gates , statuary , and marketplaces for other filming requirements . The complex was serviced by tented `` costume villages '' that had changing rooms , storage , armorers , and other facilities . The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer - generated imagery using set - design blueprints and textures referenced from live action , and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno software . Post-production ( edit ) Several scenes included extensive use of computer - generated imagery shots for views of Rome . British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer - generated imagery effects that were added after filming . The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences , and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene 's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming . They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer - generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes . The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances , and then mapping them onto cards , with motion - capture tools used to track their movements for three - dimensional compositing . The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots , comprising approximately nine minutes of the film 's running time . An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta , before all his scenes had been shot . The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo by photographing a live action body - double in the shadows and by mapping a three - dimensional computer - generated imagery mask of Reed 's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage . Visual effects supervisor John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage : `` What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film . What Oliver did was much greater . He gave an inspiring , moving performance . All we did was help him finish it . '' The film is dedicated to Reed 's memory . Historical authenticity ( edit ) The Numidian king Juba . The Numidians were of Berber origin , instead of sub-Saharan origin . Development ( edit ) The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD . As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film , he hired several historians as advisors . Nevertheless , some deviations from historical fact were made to increase interest , maintain narrative continuity , and for practical or safety reasons . Scott also stated that due to the influence of previous films affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like , some historical facts were `` too unbelievable '' to include . For instance in an early version of the script , gladiators would have been carrying out product endorsements in the arena ; while this would have been historically accurate , it was not filmed for fear that audiences would think it anachronistic . At least one historical advisor resigned due to these changes . Another asked not to be mentioned in the credits ( though it was stated in the director 's commentary that he constantly asked , `` where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say ? '' ) . Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting because `` creative artists need to be granted some poetic license , but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction '' . Fictionalization ( edit ) Marcus Aurelius was not murdered by his son Commodus ; he died at Vindobona ( modern Vienna ) in 180 AD from the Antonine Plague . The epidemic , believed to be either smallpox or measles , swept the Roman Empire during the reign of Marcus . There is no indication Marcus Aurelius wished to return the Empire to a Republican form of government , as depicted in the film . Moreover , he shared the rule of the Empire with Commodus for three years before his own death . Commodus then ruled alone from that point until his death at the end of 192 AD . The film depicts Marcus as defeating the barbarians in the Marcomannic Wars . In reality the war was still ongoing when Aurelius died ; Commodus secured peace by a treaty with the two Germanic tribes allied against Rome , the Marcomanni and the Quadi , immediately after his father 's death . The character of Maximus is fictional , although in some respects he resembles the historical figures Narcissus ( Commodus 's real - life murderer and the character 's name in the first draft of the screenplay ) , Spartacus ( who led a significant slave revolt in 73 - 71 BC ) , Cincinnatus ( 519 - 430 BC ) ( a farmer who was made dictator , saved Rome from invasion , then resigned his six - month appointment after 15 days ) , and Marcus Nonius Macrinus ( a trusted general , Consul in 154 AD , and friend of Marcus Aurelius ) . Although Commodus engaged in show combat in the Colosseum , he was not killed in the arena ; he was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus . Commodus reigned for over twelve years , unlike the shorter period portrayed in the film . In the film , Lucilla is portrayed as a lone widow of Lucius Verus with one son , also named Lucius Verus . While Lucilla was the widow of Verus and also had a son by that name , their son died young , long before the reign of Commodus , and Lucilla remarried Claudius Pompeianus soon after Verus ' death . She had been married to him for 11 years by the time her brother became Emperor . The film omits Lucilla 's other two children with Verus , Lucilla Plautia and Aurelia Lucilla . Lucilla was implicated in a plot to assassinate her brother in 182 AD , along with her husband Pompeianus and several others . She was first exiled to the island of Capri by her brother , then executed on his orders later in the year . The character of Maximus had a similar career ( and personality traits as documented by Herodian ) to Claudius Pompeianus ( a Syrian ) who married Marcus Aurelius ' daughter Lucilla following the death of Lucius Verus . It is believed Aurelius may have wanted Pompeianus to succeed him as Caesar in preference to Commodus but was turned down . Pompeianus had no part in any of the many plots against Commodus . He was not depicted in the film . In the film the character Antonius Proximo claims `` the wise '' Marcus Aurelius banned gladiatorial games in Rome forcing him to move to Mauretania . The real Aurelius did ban the games , but only in Antioch as punishment for the city 's support of the usurper Avidius Cassius . No games were ever banned in Rome . However , when the Emperor started conscripting gladiators into the legions , the resulting shortage in fighters allowed lanistae such as Proximo to make `` windfall '' profits through increased charges for their services . In real life , the death of Commodus did not result in a peace for Rome , nor a return to the Roman Republic . Rather , it ushered in a chaotic and bloody power struggle that culminated in the Year of the Five Emperors of AD 193 . According to Herodian , the people of Rome were overjoyed at the news of Commodus dying , although they feared that the praetorians would not accept the new emperor Pertinax . Anachronisms ( edit ) Costumes within the film are almost never completely historically correct . Some of the soldiers wear fantasy helmets . The bands wrapped around their lower arms were rarely ever worn . Their appearance is the product of historical movies always depicting peoples of antiquity wearing such bands . Although the film is set within the 2nd century AD , the Imperial Gallic armor and the helmets worn by the legionaries are from AD 75 , a century earlier . This was superseded by new designs in AD 100 . Likewise the legions ' standard bearers ( Aquilifer ) , centurions , mounted forces , and auxiliaries would have worn scale armour , lorica squamata . The Germanic tribes are dressed in clothes from the Stone Age period . The Roman cavalry are shown attacking using stirrups . This is anachronistic in that the horse - mounted forces of the Roman army used a two - horned saddle . Stirrups were only employed for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle . Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest . They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles . The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing black uniforms . No historical evidence supports that . On campaign they usually wore standard legionary equipment albeit with some unique decorative elements . In the bird 's eye view of Rome when the city is introduced for the first time there are several buildings that did not exist at the time of Gladiator . For example , the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine is quite prominent ; however , it was not completed until AD 312 . Influences ( edit ) The film 's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood films of the sword - and - sandal genre , The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus , and shares several plot points with The Fall of the Roman Empire , which tells the story of Livius , who , like Maximus in Gladiator , is Marcus Aurelius 's intended successor . Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus , who is happily married , was formerly in love with her . Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination . In Fall of the Roman Empire a group of conspirators independent of Commodus , hoping to profit from Commodus 's accession , arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned ; in Gladiator Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him . In the course of Fall of the Roman Empire Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father , but continues to employ him notwithstanding ; in Gladiator , when Commodus fails to secure Maximus 's allegiance , he executes Maximus 's wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him . Livius in Fall of the Roman Empire and Maximus in Gladiator kill Commodus in single combat , Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son , and both do it for the greater good of Rome . Scott cited Spartacus and Ben - Hur as influences on the film : `` These movies were part of my cinema - going youth . But at the dawn of the new millennium , I thought this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years -- if not all recorded history -- the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known . '' Spartacus provides the film 's gladiatorial motif , as well as the character of Senator Gracchus , a fictitious senator ( bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary Tribunes from the 2nd century BC ) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat -- Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator . Both actors who played Gracchus ( in Spartacus and Gladiator ) , played Claudius in previous films -- Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film I , Claudius and Sir Derek Jacobi of Gladiator , played Claudius in the 1976 BBC adaptation . Both films also share a specific set piece , wherein a gladiator ( Maximus here , Woody Strode 's Draba in Spartacus ) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match , as well as at least one line of dialogue : `` Rome is the mob '' , said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar ( John Gavin ) in Spartacus . The film 's depiction of Commodus 's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl 's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was itself inspired by the Roman Empire . Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler 's procession . The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane , while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome , quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot . The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle , which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches ( and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene ) leading up to the procession of Commodus . At one point in the Nazi film , a little girl gives flowers to Hitler , while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers . Music ( edit ) Main article : Gladiator ( soundtrack ) Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard -- `` Now We Are Free '' listen to a clip from the score of Gladiator . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Oscar - nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard , and conducted by Gavin Greenaway . Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score , after his work with her in The Prince of Egypt . However , Haza died in late February 2000 , before she was able to record , and so Gerrard was chosen instead . Lisa Gerrard 's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score . The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst 's `` Mars : The Bringer of War '' , and in June 2006 , the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Holst 's work . Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus 's triumphal entry into Rome , accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections -- the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried 's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung -- from Richard Wagner 's Ring of the Nibelung . On February 27 , 2001 , nearly a year after the first soundtrack 's release , Decca produced Gladiator : More Music From the Motion Picture . Then , on September 5 , 2005 , Decca produced Gladiator : Special Anniversary Edition , a two - CD pack containing both the above - mentioned releases . Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half - time . In 2003 , Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Gladiator grossed $187.7 million in the United States and Canada and $269.9 million in other territories for a total of $457.6 million , against a production budget of $103 million . In North America , the film earned $34.8 million in its opening weekend at 2,938 theaters , topping the box office . It remained number one in its second weekend grossing $24.6 million , and dropped to third place in its third weekend with $19.7 million behind newcomers Mission : Impossible 2 and Shanghai Noon . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 77 % based on 189 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Ridley Scott and an excellent cast successfully convey the intensity of Roman gladiatorial combat as well as the political intrigue brewing beneath . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The Battle of Germania was cited by CNN as one of their `` favorite on - screen battle scenes '' , while Entertainment Weekly named Maximus as their sixth favorite action hero , because of `` Crowe 's steely , soulful performance '' , and named it as their third favorite revenge film . In December 2000 , Gladiator was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2000 , taking 40 % of the votes . In 2002 , a Channel 4 ( UK TV ) poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Are you not entertained ? '' . It was not without its deriders . Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and criticized the look of the film as `` muddy , fuzzy , and indistinct . '' He also derided the writing , saying it `` employs depression as a substitute for personality , and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough , we wo n't notice how dull they are . '' Camille Paglia called the film `` boring , badly shot and suffused with sentimental p.c. rubbish . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Gladiator Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies , including the 73rd Academy Awards , the BAFTA Awards , and the Golden Globe Awards . Of 119 award nominations , the film won 48 prizes . The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven , including Best Original Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott . It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since All the King 's Men at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950 . In 2003 , Chicago became another Best Picture winner which did n't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories . Due to Academy rules , only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score , and not to Lisa Gerrard at the time . However , the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers . 73rd Academy Awards Best Picture ( Douglas Wick , David Franzoni and Branko Lustig ) Best Actor ( Russell Crowe ) Best Visual Effects Best Costume Design Best Sound Mixing ( Bob Beemer , Scott Millan and Ken Weston ) BAFTA Awards Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Film Best Production Design 58th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Drama Best Original Score -- Motion Picture American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : General Maximus Decimus Meridius -- # 50 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Father to a murdered son . Husband to a murdered wife . And I will have my vengeance , in this life or the next . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Epic Film Impact ( edit ) The film 's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States . According to The New York Times , this has been dubbed the `` Gladiator Effect '' . It 's called the ' Gladiator ' effect by writers and publishers . The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies . Yet in this case , it 's the movies -- most recently Gladiator two years ago -- that have created the interest in the ancients . And not for more Roman screen colossals , but for writing that is serious or fun or both . '' The Cicero biography Cicero : The Life and Times of Rome 's Greatest Politician and Gregory Hays 's translation of Marcus Aurelius 's Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the film . The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as Troy , The Alamo , King Arthur , Alexander , 300 , Kingdom of Heaven and Robin Hood ( the last two were also directed by Scott ) . The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the Total Film list of 50 best movie heroes and villains and 35th in the Empire 's 100 Greatest Movie Characters . Maximus is also featured on 55 c `` Australian Legends '' postage stamp series . Russell Crowe attended a ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps . Home Media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD on November 21 , 2000 , and has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions . Special features for the Blu - ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes , trailers , documentaries , commentaries , storyboards , image galleries , Easter eggs , and cast auditions . The film was released on Blu - ray in September 2009 , in a 2 - disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film , as part of Paramount 's `` Sapphire Series '' ( Paramount bought the DreamWorks library in 2006 ) . Initial reviews of the Blu - ray Disc release criticized poor image quality , leading many to call for it to be remastered , as Sony did with The Fifth Element in 2007 . A remastered version was later released in 2010 . The DVD editions that have been released since the original two - disc version , include a film only single - disc edition as well as a three - disc `` extended edition '' DVD which was released in August 2005 . The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes , most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes . The original cut , which Scott still calls his director 's cut , is also select - able via seamless branching ( which is not included on the UK edition ) . The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe . The film is on the first disc , the second one has a three - hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika , and the third disc contains supplements . Discs one and two of the three - disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two - disc `` special edition '' in the EU in 2005 . The film will be released on 4K UHD on May 15 2018 . Possible sequel ( edit ) In June 2001 , Douglas Wick said a Gladiator prequel was in development . The following year , Wick , Walter Parkes , David Franzoni , and John Logan switched direction to a sequel set fifteen years later ; the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older Lucius is trying to learn who his real father was . However , Russell Crowe was interested in resurrecting Maximus , and further researched Roman beliefs about the afterlife to accomplish this . Ridley Scott expressed interest , although he admitted the project would have to be retitled as it had little to do with gladiators . An easter egg contained on disc 2 of the extended edition / special edition DVD releases includes a discussion of possible scenarios for a follow - up . This includes a suggestion by Parkes that , in order to enable Russell Crowe to return to play Maximus , who dies at the end of the original movie , a sequel could involve a `` multi-generational drama about Maximus and the Aureleans and this chapter of Rome '' , similar in concept to The Godfather Part II . In 2006 , Scott stated he and Crowe approached Nick Cave to rewrite the film , but their ideas conflicted with DreamWorks 's idea of a spin - off involving Lucius , whom Scott revealed would turn out to be Maximus 's son with Lucilla . Scott noted that a tale of corruption in Rome was too complex , whereas Gladiator worked due to its simple drive . In 2009 , details of Cave 's ultimately - rejected script surfaced on the internet : the script having Maximus being reincarnated by the Roman gods and returned to Rome to defend Christians against persecution ; then transported to other important periods in history , including World War II , the Vietnam War , and finally being a general in the modern - day Pentagon . This script for a sequel , however , was rejected as being too far - fetched , and not in keeping with the spirit and theme of the original film . In March 2017 , Scott again stated that he has an idea of how a sequel could be done , and that he is currently trying to convince Russell Crowe to reprise his role as Maximus . See also ( edit ) Film portal List of films set in ancient Rome List of historical period drama films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gladiator - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gladiator '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gladiator ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gladiator ( 2000 ) '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gladiator ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . 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Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cave , Nick , Gladiator 2 Draft , archived from the original on 25 February 2010 , retrieved 16 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott On ' Gladiator ' Sequel : ' I Know How to Bring Him Back ' '' . 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Franzoni , David ( 1998 - 04 - 04 ) . Gladiator : First Draft Revised . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 16 . Franzoni , David ; Logan , John ( 1998 - 10 - 22 ) . Gladiator : Second Draft Revised . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 . Landau , Diana ; Parkes , Walter ; Logan , John ; Scott , Ridley ( 2000 ) . Gladiator : The Making of the Ridley Scott Epic . Newmarket Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 428 - 7 . Reynolds , Mike ( July 2000 ) , `` Ridley Scott : From Blade Runner to Blade Stunner '' , DGA Monthly Magazine , Directors Guild of America , ISSN 1083 - 5253 Schwartz , Richard ( 2001 ) . The Films of Ridley Scott . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96976 - 2 Stephens , William ( 2001 ) , no issn , `` The Rebirth of Stoicism ? '' , Creighton Magazine , archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 31 , retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 Stephens , William ( 2012 ) . `` Appendix : Marcus , Maximus , and Stoicism in Gladiator ( 2000 ) '' , in Marcus Aurelius : A Guide for the Perplexed . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0810 - 4 Ward , Allen ( 2001 ) , `` The Movie ' Gladiator ' in Historical Perspective '' , Classics Technology Center , AbleMedia , retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 Winkler , Martin ( 2004 ) . Gladiator Film and History . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1042 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gladiator ( 2000 film ) Gladiator at the American Film Institute Catalog Gladiator on IMDb Gladiator at AllMovie Gladiator at Box Office Mojo Gladiator at Metacritic Gladiator at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( short film , 1965 ) 1984 ( advertisement , 1984 ) Unrealized projects Works by John Logan Films Tornado ! ( 1996 ) Bats ( 1999 ) RKO 281 ( 1999 ) Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Time Machine ( 2002 ) Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Coriolanus ( 2011 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Genius ( 2016 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Television series Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 16 ) Theatre Red ( 2009 ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 ) I 'll Eat You Last : A Chat with Sue Mengers ( 2013 ) The Last Ship ( 2014 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2018 ) Works by William Nicholson Novels Wind On Fire Noble Warriors The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life Plays The Retreat from Moscow Films & TV written Martin Luther , Heretic Shadowlands ( 1985 film ) Shadowlands ( 1993 film ) Nell First Knight Grey Owl Gladiator Elizabeth : The Golden Age Les Misérables Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Unbroken Everest Breathe Films directed Firelight Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) VIAF : 179163775 LCCN : no2001011573 GND : 4639068 - 6 SUDOC : 159064201 BNF : cb166279029 ( data ) BNE : XX4655676 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gladiator_(2000_film)&oldid=836539717 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s drama films 2000s historical films Action drama films American action films American drama films American epic films American films American historical films British action films British drama films British epic films British films British historical films Films about death Films about gladiatorial combat Films about revenge Films set in Africa Films set in ancient Rome Films set in the Roman Empire Films set in Rome Films set in the 2nd century Films shot in England Films shot in Malta Films shot in Morocco Gladiator ( 2000 film ) Incest in film Nerva -- Antonine dynasty Patricide in fiction Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction DreamWorks Pictures films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Scott Free Productions films Universal Pictures films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Film Empire Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films directed by Ridley Scott Screenplays by John Logan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is maximus fighting in the beginning of gladiator	[ "In AD 180, Hispano-Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return to his home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to help save Rome from corruption. Commodus murders his father when he is told about the plan." ]	[ "Germanic tribes" ]
6282083539122211095	The Way You Move	The Way You Move - wikipedia The Way You Move Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Outkast . For the song by Ne - Yo , see The Way You Move ( Ne - Yo song ) . For the song by Bodyrockers , see I Like the Way ( BodyRockers song ) . `` The Way You Move '' Single by OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown from the album Speakerboxxx / The Love Below Released September 23 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded Stankonia Studios , Atlanta , GA , 2002 Genre Hip hop , crunk , soul Length 3 : 55 Label LaFace / RCA 55883 Songwriter ( s ) Big Boi , Carl - Mo , Sleepy Brown Producer ( s ) Big Boi , Carl - Mo OutKast singles chronology `` Land of a Million Drums '' ( 2002 ) `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 ) `` Roses '' ( 2004 ) `` Land of a Million Drums '' ( 2002 ) `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 ) `` Roses '' ( 2004 ) `` The Way You Move '' is a song recorded by Big Boi of the American hip hop duo OutKast , released by LaFace Records . The song features OutKast mentor Sleepy Brown on guest vocals . Along with `` Hey Ya ! '' , recorded by OutKast 's other member André 3000 , `` The Way You Move '' is one of the two lead singles from Speakerboxxx / The Love Below , OutKast 's double album project which includes a solo album from each member . Released from Big Boi 's Speakerboxxx half of the double album , `` The Way You Move '' peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming OutKast 's third number - one pop single , and the 900th for `` Billboard . '' In 2009 , it was named the 22nd most successful song of the 2000s , on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Track listings 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Trivia 7 Earth , Wind & Fire / Kenny G cover 7.1 Peak positions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song information ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' is credited to Big Boi , Sleepy Brown , and the song 's producer , Carlton Mahone ; Big Boi also does some co-production . Combining elements of bass music , Atlanta - style southern hip hop , and 1970s soul music , `` The Way You Move '' is Big Boi 's light - hearted dedication to women . The song 's instrumental track is punctuated with the prominent live horn section `` Hornz Unlimited '' of Atlanta reminiscent of Earth Wind and Fire , which features Sleepy Brown singing in style inspired by the work of Motown star Marvin Gaye . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video , directed by Bryan Barber , features Big Boi as the proprietor of a rim shop . The video 's performance shots eventually gravitate to other locations during the video 's running time , featuring several young women who Big Boi , dressed in a pimp 's suit , attempts to pick up . The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson . `` The Way You Move '' music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for André 3000 's `` Hey Ya ! '' . A long - form `` The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! '' video combines both clips with a bridging sequence . The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' debuted at # 83 on the week ending September 27 , 2003 , four days after its release . It spent eight weeks at the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 behind `` Hey Ya ! '' , one of the longest runs at that position in the chart 's history . It finally replaced `` Hey Ya ! '' at number one on February 7 , 2004 , where it stayed for one week , which was the sixth time a recording act has replaced itself on the Billboard pop chart . `` The Way You Move '' was ranked number five on the 2004 Billboard Year - End Chart . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks chart , `` The Way You Move '' peaked at number two ( seven positions higher than `` Hey Ya ! '' ) , and reached the top of the Hot Rap Tracks chart . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD1 `` The Way You Move '' ( club mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Toobad full length vocal ) -- 6 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phat radio mix ) -- 3 : 35 `` The Way You Move '' ( video ) UK CD2 `` The Way You Move '' ( clean album version ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Toobad radio mix ) -- 3 : 52 Europe single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phatt radio mix ) -- 3 : 31 Europe / Australia maxi - single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phatt radio mix ) - 3 : 31 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Too Bad radio mix ) -- 3 : 52 `` The Way You Move '' ( Cutmaster Swift remix ) -- 4 : 22 `` The Way You Move '' ( video ) The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! 12 '' vinyl single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( club mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 55 `` Hey Ya ! '' ( radio mix ) -- 4 : 09 `` Hey Ya ! '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 09 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 44 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Europe ( Official Top 100 Singles ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 16 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Billboard Hot Rap Songs US Billboard Adult Top 40 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 5 Trivia ( edit ) The song was featured and poked fun at in an episode of Chappelle 's Show , in a skit entitled `` Making the Band '' , in which P. Diddy ( played by Chappelle ) is joined by his assistant , Fonzworth Bentley ( played by Charlie Murphy ) , who comes flying in using his umbrella as a parachute , just as Fonzworth does in `` The Way You Move '' music video . A heavily edited version of the song is featured in the console versions of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 , and is a playable song in Shark Tale . The `` Full Phatt Radio Mix '' is featured on Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2 . Earth , Wind & Fire / Kenny G cover ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' Single by Kenny G feat . Earth , Wind & Fire from the album At Last ... The Duets Album Released Format CD single Genre Smooth jazz Length 4 : 09 Label Arista Records Songwriter ( s ) Patrick Brown , Carlton `` Carl Mo '' Mahone , Antwan Patton Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff In 2004 , saxophonist Kenny G and Earth , Wind & Fire released a cover of the song with bandmembers Philip Bailey and Maurice White on vocals . Their version was spawned from Kenny G 's At Last ... The Duets Album and it also appeared on Earth , Wind & Fire 's 2005 album Illumination . The song went to # 12 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 12 See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2004 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OutKast - The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` Outkast 's ' Hey Ya ! ' Clip Ran Andre 3000 Into The Ground : VMA Lens Recap '' MTV News . September 19 , 2003 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` September 27 , 2003 Billboard Issue '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK CD1 '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` UK CD2 '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Europe single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Europe maxi - single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australia maxi - single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! 12 '' vinyl single `` . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN : THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 14 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Way You Move by Outkast and Sleepy Brown - Music Charts '' . acharts.us . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : January 01 , 2012 to January 07 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . December 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/artist/321442/outkast/chart Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics OutKast André 3000 Big Boi Studio albums Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik ( 1994 ) ATLiens ( 1996 ) Aquemini ( 1998 ) Stankonia ( 2000 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below ( 2003 ) Idlewild ( 2006 ) Other albums Big Boi and Dre Present ... Outkast ( 2001 ) Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty ( 2010 ) Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors ( 2012 ) Boomiverse ( 2017 ) Singles `` Player 's Ball '' `` Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik '' `` Git Up , Git Out '' `` Elevators ( Me & You ) '' `` ATLiens '' `` Jazzy Belle '' `` Rosa Parks '' `` Skew It on the Bar - B '' `` Da Art of Storytellin ' ( Pt. 1 ) '' `` B.O.B '' `` Ms. Jackson '' `` So Fresh , So Clean '' `` The Whole World '' `` Land of a Million Drums '' `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Roses '' `` Ghetto Musick / Prototype '' `` Mighty O '' `` Morris Brown '' `` Idlewild Blue ( Don'tchu Worry ' Bout Me ) '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` The Train '' Featured songs `` Gone Be Fine '' `` International Players Anthem ( I Choose You ) '' Related articles Discography Organized Noize Dungeon Family Mr. DJ Idlewild Bryan Barber Kenny G Studio albums Kenny G G Force Gravity Duotones Silhouette Breathless The Moment Paradise Rhythm & Romance Heart and Soul Namaste Brazilian Nights Singles `` Hi , How Ya Doin ' ? '' `` Songbird '' `` Silhouette '' `` Going Home '' `` Forever in Love '' `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' `` Sentimental '' `` The Moment '' `` Havana '' `` One More Time '' `` Fall Again '' `` Heart and Soul '' Holiday albums Miracles Faith Wishes Live albums Kenny G Live Best Greatest hits albums The Very Best of Kenny G Kenny G -- Greatest Hits Ultimate Kenny G The Greatest Holiday Classics The Essential Kenny G Compilation albums The Collection Montage In America The Romance of Kenny G The Holiday Collection Cover albums Classics in the Key of G At Last ... The Duets Album I 'm in the Mood for Love ... The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time Related articles Discography Book : Kenny G Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio Love Songs Ultimate Collection Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Way_You_Move&oldid=804148362 '' Categories : 2002 songs 2003 singles Big Boi songs Songs written by Big Boi Kenny G songs Arista Records singles LaFace Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 02 : 09 . 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About Wikipedia	who sings i like the way you move	[ "\n\n\"The Way You Move\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown\n\n\nfrom the album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 23, 2003[1]\n\n\nFormat\nCD single\n\n\nRecorded\nStankonia Studios, Atlanta, GA, 2002\n\n\nGenre\nHip hop, crunk, soul\n\n\nLength\n3:55\n\n\nLabel\nLaFace/RCA\n55883\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBig Boi, Carl-Mo, Sleepy Brown\n\n\nProducer(s)\nBig Boi, Carl-Mo\n\n\nOutKast singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Land of a Million Drums\"\n(2002)\n\"The Way You Move\"\n(2003)\n\"Roses\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Land of a Million Drums\"\n(2002)\n\"The Way You Move\"\n(2003)\n\"Roses\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown" ]
-8428418079033897558	We've Got Tonite	We 've Got Tonite - wikipedia We 've Got Tonite Jump to : navigation , search `` We 've Got Tonite '' Single by Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band from the album Stranger in Town B - side `` Aint Got No Money '' Released October 1978 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded December 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 38 ( Album version ) / 3 : 40 ( Single edit ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Bob Seger Producer ( s ) Bob Seger , Punch Andrews , Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band singles chronology `` Hollywood Nights '' ( 1978 ) `` We 've Got Tonite '' ( 1978 ) `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' ( 1979 ) `` Hollywood Nights '' ( 1978 ) `` We 've Got Tonite '' ( 1978 ) `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' ( 1979 ) `` We 've Got Tonite '' ( sic ) is a song written by American Bob Seger , from his 1978 album Stranger in Town . It was a hit single for Seger and the Silver Bullet Band , reaching No. 13 on the US pop charts . In the UK , it reached No. 41 in 1979 , later making it to No. 22 during a 1995 re-release to promote a Greatest Hits album , while in 1982 a live version from the in - concert album Nine Tonight reached No. 60 . It also played in the background of Melissa Sue Anderson 's 1979 TV film Survival of Dana , in a scene where Anderson 's character was visiting one of her new friends ' homes and was in a room with co-star Robert Carradine 's character Donny Davis , whom she was falling for . In Season 4 , episode 4 of Ray Donovan , Liev Schreiber sings a karaoke version of the song , then a reprise to his wife as the episode ends . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton version 2.1 Personnel 2.2 Chart performance 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.3 Succession chart 3 Ronan Keating duet version 3.1 Track listing 3.2 Chart performance 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 31 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 41 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 29 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak Position Ireland ( IRMA ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 89 US Billboard Hot 100 94 US Cash Box Top 100 91 Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton version ( edit ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' Single by Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton from the album We 've Got Tonight and Best Kept Secret B - side `` You Are So Beautiful '' Released January 24 , 1983 Format 7 '' Vinyl Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 49 Label Liberty Songwriter ( s ) Bob Seger Producer ( s ) David Foster Kenny Rogers singles chronology `` A Love Song '' ( 1982 ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` All My Life '' ( 1983 ) `` A Love Song '' ( 1982 ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` All My Life '' ( 1983 ) Sheena Easton singles chronology `` I Would n't Beg for Water '' ( 1982 ) I Would n't Beg for Water1982 `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( 1983 ) We 've Got Tonight1983 `` Telefone ( Long Distance Love Affair ) '' ( 1983 ) Telefone ( Long Distance Love Affair ) 1983 In 1983 , country - pop star Kenny Rogers recorded the song as a duet with pop star Sheena Easton , and made it the title track of his album We 've Got Tonight . It reached number one on the Billboard Country Singles chart , number six on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart , and number two on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It also reached the top 30 in the United Kingdom . Personnel ( edit ) Kenny Rogers -- lead vocals Sheena Easton -- lead vocals Paul Jackson , Jr. -- guitar David Foster -- keyboards Nathan East -- bass guitar Michael Baird -- drums Jeremy Lubbock -- string arrangement Humberto Gatica -- engineer Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 11 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) 71 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 53 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 68 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 42 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 25 US Cash Box Top 100 54 Succession chart ( edit ) Preceded by `` When I 'm Away from You '' by The Bellamy Brothers Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single April 9 , 1983 Succeeded by `` Dixieland Delight '' by Alabama Preceded by `` I Would n't Change You If I Could '' by Ricky Skaggs RPM Country Tracks number - one single April 9 -- April 16 , 1983 Preceded by `` Heart to Heart '' by Kenny Loggins RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single March 19 -- March 26 , 1983 Succeeded by `` All Right '' by Christopher Cross Ronan Keating duet version ( edit ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' Single by Lulu & Ronan Keating from the album Together ( Lulu ) Destination ( Ronan Keating ) Released 25 November 2002 Format CD single Genre Pop Length 3 : 39 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Bob Seger Producer ( s ) Bill Padley Lulu & Ronan Keating singles chronology `` I Love It When We Do '' ( 2002 ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( 2002 ) `` The Long Goodbye '' ( 2003 ) `` I Love It When We Do '' ( 2002 ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( 2002 ) `` The Long Goodbye '' ( 2003 ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' was remade by Lulu and Ronan Keating for Together a 2002 album release featuring Lulu with a number of diverse duet partners : the track , also featured on Keating 's album Destination , was issued as a single -- credited to `` Ronan Keating featuring Lulu '' -- reaching # 4 UK and becoming an international hit reaching # 7 in the Netherlands , # 12 in Australia , # 14 in Belgium , # 10 in Ireland , # 25 in Sweden and # 46 in New Zealand . In some territories the single was released with Lulu 's vocal replaced by that of Jeanette Biedermann : credited to `` Ronan Keating featuring Jeanette '' the track was a hit in Austria ( # 6 ) , Germany ( # 7 ) and Switzerland ( # 25 ) . In Italy the track was issued with the Italian Soul singer Giorgia Todrani and pubished as the b - side of Giorgia 's sigle `` Gocce di memoria '' reaching # 1 in italian single chart . This track is also featured on Keating 's album `` Destination '' . In the Philippines , Keating performed the song with Kyla . Track listing ( edit ) UK single `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( featuring Lulu ) -- 3 : 39 `` All I Have Is My Heart '' -- 3 : 50 `` In the Ghetto '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 13 `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 15 German single `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( featuring Jeanette ) -- 3 : 39 `` Sea of Love '' -- 3 : 14 `` All I Have Is My Heart '' -- 3 : 50 `` In the Ghetto '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 13 Italian single `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( featuring Giorgia ) -- 3 : 39 `` All I Have Is My Heart '' -- 3 : 50 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak Position Germany ( Official German Charts ) feat . Jeanette Biedermann 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) feat . Lulu 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) feat . Lulu 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) feat . Lulu Chart ( 2003 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) feat . Lulu 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) feat . Jeanette Biedermann 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) feat . Lulu 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) feat . Lulu 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) feat . Lulu 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) feat . Lulu 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) feat . Jeanette Biedermann 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Rank UK Singles ( UKChartsPlus ) feat . Lulu 78 Chart ( 2003 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) feat . Lulu 83 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) feat . Jeanette Biedermann 47 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) feat . Lulu 77 Other versions ( edit ) Elkie Brooks recorded `` We 've Got Tonight '' for her 1986 No More the Fool album from which it was released as a single in July 1987 , it reached 69 in the UK charts . American Idol Season 11 contestant and eventual winner Phillip Phillips performed `` We 've Got Tonight '' on the series episode broadcast May 16 , 2012 : his studio recording of the song appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 97 . Amii Stewart and Gianni Morandi had a number 5 hit in Italy in 1984 with `` Grazie perché '' ( Thanks because ) , which is an Italian rendering of `` We 've Got Tonight '' . Adam Harvey and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album , The Great Country Songbook Volume 2 ( 2017 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Pop Songs : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0098a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 0089 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band -- We 've Got Tonite '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts S '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February 1979 / Archive Chart : 17 February 1979 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Jan. 13 , 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 13 January 1979 . p. 84 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Seger -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Bob Seger . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JANUARY 20 , 1979 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` February 1982 / Archive Chart : 20 February 1982 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February 1995 / Archive Chart : 4 February 1995 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6855a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Dec. 22 , 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 22 December 1979 . p . TA - 10 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1979 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny Rogers UK Charts history , The Official Charts . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6196 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6197 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6260 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' . InfoDisc ( in French ) . Select `` Kenny ROGERS / Sheena EASTON '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton -- We 've Got Tonight '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia Indice per Interprete : R '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 11 , 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single uke 9 , 1983 -- VG - lista . Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` March 1983 / Archive Chart : 12 March 1983 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard March 26 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 March 1983 . p. 64 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard April 9 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 9 April 1983 . p. 37 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard March 26 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 March 1983 . p. 23 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 12 , 1983 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6699 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6702 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Dec. 24 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 24 December 1983 . p . TA - 18 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Dec. 24 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 24 December 1983 . p . TA - 24 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Dec. 24 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 24 December 1983 . p . TA - 26 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ronan Keating & Jeanette -- We 've Got Tonight '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ronan Keating feat . Lulu -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2002 - 12 - 07 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ronan Keating feat . Lulu -- We 've Got Tonight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ronan Keating & Jeanette -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating feat . Lulu -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ronan Keating feat . Lulu -- We 've Got Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 4 , 2003 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ronan Keating feat . Lulu -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ronan Keating & Jeanette -- We 've Got Tonight '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart : 2002 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2003 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2003 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Jaaroverzichten Single 2003 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band Bob Seger Craig Frost Chris Campbell Alto Reed Drew Abbott Charlie Allen Martin Dave Teegarden Rick Manasa Robyn Robbins Dawayne Bailey The Bob Seger System albums Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man ( 1969 ) Noah ( 1969 ) Mongrel ( 1970 ) Bob Seger solo albums Brand New Morning ( 1971 ) Smokin ' O.P. 's ( 1972 ) Back in ' 72 ( 1973 ) Seven ( 1974 ) Beautiful Loser ( 1975 ) Face the Promise ( 2006 ) Ride Out ( 2014 ) Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band albums Night Moves ( 1976 ) Stranger in Town ( 1978 ) Against the Wind ( 1980 ) The Distance ( 1982 ) Like a Rock ( 1986 ) The Fire Inside ( 1991 ) It 's a Mystery ( 1995 ) Live albums Live Bullet ( 1976 ) Nine Tonight ( 1981 ) Compilations The Bob Seger Collection ( 1979 ) Greatest Hits ( 1994 ) Greatest Hits 2 ( 2003 ) Early Seger Vol. 1 ( 2009 ) Ultimate Hits : Rock and Roll Never Forgets ( 2011 ) Singles `` The Lonely One '' ( 1961 ) `` TGIF '' ( 1965 ) `` Ballad of the Yellow Beret '' ( 1966 ) `` East Side Story '' ( 1966 ) `` Sock It to Me Santa '' ( 1966 ) `` Persecution Smith '' ( 1966 ) `` Vagrant Winter '' ( 1967 ) `` Heavy Music '' ( 1967 ) `` 2 + 2 = ? '' ( 1968 ) `` Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man '' ( 1969 ) `` Ivory '' ( 1969 ) `` Noah '' ( 1969 ) `` Innervenus Eyes '' ( 1969 ) `` Lucifer '' ( 1970 ) `` Lookin ' Back '' ( 1971 ) `` If I Were a Carpenter '' ( 1972 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Midnight Rider '' ( 1973 ) `` Turn the Page '' ( 1973 ) `` Back in ' 72 '' / `` Rosalie '' ( 1973 ) Need Ya / Seen Alot of Floors ( 1973 ) `` UMC ( Upper Middle Class ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Get Out of Denver '' ( 1974 ) `` Beautiful Loser '' ( 1975 ) `` Katmandu '' ( 1975 ) `` Nutbush City Limits '' ( live ) ( 1976 ) `` Travelin ' Man '' ( 1976 ) `` Night Moves '' ( 1976 ) `` Mainstreet '' ( 1976 ) `` Rock and Roll Never Forgets '' ( 1976 ) `` The Fire Down Below '' ( 1977 ) `` Sunspot Baby '' ( 1977 ) `` Hollywood Nights '' ( 1978 ) `` We 've Got Tonite '' ( 1978 ) `` Still the Same '' ( 1978 ) `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' ( 1979 ) `` Fire Lake '' ( 1980 ) `` Against the Wind '' ( 1980 ) `` You 'll Accomp'ny Me '' ( 1980 ) `` The Horizontal Bop '' ( 1980 ) `` Her Strut '' ( 1980 ) `` Tryin ' to Live My Life Without You '' ( 1981 ) `` Feel Like a Number '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` Hollywood Nights '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` We 've Got Tonite '' ( live ) ( 1982 ) `` Shame on the Moon '' ( 1982 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1983 ) `` Roll Me Away '' ( 1983 ) `` Understanding '' ( 1984 ) `` American Storm '' / `` Fortunate Son '' ( 1986 ) `` Like a Rock '' ( 1986 ) `` It 's You '' ( 1986 ) `` Miami '' ( 1986 ) `` Shakedown '' ( 1987 ) `` Blue Monday '' ( 1989 ) `` Take a Chance '' ( 1991 ) `` The Real Love '' ( 1991 ) `` The Fire Inside '' ( radio edit ) ( 1991 ) `` In Your Time '' ( 1994 ) `` C'est La Vie '' / `` Night Moves '' ( 1994 ) `` Lock and Load '' ( rock mix ) ( 1995 ) `` Manhattan '' ( 1995 ) `` Hands in the Air '' ( 1996 ) `` Chances Are '' ( with Martina McBride ) ( 1998 ) `` Landing in London '' ( with 3 Doors Down ) ( 2005 ) `` Wait for Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Wreck This Heart '' ( 2006 ) `` Downtown Train '' ( 2011 ) `` Hey , Hey , Hey , Hey ( Going Back to Birmingham ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Detroit Made '' ( 2014 ) `` You Take Me In '' ( 2014 ) `` Glenn Song '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Gibson / Miller Band Book : Bob Seger Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Sheena Easton Studio albums Take My Time You Could Have Been with Me Madness , Money & Music Best Kept Secret A Private Heaven Todo Me Recuerda a Ti Do You No Sound But a Heart The Lover in Me What Comes Naturally No Strings My Cherie Freedom Home Fabulous Singles `` Modern Girl '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` One Man Woman '' `` Kisses '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` You Could Have Been with Me '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` Telefone ( Long Distance Love Affair ) '' `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' `` Strut '' `` Sugar Walls '' `` Swear '' `` Jimmy Mack '' `` U Got the Look '' `` The Lover in Me '' `` 101 '' `` The Arms of Orion '' `` What Comes Naturally '' Related articles Discography Book : Sheena Easton Kenny Loggins Studio albums Celebrate Me Home Nightwatch Keep the Fire High Adventure Vox Humana Back to Avalon Leap of Faith Return to Pooh Corner The Unimaginable Life December More Songs from Pooh Corner It 's About Time How About Now All Join In Compilation and live albums Kenny Loggins Alive Outside : From the Redwoods Love Songs of Kenny Loggins Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow : The Greatest Hits of Kenny Loggins The Essential Kenny Loggins Soundtrack appearances Caddyshack Footloose Top Gun Over the Top Caddyshack II The Jungle Book One Fine Day Singles `` Celebrate Me Home '' `` Whenever I Call You Friend '' `` What a Fool Believes '' `` This Is It '' `` Keep the Fire '' `` I 'm Alright '' `` Do n't Fight It '' `` Heart to Heart '' `` Welcome to Heartlight '' `` Footloose '' `` I 'm Free ( Heaven Helps the Man ) '' `` Vox Humana '' `` Forever '' `` Danger Zone '' `` Playing with the Boys '' `` Nobody 's Fool '' `` Conviction of the Heart '' `` For the First Time '' Related articles Discography Loggins and Messina Blue Sky Riders Ronan Keating Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` These Days '' ( with Brian Kennedy ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` Je T'aime Plus Que Tout '' ( featuring Cécilia Cara ) `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( featuring Lulu ) `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( featuring LeAnn Rimes ) `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' ( featuring Yusuf Islam ) `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' ( featuring Kate Rusby ) `` Iris '' `` This I Promise You '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' ( featuring Kate Ceberano ) `` Believe Again '' ( featuring Paulini ) `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Discography Boyzone The X Factor ( Australian TV series ) season 2 season 3 season 4 season 5 season 6 The Voice ( Australian TV series ) season 5 Elkie Brooks Studio albums Rich Man 's Woman ( 1975 ) Two Days Away ( 1977 ) Shooting Star ( 1978 ) Live and Learn ( 1979 ) Pearls ( 1981 ) Pearls II ( 1982 ) Minutes ( 1984 ) Screen Gems ( 1984 ) No More the Fool ( 1986 ) Bookbinder 's Kid ( 1988 ) Inspiration ( 1989 ) Pearls III ( 1991 ) Round Midnight ( 1993 ) Nothin ' but the Blues ( 1994 ) Circles ( 1995 ) Amazing ( 1996 ) Shangri - La ( 2003 ) Trouble in Mind ( with Humphrey Lyttelton ) ( 2003 ) Electric Lady ( 2005 ) Compilation albums The Very Best of Elkie Brooks ( 1986 ) Priceless ( 1991 ) The Very Best of Elkie Brooks ( 1997 ) Live albums The Pearls Concert ( 1997 ) Do n't Cry Out Loud ( 2005 ) Singles `` Pearl 's a Singer '' `` Sunshine After the Rain '' `` Lilac Wine '' `` Only Love Can Break Your Heart '' `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' `` Nights in White Satin '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27ve_Got_Tonite&oldid=798064578 '' Categories : 1978 singles 1983 singles 1985 singles 2002 singles Bob Seger songs Dottie West songs Kenny Rogers songs Ronan Keating songs Lulu ( singer ) songs Kenny Loggins songs Sheena Easton songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Vocal duets Songs written by Bob Seger Song recordings produced by David Foster RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Capitol Records singles Liberty Records singles Columbia Records singles Polydor Records singles Pop ballads Soft rock songs 1978 songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti فارسی Kiswahili Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song we've got tonight	[ "\"We've Got Tonite\" (sic) is a song written by American Bob Seger, from his 1978 album Stranger in Town. It was a hit single for Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, reaching No. 13 on the US pop charts. In the UK, it reached No. 41 in 1979, later making it to No. 22 during a 1995 re-release to promote a Greatest Hits album, while in 1982 a live version from the in-concert album Nine Tonight reached No. 60." ]	[ "Bob Seger" ]
-7603024889031191616	Stephen "tWitch" Boss	Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss - wikipedia Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Jump to : navigation , search Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Stephen Laurel Boss ( 1982 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Education Southern Union State Community College Chapman University Occupation Dancer Television So You Think You Can Dance Dancing with the Stars Step Up Movies The Ellen DeGeneres Show Spouse ( s ) Allison Holker ( m . 2013 ) Children Stephen Laurel `` tWitch '' Boss is a freestyle hip - hop dancer , entertainer and actor from Montgomery , Alabama . In 2008 , he was the runner - up in the American So You Think You Can Dance . Since 2014 , he has been featured on The Ellen DeGeneres Show as a DJ . He is also featured in Ellen 's Game of Games as a sidekick to DeGeneres . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 So You Think You Can Dance 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) In 2003 , Boss was a semifinalist on MTV 's The Wade Robson Project and a runner - up on the television talent competition Star Search . In 2007 he was a `` flamboyant dancer '' ( uncredited ) in Blades of Glory and a Maybelle 's Store Dancer in Hairspray . After competing in So You Think You Can Dance , Boss went on to teach at South County Classical Ballet with fellow finalist Katee Shean . He has also choreographed for South Korean pop / R&B singer , Seven . On April 30 , 2013 , he and Allison Holker performed a dance routine on Dancing with the Stars . They danced to Crystallize , which was being performed live by Lindsey Stirling . Since April 1 , 2014 , Boss has been featured on the Ellen DeGeneres Show as a guest DJ. and on October 1 , 2014 he announced he had been cast for Magic Mike XXL . Boss has been cast as Marcel X in the upcoming superhero movie Perfectus , and will later star in the movie Ushers . He is managed by Nelson Diaz . Boss is a member of the dance troupes `` Breed OCLA '' and `` Chill Factor Crew '' . So You Think You Can Dance ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( US ) Boss first auditioned in 2007 for Season 3 but was not selected to be in the Top Twenty . Boss returned to audition again in Season 4 in 2008 , where he was not only selected to compete in the Top Twenty , but placed runner up in the competition after fellow Hip - hop dancer Joshua Allen . During Season 4 , Boss danced with fellow contestant Katee Shean to a Contemporary piece choreographed by Mia Michaels . The dance was nominated for an Emmy for Choreography in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . In season 5 , Boss returned to So You Think You Can Dance with fellow season 4 contestant Katee Shean to perform their Emmy - nominated piece `` Mercy '' , choreographed by Mia Michaels . He was one of the 11 `` All Stars '' for season 7 . Boss served as a frequent All Star in Seasons 7 , 8 and Season 9 of So You Think You Can Dance , performing many memorable routines , including the hip hop number `` Outta Your Mind '' with ballet dancer Alex Wong , which was then reprised by comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Season 7 's finale . Boss was the Team Captain for `` Team Street '' in Season 12 of So You Think You Can Dance . Boss has an apparel line , Boss Clothing . Personal life ( edit ) On December 10 , 2013 , Boss and fellow SYTYCD alum Allison Holker married at Nigel Lythgoe 's Villa San Juliette Vineyard and Winery in Paso Robles , Calif . He became father to Holker 's daughter , Weslie . On March 27 , 2016 , Holker gave birth to their son , Maddox Laurel . Filmography ( edit ) Films and TV series Year Title Role Notes 2007 Blades of Glory Flamboyant Dancer Uncredited 2007 Hairspray Maybelle 's Store Dancer Role in the dance number at the platter party and in `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' Stomp the Yard : Homecoming Taz Step Up 3D Jason Hardlerson Bones Russell Leonard 2011 Touch The Beastmaster 2012 Step Up Revolution Jason Hardlerson 2012 Drop Dead Diva Billy Donaldson TV series , Season 6 episode 2 : `` Soulmates '' 2014 Step Up : All In Jason Hardlerson 2015 Bound & Babysitting Ethan TV film 2015 Magic Mike XXL Malik TV shows 2008 : So You Think You Can Dance , season 4 , runner - up 2011 : So You Think You Can Dance , season 7 , All Star 2012 : So You Think You Can Dance , season 8 , All Star 2013 : So You Think You Can Dance , season 9 , All Star 2013 : Dancing with the Stars , season 12 2015 : So You Think You Can Dance , season 12 , Team Captain , Team Street 2014 - 2018 : Ellen DeGeneres Show Season 11 - 15 , Show DJ 2017 : `` Famous in Love '' 2017 - 2018 : `` Ellen 's Game of Games '' Web series 2010 : The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers as LXD Trainer , Teacher , Student 2011 : The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers : The Secrets of the Ra as Dr E 2016 : Love , episode 6 Awards ( edit ) Runner Up , Star Search , 2003 3rd Place , MTV 's The Wade Robson Project , 2003 Runner Up , Season 4 of So You Think You Can Dance , 2008 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Lands Roles In Two Films Daemon 's Movies Jump up ^ `` 61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Mercy by Mia Michaels , So You Think You Can Dance , Fox . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Marries Allison Holker : See Their Wedding Photo ! by Allison Takeda in US Weekly published 11 December 2013 Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Allison Holker Is Pregnant ! Dancing With the Stars Professional Dancer Expecting a Baby With tWitch '' . E ! News . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Char ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` It 'll Be a Boy for Allison Holker and Stephen ' tWitch ' Boss '' . People . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) tWitch on IMDb tWitch on Twitter Interview with tWitch on Fox 11 ( hide ) Ellen DeGeneres Television series Ellen The Ellen Show The Ellen DeGeneres Show American Idol Bethenny Repeat After Me Ellen 's Design Challenge One Big Happy Little Big Shots First Dates Ellen 's Game of Games Splitting Up Together Other works Ellen DeGeneres : Here and Now Taste This `` Judge Me Tender '' Related articles Awards and nominations Today 's the Day Universe of Energy Family Betty DeGeneres ( mother ) Vance DeGeneres ( brother ) Portia de Rossi ( wife ) Personnel Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Suzanne Luna Tony Okungbowa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_%22tWitch%22_Boss&oldid=842799787 '' Categories : American male dancers Living people 1982 births American hip hop dancers So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) contestants Male actors from Montgomery , Alabama Ellen DeGeneres 21st - century American dancers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is married to twitch on the ellen show	[ "On December 10, 2013, Boss and fellow SYTYCD alum Allison Holker married at Nigel Lythgoe's Villa San Juliette Vineyard and Winery in Paso Robles, Calif.[3] He became father to Holker's daughter, Weslie. On March 27, 2016, Holker gave birth to their son, Maddox Laurel.[4][5]" ]	[ "Allison Holker" ]
2242800195247407020	Kevin Peter Hall	Kevin Peter Hall - wikipedia Kevin Peter Hall Kevin Peter Hall ( 1955 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1955 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. April 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 10 ) ( aged 35 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Cause of death AIDS - related pneumonia Education Penn Hills High School Alma mater George Washington University Occupation Actor Years active 1978 -- 1991 Known for The Predator Height 7 ft 2 in ( 218 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Alaina Reed Hall ( m . 1988 -- 1991 ) Kevin Peter Hall ( May 9 , 1955 -- April 10 , 1991 ) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series , Harry and the Hendersons . He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 , along with the film Without Warning . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life and death 4 Honors 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hall was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . His parents were of above - average stature ; his father , Charles Hall , was 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) and his mother , Sylvia Hall , was 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) . At 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) tall , he was the tallest of seven brothers , all over 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) . During his high school years at Penn Hills High School , he was a star basketball player . He subsequently attended George Washington University in Washington , DC , where he played for its basketball team and majored in Theatrical Arts . After graduation , Hall moved to Venezuela to play professional basketball . Career ( edit ) Due to Hall 's height , he was often cast in monster roles . He made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy . He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters . In 1985 , he co-starred in the short - lived series Misfits of Science . He guest - starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon , played by Richard Moll , who is 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , and a fellow mental patient , played by James Cromwell , who is 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) . The next year , Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet , followed by the role of Harry in Harry and the Hendersons . In 1986 , Hall was cast as the main antagonist in Predator , starring Arnold Schwarzenegger . During its developmental stages , the Predator was going to be played by Jean - Claude Van Damme , who played the Predator for the first few scenes , but was not billed in the end credits . The producers decided to recast the role with Hall so that the Predator could more convincingly dominate the film 's human characters with its greater size . Hall would go on to reprise the role in the 1990 sequel . Following his role in Predator , Hall appeared in the feature film Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) and had a guest spot on Star Trek : The Next Generation ; Hall had been one of the actors considered for the role of Geordi La Forge on the latter , before the role went to LeVar Burton . From 1989 to 1990 , he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 227 . In 1990 , Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series Harry and the Hendersons , based on the 1987 film of the same name . He died during the series ' first season . Personal life and death ( edit ) Hall met actress Alaina Reed while taping a guest role on the television show 227 . The couple would marry both on the show and in real life . While working on the TV series Harry and the Hendersons , Hall announced that he had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion . He died from AIDS - related pneumonia on April 10 , 1991 , a month short of his 36th birthday . Honors ( edit ) Hall was posthumously inducted into the Penn Hills Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class on May 8 , 2009 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Prophecy Mutant bear Uncredited 1980 Without Warning The Alien Credited as Kevin Hall 1982 One Dark Night Eddie 1982 Mazes and Monsters Gorvil Television Movie 1984 The Wild Life Bouncer Credited as Kevin Hall 1984 E / R Donald Haines Episode : `` Mr. Fix - It '' 1985 Night Court Wendell Martin Episode : `` Nuts About Harry '' 1985 The Dukes of Hazzard Floyd Malone Episode : `` Opening Night at the Boar 's Nest '' 1985 -- 1986 Misfits of Science Dr. Elvin `` El '' Lincoln 16 episodes 1986 Monster in the Closet Monster Harry and the Hendersons Harry Predator The Predator / Helicopter pilot Big Top Pee - wee Big John 1989 Rodney Dangerfield : Opening Night at Rodney 's Place Richard Small Television special 1989 Shannon 's Deal Harry Television movie 1989 Star Trek : The Next Generation Leyor Episode : `` The Price '' 1989 -- 1990 227 Warren Merriwether 11 episodes Predator 2 The Predator / Elder Predator 1990 -- 1991 Harry and the Hendersons Harry 4 episodes 1991 Highway to Hell Charon ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ; Walker , John ( 2003 ) . Halliwell 's Who 's Who In the Movies ( 15th ed . ) . HarperCollins . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053423 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) . Fade To Black : A Book Of Movie Obituaries ( 3rd ed . ) . Omnibus Press . p. 436 . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 430 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK / Casting '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Kevin Peter Hall Dies In L.A. At Age 35 '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 80 ( 2 ) : 62 . 2009 - 04 - 29 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Snauffer , Douglas ; Thurm , Joel ( 2008 ) . The Show Must Go on : How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television . McFarland . p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3295 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Peter Hall , Actor , 35 '' . The New York Times . 1991 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Hills Arts and Music Education '' . Phameonline.org. 2009 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Kevin Peter Hall on IMDb Kevin Peter Hall at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Kevin Peter Hall at Find a Grave BNE : XX4615343 ISNI : 0000 0001 0922 093X LCCN : no2009058160 VIAF : 86364756 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Peter_Hall&oldid=851886893 '' Categories : 1955 births 1991 deaths 20th - century American male actors Male actors from Pittsburgh Basketball players from Pennsylvania American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela American male film actors AIDS - related deaths in California Deaths from pneumonia George Washington Colonials men 's basketball players Infectious disease deaths in California African - American male actors American male television actors Sportspeople from Pittsburgh George Washington University alumni Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 06 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played henry in henry and the hendersons	[ "Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227, along with the film Without Warning.\n" ]	[ "Kevin Peter Hall" ]
-125799284524348340	Night Moves (song)	Night Moves ( song ) - wikipedia Night Moves ( song ) `` Night Moves '' Single by Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band from the album Night Moves Released December 1976 ( 1976 - 12 ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1976 Nimbus Nine Studios , Toronto , Ontario Genre Heartland rock Length 5 : 25 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( single version ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Bob Seger Producer ( s ) Jack Richardson Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band singles chronology `` Nutbush City Limits '' ( 1976 ) `` Night Moves '' ( 1976 ) `` The Fire Down Below '' ( 1977 ) `` Night Moves '' is a song by the American singer - songwriter Bob Seger . It was the lead single from his ninth studio album , Night Moves ( 1976 ) , which was released on Capitol Records . Seger wrote the song as a coming of age tale about adolescent love and adult memory of it . It was based on Seger 's own teenage love affair he experienced in the early 1960s . It took him six months to write and was recorded quickly at Nimbus Nine Studios in Toronto , Ontario , with producer Jack Richardson . As much of Seger 's Silver Bullet Band had returned home by this point , the song was recorded with several local session musicians . Released as a single in December 1976 , it reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Seger 's first hit single since `` Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man '' from 1969 . It also charted at number five in Canada and was a top 25 hit in Australia . The song was responsible for changing Seger from being a popular regional favorite into a national star . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Chart performance 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Music video 7 Chart history 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Notes 8.1 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) `` Night Moves '' has roots in Seger 's adolescence ; he wrote the song in an attempt to capture the `` freedom and looseness '' he experienced during that period of his life . At a certain point , he began socializing with a rougher crowd , who thought he was cool because he played music . The song 's contents are largely autobiographical ; for example , the group of friends would often hold parties they called `` grassers '' , which involved going to a farmer 's field outside Ann Arbor to dance . Through these , he met a woman -- credited as Rene Andretti in the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings -- whose boyfriend was in the military and was away . `` It 's about this dark haired Italian girl that I went out with when I was 19 , she was one year older than me , '' he later recalled . Seger promptly pursued a romantic relationship with the girl , but eventually her partner returned and they married , leaving Seger with a broken heart . Seger later told journalist Timothy White that many of his early songs were written to impress the girl . The song took Seger over six months to complete writing . He had recently purchased a house due to the success of his first live album , Live Bullet , and he and the band would write and practice in its large basement . The ending lyrics were written first . The use of descriptive imagery was inspired by Kris Kristofferson 's `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( 1969 ) , a song that Seger loved and which motivated him as he was developing his writing style . The catalyst for writing `` Night Moves '' came after Seger saw the 1973 film American Graffiti : `` I came out of the theater thinking , ' Hey , I 've got a story to tell , too ! Nobody has ever told about how it was to grow up in my neck of the woods . ' '' Seger was inspired by the film 's depictions of early 1960s car culture , of which he was a part . A 1996 article in The Detroit News claims that Seger wrote portions of the song while at an A&W drive - in restaurant in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Recording and production ( edit ) `` Night Moves '' A sample of `` Night Moves '' , wherein Seger describes adolescent memories and sings the song 's chorus . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Night Moves '' was recorded at Nimbus Nine Studios in Toronto , Ontario . Seger and the Silver Bullet Band had gone there for three days to record a few tracks with The Guess Who 's producer Jack Richardson at the request of Seger 's manager , who wanted him to produce a more `` commercial '' song . The band quickly recorded two Seger originals and a cover of the Motown hit `` My World Is Empty Without You '' , but before Seger left on the third day , he composed a fourth song to record . He had been `` waiting on the right moment '' to record `` Night Moves '' , as he feared a saxophone , performed by Alto Reed , would n't complement it , and that lead guitarist Drew Abbott 's playing would not be satisfactory . Richardson remembered Seger first playing the song at a piano in his office , though Seger did not feel it was good enough to record . Seger instead remembered that Richardson was not sold on the song at first . As the only members of the Silver Bullet Band still in Toronto were the bassist and drummer ( plus Seger on acoustic guitar and piano ) , Richardson recruited local session musicians to play electric guitar and organ , while Sharon Lee Williams , Rhonda Silver and Laurel Ward sang the song 's trademark backing vocals . The song was completed in fewer than ten takes , with the session dispersing momentarily to record the bridge section that consisted solely of Seger and a guitar . Paul Cotton of Poco was brought in to record a guitar solo that was later edited out , though the last notes of it are faintly audible preceding the last verse . The team stayed at the studio until 2 : 30 in the morning to get the song right . After the tracks were mixed by Richardson and engineer Brian Christian , Richardson said that he received a call from Seger 's manager / producer Punch Andrews expressing dissatisfaction with the tracks , and Andrews said that Capitol Records had been equally disappointed . A few months later , when Richardson was talking to a Capitol A&R executive , he asked about the Seger sessions and was told that `` both tracks '' were potential B - sides . It turned out that Seger and Andrews had never given `` Night Moves '' to Capitol , so Richardson did and , after hearing it , Capitol made it the title track of Seger 's next album , as well as the first single . Composition ( edit ) `` I really liked the title because it was two - edged . It had a duality to it . `` Workin ' on our night moves '' -- our moves with girls -- and `` Ai n't it funny how the night moves '' -- what you remember as you 're getting older . '' -- Seger in 2015 reflecting on the song `` Night Moves '' is a mid-tempo number that starts quietly with acoustic guitar . Bass guitar and drums are introduced as the song 's setting is described : 1962 , cornfields , ' 60 Chevy . While Seger actually owned a 1962 Chevy , he felt `` ' 60s '' flowed better in the song . Seger uses the word `` points '' in verse one to reference his pointed boots and his love interests ' breasts . An intense summertime teenage affair is described , knowingly more sexual than romantic , with short instrumental lines breaking the evocative imagery , sometimes in mid-sentence . Piano , female backing vocals , electric guitar and organ are added as the song 's emotional nostalgia builds momentum . Then suddenly it stops , as the narrative flashes forward to some period in the future , where he hums a song from 1962 . Seger has claimed in interviews that he was referencing the song `` Be My Baby '' by the Ronettes , though that song was actually released one year later . To a quiet acoustic guitar , the narrator , awakened by a clap of thunder and unable to fall back asleep , ponders a different sense of the title phrase . Seger said this passage was inspired by late - night self - analysis and `` the uncertainty night represents '' : `` I was thinking about the whole aura of nighttime , the four o'clock in the morning moment when you assess yourself , check your weaknesses . '' Then the rest of the instruments fall back in , for an extended coda vamp of the chorus . Richardson said that `` the whole arrangement came together in the studio . '' The decision for an unusual bridge ( consisting of three separate movements ) was inspired by the Bruce Springsteen song `` Jungleland '' . He credited that song , in addition to the Born to Run album , with helping him complete the song : `` He had like a multiple bridge , he had various different things going on , and I thought to myself , ' That 's how I 'll finish ' Night Moves . ' '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Night Moves '' was a commercial success in the United States . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the week of December 11 , 1976 at number 85 , gradually rising over the ensuing weeks to a peak of number four on March 12 , 1977 , a position it held for two weeks . In total , it spent 21 weeks on the chart . In Canada , the song debuted on RPM 's Top Singles chart at number 93 in the issue dated December 18 , 1976 , eventually rising over the course of twelve weeks to a peak of number five on March 12 , 1977 . The song also charted in Australasian territories : in Australia , it peaked at number 25 on the national charts , and in New Zealand , it reached a peak of number 39 . The song did not chart in the United Kingdom until 1995 , when it peaked at a position of 45 on April 30 , 1995 . Reception ( edit ) `` Night Moves '' received critical acclaim . Timothy White of Crawdaddy ! felt `` the genius of the song ( ... ) is the way Seger changes the meaning of the phrase ' night moves , ' from a reference to making out , to a comment on the passage of time . '' In his 1979 volume Stranded : Rock and Roll for a Desert Island , famed rock critic Greil Marcus selected the single `` Night Moves '' for inclusion on same , writing simply : `` The mystic chords of memory . '' Paul Evans , in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide , writes : `` ( It ) is not only Seger 's best song , but one of rock 's most moving exercises in elegy . '' Seger , for his part , has claimed that `` Night Moves '' is his favorite song he ever wrote , and that he continued to try and replicate it years afterward . Accolades ( edit ) `` Night Moves '' was named by Rolling Stone as Best Single of the Year for 1977 . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll , Seger 's only such selection . Music video ( edit ) Filmmaker Gary Weis produced an unofficial music video for `` Night Moves '' that aired on Saturday Night Live in January 1977 . In 1994 , nearly 20 years after the original song was released , an official accompanying music video was released . Directed by Wayne Isham , it was set in a drive - in movie theater in the early 1960s ; it interspersed footage of Seger performing in a present - day version of the drive - in ( seemingly , now abandoned ) with various vignettes featuring characters described in the song . Matt LeBlanc was in the starring role , prior to his debut in Friends ; he later claimed that he was drunk through the whole video , having shared a bottle of tequila with Seger immediately before the shoot . Also featured in the video was Daphne Zuniga of Melrose Place . In the video , Zuniga 's dark , edgy young woman becomes an object of visual fascination for LeBlanc 's clean - cut young man . Johnny Galecki and Natasha Gregson Wagner also appear in the video as a young couple . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 25 Canada RPM Top Singles 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 39 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 64 US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Cash Box 33 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dan Dailey ( April 2001 ) . `` Bob Seger 's `` Night Moves '' `` . Mix Magazine . Retrieved November 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : John Jurgensen ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Creating Bob Seger 's ' Night Moves ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0810882959 . ^ Jump up to : Seger , Bob . `` Bob Seger Interview '' . In the Studio with Redbeard ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Redbeard . Dallas , Texas . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gary Graff ( October 1994 ) . `` Bob Seger Tells The Stories Behind The Hits '' . Detroit Free Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 1992 ) . Capitol Records Fiftieth Anniversary , 1942 - 1992 . Capitol Records . Jump up ^ David Shepardson ( February 6 , 1996 ) . `` Seger 's ' Night Moves ' hangout is history '' . The Detroit News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Fact - Checks Famous Rock Songs : Bob Seger -- ' Night Moves ' '' . Rolling Stone . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy White ( November 1977 ) . `` The Loneliness of the Long - Distance Rocker '' . Crawdaddy ! . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Black , Johnny . `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Night Moves '' , Blender , January / February 2004 . Retrieved November 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- December 11 , 1976 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Seger Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- March 19 , 1977 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` RPM : Top Singles '' ( PDF ) . RPM . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . 26 ( 12 ) . December 18 , 1976 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM : Top Singles '' ( PDF ) . RPM . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . 26 ( 24 ) . March 12 , 1977 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Bob Seger -- Night Moves '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Greil . Epilogue , Stranded : Rock and Roll for a Desert Island ; Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50828 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nathan Brackett ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 0743201698 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Timothy White ( April 1983 ) . `` The Roads Not Taken '' . Musician . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , `` Night Moves '' Archived 2006 - 11 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Bob Seger - `` Night moves '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Top Gear 18x02 , 5th February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 14 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1977 External links ( edit ) Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band Bob Seger Craig Frost Chris Campbell Alto Reed Drew Abbott Charlie Allen Martin Dave Teegarden Rick Manasa Robyn Robbins Dawayne Bailey The System albums Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man Noah Mongrel Seger solo albums Brand New Morning Smokin ' O.P. 's Back in ' 72 Seven Beautiful Loser Face the Promise Ride Out I Knew You When The Silver Bullet Band albums Night Moves Stranger in Town Against the Wind The Distance Like a Rock The Fire Inside It 's a Mystery Live albums Live Bullet Nine Tonight Compilation albums The Bob Seger Collection Greatest Hits Greatest Hits 2 Early Seger Vol. 1 Ultimate Hits : Rock and Roll Never Forgets Singles `` East Side Story '' `` Heavy Music '' `` 2 + 2 = ? '' `` Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man '' `` Lucifer '' `` Lookin ' Back '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Who Do You Love '' `` Midnight Rider '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Get Out of Denver '' `` Beautiful Loser '' `` Katmandu '' `` Nutbush City Limits '' `` Night Moves '' `` Mainstreet '' `` Rock and Roll Never Forgets '' `` Hollywood Nights '' `` We 've Got Tonite '' `` Still the Same '' `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' `` Fire Lake '' `` Against the Wind '' `` You 'll Accomp'ny Me '' `` Tryin ' to Live My Life Without You '' `` Hollywood Nights '' `` We 've Got Tonite '' `` Shame on the Moon '' `` Roll Me Away '' `` American Storm '' `` Like a Rock '' `` Shakedown '' `` C'est La Vie '' `` Landing in London '' `` Downtown Train '' `` Hey , Hey , Hey , Hey ( Going Back to Birmingham ) '' Related articles Discography Gibson / Miller Band Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_Moves_(song)&oldid=856719454 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1976 singles Bob Seger songs Songs written by Bob Seger Song recordings produced by Jack Richardson ( record producer ) Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the song night moves come out	[ "\"Night Moves\"\nSingle by Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Bandfrom the album Night MovesReleased\nDecember 1976 (1976-12)Format\n\n7\"\nRecorded\n\n1976\nNimbus Nine Studios, Toronto, Ontario\nGenre\nHeartland rockLength\n5:25 (album version)3:20 (single version)Label\nCapitolSongwriter(s)\nBob SegerProducer(s)\nJack RichardsonBob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Nutbush City Limits\" (1976)\n\n\"Night Moves\" (1976)\n\n\"The Fire Down Below\" (1977)\n" ]	[ "December 1976" ]
7434281323070511982	Unified field theory	Unified field theory - wikipedia Unified field theory Jump to : navigation , search `` Unified theory '' redirects here . For the band , see Unified Theory ( band ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physics , a unified field theory ( UFT ) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field . There is currently no accepted unified field theory , and thus it remains an open line of research . The term was coined by Einstein , who attempted to unify his general theory of relativity with electromagnetism . The `` theory of everything '' and Grand Unified Theory are closely related to unified field theory , but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields , and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature . This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory . Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories . Although there may be no a priori reason why the correct description of nature must be a unified field theory , this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate current research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Modern progress 4 Current status 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Introduction ( edit ) The Standard Model of elementary particles + hypothetical Graviton According to the modern understanding of physics , forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects , but instead are described by intermediary entities called fields . All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields , which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from exchange of gauge bosons . Specifically the four fundamental interactions to be unified are : Strong interaction : the interaction responsible for holding quarks together to form hadrons , and holding neutrons and also protons together to form atomic nuclei . The exchange particle that mediates this force is the gluon . Electromagnetic interaction : the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles . The photon is the exchange particle for this force . Weak interaction : a short - range interaction responsible for some forms of radioactivity , that acts on electrons , neutrinos , and quarks . It is mediated by the W and Z bosons . Gravitational interaction : a long - range attractive interaction that acts on all particles . The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton . Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four interactions together into a single framework . History ( edit ) The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell . In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets , while in 1831 , Michael Faraday made the observation that time - varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents . Until then , electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena . In 1864 , Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field . This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories ( namely electricity and magnetism ) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism . By 1905 , Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell 's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity , General Relativity , using a field to describe the curving geometry of four - dimensional spacetime . In the years following the creation of the general theory , a large number of physicists and mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the attempt to unify the then - known fundamental interactions . In view of later developments in this domain , of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919 , who introduced the concept of an ( electromagnetic ) gauge field in a classical field theory and , two years later , that of Theodor Kaluza , who extended General Relativity to five dimensions . Continuing in this latter direction , Oscar Klein proposed in 1926 that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up into a small , unobserved circle . In Kaluza -- Klein theory , the gravitational curvature of the extra spatial direction behaves as an additional force similar to electromagnetism . These and other models of electromagnetism and gravity were pursued by Albert Einstein in his attempts at a classical unified field theory . By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein -- Maxwell -- Dirac System ( Dongen ) . This system is ( heuristically ) the super-classical ( Varadarajan ) limit of ( the not mathematically well - defined ) Quantum Electrodynamics . One can extend this system to include the weak and strong nuclear forces to get the Einstein -- Yang -- Mills -- Dirac System . The French physicist Marie - Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper in the early 1940s on the standard commutation relations for the quantized spin - 2 field . She continued this work in collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after the World War II . In 1965 , Tonnelat published a book on the state of research on unified field theories . In the 1960s Mendel Sachs proposed a generally covariant field theory that did not require recourse to renormalisation or perturbation theory . Modern progress ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1963 American physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force , electricity and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory . In 1967 , Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow 's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism . This unified theory modeled the electroweak interaction as a force mediated by four particles : the photon for the electromagnetic aspect , and a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak aspect . As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking , the weak force becomes short - range and the W and Z bosons acquire masses of 80.4 and 7001912000000000000 ♠ 91.2 GeV / c , respectively . Their theory was first given experimental support by the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973 . In 1983 , the Z and W bosons were first produced at CERN by Carlo Rubbia 's team . For their insights , Glashow , Salam , and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 . Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the Prize in 1984 . After Gerardus ' t Hooft showed the Glashow -- Weinberg -- Salam electroweak interactions to be mathematically consistent , the electroweak theory became a template for further attempts at unifying forces . In 1974 , Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into the Georgi -- Glashow model , the first Grand Unified Theory , which would have observable effects for energies much above 100 GeV . Since then there have been several proposals for Grand Unified Theories , e.g. the Pati -- Salam model , although none is currently universally accepted . A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the energy scale involved , which is well beyond the reach of current accelerators . Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong , weak , and electromagnetic forces , and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi -- Glashow Grand Unified Theory . Many Grand Unified Theories ( but not Pati -- Salam ) predict that the proton can decay , and if this were to be seen , details of the decay products could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory . It is at present unknown if the proton can decay , although experiments have determined a lower bound of 10 years for its lifetime . Current status ( edit ) Gravity has yet to be successfully included in a theory of everything . Simply trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions runs into fundamental difficulties since the resulting theory is not renormalizable . Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted , consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics . The incompatibility of the two theories remains an outstanding problem in the field of physics . Some theoretical physicists currently believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may require frameworks other than field theory itself , such as string theory or loop quantum gravity . Some models in string theory that are promising by way of realizing our familiar standard model are the perturbative heterotic string models , 11 - dimensional M - theory , Singular geometries ( e.g. orbifold and orientifold ) , D - branes and other branes , flux compactification and warped geometry , and non-perturbative type IIB superstring solutions ( F - theory ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Catherine Goldstein & Jim Ritter ( 2003 ) `` The varieties of unity : sounding unified theories 1920 - 1930 '' in A. Ashtekar , et al. ( eds . ) , Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics , Dordrecht , Kluwer , p. 93 - 149 ; Vladimir Vizgin ( 1994 ) , Unified Field Theories in the First Third of the 20th Century , Basel , Birkhäuser ; Hubert Goenner On the History of Unified Field Theories . Jump up ^ Erhard Scholtz ( ed ) ( 2001 ) , Hermann Weyl 's Raum - Zeit - Materie and a General Introduction to His Scientific Work , Basel , Birkhäuser . Jump up ^ Daniela Wuensch ( 2003 ) , `` The fifth dimension : Theodor Kaluza 's ground - breaking idea '' , Annalen der Physik , vol. 12 , p. 519 -- 542 . Jump up ^ arXiv : 0812.1372 References ( edit ) Jeroen van Dongen Einstein 's Unification , Cambridge University Press ( July 26 , 2010 ) Varadarajan , V.S. Supersymmetry for Mathematicians : An Introduction ( Courant Lecture Notes ) , American Mathematical Society ( July 2004 ) External links ( edit ) On the History of Unified Field Theories , by Hubert F.M. Goenner ( hide ) Theories of gravitation Standard Newtonian gravity ( NG ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation History of gravitational theory General relativity ( GR ) Introduction History Mathematics Resources Tests Post-Newtonian formalism Linearized gravity ADM formalism Gibbons -- Hawking -- York boundary term Alternatives to general relativity Paradigms Classical theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything Classical Einstein -- Cartan Bimetric theories Gauge theory gravity Teleparallelism Composite gravity f ( R ) gravity Infinite Derivative Gravity Massive gravity Modified Newtonian dynamics ( MOND ) Nonsymmetric gravitation Scalar -- tensor theories Brans -- Dicke Scalar -- tensor -- vector Conformal gravity Scalar theories Nordström Whitehead Geometrodynamics Induced gravity Tensor -- vector -- scalar Chameleon Pressuron Quantisation Euclidean quantum gravity Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler -- DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory Unification Kaluza -- Klein theory Dilaton Supergravity Unification and quantisation Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M - theory F - theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory Type II string theory Little string theory Twistor theory Twistor string theory Generalisations / extensions of GR Scale relativity Liouville gravity Lovelock theory ( 2 + 1 ) - dimensional topological gravity Gauss -- Bonnet gravity Jackiw -- Teitelboim gravity Pre-Newtonian theories and toy models Aristotelian physics CGHS model RST model Mechanical explanations Fatio -- Le Sage Entropic gravity Gravitational interaction of antimatter NDL : 00573163 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_field_theory&oldid=794649367 '' Categories : Particle physics Theories of gravitation Unsolved problems in physics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who combined the electric and magnetic phenomena into one unified theory	[ "The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. By 1905, Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity, General Relativity, using a field to describe the curving geometry of four-dimensional spacetime." ]	[ "James Clerk Maxwell" ]
-4770735948676860412	List of worst Major League Baseball season records	List of worst major League Baseball season records - wikipedia List of worst major League Baseball season records Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the worst season won - lost records , as determined by winning percentage (. 300 or less ) , minimum 120 games played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season records 1.1 1886 -- 1899 1.2 Modern era ( 1900 -- present ) 2 1898 St. Louis Browns and 1899 Cleveland Spiders 3 Other teams 4 See also 5 References 6 External links and further reading Season records ( edit ) The following teams finished the season with a . 300 winning percentage or lower . Legend NL = National League AL = American League AA = American Association PL = Players ' League 1886 -- 1899 ( edit ) Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . GB 1899 ! 1899 Cleveland Spiders NL 20 134 . 130 84 1890 ! 1890 Pittsburgh Alleghenys NL 23 113 . 169 66.5 ! 661⁄2 1889 ! 1889 Louisville Colonels AA 27 111 . 196 66.5 ! 661⁄2 1897 ! 1897 St. Louis Browns NL 29 102 . 221 63.5 ! 631⁄2 1886 ! 1886 Washington Nationals NL 28 92 . 233 60 1886 ! 1886 Kansas City Cowboys NL 30 91 . 248 58.5 ! 581⁄2 1898 ! 1898 St. Louis Browns NL 39 111 . 260 63.5 ! 631⁄2 1895 ! 1895 Louisville Colonels NL 35 96 . 267 52.5 ! 521⁄2 1890 ! 1890 Buffalo Bisons PL 36 96 . 273 46.5 ! 461⁄2 1894 ! 1894 Louisville Colonels NL 36 94 . 277 54 1896 ! 1896 Louisville Colonels NL 38 93 . 290 53 1887 Indianapolis ! 1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers NL 37 89 . 294 43 1895 ! 1895 St. Louis Browns NL 39 93 . 295 48.5 ! 481⁄2 1887 ! 1887 Cleveland Blues AA 39 92 . 298 54 Modern era ( 1900 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . GB 1916 ! 1916 Philadelphia Athletics AL 36 117 . 235 54.5 ! 541⁄2 1935 ! 1935 Boston Braves NL 38 115 . 248 61.5 ! 611⁄2 1962 ! 1962 New York Mets NL 40 120 . 250 60.5 ! 601⁄2 1904 ! 1904 Washington Senators AL 38 113 . 252 55.5 ! 551⁄2 1919 ! 1919 Philadelphia Athletics AL 36 104 . 257 52 2003 ! 2003 Detroit Tigers AL 43 119 . 265 47 1952 ! 1952 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 42 112 . 273 54.5 ! 541⁄2 1909 Washington ! 1909 Washington Senators AL 42 110 . 276 56 1942 ! 1942 Philadelphia Phillies NL 42 109 . 278 62.5 ! 621⁄2 1939 ! 1939 St. Louis Browns AL 43 111 . 279 64.5 ! 641⁄2 1932 ! 1932 Boston Red Sox AL 43 111 . 279 64 1941 ! 1941 Philadelphia Phillies NL 43 111 . 279 57 1915 ! 1915 Philadelphia Athletics AL 43 109 . 283 58.5 ! 581⁄2 1928 ! 1928 Philadelphia Phillies NL 43 109 . 283 51 1911 Boston ! 1911 Boston Rustlers NL 44 107 . 291 54 1909 Boston ! 1909 Boston Doves NL 45 108 . 294 65.5 ! 651⁄2 1911 St. Louis ! 1911 St. Louis Browns AL 45 107 . 296 56.5 ! 561⁄2 1939 Philadelphia ! 1939 Philadelphia Phillies NL 45 106 . 298 50.5 ! 501⁄2 1937 ! 1937 St. Louis Browns AL 46 108 . 299 56 1945 ! 1945 Philadelphia Phillies NL 46 108 . 299 52 1938 ! 1938 Philadelphia Phillies NL 45 105 . 300 43 1898 St. Louis Browns and 1899 Cleveland Spiders ( edit ) The 1899 Cleveland Spiders own the worst single - season record of all time ( minimum 120 games ) and for all eras , finishing at 20 -- 134 (. 130 percentage ) in the final year of the National League 's 12 - team era in the 1890s ; for comparison , this projects to 21 -- 141 under the current 162 - game schedule , and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders ' results and the current 162 - game schedule predicts a record of 25 -- 137 . The Spiders had a fair amount of success in the 1890s , with seven straight winning seasons from 1892 to 1898 and a Temple Cup victory in 1895 . Meanwhile , the once four - time American Association champion St. Louis Browns had fallen to 29 -- 102 in 1897 and to 39 -- 111 ( including 19 -- 67 on the road ) in 1898 . But the Spiders ownership , the Robison brothers , bought the Browns in time for the 1899 season , creating a conflict - of - interest situation which was later outlawed . On the eve of the season , they traded almost all of Cleveland 's good players to St. Louis for very little in return , with respectable results for St. Louis and disastrous results for Cleveland . The 1899 Spiders set the major league record for most consecutive losses in a season ( 24 , from July 26 to September 16 ) , and had six losing streaks of 10 games or more . The Spiders lost 40 of their last 41 games , finishing 84 games behind the 1899 National League champion Brooklyn Dodgers and 35 games behind the second - last - placed Washington Senators . They lost 27 games in September , a record for the most games lost in a month until the 1909 Washington Senators went 5 -- 29 in July . Due to paltry attendances , the Spiders played 112 games on the road , finishing with a road record of 11 -- 101 ( the 101 road losses is a record which is unbreakable under the current MLB scheduling rules , which allow a maximum of 81 road games ) . The 1899 Browns , renamed the `` Perfectos '' and staffed with all the best players from the 1898 Spiders ( six of the Spiders ' eight starting position players and four starting pitchers , including the great Cy Young ) improved by 441⁄2 games , from 39 -- 111 to 84 -- 67 . However , all St. Louis did ultimately was to trade places with Cleveland in the standings . The Browns / Perfectos were renamed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1900 , and are unrelated to the American League St. Louis Browns that adopted the discarded nickname and also appear on this list . After the 1899 season , the National League contracted from twelve to eight clubs for the 1900 season , with the Spiders , the original Baltimore Orioles , Louisville Colonels ( Louisville has never had another major league team since ) , and the original Washington Senators folding operations . Baltimore had also been stripped of its best players by Brooklyn in 1899 , to somewhat less dramatic effect , but still enough to speed their demise . The smaller 1900 National League allowed the Western League to fulfill its dreams of becoming a major league , filling the void in a number of cities by renaming itself the American League in 1900 and declaring itself a major league in 1901 . Other teams ( edit ) With shorter schedules before 1886 , it was much more common for teams to finish with sub -. 300 winning percentages , as there was less of the evening out effect of a longer season . Four teams have finished with worse overall winning percentages than the 1899 Spiders , but these teams played less than 50 games during their seasons , and in leagues whose status as `` major '' is questionable . Three of these occurred in the National Association ( the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed ) : The 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords finished at 3 - 26 (. 103 percentage ) , which for comparison would project to 17 -- 145 under the current schedule , and Pythagorean expectation based on the Eckfords ' results and the current 162 - game schedule predicts a record of 19 -- 143 . The 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes finished at 2 -- 21 (. 087 percentage ) , which for comparison would project to 7 -- 155 under the current schedule , and Pythagorean expectation based on the Resolutes ' results and the current 162 - game schedule predicts a record of 16 -- 146 . The 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics finished at 2 -- 42 (. 045 percentage ) , which for comparison would project to 7 -- 155 under the current schedule , and Pythagorean expectation based on the Atlantics ' results and the current 162 - game schedule predicts a record of 13 -- 149 . The Wilmington Quicksteps of the 1884 Union Association played only 18 games , finishing with a 2 -- 16 record (. 111 percentage ) before they dropped out of the Association and folded . For comparison , this projects to 18 -- 144 under the current schedule , and Pythagorean expectation based on the Quicksteps ' results and the current 162 - game schedule predicts a record of 14 -- 148 . However , while the Union Association is conventionally listed as a major league , this status has been questioned due to the league 's overall lack of playing talent and poor organizational structure . Contemporary baseball guides did not consider the Union Association to be a major league , with the earliest record referencing the Union Association as a major league dating to 1922 . The 1890 Alleghenys were gutted before the season when nearly all of their best players defected to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players ' League . Poor attendances meant that they played 97 of their 136 games on the road , finishing with a road record of 9 -- 88 ( the 88 road losses remained a record until 1899 , and is unreachable under current MLB scheduling rules ) . The Alleghenys . 093 road winning percentage is the lowest in MLB history for a minimum of 60 games . The Philadelphia Athletics were a good team in the early 1910s , winning American League pennants in 1913 and 1914 and the World Series in 1913 . However , owner - manager Connie Mack felt that he was unable to pay his star players ' salaries while the Federal League was in operation , and he sold or traded most of them after the 1914 World Series ended . The Athletics then finished in last place from 1915 -- 1922 . In 1916 , they went 36 -- 117 , including 13 -- 64 on the road . The 1916 Athletics . 235 winning percentage is the sixth - lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900 . The 1935 Boston Braves featured Hall of Famers Rabbit Maranville ( age 43 ) and Babe Ruth ( age 40 ) . Braves owner Emil Fuchs had promised Ruth an ownership stake in the Braves and a chance to manage the club in the near future , but had little intention of delivering either . Ruth retired on June 1 , 1935 , having hit . 181 in 72 at - bats for the Braves , with six home runs ( the last three all coming on the same day , May 25 , 1935 , at Pittsburgh ) . Fuchs , who had been plagued by financial problems for a decade , was forced to give up control of the Braves before the end of the season . The Braves ' home winning percentage of . 167 is the fifth - lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900 . The 1939 Browns drew 386 fans to the park for a 7 -- 4 home loss to Detroit on September 27 . The 1962 New York Mets were an expansion team created to fill the void after the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers left New York City at end of the 1957 season . The Mets , filled with castoffs like `` Marvelous '' Marv Throneberry as well as aging Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn and low - talent rookies such as Choo - Choo Coleman , finished with the third - worst winning percentage in the modern era and the modern - era record for most losses . The Mets went on to finish last or next - to - last for seven years in a row , before they shocked the baseball world by winning the 1969 World Series . The 2003 Tigers seemed like a sure bet to break the 1962 Mets ' modern record for most losses when they stood at 38 -- 118 after 156 games , but they won five of their last six to avoid ignominy . On September 27 , in their penultimate game , the Tigers came back from an 8 -- 0 deficit to beat the Minnesota Twins 9 -- 8 ( the Twins , having just clinched the division , were resting their starters ) . When the Tigers won the season finale to avoid tying the record , they received a standing ovation from the crowd . Mike Maroth , a starting pitcher for the 2003 Detroit Tigers , went 9 -- 21 and became the first pitcher to lose 20 games in a season since Brian Kingman dropped 20 games for the 1980 Oakland Athletics . Ramón Santiago of the Tigers became only the 12th Triple Crown loser ( a player who finishes last in all of the three Triple Crown categories ) in modern MLB history . One baseball statistician described the Tigers as possibly `` the worst team of all time without a good excuse '' , as virtually every other team on the list had been reduced to minor - league status , plagued by financial problems or was a first - year expansion team . Three years after losing 119 games , the Detroit Tigers went 95 -- 67 and won their 10th American League pennant , before losing the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals . Players common to the 2003 and 2006 Tigers teams included Brandon Inge , Ramón Santiago ( who spent 2004 and 2005 with the Seattle Mariners ) , Craig Monroe , Dmitri Young ( released in September 2006 ) , Omar Infante , Mike Maroth , Jeremy Bonderman , Nate Robertson , Jamie Walker , Wilfredo Ledezma , and Fernando Rodney . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of best Major League Baseball season won - loss records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baseball Prospectus Unfiltered Jump up ^ 1939 Browns game log Jump up ^ September 27 , 2003 Minnesota Twins at Detroit Tigers Box Score and Play by Play -- Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ Pitchers with 20 or More Losses -- Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ The SABR Baseball List and Record Book : Baseball 's Most Fascinating Records and Unusual Statistics . Society for American Baseball Research . 2007 . p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Detroit Tigers Baseball Graphs Review '' . BaseballGraphs.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . External links and further reading ( edit ) Statistics and game logs at Baseball Reference `` The 1899 Cleveland Spiders : Baseball 's Worst Team '' article by David Fleitz `` Nothing worse than the 1899 Cleveland Spiders '' ESPN article by Rob Neyer . Neyer 's 10 worst teams of all time . Neyer , Rob , and Eddie Epstein . Baseball Dynasties : The Greatest Teams of All Time . Norton , 2000 , 384 p . Excerpt from Chapter 8 ( `` The Worst Teams of All Time '' ) of Neyer and Epstein 's Baseball Dynasties . On a Clear Day They Could See Seventh Place : Baseball 's Worst Teams , by George Robinson . Profiles of several of the teams on this list . MISFITS ! Baseball 's Worst Ever Team , by J. Thomas Hetrick . About the 1899 Spiders . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_worst_Major_League_Baseball_season_records&oldid=841051940 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of worsts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the worst season record in mlb history	[ "The 1899 Cleveland Spiders own the worst single-season record of all time (minimum 120 games) and for all eras, finishing at 20–134 (.130 percentage) in the final year of the National League's 12-team era in the 1890s; for comparison, this projects to 21–141 under the current 162-game schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 25–137." ]	[ "20–134" ]
1139895206513980750	Hannah Montana (season 1)	Hannah Montana ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Hannah Montana ( season 1 ) Hannah Montana ( season 1 ) Season 1 DVD cover Starring Miley Cyrus Emily Osment Mitchel Musso Jason Earles Billy Ray Cyrus Country of origin United States No. of episodes 26 Release Original network Disney Channel ABC Original release March 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) -- March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Hannah Montana episodes The first season of the television series Hannah Montana was aired on Disney Channel from March 24 , 2006 to March 30 , 2007 , and included 26 episodes . It introduces the five main characters of the series and Miley Stewart 's situation of living a secret double life as a teen pop star . The season also introduces several significant recurring characters such as Roxy Roker , Jake Ryan , and Rico Suave . The season 's soundtrack was released on October 24 , 2006 under the title Hannah Montana . The season itself was released on DVD as a four disc set on November 18 , 2008 , by Disney DVD . Certain individual episodes had been released earlier on other Hannah Montana DVDs . Contents 1 Production 2 Opening sequence 3 Closing sequence 4 Casting 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Hannah Montana debuted Friday , March 24 , 2006 on Disney Channel with `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' The first season completed its run on March 30 , 2007 with `` Bad Moose Rising '' . In the United Kingdom it first aired in the Summer period of 2006 , then the first series aired on free - to - view channel FIVE showing all episodes , the second series then aired in 2009 . The first season consists of 26 colored , full - screen , approx. 23 - minute episodes ( without ads ) recorded using a multiple - camera setup . Filming began November 7 , 2005 . Opening sequence ( edit ) The theme song for Hannah Montana is `` The Best of Both Worlds '' written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil , produced by Gerrard and performed by Miley Cyrus ( as Hannah Montana ) . John Carta , who also composes the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks , composed the music for the song . The song 's lyrics describe the basic premise of the television series . The full - length version , which is 2 minutes , 54 seconds in length , was included on the show 's soundtrack , released in October 2006 . For the TV version of the theme , which lasts only 50 seconds , only the first two stanzas and the last two were used . `` Just Like You '' and `` The Other Side of Me '' were originally tested for the opening theme song , before `` Best of Both Worlds '' was chosen as the theme . Each cast member 's name is `` wiped '' on the screen in a marquee - light - style , and episode clips of the cast members ' character are shown as well . The sequence then switches to full - screen episode clips ( most of the clips used in the Season One version of the sequence were of the early produced episodes ) with the creator 's names appearing in the second - to - last clip . The show 's title logo design appears at the beginning , and again at the end , of the sequence ( the latter portion as with most other portions of the sequence on the `` concert stage '' feature Cyrus as her character Hannah Montana ) . Closing sequence ( edit ) Episodes of the first season typically end with a scene that is not crucial to the plot , often functioning as a throwaway joke . Credits are shown for the crew and any guest stars or co-stars . Casting ( edit ) Main articles : List of Hannah Montana characters and Hannah Montana Cast Season 1 cast L-R : Mitchel Musso , Emily Osment , Miley Cyrus , Billy Ray Cyrus , Jason Earles The show 's five stars -- Miley Cyrus , Emily Osment , Mitchel Musso , Jason Earles , and Billy Ray Cyrus -- appear in all first - season episodes . Recurring cast are Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt , Greg Baker as Francis Corelli , Morgan York as Sarah , Cody Linley as Leslie `` Jake '' Ryan , Romi Dames as Traci Van Horn , Dolly Parton as Aunt Dolly , Vicki Lawrence as Mamaw Ruthie , Frances Callier as Roxy , and Moises Arias as Rico . There were many guest stars including Corbin Bleu as Johnny Collins , Paul Vogt as Dontzig , Matt Winston as Fermine , Andre Kinney as Cooper , Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick , and Lisa Arch as Liza the photographer . Co-stars for this season are Derek Basco , Kyle Kaplan , Creagen Dow , Jack Taylor , Blake Berris , Frances Bay , Christian Serratos , Ryan Newman , Summer Bishil , Kunal Sharma , Cutter Garcia , Helen Duffy , Jeff Mallare , Betsy Kelso , Noah Cyrus , Aimee Teegarden , Gena DeVivo , Destiny Edmond , Jay Brian Winnick , Dollar Tan , Jason Thornton , Gary Pease , Marius Mazmanian , and Alec Leddand . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Hannah Montana episodes The series premiere with `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' had 5.4 million viewers breaking the highest - rated series premiere on a kids network in seven years and was the highest rated Disney Channel series premiere until Cory in the House . In the episode , Miley reveals to Lilly that she is Hannah Montana . Season 1 included a special episode called `` On the Road Again ? '' that was part of `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' . The episode had cross-overs with shows That 's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Hannah Montana Season 1 episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Viewers ( millions ) `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Teleplay by : Michael Poryes , Gary Dontzig & Steven Peterman Story by : Michael Poryes , Rich Correll & Barry O'Brien March 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) 101 5.4 Lilly Truscott ( Emily Osment ) buys two tickets to see a Hannah Montana concert for her and her best friend Miley ( Miley Cyrus ) . Because Miley secretly is Hannah Montana , she says she ca n't go , so Lilly goes to the concert with Oliver Oken ( Miley and Lilly 's friend ) . After sneaking into her dressing room , she finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana , so Miley shows Lilly her secret Hannah closet . However , when Lilly tries to convince Miley she should tell her secret to her school , Miley tells Lilly why it 's a terrible idea , and they get into a fight , but make up soon after . Meanwhile , Jackson ( Miley 's older brother ) tries to impress a girl by telling her he knows Hannah Montana and could get free tickets for her next show . Co-star : Derek Basco as MTB Host Guest stars : Matt Winston as Fermine , Corbin Bleu as Johnny Collins , Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt Hannah song featured : `` This is the Life '' `` Miley Get Your Gum '' David Kendall Michael Poryes March 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 31 ) 103 4.0 Oliver still does n't know Miley is Hannah . When he tells her that he loves Hannah , Miley and Lilly try to get him to turn his attention to other girls , since Miley is worried that if she told him the truth he 'd be in love with her too . The girls come up with a plan to get Oliver to hate Hannah . Oliver and Hannah meet up at Malibu beach and she chews gum since Oliver hates it , but the plan backfires . Eventually , Miley reveals to Oliver that she is Hannah Montana , causing him to faint . Meanwhile , Jackson accidentally buys a `` girl 's car '' , and he tries to get Robby to get rid of it . Co-stars : Kyle Kaplan Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney and Paul Vogt Hannah song featured : `` Just Like You '' Notes : In this episode , Lilly says her name is Lola LaFonda but in `` It 's My Party and I 'll Lie if I Want To , '' she says that her name is Lola Luftnagle , which is the name she uses from then on . `` She 's a Supersneak '' David Kendall Kim Friese April 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 07 ) 105 4.4 Despite their father telling them that they ca n't go to a movie premiere because they have to study for their mid-terms , Miley sneaks out with Lilly and Oliver after they convince her , while Jackson also sneaks out separately with his friend Cooper . When they both find out that they sneaked out , they see Robby with a woman at the movie theater when he said he was attending a meeting , so they try to find more information about the woman . Miley gets upset , thinking Robbie is trying to replace her mother , who died three years ago , which in the series is who she wrote the song `` I Miss You '' for . Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney and Lindsey Stoddart Hannah song featured : `` Pumpin ' Up the Party '' Miley song featured : `` I Miss You '' Note : This was the only time that a Miley song was featured `` I Ca n't Make You Love Hannah if You Do n't '' Roger S. Christansen Kim Friese April 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) 108 3.9 Miley has a crush on a ninth grader at school , but finds out that he hates Hannah Montana . Miley decides to forget about him , but then he says he will take her to a Hannah Montana concert to give Hannah a chance . At the concert , Miley runs back and forth , trying to do the concert and be with him at the same time . After several times of going back and forth , the guy leaves without telling Miley . At the end of the episode , Miley is sad , but her father tells her that someday she 'll meet a guy who likes everything about her . Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney , Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly , and Daniel Samonas Hannah song featured : `` The Other Side of Me '' 5 5 `` It 's My Party and I 'll Lie if I Want To '' Roger S. Christiansen Douglas Lieblein April 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 21 ) 102 3.6 Because she is embarrassing , Traci ( Hannah 's producer 's daughter ) uninvites Lola ( Lilly ) to T - Swizzles , and Miley has to hide it from her . The next day , newspaper headlines sport out Hannah `` attacking '' a paparazzi for taking photographs , and Miley tries to hide the evidence that she went to the party , since she told Lilly it was cancelled . Meanwhile , Jackson 's hair is being used by a girl named Nina to practice her hair - styling techniques . What Jackson does n't know is that she was hired by Rico to do so . Co-stars : Kunal Sharma , Lisa Robinson , D. Elliot Woods and Cutter Mitchell Guest stars : Moises Arias , Alison Brie , and Romi Dames Hannah song featured : `` Just Like You '' 6 6 `` Grandmas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Play Favorites '' Roger S. Christansen Douglas Lieblein April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) 109 3.2 Hannah gets to perform in front of Her Majesty The Queen and her granddaughter , but a visit from Miley and Jackson 's grandma `` Mammaw '' makes Miley feel hurt because she 's here for Jackson 's volleyball tournament . The queen is late for Hannah 's performance , which stalls the tournament . Hannah finishes her song quickly , making just enough time to make it to the end of Jackson 's tournament , but at the same time trying to not let fans mob her at the last minute . Co-stars : Helen Duffy and Jeff Mallare Guest stars : Patrick Kerr Special guest star : Vicki Lawrence Hannah song featured : `` The Other Side Of Me '' 7 7 `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' Roger S. Christansen Howard Meyers May 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 12 ) 110 4.6 Miley fears that Robby will get her a horrible birthday present after having horrific experiences with her previous ones , so she sends Lilly to help Robby pick an awesome birthday present by posing as the store 's Hannah Montana mannequin . When she thinks he is getting her a jacket she liked , Robbie actually bought her a kitty sweater that meows when you press it , which makes Miley feel embarrassed towards others who are making fun of her . Meanwhile , Jackson has troubles delivering a cake to Miley 's birthday party , so Cooper helps him . Co-stars : Betsy Kelso and Noah Cyrus Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney , Frances Callier , Shanica Knowles , and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle 8 8 `` Mascot Love '' Roger S. Christansen Sally Lapiduss May 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 26 ) 111 4.2 Miley and Lilly want to spend more time together , so they try out for cheerleading . Unfortunately , Lilly makes the squad while Miley becomes the mascot , which makes her jealous . Meanwhile , Robby bets Jackson $50 that he ca n't fix the sink . Co-stars : Kyle Kaplan Guest stars : Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt Hannah song featured : `` Pumpin ' Up the Party '' 9 9 `` Ooo , Ooo , Itchy Woman '' David Kendall Gary Dontzig & Steven Peterman June 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 10 ) 104 3.7 After finding out Miley and Lilly have to share a tent with Amber and Ashley on a class camping trip , they hatch a plan to get back at them . This backfires when they catch poison oak . Meanwhile , Jackson and Robby try to catch a mouse . Co-stars : Creagen Dow Guest stars : Shanica Knowles , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , Cooper Thornton , and Rich Pierrelouis Hannah song featured : `` The Other Side of Me '' 10 10 `` O Say , Can You Remember the Words ? '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Sally Lapiduss June 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) 113 4.1 Miley and Oliver get partnered up for a project by performing a play , but Miley bails on Oliver after telling Robby that he is a horrible partner . This causes her to forget the words to the American national anthem at a basketball game . Meanwhile , Jackson goes on a sugar high after keeping Rico 's candy away from him . Co-star : Noah Cyrus Guest stars : Moises Arias and Greg Baker Hannah songs featured : `` This is the Life '' and `` Who Said '' 11 11 `` Oops ! I Meddled Again ! '' Chip Hurd Lisa Albert July 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 15 ) 107 3.4 Miley and Lilly receive a Hannah e-mail from a girl at Miley 's school who informs them that she likes Oliver . They try to set them up together , and backfires when she sends them an e-mail that she wants to break up with her `` boyfriend '' , which makes Lilly and Miley think that she wanted to break up with Oliver . However , it was really her ex-boyfriend that she wanted to dump . Meanwhile , Rico makes Jackson wear a chicken suit to advertise Rico 's chicken wings due to something Cooper said and gets humiliated repeatedly as a result of it . Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney , Moises Arias , and Kirby Bliss Blanton 12 12 `` On the Road Again ? '' ( Part three of `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ) Roger S. Christiansen Steven James Meyer July 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) 112 7.1 Hannah befriends Maddie Fitzpatrick at the Tipton , who informs her on how famous Robbie Ray once was and claiming Hannah 's `` holding him back '' . This makes Miley feel guilty for forcing him to end his own singing career to begin Hannah 's , and vows to get her father back on track . But when Robbie takes an offer to a week tour , Miley and Jackson are stuck with their worst enemy , Roxy . At the end , Maddie gets to meet Miley too , until Roxy goes too far literally protecting Miley . Guest stars : Frances Callier and Richard Portnow Special guest star : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick Note : This episode was a part of That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Billy Ray song featured : `` I Want My Mullet Back '' 13 13 `` You 're So Vain , You Probably Think This Zit is About You '' Chip Hurd Todd J. Greenwald August 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 12 ) 106 3.5 Miley tries , but fails , not to be bothered over an unflattering Hannah Montana billboard in hopes of making Lilly feel less self - conscious about having to wear her eyeglasses for a skateboarding competition after she loses her contacts , with Miley convincing Lilly that looks do n't matter . Meanwhile , Rico tricks Jackson to become his magic assistant , making him wear a red sparkling dress with a red sparkling tiara , and be named `` The Lovely Tina '' , although Jackson gets revenge on Rico in the end . Co-stars : Creagan Dow , Gena DeVivo and Destiny Edmond Guest stars : Lisa Arch , Aimee Teegarden and Moises Arias Hannah song featured : `` This is the Life '' 14 14 `` New Kid in School '' Kenneth Shapiro Todd J. Greenwald August 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 18 ) 114 3.4 Superstar Jake Ryan from the TV series `` Zombie High '' enrolls in Miley 's school . Miley becomes jealous of how he 's being treated at school because of his fame and as a result tells a reporter about her secret identity and afterward has to convince the reporter that it 's all in her head . Meanwhile Jackson borrows and scratches Robbie 's new car while picking up a girl he 's dating and Robbie rips the front passenger door off Jackson 's old car . Co-stars : Jack Taylor , and Jay Brian Winnick Guest stars : Gwendoline Yeo , Cody Linley , Greg Baker , Shanica Knowles and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle Note : While convincing the reporter , Robby Ray mentions he is Billy Ray Cyrus , which is his name in real life . 15 15 `` More Than a Zombie to Me '' Roger S. Christiansen Steven Peterman September 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) 116 3.7 Jake Ryan asks Miley to the school dance but she turns him down both times . After Hannah guest stars on Jake 's TV show and almost kisses him , Miley realizes that she really does have feelings for him , so she tries to get him to take her back , but he 's already taking Lilly to the dance . Meanwhile , Robby and Jackson pull pranks on each other to see who 's the prank master , which makes them not answer the door to a ten million dollar check . Co-stars : Blake Berris , Dollar Tan , Jason Thornton Guest star : Cody Linley 16 16 `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly '' Roger S. Christiansen Sally Lapiduss September 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 29 ) 118 3.7 When Miley 's godmother , Aunt Dolly ( Dolly Parton ) visits Malibu , she accidentally records a video tape of Miley saying that she 's `` totally in love '' with Jake and then Oliver mixes it up with his own tape which Jake has to edit . Aunt Dolly also turns the house more girly and pink , sending Robby and Jackson to extremes to preserve their `` manliness '' . Co-stars : Summer Bishil Guest stars : Cody Linley , Donovan Scott , Shanica Knowles , and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle Special guest star : Dolly Parton Hannah songs featured : `` If We Were A Movie '' and `` Who Said '' 17 17 `` Torn Between Two Hannahs '' Roger S. Christiansen Teleplay by : Todd J. Greenwald Story by : Valerie Ahern & Christian McLaughlin October 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 14 ) 126 3.5 Miley 's evil identical cousin , Luann ( Miley Cyrus ) from Tennessee visits , and disguises herself as Hannah in order to reveal Miley 's secret at Traci Van Horne 's Halloween party . Meanwhile , Robby and Jackson decorate their house to make it look scarier than Dontzig 's . Co-star : Noah Cyrus Guest stars : Peter Allen Vogt and Romi Dames Hannah songs featured : `` The Other Side of Me '' , `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , `` I Got Nerve '' , `` Pumpin ' Up The Party '' and lost song `` Not This Girl '' . Billy Ray song featured : `` Stand '' 18 18 `` People Who Use People '' Shannon Flynn Michael Poryes November 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) 119 4.1 Miley and Jake date other people in order to make each other jealous of the other , though it results in the pair kissing ; Jackson uses Robby to get an `` A '' in Math class by hooking him up with his strict teacher , Ms. Kunkle . Co-star : Gary Pease and Josie Loren Guest stars : Cody Linley , Drew Osborne and Erin Matthews 19 19 `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' Roger S. Christiansen Heather Wordham November 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 26 ) 115 3.6 Miley uses her Hannah Montana power to her full advantage as she competes in a fund - raising event against Amber and Ashley to help Sarah ; Jackson tries to beat Robby at a game after learning that all his previous ' victories ' only happened because Robby was letting Jackson win . Guest stars : Andre Jamal Kinney , Shanica Knowles , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , Greg Baker , and Morgan York Hannah song featured : `` Who Said '' 20 20 `` Debt It Be '' Roger S. Christiansen Heather Wordham & Sally Lapiduss December 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 120 4.3 Miley and Jackson both receive new credit cards and promise to use them in `` emergencies only '' , but Lilly convinces her to go to a flea market with her credit card , and buys almost everything there . In order to pay off the bill , she sells Hannah 's used clothes and accessories that she thinks that she 'll `` probably never have to wear again '' . When she finds out a pair of earrings from a video shoot are worth more money than she sold them for , she and Jackson go to extremes to retrieve them from the little old lady who bought them . Co-stars : Frances Bay and Marius Mazmanian Guest stars : Ellen Albertini Dow and Amir Talai 21 21 `` My Boyfriend 's Jackson and There 's Gonna Be Trouble '' Roger S. Christiansen Andrew Green & Sally Lapiduss January 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) 124 3.5 When a tabloid picture makes Hannah and Jackson look like a couple , Jackson takes advantage of being Hannah 's `` boyfriend '' for the perks ; Oliver works on a school project with Sarah , and ends up liking her . Co-stars : Cutter Garcia Guest stars : Romi Dames , Morgan York , Sandy Brown and Daniel Booko Hannah song featured : `` I Got Nerve '' and `` If We Were A Movie '' 22 22 `` We Are Family , Now Get Me Some Water ! '' Roger S. Christiansen Jay J. Demopoulos & Andrew Green January 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 07 ) 122 4.1 Miley accidentally gets Jackson fired from Rico 's after harassing Rico to give Jackson a raise , so she hires him as Hannah 's `` personal assisticant '' with disastrous results ; Rico hires Oliver at his shop to replace Jackson . Guest stars : Moises Arias and Ray Auxais Hannah song featured : `` I Got Nerve '' 23 23 `` Schooly Bully '' Roger S. Christiansen Douglas Lieblein & Heather Wordham January 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) 125 3.2 Roxy disguises herself as a new student at Miley 's school in order to protect Miley from getting beaten up by a bully ; Robby and Jackson get snowed in at a cabin with a creepy owner ( Kenneth Mars ) and his equally creepy ventriloquist dummy . Co-stars : Jack Taylor Guest stars : Kenneth Mars , Frances Callier , RJ Mitte , and Jaelin Palmer Hannah song featured : `` The Other Side of Me '' Note : This episode , along with `` Oops ! I Meddled Again ! '' and `` New Kid in School '' are the only episodes of Season 1 in which Hannah Montana does n't appear . 24 24 `` The Idol Side of Me '' Fred Savage Douglas Lieblein February 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) 117 3.7 Hannah participates in Singing with the Stars , a contest that consists of amateurs paired with celebrities , and gets Amber in the top three with the intention of humiliating her , later regretting it ; Jackson and Robby are annoyed by Dontzig 's dog . Co-stars : Jack Taylor , Alec Ledd , and Christian Serratos Guest stars : Shanica Knowles , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , R. Brandon Johnson , Peter Allen Vogt and Morgan York Hannah songs featured : `` Pumpin ' Up the Party '' and `` The Other Side of Me '' Note : In this episode Lilly states that she ca n't believe Miley has a pet pig named Luann . However , in the episode `` Torn Between Two Hannahs '' Lilly actually brings up the point that Miley has a pig named Luann . 25 25 `` Smells Like Teen Sellout '' Sheldon Epps Heather Wordham March 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 123 4.4 Hannah agrees to endorse a new fragrance , which smells like raspberries , but ca n't stand its smell because of a horrid childhood disaster where she threw up on the governor of Tennessee after winning a pie - eating contest in 1999 ; Jackson tries out for a television survival program with disastrous results . Co-stars : Ryan Newman Guest stars : Lisa Arch and Michael Kagan 26 26 `` Bad Moose Rising '' Roger S. Christiansen Douglas Lieblein & Steven James Meyer March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) 121 4.8 Jackson arranges for Miley to learn what it 's like to be the older sibling by having her babysit Dontzig 's bratty niece until finding out her uncle was pretending to be sick ; Robby gets over a cold with help from Roxy and her rather odd home remedies . Guest stars : Frances Callier , Peter Allen Vogt , and Savannah Stehlin Hannah song featured : `` Who Said '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oldenburg , Ann ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` Miley Cyrus fulfills her destiny '' . USA Today . p . D. 1 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline . `` Tween Queen Rules ' Hannah Montana ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Azote , Abigail . `` Media Life Magazine '' . Media Life Magazine . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` Shows set records for Disney ; ' Jump , ' ' Cory ' help cabler top Friday ratings '' . Daily Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mickey New - That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Archived March 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ratings for Cable Networks '' . Associated Press . April 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings for Cable Networks '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings for Cable Networks '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . June 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana - Zap2it Forums : Talk About TV , Movies and More '' . Tvbb.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` TV RATINGS : Anna Nicole Smith grabs attention , even at the end '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Main ed . ) . p . E3 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling in Top Spot in Cable Ratings '' . Associated Press . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . General references `` Hannah Montana Season 1 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . `` Hannah Montana : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hannah Montana List of Hannah Montana episodes on IMDb Hannah Montana Episodes Season 1 Characters Miley Stewart Robby Stewart Main characters Notable episodes `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` Achy Jakey Heart '' `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' `` I 'll Always Remember You '' `` Wherever I Go '' Discography ( songs ) Hannah Montana Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana : The Movie Hannah Montana 3 Hannah Montana Forever Feature films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert Hannah Montana : The Movie Concerts and tours Hannah Montana : Live in London Best of Both Worlds Tour Merchandise Books Home video releases Video games Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Montana_(season_1)&oldid=845564028 '' Categories : Hannah Montana episodes 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does jake show up in hannah montana	[ "\nHannah Montana Season 1 episodes\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nProd.code\n\nViewers(millions)\n11\"Lilly, Do You Want to Know a Secret?\"Lee Shallat-ChemelTeleplay by: Michael Poryes,Gary Dontzig & Steven PetermanStory by: Michael Poryes,Rich Correll & Barry O'BrienMarch 24, 2006 (2006-03-24)1015.4[1]\nLilly Truscott (Emily Osment) buys two tickets to see a Hannah Montana concert for her and her best friend Miley (Miley Cyrus). Because Miley secretly is Hannah Montana, she says she can't go, so Lilly goes to the concert with Oliver Oken (Miley and Lilly's friend). After sneaking into her dressing room, she finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana, so Miley shows Lilly her secret Hannah closet. However, when Lilly tries to convince Miley she should tell her secret to her school, Miley tells Lilly why it's a terrible idea, and they get into a fight, but make up soon after. Meanwhile, Jackson (Miley's older brother) tries to impress a girl by telling her he knows Hannah Montana and could get free tickets for her next show.\nCo-star: Derek Basco as MTB Host\nGuest stars: Matt Winston as Fermine, Corbin Bleu as Johnny Collins, Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt\n\nHannah song featured: \"This is the Life\"\n22\"Miley Get Your Gum\"David KendallMichael PoryesMarch 31, 2006 (2006-03-31)1034.0[6]\nOliver still doesn't know Miley is Hannah. When he tells her that he loves Hannah, Miley and Lilly try to get him to turn his attention to other girls, since Miley is worried that if she told him the truth he'd be in love with her too. The girls come up with a plan to get Oliver to hate Hannah. Oliver and Hannah meet up at Malibu beach and she chews gum since Oliver hates it, but the plan backfires. Eventually, Miley reveals to Oliver that she is Hannah Montana, causing him to faint. Meanwhile, Jackson accidentally buys a \"girl's car\", and he tries to get Robby to get rid of it.\nCo-stars: Kyle Kaplan\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney and Paul Vogt\nHannah song featured: \"Just Like You\"\n\nNotes: In this episode, Lilly says her name is Lola LaFonda but in \"It's My Party and I'll Lie if I Want To,\" she says that her name is Lola Luftnagle, which is the name she uses from then on.\n33\"She's a Supersneak\"David KendallKim FrieseApril 7, 2006 (2006-04-07)1054.4[1]\nDespite their father telling them that they can't go to a movie premiere because they have to study for their mid-terms, Miley sneaks out with Lilly and Oliver after they convince her, while Jackson also sneaks out separately with his friend Cooper. When they both find out that they sneaked out, they see Robby with a woman at the movie theater when he said he was attending a meeting, so they try to find more information about the woman. Miley gets upset, thinking Robbie is trying to replace her mother, who died three years ago, which in the series is who she wrote the song \"I Miss You\" for.\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney and Lindsey Stoddart\nHannah song featured: \"Pumpin' Up the Party\"\nMiley song featured: \"I Miss You\"\n\nNote: This was the only time that a Miley song was featured\n44\"I Can't Make You Love Hannah if You Don't\"Roger S. ChristansenKim FrieseApril 14, 2006 (2006-04-14)1083.9[7]\nMiley has a crush on a ninth grader at school, but finds out that he hates Hannah Montana. Miley decides to forget about him, but then he says he will take her to a Hannah Montana concert to give Hannah a chance. At the concert, Miley runs back and forth, trying to do the concert and be with him at the same time. After several times of going back and forth, the guy leaves without telling Miley. At the end of the episode, Miley is sad, but her father tells her that someday she'll meet a guy who likes everything about her.\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly, and Daniel Samonas\n\nHannah song featured: \"The Other Side of Me\"\n55\"It's My Party and I'll Lie if I Want To\"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas LiebleinApril 21, 2006 (2006-04-21)1023.6[1]\nBecause she is embarrassing, Traci (Hannah's producer's daughter) uninvites Lola (Lilly) to T-Swizzles, and Miley has to hide it from her. The next day, newspaper headlines sport out Hannah \"attacking\" a paparazzi for taking photographs, and Miley tries to hide the evidence that she went to the party, since she told Lilly it was cancelled. Meanwhile, Jackson's hair is being used by a girl named Nina to practice her hair-styling techniques. What Jackson doesn't know is that she was hired by Rico to do so.\nCo-stars: Kunal Sharma, Lisa Robinson, D. Elliot Woods and Cutter Mitchell\nGuest stars: Moises Arias, Alison Brie, and Romi Dames\n\nHannah song featured: \"Just Like You\"\n66\"Grandmas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Play Favorites\"Roger S. ChristansenDouglas LiebleinApril 28, 2006 (2006-04-28)1093.2[1]\nHannah gets to perform in front of Her Majesty The Queen and her granddaughter, but a visit from Miley and Jackson's grandma \"Mammaw\" makes Miley feel hurt because she's here for Jackson's volleyball tournament. The queen is late for Hannah's performance, which stalls the tournament. Hannah finishes her song quickly, making just enough time to make it to the end of Jackson's tournament, but at the same time trying to not let fans mob her at the last minute.\nCo-stars: Helen Duffy and Jeff Mallare\nGuest stars: Patrick Kerr\nSpecial guest star: Vicki Lawrence\n\nHannah song featured: \"The Other Side Of Me\"\n77\"It's a Mannequin's World\"Roger S. ChristansenHoward MeyersMay 12, 2006 (2006-05-12)1104.6[1]\nMiley fears that Robby will get her a horrible birthday present after having horrific experiences with her previous ones, so she sends Lilly to help Robby pick an awesome birthday present by posing as the store's Hannah Montana mannequin. When she thinks he is getting her a jacket she liked, Robbie actually bought her a kitty sweater that meows when you press it, which makes Miley feel embarrassed towards others who are making fun of her. Meanwhile, Jackson has troubles delivering a cake to Miley's birthday party, so Cooper helps him.\nCo-stars: Betsy Kelso and Noah Cyrus\n\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Frances Callier, Shanica Knowles, and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle\n88\"Mascot Love\"Roger S. ChristansenSally LapidussMay 26, 2006 (2006-05-26)1114.2[1]\nMiley and Lilly want to spend more time together, so they try out for cheerleading. Unfortunately, Lilly makes the squad while Miley becomes the mascot, which makes her jealous. Meanwhile, Robby bets Jackson $50 that he can't fix the sink.\nCo-stars: Kyle Kaplan\nGuest stars: Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt\n\nHannah song featured: \"Pumpin' Up the Party\"\n99\"Ooo, Ooo, Itchy Woman\"David KendallGary Dontzig & Steven PetermanJune 10, 2006 (2006-06-10)1043.7[8]\nAfter finding out Miley and Lilly have to share a tent with Amber and Ashley on a class camping trip, they hatch a plan to get back at them. This backfires when they catch poison oak. Meanwhile, Jackson and Robby try to catch a mouse.\nCo-stars: Creagen Dow\nGuest stars: Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, Cooper Thornton, and Rich Pierrelouis\n\nHannah song featured: \"The Other Side of Me\"\n1010\"O Say, Can You Remember the Words?\"Lee Shallat-ChemelSally LapidussJune 30, 2006 (2006-06-30)1134.1[1]\nMiley and Oliver get partnered up for a project by performing a play, but Miley bails on Oliver after telling Robby that he is a horrible partner. This causes her to forget the words to the American national anthem at a basketball game. Meanwhile, Jackson goes on a sugar high after keeping Rico's candy away from him.\nCo-star: Noah Cyrus\nGuest stars: Moises Arias and Greg Baker\n\nHannah songs featured: \"This is the Life\" and \"Who Said\"\n1111\"Oops! I Meddled Again!\"Chip HurdLisa AlbertJuly 15, 2006 (2006-07-15)1073.4[1]\nMiley and Lilly receive a Hannah e-mail from a girl at Miley's school who informs them that she likes Oliver. They try to set them up together, and backfires when she sends them an e-mail that she wants to break up with her \"boyfriend\", which makes Lilly and Miley think that she wanted to break up with Oliver. However, it was really her ex-boyfriend that she wanted to dump. Meanwhile, Rico makes Jackson wear a chicken suit to advertise Rico's chicken wings due to something Cooper said and gets humiliated repeatedly as a result of it.\n\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Moises Arias, and Kirby Bliss Blanton\n1212\"On the Road Again?\"(Part three of \"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana\")Roger S. ChristiansenSteven James MeyerJuly 28, 2006 (2006-07-28)1127.1[9]\nHannah befriends Maddie Fitzpatrick at the Tipton, who informs her on how famous Robbie Ray once was and claiming Hannah's \"holding him back\". This makes Miley feel guilty for forcing him to end his own singing career to begin Hannah's, and vows to get her father back on track. But when Robbie takes an offer to a week tour, Miley and Jackson are stuck with their worst enemy, Roxy. At the end, Maddie gets to meet Miley too, until Roxy goes too far literally protecting Miley.\nGuest stars: Frances Callier and Richard Portnow\nSpecial guest star: Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick\nNote: This episode was a part of That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana\n\nBilly Ray song featured: \"I Want My Mullet Back\"\n1313\"You're So Vain, You Probably Think This Zit is About You\"Chip HurdTodd J. GreenwaldAugust 12, 2006 (2006-08-12)1063.5[1]\nMiley tries, but fails, not to be bothered over an unflattering Hannah Montana billboard in hopes of making Lilly feel less self-conscious about having to wear her eyeglasses for a skateboarding competition after she loses her contacts, with Miley convincing Lilly that looks don't matter. Meanwhile, Rico tricks Jackson to become his magic assistant, making him wear a red sparkling dress with a red sparkling tiara, and be named \"The Lovely Tina\", although Jackson gets revenge on Rico in the end.\nCo-stars: Creagan Dow, Gena DeVivo and Destiny Edmond\nGuest stars: Lisa Arch, Aimee Teegarden and Moises Arias\n\nHannah song featured: \"This is the Life\"\n1414\"New Kid in School\"Kenneth ShapiroTodd J. GreenwaldAugust 18, 2006 (2006-08-18)1143.4[1]\nSuperstar Jake Ryan from the TV series \"Zombie High\" enrolls in Miley's school. Miley becomes jealous of how he's being treated at school because of his fame and as a result tells a reporter about her secret identity and afterward has to convince the reporter that it's all in her head. Meanwhile Jackson borrows and scratches Robbie's new car while picking up a girl he's dating and Robbie rips the front passenger door off Jackson's old car.\nCo-stars: Jack Taylor, and Jay Brian Winnick\nGuest stars: Gwendoline Yeo, Cody Linley, Greg Baker, Shanica Knowles and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle\n\nNote: While convincing the reporter, Robby Ray mentions he is Billy Ray Cyrus, which is his name in real life.\n1515\"More Than a Zombie to Me\"Roger S. ChristiansenSteven PetermanSeptember 8, 2006 (2006-09-08)1163.7[1]\nJake Ryan asks Miley to the school dance but she turns him down both times. After Hannah guest stars on Jake's TV show and almost kisses him, Miley realizes that she really does have feelings for him, so she tries to get him to take her back, but he's already taking Lilly to the dance. Meanwhile, Robby and Jackson pull pranks on each other to see who's the prank master, which makes them not answer the door to a ten million dollar check.\nCo-stars: Blake Berris, Dollar Tan, Jason Thornton\n\nGuest star: Cody Linley\n1616\"Good Golly, Miss Dolly\"Roger S. ChristiansenSally LapidussSeptember 29, 2006 (2006-09-29)1183.7[1]\nWhen Miley's godmother, Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton) visits Malibu, she accidentally records a video tape of Miley saying that she's \"totally in love\" with Jake and then Oliver mixes it up with his own tape which Jake has to edit. Aunt Dolly also turns the house more girly and pink, sending Robby and Jackson to extremes to preserve their \"manliness\".\nCo-stars: Summer Bishil\nGuest stars: Cody Linley, Donovan Scott, Shanica Knowles, and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle\nSpecial guest star: Dolly Parton\n\nHannah songs featured: \"If We Were A Movie\" and \"Who Said\"\n1717\"Torn Between Two Hannahs\"Roger S. ChristiansenTeleplay by: Todd J. GreenwaldStory by: Valerie Ahern &Christian McLaughlinOctober 14, 2006 (2006-10-14)1263.5[1]\nMiley's evil identical cousin, Luann (Miley Cyrus) from Tennessee visits, and disguises herself as Hannah in order to reveal Miley's secret at Traci Van Horne's Halloween party. Meanwhile, Robby and Jackson decorate their house to make it look scarier than Dontzig's.\nCo-star: Noah Cyrus\nGuest stars: Peter Allen Vogt and Romi Dames\nHannah songs featured: \"The Other Side of Me\", \"The Best of Both Worlds\", \"I Got Nerve\", \"Pumpin' Up The Party\" and lost song \"Not This Girl\".\n\nBilly Ray song featured: \"Stand\"\n1818\"People Who Use People\"Shannon FlynnMichael PoryesNovember 3, 2006 (2006-11-03)1194.1[1]\nMiley and Jake date other people in order to make each other jealous of the other, though it results in the pair kissing; Jackson uses Robby to get an \"A\" in Math class by hooking him up with his strict teacher, Ms. Kunkle.\nCo-star: Gary Pease and Josie Loren\n\nGuest stars: Cody Linley, Drew Osborne and Erin Matthews\n1919\"Money for Nothing, Guilt for Free\"Roger S. ChristiansenHeather WordhamNovember 26, 2006 (2006-11-26)1153.6[1]\nMiley uses her Hannah Montana power to her full advantage as she competes in a fund-raising event against Amber and Ashley to help Sarah; Jackson tries to beat Robby at a game after learning that all his previous 'victories' only happened because Robby was letting Jackson win.\nGuest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, Greg Baker, and Morgan York\n\nHannah song featured: \"Who Said\"\n2020\"Debt It Be\"Roger S. ChristiansenHeather Wordham & Sally LapidussDecember 1, 2006 (2006-12-01)1204.3[1]\nMiley and Jackson both receive new credit cards and promise to use them in \"emergencies only\", but Lilly convinces her to go to a flea market with her credit card, and buys almost everything there. In order to pay off the bill, she sells Hannah's used clothes and accessories that she thinks that she'll \"probably never have to wear again\". When she finds out a pair of earrings from a video shoot are worth more money than she sold them for, she and Jackson go to extremes to retrieve them from the little old lady who bought them.\nCo-stars: Frances Bay and Marius Mazmanian\n\nGuest stars: Ellen Albertini Dow and Amir Talai\n2121\"My Boyfriend's Jackson and There's Gonna Be Trouble\"Roger S. ChristiansenAndrew Green & Sally LapidussJanuary 1, 2007 (2007-01-01)1243.5[1]\nWhen a tabloid picture makes Hannah and Jackson look like a couple, Jackson takes advantage of being Hannah's \"boyfriend\" for the perks; Oliver works on a school project with Sarah, and ends up liking her.\nCo-stars: Cutter Garcia\nGuest stars: Romi Dames, Morgan York, Sandy Brown and Daniel Booko\n\nHannah song featured: \"I Got Nerve\" and \"If We Were A Movie\"\n2222\"We Are Family, Now Get Me Some Water!\"Roger S. ChristiansenJay J. Demopoulos &Andrew GreenJanuary 7, 2007 (2007-01-07)1224.1[1]\nMiley accidentally gets Jackson fired from Rico's after harassing Rico to give Jackson a raise, so she hires him as Hannah's \"personal assisticant\" with disastrous results; Rico hires Oliver at his shop to replace Jackson.\nGuest stars: Moises Arias and Ray Auxais\n\nHannah song featured: \"I Got Nerve\"\n2323\"Schooly Bully\"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas Lieblein & Heather WordhamJanuary 19, 2007 (2007-01-19)1253.2[1]\nRoxy disguises herself as a new student at Miley's school in order to protect Miley from getting beaten up by a bully; Robby and Jackson get snowed in at a cabin with a creepy owner (Kenneth Mars) and his equally creepy ventriloquist dummy.\nCo-stars: Jack Taylor\nGuest stars: Kenneth Mars, Frances Callier, RJ Mitte, and Jaelin Palmer\nHannah song featured: \"The Other Side of Me\"\n\nNote: This episode, along with \"Oops! I Meddled Again!\" and \"New Kid in School\" are the only episodes of Season 1 in which Hannah Montana doesn't appear.\n2424\"The Idol Side of Me\"Fred SavageDouglas LiebleinFebruary 9, 2007 (2007-02-09)1173.7[10]\nHannah participates in Singing with the Stars, a contest that consists of amateurs paired with celebrities, and gets Amber in the top three with the intention of humiliating her, later regretting it; Jackson and Robby are annoyed by Dontzig's dog.\nCo-stars: Jack Taylor, Alec Ledd, and Christian Serratos\nGuest stars: Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, R. Brandon Johnson, Peter Allen Vogt and Morgan York\nHannah songs featured: \"Pumpin' Up the Party\" and \"The Other Side of Me\"\n\nNote: In this episode Lilly states that she can't believe Miley has a pet pig named Luann. However, in the episode \"Torn Between Two Hannahs\" Lilly actually brings up the point that Miley has a pig named Luann.\n2525\"Smells Like Teen Sellout\"Sheldon EppsHeather WordhamMarch 2, 2007 (2007-03-02)1234.4[11]\nHannah agrees to endorse a new fragrance, which smells like raspberries, but can't stand its smell because of a horrid childhood disaster where she threw up on the governor of Tennessee after winning a pie-eating contest in 1999; Jackson tries out for a television survival program with disastrous results.\nCo-stars: Ryan Newman\n\nGuest stars: Lisa Arch and Michael Kagan\n2626\"Bad Moose Rising\"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas Lieblein &Steven James MeyerMarch 30, 2007 (2007-03-30)1214.8[1]\nJackson arranges for Miley to learn what it's like to be the older sibling by having her babysit Dontzig's bratty niece until finding out her uncle was pretending to be sick; Robby gets over a cold with help from Roxy and her rather odd home remedies.\nGuest stars: Frances Callier, Peter Allen Vogt, and Savannah Stehlin\n\nHannah song featured: \"Who Said\"\n" ]	[ "\"New Kid in School\"" ]
3181970343716918513	Andy Warhol	Andy Warhol - wikipedia Andy Warhol Jump to : navigation , search For the song by David Bowie , see Andy Warhol ( song ) . Andy Warhol Warhol in 1975 Andrew Warhola ( 1928 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1928 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. February 22 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 22 ) ( aged 58 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Education Carnegie Institute of Technology ( Carnegie Mellon University ) Known for Printmaking , painting , cinema , photography Notable work Chelsea Girls ( 1966 film ) Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966 event ) Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 painting ) Movement Pop art Andy Warhol ( / ˈwɔːrhɒl / ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 -- February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , celebrity culture , and advertising that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966 -- 67 ) . Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well - known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with coining the widely used expression `` 15 minutes of fame . '' In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement . After a gallbladder surgery in 1987 , Warhol died in February of that year at the age of 58 . Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films . The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh , which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives , is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist . Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable . The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US $105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) ; his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold . A 2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the `` bellwether of the art market '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and beginnings ( 1928 -- 49 ) 1.2 1950s 1.3 1960s 1.3. 1 Attempted murder ( 1968 ) 1.4 1970s 1.5 1980s 1.6 Death 2 Foundation 3 Works 3.1 Paintings 3.2 Films 3.2. 1 Filmography 3.3 Factory in New York 3.4 Music 3.5 Books and print 3.6 Other media 3.7 Producer and product 4 Personal life 4.1 Sexuality 4.2 Religious beliefs 4.3 Collections 5 Media about Warhol 5.1 Films 5.2 Documentaries 5.3 Television 6 Honors 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Biography Early life and beginnings ( 1928 -- 49 ) Warhol 's childhood home . 3252 Dawson Street , South Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Warhol was born on August 6 , 1928 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola ( Americanized as Andrew Warhola , Sr. , 1889 -- 1942 ) and Julia ( née Zavacká , 1892 -- 1972 ) , whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S. His parents were working - class Lemko emigrants from Mikó ( now called Miková ) , located in today 's northeastern Slovakia , part of the former Austro - Hungarian Empire . Warhol 's father emigrated to the United States in 1914 , and his mother joined him in 1921 , after the death of Warhol 's grandparents . Warhol 's father worked in a coal mine . The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh . The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church . Andy Warhol had two older brothers -- Pavol ( Paul ) , the oldest , was born before the family emigrated ; Ján was born in Pittsburgh . Pavol 's son , James Warhola , became a successful children 's book illustrator . In third grade , Warhol had Sydenham 's chorea ( also known as St. Vitus ' Dance ) , the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities , which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness . He became a hypochondriac , developing a fear of hospitals and doctors . Often bedridden as a child , he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother . At times when he was confined to bed , he drew , listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed . Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality , skill - set and preferences . When Warhol was 13 , his father died in an accident . As a teenager , Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945 . Also as a teen , Warhol won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award . After graduating from high school , his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher , but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology , now Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , where he studied commercial art . During his time there , Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society . He also served as art director of the student art magazine , Cano , illustrating a cover in 1948 and a full - page interior illustration in 1949 . These are believed to be his first two published artworks . Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949 . Later that year , he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising . 1950s Warhol 's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art , where his first commission had been to draw shoes for Glamour magazine in the late 1940s . In the 1950s , Warhol worked as a designer for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller . American photographer John Coplans recalled that nobody drew shoes the way Andy did . He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own , a sort of sly , Toulouse - Lautrec kind of sophistication , but the shape and the style came through accurately and the buckle was always in the right place . The kids in the apartment ( which Andy shared in New York -- note by Coplans ) noticed that the vamps on Andy 's shoe drawings kept getting longer and longer but ( Israel ) Miller did n't mind . Miller loved them . Warhol 's `` whimsical '' ink drawings of shoe advertisements figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York . Warhol was an early adopter of the silk screen printmaking process as a technique for making paintings . While working in the shoe industry , Warhol developed his `` blotted line '' technique , applying ink to paper and then blotting the ink while still wet , which was akin to a printmaking process on the most rudimentary scale . His use of tracing paper and ink allowed him to repeat the basic image and also to create endless variations on the theme , a method that prefigures his 1960s silk - screen canvas . In his book Popism : The Warhol Sixties , Warhol writes , `` When you do something exactly wrong , you always turn up something . '' With the rapid expansion of the record industry , RCA Records hired Warhol , along with another freelance artist , Sid Maurer , to design album covers and promotional materials . 1960s Warhol ( left ) and Tennessee Williams ( right ) talking on the SS France , 1967 . He began exhibiting his work during the 1950s . He held exhibitions at the Hugo Gallery and the Bodley Gallery in New York City ; in California , his first West Coast gallery exhibition was on July 9 , 1962 , in the Ferus Gallery of Los Angeles . The exhibition marked his West Coast debut of pop art . Andy Warhol 's first New York solo pop art exhibition was hosted at Eleanor Ward 's Stable Gallery November 6 -- 24 , 1962 . The exhibit included the works Marilyn Diptych , 100 Soup Cans , 100 Coke Bottles , and 100 Dollar Bills . At the Stable Gallery exhibit , the artist met for the first time poet John Giorno who would star in Warhol 's first film , Sleep , in 1963 . It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American objects such as dollar bills , mushroom clouds , electric chairs , Campbell 's Soup Cans , Coca - Cola bottles , celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe , Elvis Presley , Marlon Brando , Troy Donahue , Muhammad Ali , and Elizabeth Taylor , as well as newspaper headlines or photographs of police dogs attacking African - American protesters during the Birmingham campaign in the Civil Rights Movement . During these years , he founded his studio , `` The Factory '' and gathered about him a wide range of artists , writers , musicians , and underground celebrities . His work became popular and controversial . Warhol had this to say about Coca - Cola : What 's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest . You can be watching TV and see Coca - Cola , and you know that the President drinks Coca - Cola , Liz Taylor drinks Coca - Cola , and just think , you can drink Coca - Cola , too . A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking . All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good . Liz Taylor knows it , the President knows it , the bum knows it , and you know it . New York City 's Museum of Modern Art hosted a Symposium on pop art in December 1962 during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for `` capitulating '' to consumerism . Critics were scandalized by Warhol 's open embrace of market culture . This symposium set the tone for Warhol 's reception . A pivotal event was the 1964 exhibit The American Supermarket , a show held in Paul Bianchini 's Upper East Side gallery . The show was presented as a typical U.S. small supermarket environment , except that everything in it -- from the produce , canned goods , meat , posters on the wall , etc. -- was created by six prominent pop artists of the time , among them the controversial ( and like - minded ) Billy Apple , Mary Inman , and Robert Watts . Warhol 's painting of a can of Campbell 's soup cost $1,500 while each autographed can sold for $6 . The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is . Campbell 's Soup I ( 1968 ) Andy Warhol , between 1966 and 1977 As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s , Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity . Collaboration would remain a defining ( and controversial ) aspect of his working methods throughout his career ; this was particularly true in the 1960s . One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga . Malanga assisted the artist with the production of silkscreens , films , sculpture , and other works at `` The Factory '' , Warhol 's aluminum foil - and - silver - paint - lined studio on 47th Street ( later moved to Broadway ) . Other members of Warhol 's Factory crowd included Freddie Herko , Ondine , Ronald Tavel , Mary Woronov , Billy Name , and Brigid Berlin ( from whom he apparently got the idea to tape - record his phone conversations ) . During the 1960s , Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation `` Superstars '' , including Nico , Joe Dallesandro , Edie Sedgwick , Viva , Ultra Violet , Holly Woodlawn , Jackie Curtis , and Candy Darling . These people all participated in the Factory films , and some -- like Berlin -- remained friends with Warhol until his death . Important figures in the New York underground art / cinema world , such as writer John Giorno and film - maker Jack Smith , also appear in Warhol films of the 1960s , revealing Warhol 's connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this time . Less well known was his support and collaboration with several teen - agers during this era , who would achieve prominence later in life including writer David Dalton , photographer Stephen Shore and artist Bibbe Hansen ( mother of pop musician Beck ) . Attempted murder ( 1968 ) On June 3 , 1968 , radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya , art critic and curator , at Warhol 's studio . Before the shooting , Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene . She authored in 1967 the S.C.U.M. Manifesto , a separatist feminist tract that advocated the elimination of men ; and appeared in the 1968 Warhol film I , a Man . Earlier on the day of the attack , Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol . The script had apparently been misplaced . Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day . Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived : surgeons opened his chest and massaged his heart to help stimulate its movement again . He suffered physical effects for the rest of his life , including being required to wear a surgical corset . The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol 's life and art . Solanas was arrested the day after the assault , after turning herself in to police . By way of explanation , she said that Warhol `` had too much control over my life . '' She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the Department of Corrections . After the shooting , the Factory scene heavily increased security , and for many the `` Factory 60s '' ended . Warhol had this to say about the attack : `` Before I was shot , I always thought that I was more half - there than all - there -- I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life . People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal , but actually it 's the way things happen in life that 's unreal . The movies make emotions look so strong and real , whereas when things really do happen to you , it 's like watching television -- you do n't feel anything . Right when I was being shot and ever since , I knew that I was watching television . The channels switch , but it 's all television . '' 1970s Jimmy Carter and Andy Warhol in 1977 Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol 's work in the 1960s , the 1970s were a much quieter decade , as he became more entrepreneurial . According to Bob Colacello , Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new , rich patrons for portrait commissions -- including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi , his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , Mick Jagger , Liza Minnelli , John Lennon , Diana Ross , Luigi Accame , and Brigitte Bardot . Warhol 's famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973 . He also founded , with Gerard Malanga , Interview magazine , and published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol ( 1975 ) . An idea expressed in the book : `` Making money is art , and working is art and good business is the best art . '' Warhol socialized at various nightspots in New York City , including Max 's Kansas City ; and , later in the 1970s , Studio 54 . He was generally regarded as quiet , shy , and a meticulous observer . Art critic Robert Hughes called him `` the white mole of Union Square . '' With his longtime friend Stuart Pivar , Warhol founded the New York Academy of Art in 1979 . 1980s Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s , partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists , who were dominating the `` bull market '' of 1980s New York art : Jean - Michel Basquiat , Julian Schnabel , David Salle and other so - called Neo-Expressionists , as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe , including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi . Before the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics , he teamed with 15 other artists , including David Hockney and Cy Twombly , and contributed a Speed Skater print to the Art and Sport collection . The Speed Skater was used for the official Sarajevo Winter Olympics poster . By this time , graffiti artist Fab Five Freddy paid homage to Warhol when he painted an entire train with Campbell soup cans . This was instrumental in Freddy becoming involved in the underground NYC art scene and becoming an affiliate of Basquiat . By this period , Warhol was being criticized for becoming merely a `` business artist '' . In 1979 , reviewers disliked his exhibits of portraits of 1970s personalities and celebrities , calling them superficial , facile and commercial , with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects . They also criticized his 1980 exhibit of 10 portraits at the Jewish Museum in Manhattan , entitled Jewish Geniuses , which Warhol -- who was uninterested in Judaism and Jews -- had described in his diary as `` They 're going to sell . '' In hindsight , however , some critics have come to view Warhol 's superficiality and commerciality as `` the most brilliant mirror of our times , '' contending that `` Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s . '' Warhol also had an appreciation for intense Hollywood glamour . He once said : `` I love Los Angeles . I love Hollywood . They 're so beautiful . Everything 's plastic , but I love plastic . I want to be plastic . '' Death Warhol 's grave at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery Statue of Andy Warhol in Bratislava , Slovakia Warhol died in Manhattan at 6 : 32 a.m. on February 22 , 1987 . According to news reports , he had been making a good recovery from gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia . Prior to his diagnosis and operation , Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked , as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors . His family sued the hospital for inadequate care , saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication . The malpractice case was quickly settled out of court ; Warhol 's family received an undisclosed sum of money . Shortly before Warhol 's death , doctors expected Warhol to survive the surgery , though a revaluation of the case about thirty years after his death showed many indications that Warhol 's surgery was in fact riskier than originally thought . It was widely reported at the time that Warhol died of a `` routine '' surgery , though when considering factors such as his age , a family history of gallbladder problems , his previous gunshot wounds , and his medical state in the weeks leading up to the procedure , the potential risk of death following the surgery appeared to have been significant . Warhol 's brothers took his body back to Pittsburgh , where an open - coffin wake was held at the Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home . The solid bronze casket had gold - plated rails and white upholstery . Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit , a paisley tie , a platinum wig , and sunglasses . He was laid out holding a small prayer book and a red rose . The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh 's North Side . The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay . Yoko Ono and John Richardson were speakers . The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns . After the liturgy , the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park , a south suburb of Pittsburgh . At the grave , the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on the casket . Before the coffin was lowered , Paige Powell dropped a copy of Interview magazine , an Interview T - shirt , and a bottle of the Estee Lauder perfume `` Beautiful '' into the grave . Warhol was buried next to his mother and father . A memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1 , 1987 , at St. Patrick 's Cathedral , New York . Foundation Warhol 's will dictated that his entire estate -- with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members -- would go to create a foundation dedicated to the `` advancement of the visual arts '' . Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby 's nine days to auction his estate after his death ; the auction grossed more than US $20 million . In 1987 , in accordance with Warhol 's will , the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began . The foundation serves as the estate of Andy Warhol , but also has a mission `` to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process '' and is `` focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature . '' The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills . The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh . Additionally , the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive . All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis , while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource . The Andy Warhol Foundation released its 20th Anniversary Annual Report as a three - volume set in 2007 : Vol . I , 1987 -- 2007 ; Vol. II , Grants & Exhibitions ; and Vol . III , Legacy Program . The Foundation remains one of the largest grant - giving organizations for the visual arts in the U.S. Many of Warhol 's works and possessions are on display at The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh . The foundation donated more than 3,000 works of art to the museum . Works Paintings By the beginning of the 1960s , pop art was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting ; some of these pioneers , such as Roy Lichtenstein , would later become synonymous with the movement . Warhol , who would become famous as the `` Pope of Pop '' , turned to this new style , where popular subjects could be part of the artist 's palette . His early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements , hand - painted with paint drips . Marilyn Monroe was a pop art painting that Warhol had done and it was very popular . Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists ( such as Willem de Kooning ) . Warhol 's first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961 , serving as the backdrop for New York Department Store Bronwit Teller 's window display . This was the same stage his Pop Art contemporaries Jasper Johns , James Rosenquist and Robert Rauschenberg had also once graced . It was the gallerist Muriel Latow who came up with the ideas for both the soup cans and Warhol 's dollar paintings . On November 23 , 1961 , Warhol wrote Latow a check for $50 which , according to the 2009 Warhol biography , Pop , The Genius of Warhol , was payment for coming up with the idea of the soup cans as subject matter . For his first major exhibition , Warhol painted his famous cans of Campbell 's soup , which he claimed to have had for lunch for most of his life . A 1964 Large Campbell 's Soup Can was sold in a 2007 Sotheby 's auction to a South American collector for £ 5.1 million ( $7.4 million ) . He loved celebrities , so he painted them as well . From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects . Instead of working on a signature subject matter , as he started out to do , he worked more and more on a signature style , slowly eliminating the handmade from the artistic process . Warhol frequently used silk - screening ; his later drawings were traced from slide projections . At the height of his fame as a painter , Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk - screen multiples , following his directions to make different versions and variations . In 1979 , Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group - 4 race version of the then `` elite supercar '' BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project . It was reported at the time that , unlike the three artists before him , Warhol opted to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer his scale - model design to the car . It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes to paint the entire car . Warhol produced both comic and serious works ; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair . Warhol used the same techniques -- silkscreens , reproduced serially , and often painted with bright colors -- whether he painted celebrities , everyday objects , or images of suicide , car crashes , and disasters , as in the 1962 -- 63 Death and Disaster series . The Death and Disaster paintings included Red Car Crash , Purple Jumping Man , and Orange Disaster . One of these paintings , the diptych Silver Car Crash , became the highest priced work of his when it sold at Sotheby 's Contemporary Art Auction on Wednesday , November 13 , 2013 , for $105.4 million . Some of Warhol 's work , as well as his own personality , has been described as being Keatonesque . Warhol has been described as playing dumb to the media . He sometimes refused to explain his work . He has suggested that all one needs to know about his work is `` already there ' on the surface ' . '' His Rorschach inkblots are intended as pop comments on art and what art could be . His cow wallpaper ( literally , wallpaper with a cow motif ) and his oxidation paintings ( canvases prepared with copper paint that was then oxidized with urine ) are also noteworthy in this context . Equally noteworthy is the way these works -- and their means of production -- mirrored the atmosphere at Andy 's New York `` Factory '' . Biographer Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy 's `` piss paintings '' : Victor ... was Andy 's ghost pisser on the Oxidations . He would come to the Factory to urinate on canvases that had already been primed with copper - based paint by Andy or Ronnie Cutrone , a second ghost pisser much appreciated by Andy , who said that the vitamin B that Ronnie took made a prettier color when the acid in the urine turned the copper green . Did Andy ever use his own urine ? My diary shows that when he first began the series , in December 1977 , he did , and there were many others : boys who 'd come to lunch and drink too much wine , and find it funny or even flattering to be asked to help Andy ' paint ' . Andy always had a little extra bounce in his walk as he led them to his studio . Warhol 's first portrait of Basquiat ( 1982 ) is a black photo - silkscreen over an oxidized copper `` piss painting '' . After many years of silkscreen , oxidation , photography , etc. , Warhol returned to painting with a brush in hand in a series of more than 50 large collaborative works done with Jean - Michel Basquiat between 1984 and 1986 . Despite negative criticism when these were first shown , Warhol called some of them `` masterpieces , '' and they were influential for his later work . Andy Warhol was commissioned in 1984 by collector and gallerist Alexander Iolas to produce work based on Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper for an exhibition at the old refectory of the Palazzo delle Stelline in Milan , opposite from the Santa Maria delle Grazie where Leonardo da Vinci 's mural can be seen . Warhol exceeded the demands of the commission and produced nearly 100 variations on the theme , mostly silkscreens and paintings , and among them a collaborative sculpture with Basquiat , the Ten Punching Bags ( Last Supper ) . The Milan exhibition that opened in January 1987 with a set of 22 silk - screens , was the last exhibition for both the artist and the gallerist . The series of The Last Supper was seen by some as `` arguably his greatest , '' but by others as `` wishy - washy , religiose '' and `` spiritless . '' It is the largest series of religious - themed works by any U.S. artist . Artist Maurizio Cattelan describes that it is difficult to separate daily encounters from the art of Andy Warhol : `` That 's probably the greatest thing about Warhol : the way he penetrated and summarized our world , to the point that distinguishing between him and our everyday life is basically impossible , and in any case useless . '' Warhol was an inspiration towards Cattelan 's magazine and photography compilations , such as Permanent Food , Charley , and Toilet Paper . In the period just before his death , Warhol was working on Cars , a series of paintings for Mercedes - Benz . A self - portrait by Andy Warhol ( 1963 -- 64 ) , which sold in New York at the May Post-War and Contemporary evening sale in Christie 's , fetched $38.4 million . On May 9 , 2012 , his classic painting Double Elvis ( Ferus Type ) sold at auction at Sotheby 's in New York for US $33 million . With commission , the sale price totaled US $37,042,500 , short of the $50 million that Sotheby 's had predicted the painting might bring . The piece ( silkscreen ink and spray paint on canvas ) shows Elvis Presley in a gunslinger pose . It was first exhibited in 1963 at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles . Warhol made 22 versions of the Double Elvis , nine of which are held in museums . In November 2013 , his Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) diptych sold at Sotheby 's Contemporary Art Auction for $105.4 million , a new record for the pop artist ( pre-auction estimates were at $80 million ) . Created in 1963 , this work had rarely been seen in public in the previous years . In November 2014 , Triple Elvis sold for $81.9 m ( £ 51.9 m ) at an auction in New York . Films Warhol worked across a wide range of media -- painting , photography , drawing , and sculpture . In addition , he was a highly prolific filmmaker . Between 1963 and 1968 , he made more than 60 films , plus some 500 short black - and - white `` screen test '' portraits of Factory visitors . One of his most famous films , Sleep , monitors poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours . The 35 - minute film Blow Job is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter supposedly receiving oral sex from filmmaker Willard Maas , although the camera never tilts down to see this . Another , Empire ( 1964 ) , consists of eight hours of footage of the Empire State Building in New York City at dusk . The film Eat consists of a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes . Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition by LaMonte Young called Trio for Strings and subsequently created his famous series of static films including Kiss , Eat , and Sleep ( for which Young initially was commissioned to provide music ) . Uwe Husslein cites filmmaker Jonas Mekas , who accompanied Warhol to the Trio premiere , and who claims Warhol 's static films were directly inspired by the performance . Batman Dracula is a 1964 film that was produced and directed by Warhol , without the permission of DC Comics . It was screened only at his art exhibits . A fan of the Batman series , Warhol 's movie was an `` homage '' to the series , and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman . The film was until recently thought to have been lost , until scenes from the picture were shown at some length in the 2006 documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis . Warhol 's 1965 film Vinyl is an adaptation of Anthony Burgess ' popular dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange . Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin , Viva , Edie Sedgwick , Candy Darling , Holly Woodlawn , Ondine , Nico , and Jackie Curtis . Legendary underground artist Jack Smith appears in the film Camp . His most popular and critically successful film was Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) . The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two 16 mm - films being projected simultaneously , with two different stories being shown in tandem . From the projection booth , the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that `` story '' while it was lowered for the other . The multiplication of images evoked Warhol 's seminal silk - screen works of the early 1960s . Other important films include Bike Boy , My Hustler , The Nude Restaurant , and Lonesome Cowboys , a raunchy pseudo-western . These and other titles document gay underground and camp culture , and continue to feature prominently in scholarship about sexuality and art . Warhol was a fan of filmmaker Radley Metzger 's film work and commented that Metzger 's film , The Lickerish Quartet , was `` an outrageously kinky masterpiece '' . Blue Movie -- a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love in bed with Louis Waldon , another Warhol superstar -- was Warhol 's last film as director . The film , a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn , was , at the time , controversial for its frank approach to a sexual encounter . Blue Movie was publicly screened in New York City in 2005 , for the first time in more than 30 years . After his June 3 , 1968 , shooting , a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking . His acolyte and assistant director , Paul Morrissey , took over the film - making chores for the Factory collective , steering Warhol - branded cinema towards more mainstream , narrative - based , B - movie exploitation fare with Flesh , Trash , and Heat . All of these films , including the later Andy Warhol 's Dracula and Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein , were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted . These latter `` Warhol '' films starred Joe Dallesandro -- more of a Morrissey star than a true Warhol superstar . In the early 1970s , most of the films directed by Warhol were pulled out of circulation by Warhol and the people around him who ran his business . After Warhol 's death , the films were slowly restored by the Whitney Museum and are occasionally projected at museums and film festivals . Few of the Warhol - directed films are available on video or DVD . Filmography Main article : Andy Warhol filmography Factory in New York Main article : The Factory Factory : 1342 Lexington Avenue ( the first Factory ) The Factory : 231 East 47th Street , 1963 -- 67 ( the building no longer exists ) Factory : 33 Union Square , 1967 -- 73 ( Decker Building ) Factory : 860 Broadway ( near 33 Union Square ) , 1973 -- 84 ( the building has now been completely remodeled and was for a time ( 2000 -- 2001 ) the headquarters of the dot - com consultancy Scient ) Factory : 22 East 33rd Street , 1984 -- 87 ( the building no longer exists ) Home : 1342 Lexington Avenue Home : 57 East 66th Street ( Warhol 's last home ) Last personal studio : 158 Madison Avenue Music In the mid-1960s , Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground , making them a crucial element of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performance art show . Warhol , with Paul Morrissey , acted as the band 's manager , introducing them to Nico ( who would perform with the band at Warhol 's request ) . In 1966 he `` produced '' their first album The Velvet Underground & Nico , as well as providing its album art . His actual participation in the album 's production amounted to simply paying for the studio time . After the band 's first album , Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take , and their artistic friendship ended . In 1989 , after Warhol 's death , Reed and John Cale re-united for the first time since 1972 to write , perform , record and release the concept album Songs for Drella , a tribute to Warhol . Warhol designed many album covers for various artists starting with the photographic cover of John Wallowitch 's debut album , This Is John Wallowitch ! ! ! ( 1964 ) . He designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones ' albums Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Love You Live ( 1977 ) , and the John Cale albums The Academy in Peril ( 1972 ) and Honi Soit in 1981 . One of Warhol 's last works was a portrait of Aretha Franklin for the cover of her 1986 gold album Aretha , which was done in the style of the Reigning Queens series he had completed the year before . Warhol strongly influenced the new wave / punk rock band Devo , as well as David Bowie . Bowie recorded a song called `` Andy Warhol '' for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Lou Reed wrote the song `` Andy 's Chest '' , about Valerie Solanas , the woman who shot Warhol , in 1968 . He recorded it with the Velvet Underground , and this version was released on the VU album in 1985 . Bowie would later play Warhol in the 1996 movie , Basquiat . Bowie recalled how meeting Warhol in real life helped him in the role , and recounted his early meetings with him : I met him a couple of times , but we seldom shared more than platitudes . The first time we saw each other an awkward silence fell till he remarked my bright yellow shoes and started talking enthusiastically . He wanted to be very superficial . And seemingly emotionless , indifferent , just like a dead fish . Lou Reed described him most profoundly when he once told me they should bring a doll of Andy on the market : a doll that you wind up and does n't do anything . But I managed to observe him well , and that was a helping hand for the film ( Basquiat ). ... We borrowed his clothes from the museum in Pittsburgh , and they were intact , unwashed . Even the pockets were n't emptied : they contained pancake , white , deadly pale fond de teint which Andy always smeared on his face , a check torn in pieces , someone 's address , lots of homeopathic pills and a wig . Andy always wore those silver wigs , but he never admitted it were wigs . One of his hairdressers has told me lately that he had his wigs regularly cut , like it were real hair . When the wig was trimmed , he put on another next month as if his hair had grown . Books and print Beginning in the early 1950s , Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work . The first of several bound self - published books by Warhol was 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy , printed in 1954 by Seymour Berlin on Arches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs . The original edition was limited to 190 numbered , hand colored copies , using Dr. Martin 's ink washes . Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends . Copy No. 4 , inscribed `` Jerry '' on the front cover and given to Geraldine Stutz , was used for a facsimile printing in 1987 , and the original was auctioned in May 2006 for US $35,000 by Doyle New York . Other self - published books by Warhol include : A Gold Book Wild Raspberries Holy Cats Warhol 's book A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu ( 1955 ) marked his `` transition from commercial to gallery artist '' . ( The title is a play on words by Warhol on the title of French author Marcel Proust 's À la recherche du temps perdu . ) After gaining fame , Warhol `` wrote '' several books that were commercially published : a , A Novel ( 1968 , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3553 - 6 ) is a literal transcription -- containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling -- of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Andy Warhol 's friends hanging out at the Factory , talking , going out . The Philosophy of Andy Warhol ( From A to B & Back Again ) ( 1975 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 671720 - 4 ) -- according to Pat Hackett 's introduction to The Andy Warhol Diaries , Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations , sometimes ( when Warhol was traveling ) using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her . Said cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin ( also known as Brigid Polk ) and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello . Popism : The Warhol Sixties ( 1980 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 672960 - 1 ) , authored by Warhol and Pat Hackett , is a retrospective view of the 1960s and the role of pop art . The Andy Warhol Diaries ( 1989 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 39138 - 7 ) , edited by Pat Hackett , is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations . Warhol started the diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited , although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations . Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview that is still published today . The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother , Julia Warhola , who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces . Other media Although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films , he authored works in many different media . Drawing : Warhol started his career as a commercial illustrator , producing drawings in `` blotted - ink '' style for advertisements and magazine articles . Best known of these early works are his drawings of shoes . Some of his personal drawings were self - published in small booklets , such as Yum , Yum , Yum ( about food ) , Ho , Ho , Ho ( about Christmas ) and ( of course ) Shoes , Shoes , Shoes . His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably A Gold Book , compiled of sensitive drawings of young men . A Gold Book is so named because of the gold leaf that decorates its pages . In April 2012 a sketch of 1930s singer Rudy Vallee claimed to have been drawn by Andy Warhol was found at a Las Vegas garage sale . The image was said to have been drawn when Andy was nine or 10 . Various authorities have challenged the image 's authenticity . Silver Clouds Reproduction at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris , December 2015 , Warhol Unlimited Exposition Sculpture : Warhol 's most famous sculpture is probably his Brillo Boxes , silkscreened ink on wood replicas of the large , branded cardboard boxes used to hold 24 packages of Brillo soap pads . The original Brillo design was by commercial artist James Harvey . Warhol 's sculpture was part of a series of `` grocery carton '' works that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell 's tomato juice cases . Other famous works include the Silver Clouds -- helium filled , silver mylar , pillow - shaped balloons . A Silver Cloud was included in the traveling exhibition Air Art ( 1968 -- 1969 ) curated by Willoughby Sharp . Clouds was also adapted by Warhol for avant - garde choreographer Merce Cunningham 's dance piece RainForest ( 1968 ) . Audio : At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went , taping everything everybody said and did . He referred to this device as his `` wife '' . Some of these tapes were the basis for his literary work . Another audio - work of Warhol 's was his Invisible Sculpture , a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room . Warhol 's cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer . Time Capsules : In 1973 , Warhol began saving ephemera from his daily life -- correspondence , newspapers , souvenirs , childhood objects , even used plane tickets and food -- which was sealed in plain cardboard boxes dubbed Time Capsules . By the time of his death , the collection grew to include 600 , individually dated `` capsules '' . The boxes are now housed at the Andy Warhol Museum . Television : Andy Warhol dreamed of a television special about a favorite subject of his -- Nothing -- that he would call The Nothing Special . Later in his career he did create two cable television shows , Andy Warhol 's TV in 1982 and Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes ( based on his famous `` fifteen minutes of fame '' quotation ) for MTV in 1986 . Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances on other programs , including The Love Boat wherein a Midwestern wife ( Marion Ross ) fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband ( Tom Bosley , who starred alongside Ross in sitcom Happy Days ) her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey . Warhol also produced a TV commercial for Schrafft 's Restaurants in New York City , for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the `` Underground Sundae '' . Fashion : Warhol is quoted for having said : `` I 'd rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall , than put a painting , would n't you ? '' One of his most well - known Superstars , Edie Sedgwick , aspired to be a fashion designer , and his good friend Halston was a famous one . Warhol 's work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses , a short sub-career as a catwalk - model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion ( shoes ) as a subject . Warhol himself has been described as a modern dandy , whose authority `` rested more on presence than on words '' . Performance Art : Warhol and his friends staged theatrical multimedia happenings at parties and public venues , combining music , film , slide projections and even Gerard Malanga in an S&M outfit cracking a whip . The Exploding Plastic Inevitable in 1966 was the culmination of this area of his work . Theater : Andy Warhol 's Pork opened on May 5 , 1971 , at LaMama theater in New York for a two - week run and was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August 1971 . Pork was based on tape - recorded conversations between Brigid Berlin and Andy during which Brigid would play for Andy tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother , socialite Honey Berlin . The play featured Jayne County as `` Vulva '' and Cherry Vanilla as `` Amanda Pork '' . In 1974 , Andy Warhol also produced the stage musical Man on the Moon , which was written by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas . Photography : To produce his silkscreens , Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants . These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of Polaroid camera that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol . This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography . Warhol was an accomplished photographer , and took an enormous amount of photographs of Factory visitors , friends . Computer : Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art , including You Are the One , which he helped design and build with Amiga , Inc . He also displayed the difference between slow fill and fast fill on live TV with Debbie Harry as a model . ( video ) Producer and product Warhol had assistance in producing his paintings . This is also true of his film - making and commercial enterprises . He founded the gossip magazine Interview , a stage for celebrities he `` endorsed '' and a business staffed by his friends . He collaborated with others on all of his books ( some of which were written with Pat Hackett . ) He adopted the young painter Jean - Michel Basquiat , and the band The Velvet Underground , presenting them to the public as his latest interest , and collaborating with them . One might even say that he produced people ( as in the Warholian `` Superstar '' and the Warholian portrait ) . He endorsed products , appeared in commercials , and made frequent celebrity guest appearances on television shows and in films ( he appeared in everything from Love Boat to Saturday Night Live and the Richard Pryor movie Dynamite Chicken ) . In this respect Warhol was a fan of `` Art Business '' and `` Business Art '' -- he , in fact , wrote about his interest in thinking about art as business in The Philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and Back Again . Personal life Sexuality Warhol was gay . Interviewed in 1980 , he indicated that he was still a virgin -- biographer Bob Colacello who was present at the interview felt it was probably true and that what little sex he had was probably `` a mixture of voyeurism and masturbation -- to use his ( Andy 's ) word abstract '' . Warhol 's assertion of virginity would seem to be contradicted by his hospital treatment in 1960 for condylomata , a sexually transmitted disease . It has also been contradicted by his lovers , including Warhol muse BillyBoy who has said they had sex to orgasm : `` When he was n't being Andy Warhol and when you were just alone with him he was an incredibly generous and very kind person . What seduced me was the Andy Warhol who I saw alone . In fact when I was with him in public he kind of got on my nerves .... I 'd say : ' You 're just obnoxious , I ca n't bear you . '' Asked if Warhol was only a voyeur , Billy Name also denied it , saying : `` He was the essence of sexuality . It permeated everything . Andy exuded it , along with his great artistic creativity .... It brought a joy to the whole art world in New York . '' `` But his personality was so vulnerable that it became a defense to put up the blank front . '' Warhol 's lovers included John Giorno , Billy Name , Charles Lisanby , and Jon Gould . His boyfriend of 12 years was Jed Johnson , whom he met in 1968 , and who later achieved fame as an interior designer . The fact that Warhol 's homosexuality influenced his work and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on the artist and is an issue that Warhol himself addressed in interviews , in conversation with his contemporaries , and in his publications ( e.g. , Popism : The Warhol 1960s ) . Throughout his career , Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes . Many of his most famous works ( portraits of Liza Minnelli , Judy Garland , and Elizabeth Taylor , and films such as Blow Job , My Hustler and Lonesome Cowboys ) draw from gay underground culture or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire . As has been addressed by a range of scholars , many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters . The first works that Warhol submitted to a fine art gallery , homoerotic drawings of male nudes , were rejected for being too openly gay . In Popism , furthermore , the artist recalls a conversation with the film maker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty Warhol had being accepted socially by the then - more - famous ( but closeted ) gay artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg . De Antonio explained that Warhol was `` too swish and that upsets them . '' In response to this , Warhol writes , `` There was nothing I could say to that . It was all too true . So I decided I just was n't going to care , because those were all the things that I did n't want to change anyway , that I did n't think I ' should ' want to change ... Other people could change their attitudes but not me '' . In exploring Warhol 's biography , many turn to this period -- the late 1950s and early 1960s -- as a key moment in the development of his persona . Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work , to speak about himself ( confining himself in interviews to responses like `` Um , no '' and `` Um , yes '' , and often allowing others to speak for him ) -- and even the evolution of his pop style -- can be traced to the years when Warhol was first dismissed by the inner circles of the New York art world . Religious beliefs Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle ( 1986 ) . Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme , which the Guggenheim felt `` indicates an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter . '' Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Catholic . He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York City , particularly during the busier times of the year , and described himself as a religious person . Many of Warhol 's later works depicted religious subjects , including two series , Details of Renaissance Paintings ( 1984 ) and The Last Supper ( 1986 ) . In addition , a body of religious - themed works was found posthumously in his estate . During his life , Warhol regularly attended Mass , and the priest at Warhol 's church , Saint Vincent Ferrer , said that the artist went there almost daily , although he was not observed taking Communion or going to Confession and sat or knelt in the pews at the back . The priest thought he was afraid of being recognized ; Warhol said he was self - conscious about being seen in a Roman Rite church crossing himself `` in the Orthodox way '' ( right to left instead of the reverse ) . His art is noticeably influenced by the Eastern Christian tradition which was so evident in his places of worship . Warhol 's brother has described the artist as `` really religious , but he did n't want people to know about that because ( it was ) private '' . Despite the private nature of his faith , in Warhol 's eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout : `` To my certain knowledge , he was responsible for at least one conversion . He took considerable pride in financing his nephew 's studies for the priesthood '' . Collections Warhol was an avid collector . His friends referred to his numerous collections , which filled not only his four - story townhouse , but also a nearby storage unit , as `` Andy 's Stuff . '' The true extent of his collections was not discovered until after his death , when the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh took in 641 boxes of his `` Stuff . '' Warhol 's collections included airplane menus , unpaid invoices , pizza dough , pornographic pulp novels , newspapers , stamps , supermarket flyers , and cookie jars , among other eccentricities . It also included significant works of art , such as George Bellows 's Miss Bentham . One of his main collections was his wigs . Warhol owned more than 40 and felt very protective of his hairpieces , which were sewn by a New York wig - maker from hair imported from Italy . In 1985 a girl snatched Warhol 's wig off his head . It was later discovered in Warhol 's diary entry for that day that he wrote : `` I do n't know what held me back from pushing her over the balcony . '' Another item found in Warhol 's boxes at the museum in Pittsburgh was a mummified human foot from Ancient Egypt . The curator of anthropology at Carnegie Museum of Natural History felt that Warhol most likely found it at a flea market . Media about Warhol Warhol ( right ) with director Ulli Lommel on the set of 1979 's Cocaine Cowboys , in which Warhol appeared as himself Films Warhol appeared as himself in the film Cocaine Cowboys ( 1979 ) . After his death , Warhol was portrayed by Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone 's film The Doors ( 1991 ) , by David Bowie in Julian Schnabel 's film Basquiat ( 1996 ) , and by Jared Harris in Mary Harron 's film I Shot Andy Warhol ( 1996 ) . Warhol appears as a character in Michael Daugherty 's opera Jackie O ( 1997 ) . Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol in Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery ( 1997 ) . Many films by avant - garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught the moments of Warhol 's life . Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film 54 ( 1998 ) . Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the film Factory Girl ( 2007 ) about Edie Sedgwick 's life . Actor Greg Travis portrays Warhol in a brief scene from the film Watchmen ( 2009 ) . In the movie Highway to Hell a group of Andy Warhols are part of the Good Intentions Paving Company where good - intentioned souls are ground into pavement . In the film Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) Andy Warhol turns out to really be undercover MIB Agent W ( played by Bill Hader ) . Warhol is throwing a party at The Factory in 1969 , where he is looked up by MIB Agents K and J ( J from the future ) . Agent W is desperate to end his undercover job ( `` I 'm so out of ideas I 'm painting soup cans and bananas , for Christ sakes ! '' and `` You got ta fake my death , okay ? I ca n't listen to sitar music anymore . '' ) Andy Warhol ( portrayed by Tom Meeten ) is one of main characters of the 2012 British television show Noel Fielding 's Luxury Comedy . The character is portrayed as having robot - like mannerisms . Gus Van Sant was planning a version of Warhol 's life with River Phoenix in the lead role just before Phoenix 's death in 1993 . In the 2017 feature The Billionaire Boys Club Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in a film based on the true story about Ron Levin ( portrayed by Kevin Spacey ) a friend of Warhol 's who was murdered in 1986 . In September 2016 , it was announced that Jared Leto would portray the title character in Warhol , an upcoming American biographical drama film produced by Michael De Luca and written by Terence Winter , based on the book Warhol : The Biography by Victor Bockris . Documentaries The documentary Absolut Warhola ( 2001 ) was produced by Polish director Stanislaw Mucha , featuring Warhol 's parents ' family and hometown in Slovakia . Andy Warhol : A Documentary Film ( 2006 ) is a reverential , four - hour movie by Ric Burns that won a Peabody Award in 2006 . Andy Warhol : Double Denied ( 2006 ) is a 52 - minute movie by Ian Yentob about the difficulties authenticating Warhol 's work . Andy Warhol 's People Factory ( 2008 ) , a three - part television documentary directed by Catherine Shorr , features interviews with several of Warhol 's associates . Television Warhol appeared as a recurring character in TV series Vinyl , played by John Cameron Mitchell . In the episode of The Simpsons `` Mom and Pop Art '' , Warhol appears in Homer 's nightmare , throwing soup cans at Homer . Warhol was portrayed by Evan Peters in the American Horror Story : Cult episode `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' . The episode depicts the attempted assassination of Warhol by Valerie Solanas ( Lena Dunham ) . Honors In 2002 , the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18 - cent stamp commemorating Warhol . Designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale , Arizona , the stamp was unveiled at a ceremony at The Andy Warhol Museum and features Warhol 's painting `` Self - Portrait , 1964 '' . In March 2011 , a chrome statue of Andy Warhol and his Polaroid camera was revealed at Union Square in New York City . See also Art portal Biography portal Pittsburgh portal New York City portal Warhol superstars Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art , Medzilaborce , Slovakia Andy Warhol Bridge , Pittsburgh , PA Bodley Gallery 15 minutes of fame Joel Wachs , president , Andy Warhol Foundation LGBT culture in New York City Moon Museum Painting the Century : 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900 -- 2000 References Jump up ^ Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary : `` Warhol '' Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol painting sells for $105 M '' . New York Daily News . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A special report on the art market : The Pop master 's highs and lows '' . The Economist . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol : Biography '' . Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . 2002 . 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Footnotes : On Shoes ; Rutgers University Press ; February 1 , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0813528717 ; pp. 44 -- 48 Jump up ^ For Israel Miller see i.a. `` A Little Jewel Box of a Shoe Store '' by Christopher Gray , The New York Times , February 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Warhol 's dollar bills painting fetches millions '' . MSNBC Today . November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tony Scherman , David Dalton ( 2010 ) . Pop : The Genius of Andy Warhol . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060936631 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Andrew ; Simon Spence ; Christine Ohlman ( 2002 ) . 2Stoned . London : Secker and Warburg . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 436 - 28015 - 9 . OCLC 50215773 . Jump up ^ Warhol biography , Gagosian Gallery . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bodley Gallery Warhol exhibition announcement . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Angell , Callie ( 2006 ) . Andy Warhol screen tests : the films of Andy Warhol : catalogue raisonné . New York City : Harry N. Abrams , Inc. p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5539 - 3 . OCLC 61162132 . 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New York City : Harry N. Abrams . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5806 - 6 . Jump up ^ Solanas , Valerie ( 2004 ) ( 1967 ) . SCUM Manifesto . London : Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 553 - 3 . OCLC 53932627 . Jump up ^ Jobey , Liz , `` Solanas and Son , '' The Guardian ( Manchester , England ) , August 24 , 1996 , p , T10 and following . Jump up ^ Harding , James ( 2001 ) . `` The Simplest Surrealist Act : Valerie Solanas and the ( Re ) Assertion of Avantgarde Priorities '' . TDR / The Drama Review . 45 ( 4 ; Winter 2001 ) : 142 -- 162 . doi : 10.1162 / 105420401772990388 . ^ Jump up to : Warhol , Andy ; Pat Hacket ( 1980 ) . POPism : the Warhol ' 60s . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 287 -- 295 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 173095 - 4 . OCLC 5673923 . Jump up ^ Kristine Stiles ; Peter Howard Selz ( 1996 ) . Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art : a Sourcebook of Artists ' Writings . University of California Press . pp. 345 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20251 - 1 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . 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ISBN 1606996908 . ^ Jump up to : Lando , Michal ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` Reexamining Warhol 's Jews '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bockris , Victor ; Gerard Malanga ( 2002 ) . Up - tight : the Velvet Underground story . London : Omnibus Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9170 - 7 . OCLC 49906101 . Jump up ^ Boorstin , Robert O. ( April 13 , 1987 ) . `` Hospital Asserts it Gave Warhol Adequate Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ronald ( December 5 , 1991 ) . `` Care faulted in the death of warhol '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol Heirs Settle Lawsuit With Hospital Over Artist 's Death '' . Orlando Sentinel . December 24 , 1991 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : GOPNIK , BLAKE . `` Warhol 's Death : Not So Simple , After All '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott . Resting Places : The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons , 3d ed. : 2 ( Kindle Location 49627 ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Most Frequently Requested '' . Artists Rights Society . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Museum info : FAQ '' . The Andy Warhol Museum . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . 2002 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . ( 2007 ) . The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 1987 -- 2007 ( PDF ) . New York City : The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . ISBN 0 - 9765263 - 1 - X . OCLC 180133918 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wachs , Joel ; Michael Straus ( 2002 ) . `` Past & Present '' . The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Andy Warhol Museum , The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Jump up ^ Smith , Patrick S ( 1986 ) . Andy Warhol 's Art and Films ; UMI Research Press ; p. 98 ; ISBN 0 - 8357 - 1733 - X Jump up ^ `` The Soup Cans -- Andy Warhol '' . Warholstars.org . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early Lucian Freud Painting Leads Sotheby 's $100 Million Contemporary Art Evening Sale '' by Colin Gleadell , Artnet , February 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Colacello , Bob ( 1990 ) , p. 28 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38056 - 3 . Jump up ^ Claudia Schmuckli , `` Andy Warhol : The Last Supper '' ( June 1999 -- December 2001 ) Guggenheim Museum SoHo . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collaboration with Andy Warhol : Jean Michel Basquiat Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Andy Warhol Museum . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Court dispute over Alexander Iolas ' estate : `` Anagnostou vs. Stifel Case -- Supreme Court of the State of New York '' , Leagle , Inc. , December 6 , 1990 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dillenberger , Jane ( 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . London : Continuum . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1334 - X . OCLC 59540326 . Jump up ^ Anthony Haden - Guest , `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' , ArtNet , 1999 . Jump up ^ Spector , Nancy . Maurizio Cattelan : All . New York , NY : Guggenheim Museum Publications , 2011 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( September 1 , 2001 ) . `` Warhol : Cars '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol self - portrait fetches $38.4 m '' . BBC News . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP . `` Warhol ' Elvis ' sells for $37 M ; Lichtenstein , Weiwei works break own records at NYC auction '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warhol painting fetches record $105 M at NYC auction '' . Fox News . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol 's Elvis triptych sells for $81.9 m '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol Filmography '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schaffner ( 1999 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Husslein , Uwe ( 1990 ) . Pop goes art : Andy Warhol & Velvet Underground . Wuppertal . OCLC 165575494 . Jump up ^ Tinkcom , Matthew ( 2002 ) . Working like a homosexual : camp , capital , and cinema . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2862 - 3 . OCLC 48098591 . Jump up ^ Suárez , Juan Antonio ( 1996 ) . Bike boys , drag queens & superstars : avant - garde , mass culture , and gay identities in the 1960s underground cinema . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 32971 - X . OCLC 32548890 . Jump up ^ Hudson , David ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` This Is Softcore : The Art Cinema Erotica of Radley Metzger '' . Fandor . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandmir , Richard ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Radley Metzger , Whose Artful Erotica Turned Explicit , Dies at 88 '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Juliette ; Feldman , Caryl ; West , Ashley ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Press Release : Radley Metzger , pioneering filmmaker , dies at 88 '' . The Rialto Report . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Lickerish Quartet '' . Film Society of Lincoln Center . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( July 22 , 1969 ) . `` Movie Review -- Blue Movie ( 1968 ) Screen : Andy Warhol 's ' Blue Movie ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( August 10 , 1969 ) . `` Warhol 's Red Hot and ' Blue ' Movie . D1 . Print . ( behind paywall ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Comenas , Gary ( 2005 ) . `` Blue Movie ( 1968 ) '' . WarholStars.org . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Blue Movie ( 1969 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 2005 ) . `` Blue Movie + Viva At NY Film Festival '' . WarholStars.org . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bego , Mark ( 2001 ) . Aretha Franklin : The Queen of Soul . Da Capo Press . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80935 - 4 . OCLC 46488152 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Can the Real David Bowie Rise , Please ? '' . HUMO magazine . December 5 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russell , John ( December 6 , 1987 ) . `` Art '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ May 3 , 2006 , auction at Doyle New York . Retrieved August 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , John W. , Pamela Allara , and Andy Warhol . Possession Obsession : Andy Warhol and Collecting . Pittsburgh , PA : Andy Warhol Museum , 2002 , p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 9715688 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Colacello , Bob ( 1990 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Colacello , Bob ( 1990 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bourdon , David ( 1989 ) . Warhol . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1761 - 0 . OCLC 19389231 . Jump up ^ `` ' Andy Warhol sketch found ' in US garage sale '' . BBC News . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum ( 2004 ) . Andy Warhol : 365 Takes . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 23814 - 6 . OCLC 56117613 . Jump up ^ Bourdon , David ( 1989 ) . Warhol . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1761 - 0 . OCLC 19389231 . Jump up ^ Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum ( 2004 ) . Andy Warhol : 365 Takes . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 23814 - 6 . OCLC 56117613 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Underground Sundae '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters and Critics -- Andy Warhol Biography '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George Walden , Who 's a Dandy ? -- Dandyism and Beau Brummell , London : Gibson Square , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 903933 - 18 - 8 . Reviewed by Frances Wilson in `` Uncommon People '' , The Guardian , October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bourdon , David ( 1989 ) . Warhol . New York : Harry N. Abrams . pp. 221 -- 225 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1761 - 0 . OCLC 19389231 . Jump up ^ `` The Andy Warhol Museum '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol 's Amiga Experiments '' . 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1928 - 1987 , , Warhol , Andy , . The philosophy of Andy Warhol : ( from A to B and back again ) . ISBN 9780547543437 . OCLC 903973784 . Jump up ^ See biographers such as Victor Bockris , Bob Colacello , Colacello , Bob ( 1990 ) . Holy Terror : Andy Warhol close up . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016419 - 0 . OCLC 21196706 . and art historian Richard Meyer Meyer , Richard ( 2002 ) . Outlaw representation : censorship and homosexuality in 20th - century American art . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510760 - 8 . OCLC 44721027 . Jump up ^ Matarazzo , Father Sam ( 1998 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . New York : The Continuum Publishing Company . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1112 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dillinger , Jane Daggett ( 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . New York : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1334 - 5 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scherman , Tony , & David Dalton , POP : The Genius of Andy Warhol , New York : HarperCollins , 2010 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Keller , Jerome ( 2007 ) . `` Warhol Superstars '' . Roundtable interview filmed at the Lauseanne Underground Film & Music Festival . Jump up ^ `` Billy Name The man who silvered The Factory '' . CIVILIAN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Factory Workers Warholites Remember : Billy Name '' . Interview Magazine . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boon , Marcus ( Fall 2008 ) . `` John Giorno '' . Bomb ( 105 ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Hagan , Sean ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` I shot Andy Warhol : photographer Billy Name on drugs and shootings at the Factory '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koestenbaum , Wayne ( 2015 ) . Andy Warhol : A Biography . Open Road Media . pp. 174 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bockris , Victor , Warhol : The Biography , Da Capo Press , 2003 , Introduction , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Thomas Waugh , Hard to Imagine : Gay Male eroticism in Photography and Film from the Beginnings to Stonewall , New York : Columbia University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Lobel , Michael . `` Warhol 's closet -- Andy Warhol -- We 're Here : Gay and Lesbian Presence in Art and Art History '' . Art Journal Winter 1966 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Warhol , Andy ; Pat Hackett ( 1980 ) . POPism : the Warhol 1960s . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 173095 - 4 . OCLC 5673923 . Jump up ^ Butt , Gavin ( 2005 ) . Between you and me : queer disclosures in the New York art world , 1948 -- 1963 . Durham , N.C : Duke University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3486 - 0 . OCLC 57285910 . Jump up ^ Fairbrother , Trevor ( 1989 ) . `` Tomorrow 's Man '' . In Donna De Salvo . Success Is a Job in New York : the Early Art and Business of Andy Warhol . New York : Grey Art Gallery and Study Center . pp. 55 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 934349 - 05 - 3 . OCLC 19826995 . Jump up ^ Schmuckli , Claudia ( 1999 ) . `` Andy Warhol : The Last Supper '' . SoHo : Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Romaine , James ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Transubstantiating the Culture : Andy Warhol 's Secret '' . Godspy . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Acquisition '' . Barber Institute of Fine Arts . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 most unusual habits of Andy Warhol '' . Inktank.fi . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lommel , Ulli ( 1979 ) . Cocaine Cowboys . Jump up ^ Hickenlooper , George . Factory Girl . Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth ( 2011 ) , Horror Films of the 1990s , McFarland , p. 236 , ISBN 9780786440122 Jump up ^ Sant , Gus Van ( 2000 ) ( 1987 ) . My Own Private Idaho . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20259 - 4 . OCLC 247737051 . Jump up ^ The Andy Warhol Diaries ( 1989 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 39138 - 7 ) , edited by Pat Hackett ; Entry date : Thursday , September 25 , 1986 ; pp. 773 Jump up ^ `` Jared Leto to play Andy Warhol in biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TLA Releasing Unveils the past of Famed Artist Andy Warhol to Reveal a Story Few Ever Imagined in : Absolut Warhola '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . TLA Releasing . March 9 , 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Portrait of the Artist as a Visionary , a Voyeur and a Brand - Name Star '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 66th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` My Andy Warhol -- Videos '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Silver Factory on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol 's `` Factory People '' -- PlanetGroupEntertainment `` . Planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese 's Vinyl Is the Year 's First Must - See Show '' . Jump up ^ `` Artists '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Adrian ( August 10 , 2002 ) . `` Andy Warhol Puts Stamp on the World -- Again '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Andy Warhol Commemorated in Chrome on Union Square '' . New York Times . March 31 , 2011 . Further reading `` A symposium on Pop Art '' . Arts Magazine , April 1963 , pp. 36 -- 45 . The symposium was held in 1962 , at The Museum of Modern Art , and published in this issue the following year . Bockris , Victor ( 1997 ) . Warhol : The Biography . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81272 - X . Celant , Germano . Andy Warhol : A Factory . Kunstmuseum Wolfsbug , 1999 . ISBN 3 - 7757 - 0773 - 5 Colacello , Bob ( 1990 ) . Holy Terror : Andy Warhol Close Up . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016419 - 0 . Danto , Arthur C. ( 2009 ) . Andy Warhol . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13555 - 8 . Dillenberger , Jane D. ( 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . New York : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1334 - X . Doyle , Jennifer , Jonathan Flatley , and José Esteban Muñoz eds. ( 1996 ) . Pop Out : Queer Warhol . Durham : Duke University Press . Foster , Hal ( 1996 ) . The Return of the Real . An October Book , MIT Press . Garrels , Gary ( 1989 ) . The Work of Andy Warhol : Discussions in Contemporary Culture , no . 3 . Beacon NY : Dia Art Foundation . Guiles , Fred Lawrence ( 1989 ) . Loner at the Ball : The Life of Andy Warhol . New York : Bantam . ISBN 0 - 593 - 01540 - 1 . James , James , `` Andy Warhol : The Producer as Author '' , in Allegories of Cinema : American Film in the 1960s ( 1989 ) , pp. 58 -- 84 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Koestenbaum , Wayne ( 2003 ) . Andy Warhol . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03000 - 7 . Krauss , Rosalind E. `` Warhol 's Abstract Spectacle '' . In Abstraction , Gesture , Ecriture : Paintings from the Daros Collection . New York : Scalo , 1999 , pp. 123 -- 33 . Lippard , Lucy R. , Pop Art , Thames and Hudson , 1970 ( 1985 reprint ) , ISBN 0 - 500 - 20052 - 1 Livingstone , Marco ; Dan Cameron ; Royal Academy ( 1992 ) . Pop art : an international perspective . New York : Rizzoli . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 1475 - 0 . Michelson , Annette ( 2001 ) . Andy Warhol ( October Files ) . Cambridge MA : The MIT Press . Scherman , Tony , & David Dalton , POP : The Genius of Andy Warhol , New York , NY : HarperCollins , 2009 Suarez , Juan Antonio ( 1996 ) . Bike Boys , Drag Queens , & Superstars : Avant - Garde , Mass Culture , and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press . Watson , Steven ( 2003 ) . Factory Made : Warhol and the 1960s . New York : Pantheon . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42372 - 9 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2010 . Warhol , Andy ( 1975 ) . The Philosophy of Andy Warhol : ( From A to B and Back Again ) . Hardcore Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 189050 - 1 . Warhol , Andy ; Pat Hackett ( 1980 ) . POPism : The Warhol Sixties . Hardcore Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 173095 - 4 . Warhol , Andy ; Pat Hackett ( 1989 ) . The Andy Warhol Diaries . Warner Books . Yau , John ( 1993 ) . In the Realm of Appearances : The Art of Andy Warhol . Hopewell , NJ : Ecco Press . ISBN 0 - 88001 - 298 - 6 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Andy Warhol Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andy Warhol . Andy Warhol at Encyclopædia Britannica Warhol Grave Site -- Earthcam live streaming webcam Andy Warhol at the National Gallery of Art Andy Warhol , ( 1928 -- 1987 ) -- The Carpathian Connection Warhol Foundation in New York City Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh Time Capsules : the Andy Warhol Collection Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb `` Andy Warhol '' . New York : Museum of Modern Art . 2007 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Warholstars : Andy Warhol Films , Art and Superstars Art Directors Club biography , portrait and images of work Berens , Stephen . `` Responses to Warhol Retrospective at MOCA '' . X-TRA . Los Angeles : Project X Foundation for Art and Criticism. 5 ( 1 ; Fall 2002 ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . The Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art -- city of origin Andy Warhol on IMDb Warhol & The Computer Andy Warhol : A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS Andy Warhol Designer Peter Jensen takes you on a tour of the early drawings of Andy Warhol . Video by Louisiana Channel , Denmark , 2013 . Andy Warhol in the National Gallery of Australia 's Kenneth Tyler Collection Andy Warhol : Film , Video and TV . Fundació Antoni Tàpies Andy Warhol at the Jewish Museum Andy Warhol Artworks Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) Men in Her Life ( 1962 ) Green Coca - Cola Bottles ( 1962 ) Eight Elvises ( 1963 ) Ethel Scull 36 Times ( 1963 ) Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) ( 1963 ) Green Car Crash ( 1963 ) Triple Elvis ( 1963 ) Suicide ( Purple Jumping Man ) ( 1963 ) Thirteen Most Wanted Men ( 1964 ) Shot Marilyns ( 1964 ) Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966 ) Cow wallpaper ( 1966 ) Big Electric Chair ( 1967 ) Campbell 's Soup Cans II ( 1969 ) Shadows ( 1978 - 79 ) Portrait of Seymour H. Knox ( 1985 ) Camouflage Self - Portrait ( 1986 ) Cars ( 1986 ) Prince ( 1984 ) Films Kiss ( 1963 ) Eat ( 1963 ) Sleep ( 1963 ) Screen Tests ( 1964 -- 6 ) Blow Job ( 1964 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Empire ( 1964 ) Soap Opera ( 1964 ) Couch ( 1964 ) Taylor Mead 's Ass ( 1964 ) Henry Geldzahler ( 1964 ) Harlot ( 1964 ) Vinyl ( 1965 ) Horse ( 1965 ) Space ( 1965 ) Camp ( 1965 ) Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1965 ) Beauty No. 1 ( 1965 ) Beauty No. 2 ( 1965 ) More Milk , Yvette ( 1965 ) The Life of Juanita Castro ( 1965 ) Kitchen ( 1966 ) Eating Too Fast ( 1966 ) The Velvet Underground and Nico : A Symphony of Sound ( 1966 ) Salvador Dalí ( 1966 ) Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) Since ( 1966 ) The Andy Warhol Story ( 1966 ) I , a Man ( 1967 ) Bike Boy ( 1967 ) Four Stars * * * * ( 1967 ) Imitation of Christ ( 1967 ) Tub Girls ( 1967 ) The Nude Restaurant ( 1967 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) San Diego Surf ( 1968 ) Flesh ( 1968 ) Blue Movie ( 1969 ) Trash ( 1969 ) Women in Revolt ( 1970 ) Heat ( 1972 ) L'Amour ( 1973 ) Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Bad ( 1977 ) You Are the One ( 1985 ) Books 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy ( 1954 ) a , A Novel ( 1968 ) Blue Movie ( 1970 ) The Philosophy of Andy Warhol ( 1975 ) Popism : The Warhol Sixties ( 1980 ) The Andy Warhol Diaries ( 1989 ) Other Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes ( TV series ) Interview ( magazine ) `` 15 minutes of fame '' Milieu The Factory The Velvet Underground Warhol Superstars Studio 54 Museums The Andy Warhol Museum Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art Depictions Basquiat ( 1996 film ) I Shot Andy Warhol ( 1996 film ) Andy Warhol : A Documentary Film ( 2006 documentary ) Factory Girl ( 2006 film ) Family Julia Warhola John Warhola James Warhola Related Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board Golden Age of Porn The Autobiography and Sex Life of Andy Warhol ( 1971 ) Absolut Warhola ( 2001 film ) Songs for Drella ( 1990 album ) The Dandy Warhols Sexual revolution Main topics Free love Summer of Love Milestones Abortion law Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn `` Porno chic '' Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill ( 1965 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses Slogans `` Make love , not war '' `` The personal is political '' Events Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots People Gerard Damiano Hugh Hefner Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey William Masters Wilhelm Reich Related topics Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Hippie LGBT LGBT culture in New York City Lust Peace movement The Velvet Underground John Cale Lou Reed Sterling Morrison Moe Tucker Doug Yule Willie Alexander Angus MacLise Nico Walter Powers Billy Yule Studio albums The Velvet Underground & Nico White Light / White Heat The Velvet Underground Loaded Squeeze Live albums Live at Max 's Kansas City 1969 : The Velvet Underground Live Live MCMXCIII Final V.U. 1971 -- 1973 The Quine Tapes The Complete Matrix Tapes Box sets and out - takes VU Another View Peel Slowly and See Compilations Andy Warhol 's Velvet Underground Featuring Nico The Best of The Velvet Underground : Words and Music of Lou Reed The Best of Lou Reed & The Velvet Underground The Best of The Velvet Underground : The Millennium Collection The Very Best of the Velvet Underground Gold Songs `` After Hours '' `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' `` European Son '' `` Femme Fatale '' `` Here She Comes Now '' `` Heroin '' `` I Heard Her Call My Name '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` I 'm Waiting for the Man '' `` Lady Godiva 's Operation '' `` New Age '' `` Pale Blue Eyes '' `` Rock & Roll '' `` Run Run Run '' `` Sister Ray '' `` Stephanie Says '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` Sweet Jane '' `` The Black Angel 's Death Song '' `` The Gift '' `` There She Goes Again '' `` Venus in Furs '' `` White Light / White Heat '' Tribute albums Heaven & Hell Fifteen Minutes Related articles Discography Songs A Symphony of Sound Walter De Maria Exploding Plastic Inevitable Steve Sesnick Andy Warhol Tom Wilson Songs for Drella The Pizza Underground Young British Artists Artists Fiona Banner Henry Bond Christine Borland Glenn Brown Angela Bulloch Jake and Dinos Chapman Adam Chodzko Mat Collishaw Ian Davenport Tacita Dean Tracey Emin Angus Fairhurst Anya Gallaccio Liam Gillick Douglas Gordon Marcus Harvey Damien Hirst Gary Hume Michael Landy Abigail Lane Chris Ofili Sarah Lucas Stephen Park Richard Patterson Simon Patterson Steven Pippin Marc Quinn Fiona Rae Alessandro Raho Jenny Saville Georgina Starr Sam Taylor - Johnson Gavin Turk Gillian Wearing Rachel Whiteread Jane and Louise Wilson Teachers Basil Beattie Helen Chadwick Michael Craig - Martin Ian Jeffrey Jon Thompson Mark Wallinger Richard Wentworth Influences Art in Ruins Gilbert & George Jeff Koons John Stezaker Andy Warhol Lawrence Weiner Artworks 24 Hour Psycho Break Down Bullet Hole Documents Series Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963 -- 1995 For the Love of God House My Bed Myra No Woman No Cry 26 October 1993 The Upper Room Tense The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living Shows Brilliant ! East Country Yard Show Freeze Modern Medicine Sensation Curators Joshua Compston Carl Freedman Gregor Muir Norman Rosenthal Jon Thompson Galleries Anthony d'Offay Gallery Curtain Road Arts City Racing Gagosian Gallery Karsten Schubert Gallery Lisson Gallery Maureen Paley Saatchi Gallery Sadie Coles HQ South London Gallery Victoria Miro Gallery White Cube Collectors Bernard Arnault Janet Wolfson de Botton Eli Broad Frank Cohen Steven A. Cohen Dakis Joannou Pauline Karpidas George Michael Jose Mugrabi François Pinault Miuccia Prada Charles Saatchi Jack Wendler Poju and Anita Zabludowicz Advocates Louisa Buck Matthew Collings Richard Cork Andrew Graham - Dixon Sarah Kent Stuart Morgan Norman Rosenthal Sir Nicholas Serota Matthew Slotover Opponents BANK Billy Childish James Heartfield Matthew Higgs David Lee Brian Sewell Julian Stallabrass Stuckists Charles Thomson See also Conceptual art Frieze Art Fair Momart Post-YBAs Turner Prize VIAF : 56617645 LCCN : n79122680 ISNI : 0000 0001 2134 0483 GND : 118629220 SELIBR : 208251 SUDOC : 029804418 BNF : cb11928892w ( data ) BIBSYS : 90075825 ULAN : 500006031 MusicBrainz : 3c37fc8c - 9c5a - 4a70 - 8a8c - 9f97a2020f1b NLA : 36579045 NDL : 00460205 NKC : jn20000701934 BNE : XX966004 RKD : 82875 IATH : w6z60pnc PIC : 1390 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Warhol&oldid=808911797 '' Categories : Andy Warhol 1928 births 1987 deaths 20th - century artists 20th - century American artists 20th - century American musicians 20th - century American painters American male painters 20th - century American photographers 20th - century American writers Album - cover and concert - poster artists American cinematographers American contemporary artists American Eastern Catholics American experimental filmmakers American film directors American film producers American portrait painters American people of Hungarian descent American people of Lemko descent American people of Slovak descent American people of Rusyn descent American pop artists American printmakers American male screenwriters American shooting survivors American socialites Artists from New York ( state ) Artists from Pittsburgh Burials in Pennsylvania Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni Censorship in the arts Counterculture of the 1960s Fashion illustrators Film directors from Pennsylvania Gay artists Gay writers Hypochondriacs LGBT artists from the United States LGBT Christians LGBT directors LGBT people from New York ( state ) LGBT people from Pennsylvania LGBT producers LGBT writers from the United States Photographers from New York ( state ) Portrait photographers Postmodern artists Ruthenian Catholics Schenley High School alumni The Velvet Underground Warhola family Writers from New York ( state ) Writers from Pittsburgh American male writers Experiments in Art and Technology collaborating artists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	andy warhol was influential to the development of this band	[ "Warhol strongly influenced the new wave/punk rock band Devo, as well as David Bowie. Bowie recorded a song called \"Andy Warhol\" for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Lou Reed wrote the song \"Andy's Chest\", about Valerie Solanas, the woman who shot Warhol, in 1968. He recorded it with the Velvet Underground, and this version was released on the VU album in 1985. Bowie would later play Warhol in the 1996 movie, Basquiat. Bowie recalled how meeting Warhol in real life helped him in the role, and recounted his early meetings with him:" ]	[ "Devo" ]
7333019142329934515	2017 Oakland Raiders season	2017 Oakland Raiders season - wikipedia 2017 Oakland Raiders season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Oakland Raiders season Head coach Jack Del Rio General manager Reggie McKenzie Owner Mark Davis Home field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Results Record 4 -- 5 Division place 2nd AFC West Uniform ← 2016 Raiders seasons 2018 → The 2017 Oakland Raiders season is the 58th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise , the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League , their 24th season since their return to Oakland , and the third under head coach Jack Del Rio . The Raiders are looking to win their first AFC West title since 2002 and the Super Bowl for the first time since 1983 , when the club was still in Los Angeles . The Raiders began the season on September 10 at the Tennessee Titans and will finish the season December 31 at the Los Angeles Chargers . The Raiders , as they did in 2016 , will play one home game in Mexico City , this time against the New England Patriots . Although the league approved the Raiders ' eventual relocation to Las Vegas on March 27 , 2017 , the team still maintains its lease at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and intends to use the stadium for at least the next two seasons and , likely , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Free agent signings 1.2 Losses 1.3 Trades 1.4 Contract extensions 1.5 Draft 2 Staff 3 Current roster 4 Preseason 4.1 Donald Penn holdout 4.2 Janikowski contract issue 4.3 Schedule and results 5 Regular season 5.1 Schedule and results 5.2 Game summaries 5.2. 1 Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans 5.2. 2 Week 2 : vs. New York Jets 5.2. 3 Week 3 : at Washington Redskins 5.2. 4 Week 4 : at Denver Broncos 5.2. 5 Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 5.2. 6 Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers 5.2. 7 Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 5.2. 8 Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills 5.2. 9 Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 References 8 External links Offseason ( edit ) Free agent signings ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2016 Team Contract TE Jared Cook 30 Green Bay Packers 2 years , $10.6 million WR Cordarrelle Patterson 26 Minnesota Vikings 2 years , $8.5 million OT Marshall Newhouse 28 New York Giants 2 years , $3.5 million LS Jon Condo 35 Oakland Raiders 1 year , $1 million OLB Jelani Jenkins 25 Miami Dolphins 1 year , $1 million QB EJ Manuel 27 Buffalo Bills 1 year , $800,000 DE IK Enemkpali 26 Buffalo Bills 1 year LB Rufus Johnson 28 Washington Redskins 1 year Losses ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2017 Team RB Latavius Murray 26 Minnesota Vikings LB Malcolm Smith 27 San Francisco 49ers DT Stacy McGee 27 Washington Redskins OT Menelik Watson 28 Denver Broncos WR Andre Holmes 28 Buffalo Bills SS Brynden Trawick 27 Tennessee Titans CB D.J. Hayden 26 Detroit Lions FS Nate Allen 27 Miami Dolphins TE Mychal Rivera 26 Jacksonville Jaguars QB Matt McGloin 27 Philadelphia Eagles LB Perry Riley 28 TBD OT Austin Howard 30 Baltimore Ravens RB Taiwan Jones 28 Buffalo Bills Trades ( edit ) Pos . Player / picks received Player / compensation sent Team RB Marshawn Lynch 6th round pick ( 2018 draft ) 5th round pick ( 2018 draft ) Seattle Seahawks Contract extensions ( edit ) April 26 , 2017 -- Raiders sign RB Marshawn Lynch to a two - year deal that will reportedly pay him a base salary of $9 million and has a maximum value of $16.5 million with incentives . June 22 , 2017 -- Raiders sign QB Derek Carr to a five - year $125 million contract extension making him the highest paid player in the NFL . June 29 , 2017 -- Raiders sign OG Gabe Jackson to a five - year $56 million contract extension . Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 Oakland Raiders Draft Round Selection Player Position College 24 Gareon Conley CB Ohio State 56 Obi Melifonwu Connecticut 88 Eddie Vanderdoes DT UCLA 130 David Sharpe OT Florida 5 168 Marquel Lee LB Wake Forest 7 221 Shalom Luani Washington State 7 231 Jylan Ware OT Alabama State 7 242 Elijah Hood RB North Carolina 7 244 Treyvon Hester DT Toledo Staff ( edit ) Oakland Raiders staff Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel - Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jack Del Rio Assistant Head Coach / Defense -- John Pagano Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Jake Peetz Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Wide Receivers -- Rob Moore Assistant Wide Receivers -- Nick Holz Tight Ends -- Bobby Johnson Offensive Line -- Mike Tice Assistant Offensive Line -- Tim Holt Quality Control / Offense -- Nate Tice Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ken Norton Jr . Defensive Line -- Jethro Franklin Linebackers -- Sal Sunseri Outside Linebackers -- Travis Smith Cornerbacks -- Rod Woodson Safeties -- Brent Vieselmeyer Defensive Assistant -- Sam Anno Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brad Seely Assistant Special Teams -- Tracy Smith Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Gomes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Darryl Eto Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Hugh Fullagar Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Wesley Miller → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Oakland Raiders roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 49 Jamize Olawale FB 30 Jalen Richard 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 89 Amari Cooper 15 Michael Crabtree 16 Johnny Holton 84 Cordarrelle Patterson 10 Seth Roberts Tight ends 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith 88 Clive Walford Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 61 Rodney Hudson C 66 Gabe Jackson G 73 Marshall Newhouse T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 96 Denico Autry DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DE 78 Justin Ellis NT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 52 Khalil Mack DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT 95 Jihad Ward DE Linebackers 53 NaVorro Bowman MLB 91 Shilique Calhoun OLB 47 James Cowser OLB 51 Bruce Irvin OLB 57 Cory James OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 56 Xavier Woodson - Luster MLB Defensive backs 29 David Amerson CB 38 T.J. Carrie CB 22 Gareon Conley CB 41 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 26 Shalom Luani SS 23 Dexter McDonald CB 39 Keith McGill FS 20 Obi Melifonwu SS 27 Reggie Nelson FS 21 Sean Smith CB Special teams 59 Jon Condo LS 7 Marquette King P 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K Reserve lists 32 Antonio Hamilton CB ( IR ) 11 Sebastian Janikowski K ( IR ) 79 Denver Kirkland G ( IR ) 75 Darius Latham NT ( Susp . ) 25 Demetrius McCray CB ( Waived / injured ) 99 Aldon Smith OLB ( Susp . ) Practice squad 31 Breon Borders CB 99 Fadol Brown DE 81 Pharaoh Brown TE 14 Keon Hatcher WR 34 Elijah Hood RB 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 54 Deontae Skinner OLB 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 9 Isaac Whitney WR Rookies in italics Roster updated November 4 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Preseason ( edit ) The Raiders ' preliminary preseason schedule was announced on April 10 . In preparation for the team 's eventual move to Las Vegas , the Raiders sought to play at least one of their two preseason games at Sam Boyd Stadium . When the preseason opponents were announced , both home games were scheduled for Oakland . Donald Penn holdout ( edit ) OT Donald Penn chose not to report to training camp on July 28 as he was unhappy with his contract which was to pay him $6.2 million this season in the second season of a two - year deal . Penn ended his holdout without a new deal and reported to the team on August 23 . Penn , sought to be paid as a top ten LT in the league , said , `` We have a great owner , a good GM . I came in here putting my trust in them . '' Janikowski contract issue ( edit ) Prior to Week 1 of the regular season , the Raiders sought to have K Sebastian Janikowski agree to rework his contract to pay him less than the $4 million owed to him for the 2017 season . Janikowski remained on the roster as of September 5 , meaning he was guaranteed to be paid $238,000 . The Raiders reportedly worked out three kickers in anticipation of being unable to reach an agreement with Janikowski . On September 6 , Janikowski agreed to a $1 million paycut to stay with the team . Three days later , Janikowski was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury . Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 12 at Arizona Cardinals L 10 -- 20 0 -- 1 University of Phoenix Stadium Recap August 19 Los Angeles Rams L 21 -- 24 0 -- 2 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap August 26 at Dallas Cowboys L 20 -- 24 0 -- 3 AT&T Stadium Recap August 31 Seattle Seahawks L 13 -- 17 0 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Kickoff Opponent Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap September 10 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Tennessee Titans W 26 -- 16 1 -- 0 Nissan Stadium CBS Recap September 17 1 : 05 p.m. PDT New York Jets W 45 -- 20 2 -- 0 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap September 24 5 : 30 p.m. PDT at Washington Redskins L 10 -- 27 2 -- 1 FedExField NBC Recap October 1 1 : 25 p.m. PDT at Denver Broncos L 10 -- 16 2 -- 2 Sports Authority Field at Mile High CBS Recap 5 October 8 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Baltimore Ravens L 17 -- 30 2 -- 3 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 6 October 15 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Los Angeles Chargers L 16 -- 17 2 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 7 October 19 5 : 25 p.m. PDT Kansas City Chiefs W 31 -- 30 3 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video Recap 8 October 29 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Buffalo Bills L 14 -- 34 3 -- 5 New Era Field CBS Recap 9 November 5 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Miami Dolphins W 27 -- 24 4 -- 5 Hard Rock Stadium NBC Recap 10 Bye 11 November 19 1 : 25 p.m. PST New England Patriots Estadio Azteca ( Mexico City ) CBS 12 November 26 1 : 25 p.m. PST Denver Broncos Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS 13 December 3 1 : 25 p.m. PST New York Giants Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Fox 14 December 10 10 : 00 a.m. PST at Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium CBS 15 December 17 5 : 30 p.m. PST Dallas Cowboys Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum NBC 16 December 25 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field ESPN 17 December 31 1 : 25 p.m. PST at Los Angeles Chargers StubHub Center CBS Notes Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Networks and times for Sunday games from Weeks 11 -- 17 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Week One : Oakland Raiders at Tennessee Titans -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 6 10 26 Titans 7 16 at Nissan Stadium , Nashville , Tennessee Date : September 10 Game time : 12 : 00 p.m. CDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,089 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Amari Cooper 8 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 49 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 50 yards , 2 : 11 . TEN -- Marcus Mariota 10 -- yard run ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 6 : 58 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 51 . Second quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 20 -- yard field goal , 14 : 55 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 73 yards , 7 : 03 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 23 -- yard field goal , 0 : 43 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 15 plays , 93 yards , 6 : 20 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 13 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 41 yards , 0 : 43 . Third quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 31 . Raiders 16 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 29 yards , 4 : 11 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 26 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 16 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 31 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Seth Roberts 19 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 11 : 58 . Raiders 23 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 02 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 49 . Raiders 23 -- 16 . Drive : 8 plays , 46 yards , 1 : 55 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 43 -- yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Raiders 26 -- 16 . Drive : 9 plays , 34 yards , 3 : 40 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 22 / 32 , 262 yards , 2 TD TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 25 / 41 , 256 yards Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 18 rushes , 76 yards TEN -- DeMarco Murray -- 12 rushes , 44 yards Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 83 yards TEN -- Delanie Walker -- 7 receptions , 76 yards Top tacklers OAK -- Karl Joseph -- 9 tackles TEN -- Kevin Byard -- 8 tackles For the third consecutive season , the Raiders traveled to Nashville to take on the Tennessee Titans . It also marked the second consecutive year that the Raiders began the season on the road . On September 9 , one day before the first game of the season , the Raiders placed Sebastian Janikowski on injured reserve due to an injured back . They signed Giorgio Tavecchio off the practice squad to do the kicking . The Raiders started well as the Titans tried to surprise the Raiders with an onside kick on the opening kickoff which the Raiders recovered . Four plays later , Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper who bowled into the endzone for an eight - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders the lead 7 -- 0 . The Titans answered on their ensuing drive , going 75 yards on 12 plays with Marcus Mariota rushing for a 10 - yard touchdown to tie the game . The Raiders came back as Tavecchio hit his first career field goal , a 20 - yarder , to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead . After exchanging punts in the early part of the second quarter , the Titans tied the game with 43 seconds remaining in the half on a Ryan Succop 23 - yard field goal . The Raider offense moved 41 yards with time winding down to set up Tavecchio 's second field goal , from 52 yards out , to give the Raiders the halftime lead 13 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raider defense held the Titans to punts on consecutive drives as the Raiders notched another 52 - yard field goal to extend the lead to 16 -- 10 with a little over four minutes left in the third period . The Raider defense prevented a Titans touchdown on the ensuing drive , forcing the Titans to settle for a 26 - yard field goal which narrowed the gap to 16 -- 13 as the period expired . In the fourth quarter , Carr led the Raiders on a seven play , 70 - yard drive capped off by a Seth Roberts 19 - yard touchdown reception . The Raiders defense , which had struggled immensely the previous year , forced the Titans to punt and then held them to a field goal with 4 : 49 remaining . Another Tavecchio field goal , this time from 43 yards out , extended the lead to 26 -- 16 with 1 : 14 left in the game . The Titans could muster no more , missing a 52 - yard field goal with 12 seconds remaining as the Raiders pulled out the win 26 -- 16 . In the win , Tavecchio became the first kicker in NFL history to make two 50 - yard field goals in an NFL debut . Following his performance , Tavecchio was named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week . Marshawn Lynch ran for 76 yards on 18 carries in his Raider debut . Carr threw for 262 yards with two touchdown passes to lead the Raiders to a 1 -- 0 record to start the season . Week 2 : vs. New York Jets ( edit ) Week Two : New York Jets at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Jets 0 10 7 20 Raiders 7 14 7 17 45 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : September 17 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,729 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 4 : 58 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 81 yards , 5 : 59 . Second quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 26 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 13 : 00 . Raiders 14 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 38 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 9 : 15 . Raiders 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 47 . NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 46 - yard field goal , 3 : 11 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 4 : 40 . OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 2 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 23 . Raiders 21 -- 10 . Drive : 3 plays , 4 yards , 1 : 29 . Third quarter NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 40 - yard field goal , 7 : 14 . Raiders 21 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 45 yards , 7 : 50 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 43 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 39 . Raiders 28 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 84 yards , 3 : 39 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Jalen Richard 52 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 59 . Raiders 35 -- 13 . Drive : 4 plays , 79 yards , 2 : 00 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 1 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 32 . Raiders 42 -- 13 . Drive : 1 play , 18 yards , 0 : 10 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 11 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 8 : 47 . Raiders 42 -- 20 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 45 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal , 0 : 29 . Raiders 45 -- 20 . Drive : 12 plays , 37 yards , 8 : 17 . Top passers NYJ -- Josh McCown -- 17 / 25 , 166 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Derek Carr -- 23 / 28 , 230 yards , 3 TD Top rushers NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 9 rushes , 53 yards OAK -- Jalen Richard -- 6 rushes , 58 yards , TD Top receivers NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse -- 4 receptions , 64 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 80 yards , 3 TD Top tacklers NYJ -- Marcus Maye -- 7 tackles OAK -- Reggie Nelson -- 8 tackles The Raiders opened the home portion of their schedule against the New York Jets . After the teams exchanged three - and - outs on their first possessions , the Raiders moved downfield on an 81 - yard drive that culminated in a Derek Carr to Michael Crabtree two - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders an early 7 -- 0 lead . After another Jets punt , the Raiders went 85 yards as Carr hit Crabtree from 26 yards out to extend the lead to 14 -- 0 . The Jets answered with a 75 - yard drive which ended with a Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown for a touchdown , reducing the Raider lead to 14 -- 7 . The Raider offense stalled on their next two possessions as the Jets added a 46 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to 14 -- 10 . With 1 : 50 remaining in the first half , the Raiders were forced to punt , but Jet returner Kalif Raymond muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Jets four yard line . Three plays later , Oakland native Marshawn Lynch scored from two yards out , his first touchdown as a Raider , to give the Raiders the 21 -- 10 halftime lead . The Jets began the second half with a field goal that again narrowed the lead , this time to 21 -- 13 . The Raiders , however , answered the score convincingly , scoring three touchdowns on their next three possessions as Cordarelle Patterson and Jalen Richard each scored on long rushing plays and Carr hit Crabtree again from 19 yards out after a Jets fumble to push the lead to 42 -- 13 . The Jets added a touchdown midway through the fourth period , but the Raider offense ate up the remaining time on the clock , using 8 : 17 to go 32 yards before a Georgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal pushed the lead to 45 -- 20 with 25 seconds remaining . The 45 -- 20 win moved the Raiders to 2 -- 0 on the season , the first time since 2002 that they had started a season 2 -- 0 . Derek Carr completed 23 of 28 passes for 230 yards and three touchdowns , all to Michael Crabtree . Crabtree caught six passes for 80 yards to go along with his three touchdowns . Marshawn Lynch only rushed for 45 yards on 12 carries , but did get a touchdown as the Raiders rushed for 180 yards in the game . The Raider defense played well again limiting the Jets to 276 yards in the game and sacking Jets QB Josh McCown four times . Week 3 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Three : Oakland Raiders at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 0 7 10 Redskins 7 7 7 6 27 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 24 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT / 5 : 30 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 77,123 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter WAS -- Chris Thompson 22 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 9 : 43 . Redskins 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 29 . Second quarter WAS -- Vernon Davis 18 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 3 : 48 . Redskins 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 72 yards , 6 : 10 . Third quarter WAS -- Josh Doctson 52 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 10 : 37 . Redskins 21 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 23 . Oak -- Jared Cook 21 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 52 . Redskins 21 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 18 yards , 0 : 47 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 23 - yard field goal , 14 : 58 . Redskins 24 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal , 11 : 54 . Redskins 24 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 0 : 22 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 28 - yard field goal , 6 : 02 . Redskins 27 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 65 yards , 5 : 52 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 19 / 31 , 118 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins 25 / 30 , 365 yards , 3 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 6 rushes , 18 yards WAS -- Samaje Perine -- 19 rushes , 49 yards Top receivers OAK -- DeAndre Washington -- 5 receptions , 24 yards WAS -- Chris Thompson -- 6 receptions , 150 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 12 tackles WAS -- Zach Brown -- 10 tackles The Raiders traveled to take on Washington on Sunday Night Football . Beginning a rough night for Derek Carr , on the second play of the game , Carr threw his first interception on the season . Washington took advantage of the turnover , driving 67 yards on eight plays as Kirk Cousins hit Chris Thompson on a 22 - yard pass to give Washington the lead 7 -- 0 . The teams exchanged punts on each of their next three possessions , but the Raiders turned the ball over again with 10 minutes remaining in the second quarter when Carr was picked off for the second time in the game . Washington again took advantage , driving 72 yards and scoring their second touchdown on a Vernon Davis 18 - yard touchdown catch . As a result , the Raiders trailed 14 -- 0 at the half . The Raider offense was completely shut down in the first half , managing only 47 yards from scrimmage . Washington continued to dominate the Raiders in the second half , driving 75 yards on the opening possession and upping the lead to 21 -- 0 on a Josh Doctson 52 - yard touchdown catch . A punt by the Raiders followed and Washington missed a field goal attempt on their next possession as the score remained 21 -- 0 . On the Raiders next possession , they were forced to punt , but Jamison Crowder muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Washington 18 - yard line . Two plays later , Carr hit Jared Cook from 21 yards out to notch the Raiders first points and cutting the lead to 21 -- 7 . A Washington field goal moved the lead to 24 -- 7 as the Raiders were forced to punt again . Following a fumble on the next Washington possession , the Raiders could not get into the end zone from the Washington 20 and were forced to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal . Washington answered the field goal with their own to move the lead back to 17 at 27 -- 10 . Neither team could muster anything further as the Raiders fell 27 -- 10 . The loss moved the Raiders to 2 -- 1 on the season . The disappointing performance was led by the Raider offense which went 0 -- 11 on third down tries and managed only 128 total yards . Meanwhile , the Raider defense gave up 472 yards to Washington , 356 through the air . Week 4 : at Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week Four : Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 7 0 10 Broncos 10 0 6 0 16 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Denver , Colorado Date : October 1 Game time : 2 : 25 p.m. MDT / 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Game attendance : 76,909 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DEN -- A.J. Derby 22 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 8 : 11 . Broncos 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 88 yards , 3 : 17 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Broncos 10 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 79 yards , 4 : 08 . Second quarter OAK -- Johnny Holton 64 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 36 . Broncos 10 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 99 yards , 2 : 23 . Third quarter DEN -- Brandon McManus 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 40 . Broncos 13 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 3 : 08 . Deb -- Brandon McManus 46 - yard field goal , 5 : 06 . Broncos 16 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 3 yards , 2 : 07 . Fourth quarter Oak -- Georgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal , 5 : 03 . Broncos 16 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 73 yards , 3 : 07 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 10 / 18 , 143 yards , 1 TD DEN -- Trevor Siemian 16 / 26 , 179 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 9 rushes , 12 yards DEN -- C.J. Anderson -- 20 rushes , 95 yards Top receivers OAK -- Johnny Holton -- 1 reception , 64 yards , 1 TD DEN -- A.J. Derby -- 4 receptions , 75 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 10 tackles DEN -- Darian Stewart -- 7 tackles The Raiders next traveled to Denver for their first division game of the year . Once again , the Raider offense struggled , not managing any points until the second quarter . The Denver offense looked good on its second possession of the game , moving 88 yards on seven plays and opening the scoring as Trevor Siemian hit A.J. Derby on a 22 - yard pass and catch for a touchdown . Following a quick Raider possession and trailing 7 -- 0 , the Raider defense was able to limit Denver to a Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , stopping the Broncos on the 79 - yard drive . Finally , with 5 : 59 seconds remaining in the second quarter , the Raiders offense came alive . Beginning on their own one - yard line , the Raiders quickly moved out to their 36 - yard line before Derek Carr hit Johnny Holton on a bomb for a 64 - yard touchdown pass which brought the score to 10 -- 7 . The half ended with both offenses managing nothing further . The Raiders began the second half with the ball , but could not manage a first down again , punting the ball back to the Broncos . Denver capitalized , driving 55 yards before settling for another McManus field goal to move the score to 13 -- 7 . A three - and - out by the Raiders on their ensuing possession led to another McManus field goal which extended the Bronco lead to 16 -- 7 . Looking to close the gap , the Raiders again failed to manage a first down and attempted a fake punt from inside their own 35 - yard line where punter Marquette King attempted to run for the first down , but was instead dropped for a three - yard loss . The Broncos failed to capitalize as McManus missed a 29 - yard field goal . Derek Carr was sacked on the first play of the Raiders next possession and had to leave the game with a back injury . Backup quarterback EJ Manuel could not get a first down as the Raiders were forced to punt again with less than three minutes remaining in the third quarter . Neither team managed any points on their first possessors of the fourth quarter . With 8 : 30 remaining in the game , the Raiders went no huddle and EJ Manuel led the team down the field with five consecutive completions . However , the drive stalled and the Raiders were forced to settled for a Giorgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal with 5 : 27 left in the game . The Raider defense forced Denver to punt and Manuel took over with 4 : 16 left in the game . Completing three of four passes , the Raiders moved to the Denver 41 - yard line . However , Manuel 's next pass was intercepted by the Broncos at the Denver eight - yard line with 1 : 46 remaining in the game to end the Raider comeback hopes . For the second consecutive week , the Raider offense struggled managing only 24 yards rushing while only putting up 249 yard through the air . The Raider defense played well limiting the Broncos to only 298 total yards . The following day , it was announced that Carr had broken a bone in his back ( transverse process fracture ) and would miss two to six weeks . Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Five : Baltimore Ravens at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Ravens 14 10 0 6 30 Raiders 7 7 0 17 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 8 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , Sunny Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BAL -- Vince Mayle 2 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 12 : 45 . Ravens 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 15 . BAL -- Jimmy Smith 47 - yard fumble return ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 10 . Ravens 14 -- 0 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal , 5 : 07 . Ravens 14 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays 61 , yards , 6 : 03 . Second quarter BAL -- Javorius Allen 1 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 57 . Ravens 21 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 75 yards , 8 : 10 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 41 - yard pass from EJ Manuel ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 11 . Ravens 21 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 46 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 22 - yard field goal , 5 : 18 . Ravens 24 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 53 . Third quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 3 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 46 . Ravens 24 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays , 65 yards , 4 : 42 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 21 yard field goal , 13 : 10 . Ravens 27 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays 72 yards , 5 : 36 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 44 yard field goal , 2 : 24 . Ravens 30 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 26 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco 19 / 26 , 222 yards OAK -- EJ Manuel 13 / 26 , 159 yards , 1 TD Top rushers BAL -- Javorius Allen 21 rushes , 73 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 12 rushes , 43 yards , 1 TD Top receivers BAL -- Mike Wallace 3 receptions , 133 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 6 reception , 82 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers BAL -- Eric Weddle 7 tackles OAK -- Karl Joseph 9 tackles After playing three of their first four games on the road , the Raiders returned home for the first of three straight home games against Baltimore . Without Derek Carr due to a fracture in his back , EJ Manuel started for the Raiders . The Raiders defense again struggled , giving up 365 total yards , 222 through the air . Joe Flacco and Mike Wallace torched the Raider secondary , connecting on three passes of more than 20 yards . A 52 - yard pass from Flacco to Wallace set up the first Raven touchdown on their first possession . Trailing 7 -- 0 , Raider tight end Jared Cook fumbled on the ensuing possession and Jimmy Smith returned the fumble 47 yards to put the Raiders in 14 -- 0 hole with over 11 minutes remaining in the first quarter . The Raiders marched 61 yards on 12 plays on their next possession , but had to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal . The Ravens extended the lead on their next possession , going 75 yards on 15 plays before Javorius Allen plunged in from one yard out to extend the lead to 21 -- 3 early in the second quarter . EJ Manuel would find Michael Crabtree on a 41 - yard touchdown pass following a scramble , but the Ravens added a field goal before the half to move the score to 24 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raiders pulled within a touchdown following a Marshawn Lunch three - yard score . However , the Raider offense could muster no more as EJ Manuel was sacked three times in the game and was under constant pressure from the Ravens . Two more field goals by the Ravens extended the lead to 30 -- 17 with just over two minutes remaining and sealed the Raiders ' third straight loss on the season . Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Week Six : Los Angeles Chargers at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chargers 0 7 0 10 17 Raiders 7 0 6 16 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 15 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,685 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 23 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 5 : 04 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 6 : 05 . Second quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 1 - yard run ( Nick Novak kick ) , 1 : 44 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 41 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 34 yards , 1 : 44 . Third quarter Fourth quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 6 - yard pass from Philip Rivers , ( Nick Novak kick ) , 10 : 19 . Chargers 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 59 yards , 4 : 38 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 47 yard run ( kick failed ) , 7 : 51 . Raiders 16 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 65 yards , 2 : 28 . SD -- Nick Novak 32 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Chargers 17 -- 16 . Drive : 11 plays , 78 yards , 4 : 09 . Top passers LAC -- Philip Rivers 25 / 36 , 268 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 21 / 30 , 171 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT Top rushers LAC -- Melvin Gordon 25 rushes , 63 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 13 rushes , 63 yards Top receivers LAC -- Hunter Henry 5 receptions , 90 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 52 yards Top tacklers LAC -- Hayes Pullard 10 tackles OAK -- T.J. Carrie 8 tackles Looking to stop a three - game losing streak , the Raiders welcomed Derek Carr back after missing one week due to injury to face the Los Angeles Chargers . However , things did not start well for Carr as he threw an interception on his first pass of the day and the Chargers took over at the Raider 30 - yard line . the defense held the Chargers to a field goal attempt from 48 yards out which was no good . The Raiders took advantage and moved the ball down the field before Carr hit Michael Crabtree from 23 yards out to give the Raiders a 7 -- 0 lead . Neither team could muster much offense until midway through the second quarter when the Chargers moved 82 yards and scored on a Melvin Gordon touchdown run from one yard out to tie the game . With , 1 : 34 remaining in the half , the Raiders moved into Charger territory and connected on a Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead at the half . On their first possession of the second half , the Raiders moved deep into Charger territory , but managed no points as Carr was intercepted for the second time in the game . The teams exchanged punts and fumbles as the game moved into the fourth quarter . The Chargers finally managed some offense as Philip Rivers hit Melvin Gordon for a six - yard touchdown pass to give the Charger at 14 -- 10 lead . On their ensuing possession , Cordarrelle Patterson took the ball on an end around and scampered 47 yards for a touchdown . Giorgio Tavecchio would , however , miss the ensuing point after to leave the Raider lead at two points , 16 -- 14 . After exchanging punts , the Chargers took over with 4 : 09 remaining in the game . Rivers hit Hunter Henry for a 23 yard pass play to move the ball into Raider territory . with less than two minutes remaining , the Chargers moved the ball to the Raider 10 yard line and lined up for the game - winning field goal with three second left in the game . The field goal was good and the Raiders suffered their fourth straight loss , falling to 2 -- 4 on the season . The Raider defense again struggled , giving up 343 total yards while the offense struggled as well , managing only 274 yards . Carr 's two interceptions proved costly in his return . After the game , the team said his poor play was not due to his injury . Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Seven : Kansas City Chiefs at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chiefs 10 10 10 0 30 Raiders 14 0 7 10 31 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 19 Game time : 5 : 26 p.m. PDT Game weather : 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter KC -- Harrison Butker 53 - yard field goal . 10 : 14 . Chiefs 3 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 40 yards , 4 : 46 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 38 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 8 : 11 . Raiders 7 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 03 . KC -- Travis Kelce 10 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 17 . Chiefs 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 82 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 45 - yard pass from Derk Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 40 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 54 . Second quarter KC -- Tyreke Hill 64 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 8 : 51 . Chiefs 17 -- 14 . ' Drive : 3 plays , 99 yards , 1 : 32 . KC -- Harrison Butker 39 - yard field goal , 1 : 06 . Chiefs 20 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 26 yards , 3 : 45 . Third quarter OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard run , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 41 . Raiders 21 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 15 . KC -- Albert Wilson 63 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 08 . Chiefs 27 -- 21 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 37 . KC -- Harrison Butker 37 - yard field goal , 0 : 47 . Chiefs 30 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 15 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 26 - yard field goal , 11 : 53 . Chiefs 30 -- 24 . Drive : 12 plays , 67 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tevecchio kick ) , 0 : 00 . Raiders 31 -- 30 . Drive : 11 plays , 85 yards , 2 : 25 . Top passers KC -- Alex Smith 25 / 36 , 342 yards , 3 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 29 / 52 , 417 yards , 3 TD Top rushers KC -- Kareem Hunt 18 rushes , 87 yards OAK -- DeAndré Washington 9 rushes , 33 yards , 1 TD Top receivers KC -- Tyreke Hill 6 receptions , 125 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Amari Cooper 11 receptions , 210 yards , 2 TD Top tacklers KC -- Daniel Sorensen 9 tackles OAK -- NaVorro Bowman 11 tackes The Raiders welcomed division - leader Kansas City to Oakland on Thursday Night Football . The Raiders were looking to break their four - game losing streak with Derek Carr making his second straight start after injuring his back . The Chiefs scored on their first possession as the Raider defense held them to a 53 - yard field goal by Harrison Butker . The Raider offense , which had struggled mightily in the prior four games , got on the board early as Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper from 38 yards out on a flea flicker to give the Raiders a 7 -- 3 lead . The Chiefs immediately retook the lead on their next possession as Alex Smith found Travis Kelce for a 10 - yard touchdown. Carr found Cooper again on the Raiders next possession , this time from 45 yards out for a touchdown and a 14 -- 10 lead with 40 seconds remaining in the first quarter . As the second quarter began , each team exchanged punts before Smith hit Tyreke Hill on a 64 - yard catch and run to give the Chiefs a 17 -- 14 lead . The Raiders attempted to tie the game on their next possession , but Giorgio Tevecchio 's 53 - yard field goal was blocked . Prior to the field goal attempt , Marshawn Lynch was ejected from the game for contacting an official after he ran on to the field during an altercation after a Carr rush . A Butker field goal with just over a minute remaining in the first half extended the Chief lead to 20 -- 14 . Tavecchio again missed a field goal , this time from 45 yards out , as time expired in the first half . In the second half , the Raider offense continued to perform well , driving 85 yards on eight plays and converting on a DeAndré Washington four - yard run to give the Raiders the 21 -- 20 lead . The back - and - forth offensive show continued as the Chiefs retook the lead on their next possession as Albert Wilson scored from 63 yards out on a Smith pass to give the Chiefs the lead once again . Following a Raider punt , the Chiefs extend the lead on a Butker field goal with less than a minute left in the third quarter . Trailing 30 -- 21 in the fourth and on the verge of their fifth consecutive loss , the Raiders drove to the Chief eight - yard line before settling for a Tevecchio 26 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to six . Each team punted on their next possession and the Raider defense kept them in the game by stopping the Chiefs on three plays with less than four minutes remaining in the game . The Raiders took over with 2 : 25 remaining and moved down the field , converting a fourth and 11 at the Chief 42 on a Jared Cook 13 - yard completion with 41 seconds remaining . Three plays later , Carr hit Cook again from 29 yards out for a game - tying touchdown . However , after review , it was determined that Cook was down inside the one - yard line . With seven seconds remaining , Carr hit Michael Crabtree for another game - tying touchdown . However , Crabtree was called for pass interference on the play . With three seconds remaining Carr 's pass to Cook was incomplete as time expired . This time , the Chiefs were called for holding and the Raiders were awarded an untimed down . Carr 's next pass again fell incomplete , but again the Chiefs were called for holding . With another untimed down , Carr hit Crabtree in the front corner of the endzone to tie the game at 30 . After a review confirmed the touchdown , Tavecchio , who had missed an extra point the previous week which ended up being the difference in the game , easily made the extra point to win the game for the Raiders . The 31 -- 30 win moved the Raiders to 3 -- 4 on the season and ended their four - game losing streak . Derek Carr had a season - high 417 yards passing and threw three touchdown passes . Amari Cooper , who had struggled mightily on the season , caught 11 passes for 210 yards and two touchdowns in the win . Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Week Eight : Oakland Raiders at Buffalo Bills -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 0 0 7 14 Bills 0 14 6 14 34 at New Era Field , Orchard Park , New York Date : October 29 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,599 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon and James Lofton Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Jamize Olawale 1 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 28 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays 81 yards , 5 : 32 . Second quarter BUF -- Andre Holmes 6 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 46 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 4 : 40 . BUF -- Matt Milano 40 - yard fumble return ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 0 : 32 . Bills 14 -- 7 . Third quarter BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 35 - yard field goal , 11 : 44 . Bills 17 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 3 yards , 1 : 22 . BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 44 - yard field goal , 8 : 18 . Bills 20 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 15 yards , 2 : 23 . Fourth quarter BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 1 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 57 . Bills 27 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 7 : 19 . OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 50 . Bills 27 -- 14 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 07 . BUF -- LeSean McCoy 48 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 12 . Bills 34 -- 14 . Drive : 1 play 48 yards , 0 : 09 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 31 / 49 , 313 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 20 / 27 , 165 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- DeAndré Washington 6 rushes , 26 yards BUF -- LeSean McCoy 27 rushes , 151 yards , 1 TD Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 83 yards BUF -- Andre Holmes 3 receptions , 51 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Navarro Bowman 11 tackles BUF -- Trae Elston 11 tackles Traveling to Buffalo to face the Bills , the Raiders were without running back Marshawn Lynch , who was suspended for one game after making contact with an official during the team 's win against Kansas City the week before . Hoping to build on the victory over the Chiefs , the Raiders started well driving 81 yards as Jamize Olawale scored from one yard out to give Oakland a 7 -- 0 lead . However , the Raider offense sputtered on their next two possession and were forced to punt . After Tyrod Taylor hit former Raider Andre Holmes for six - yard touchdown pass to tie the game , the Raiders took over with just over two minutes remaining in the first half . Derek Carr hit DeAndré Washington over the middle over a five - yard gain , but was hit by Leonard Johnson and fumbled the ball which was recovered by Matt Milano and returned for a 40 - yard touchdown to give the Bills a 14 -- 7 lead at the half . The Bills increased the lead on their first possession of the third quarter with a 35 - yard field goal . Carr was intercepted on the next Raider possession and the Bills added another field goal to push the lead to 20 -- 7 with more than 10 minutes left in the third quarter . The Raider offense continued to struggle and punted on their next possession . The Bills took advantage and moved 80 yards in a 7 : 19 drive before Taylor snuck the ball in from inside the one - yard line on the first play of the fourth quarter to move the Buffalo lead to 27 -- 7 . The Raider offense finally came to life on their next possession , going no - huddle and moving 75 yards on nine plays before Carr hit Washington from four yards out to the narrow the lead to 27 -- 14 . After forcing a Buffalo punt , the Raider offense stalled near midfield and turned the ball over on downs . Looking to take some time off the clock , the Bills instead put the game out of reach as LeSean McCoy scored on a 48 - yard run on the first play of the drive to move the lead to 34 -- 14 . The Raiders were able to move into Buffalo territory with under two minutes remaining , but Carr was intercepted as the Bills were able to run out the clock . The loss moved the Raider to 3 -- 5 on the season . The Raider defense struggled once again , giving up 166 yards on the ground to the Bills , but did limit the Bills to 165 yards through the air . Carr completed 31 of 49 passes for 313 yards , but his two interceptions and two fumbles by the Raiders were their undoing . Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Week Nine : Oakland Raiders at Miami Dolphins -- Game summary Total Raiders 10 7 7 27 Dolphins 0 9 7 8 24 at Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : November 5 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. PST Game weather : 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) Game attendance : 65,139 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 36 - yard field goal , 7 : 31 . Raiders 3 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 58 yards , 7 : 29 . Second quarter MIA -- Damien Williams 10 - yard pass from Jay Cutler ( kick failed ) , 10 : 37 . Dolphins 6 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 82 yards , 5 : 35 . OAK -- Johnny Holton 44 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 26 . Raiders 10 -- 6 . Drive : 6 plays , 81 yards , 4 : 02 . MIA -- Cody Parkey 49 - yard field goal , 0 : 32 . Raiders 10 -- 9 . Drive : 8 plays , 49 yards , 2 : 54 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 53 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 13 -- 9 . Drive : 5 plays , 42 yards , 0 : 32 . Third quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 22 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 23 . Raiders 20 -- 9 . Drive : 6 plays , 67 yards , 3 : 24 . MIA -- Jarvis Landry 6 - yard pass from Jay Cutler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 6 : 34 . Raiders 20 -- 16 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 49 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 3 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 4 : 37 . Raiders 27 -- 16 . Drive : 6 plays , 87 yards , 2 : 44 . MIA -- Julius Thomas 15 - yard pass from Jay Cutler ( Kenyan Drake run ) , 1 : 32 . Raiders 27 -- 24 . Drive : 5 plays , 83 yards , 0 : 22 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 21 / 30 , 300 yards , 1 TD , 1 INT MIA -- Jay Cutler 34 / 42 , 311 yards , 3 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 14 rushes , 57 yards , 2 TD MIA -- Kenyan Drake 9 rushes , 69 yards Top receivers OAK -- Jared Cook 8 receptions , 126 yards MIA -- Julius Thomas 6 receptions , 84 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Navarro Bowman , Dexter McDonald 10 tackles MIA -- Reshad Jones 9 tackles The Raiders stayed on the East Coast following the loss to the Bills to take on the Miami Dolphins on Sunday Night Football . Once again , the Raiders started well , driving 58 yards on 12 plays before stalling and settling for a field goal for an early 3 -- 0 lead . Following punts by both team , the Dolphins pass offense carved up the Raiders dinged - up secondary , going 82 yards on 10 play as Jay Cutler hit Damien Williams for a 10 yard touchdown . The extra point hit the upright and the Dolphins led 6 -- 3 . The Dolphins attempted an onside kick on the ensuing kickoff which they recovered . Four plays later , inside the Raider 25 yard line , Kenyan Drake fumbled the ball to end the Dolphins ' drive . The Raiders quickly answered as Derek Carr hit speedster Johnny Holton on a 44 yard bomb to the end zone to give the Raiders a 10 -- 6 lead with just over three minutes remaining in the half . The Dolphins moved quickly down the field , but were stopped at the Raider 31 and settled for a field goal to reduce the lead to one point . With just over 30 seconds remaining , The Raider offense moved 42 yards on five plays to set up Giorgio Tavecchio 's 53 - yard field goal as time expired . At the half , the Raiders led 13 -- 9 . In the second half , the Raiders forced the Dolphins to punt on their first possession and the Raider offense took over . Moving 67 yards on six plays , Marshawn Lynch capped the drive with a 22 - yard touchdown run to push the Raider lead to 20 -- 9 . Miami would not give in , answering on their next drive as Cutler hit Jarvis Landry for a six - yard scored to cut the lead to four again . The teams ' defenses took over as they each forced a fumble before Ndamukong Suh forced a Carr fumble to give the Dolphins the ball near midfield . However , the Raider defense forced another punt . Following punts from both teams , Oakland took over at their own 13 with 7 : 21 left in the game . Six plays later , Lynch bowled his way into the end zone from three yards out to appear to put the game away at 27 -- 16 with four and a half minutes remaining . Miami would turn the ball over on downs at midfield with under three minutes remaining as the game again appeared to be over . However , Carr was intercepted on third down and the Phins moved down the field , moving 83 yards and scoring on a 15 - yard pass from Cutler to Julius Thomas with 1 : 32 remaining . The two - point conversion was good as the lead was narrowed to 27 -- 24 . Miami 's onside kick was recovered by Amari Cooper and the Raiders were able to kneel out the clock for the 27 -- 24 win . Carr threw for 300 yards with a touchdown and interception . Marshawn Lynch scored twice and Jared Cook had a big day with eight receptions for 126 yards . The Raiders were out - gained 395 -- 379 as both teams had over 100 yards in penalties in the sloppy game . The win moved the Raiders to 4 -- 5 on the season heading into their bye week . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 253 208 L1 Oakland Raiders 5 0 . 444 1 -- 2 4 -- 4 196 211 W1 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 150 152 L2 Denver Broncos 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 150 198 L4 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 462 . 449 W3 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 507 . 449 W4 Kansas City Chiefs West 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 568 . 551 L1 Tennessee Titans South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 . 418 . 405 W3 Wild Cards 5 Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 . 507 . 452 W2 6 Buffalo Bills East 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 441 . 405 L1 In the hunt 7 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 500 . 485 L2 8 Baltimore Ravens North 5 0 . 444 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 . 493 . 333 L1 9 Oakland Raiders West 5 0 . 444 1 -- 2 4 -- 4 . 507 . 559 W1 10 New York Jets East 5 0 . 444 2 -- 3 4 -- 4 . 507 . 438 W1 11 Houston Texans South 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 500 . 333 L2 12 Cincinnati Bengals North 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 462 . 320 L1 13 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 522 . 320 L1 14 Denver Broncos West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 522 . 480 L4 15 Indianapolis Colts South 6 0 . 333 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 425 . 120 W1 16 Cleveland Browns North 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 507 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Pittsburgh wins tie break over New England based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee wins tie break over Jacksonville based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Buffalo based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Baltimore wins tie break over Oakland and NY Jets based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Oakland wins tie break over NY Jets based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Cincinnati based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over LA Chargers based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Denver ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : Cincinnati wins tie break over Los Angeles based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Denver ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : LA Chargers wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in common games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Raiders to host Patriots on Sunday , November 19 in Mexico City '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` NFL owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Cook signing with Raiders '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign Ex-Vikings Receiver Cordarrelle Patterson , Boost Return Game '' . NESN.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign OL Marshall Newhouse '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders re-sign long snapper Jon Condo '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign linebacker Jelani Jenkins '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EJ Manuel signs with Raiders as Derek Carr 's backup '' . SBNation.com . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing DE IK Enemkpali To One - Year Deal NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing LB Rufus Johnson NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders acquire Marshawn Lynch in trade with Seahawks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Marshawn Lynch reportedly agrees to Raiders deal '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beast Mode headed home : Marshawn Lynch joins Raiders after trade with Seahawks '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr signs deal : 5 years , $125 million makes him highest - paid player '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr signs $125 million contract with Raiders that will come with an interesting bonus when the team moves to Las Vegas '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Jackson agrees to terms on a huge five - year extension with Raiders '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders lock up right guard Gabe Jackson to contract extension '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn making plans to continue holdout , wants top ten LT money '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders ' Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice with Raiders '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn returned from holdout in good faith , Raiders need to follow through '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Janikowski still on roster , guaranteeing $238 K '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's the kicker : Janikowski at Raiders practice amid reports of contract impasse '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders kicker Sebastian Janikowski takes pay cut '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders put Janikowski on IR , sign Tavecchio '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Head to Nashville To Open Regular Season Against Tennessee Titans '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Sebastian Janikowski Placed on IR with Back Injury ; Giorgio Tavecchio Signed '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Derek Carr Leads Raiders to Week 1 Win vs. Titans '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Titans - Game Recap - September 10 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 26 Tennessee Titans 16 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Giorgio Tavecchio named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sabo , Robby ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` New York Jets 20 , Oakland Raiders 45 : A Muff , Michael Crabtree Too Much To Overcome ( Highlights ) '' . Elite Sports NY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jets vs. Raiders - Game Recap - September 17 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' No secret ' why Crabtree caught three touchdowns in Raiders ' win over Jets '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 takeaways from Raiders ' 27 - 10 loss vs. Redskins '' . Raiders Wire. 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Redskins - Game Recap - September 24 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos 16 , Raiders 10 : Derek Carr suffers back injury , EJ Manuel rally falls short '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 1 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Raiders QB Carr out 2 to 6 weeks with back injury '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr out 2 - 6 weeks with fracture in back '' . ProFootballTalk. 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Derek Carr injury EJ Manuel named starter Week 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 8 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 15 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Not limited by back , Derek Carr puts finger on why Raiders ' offense struggled '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 19 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Bills - Game Recap - October 29 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Dolphins - Game Recap - November 5 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders seasons Oakland 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Los Angeles 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Oakland 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl victory Italics indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Oakland_Raiders_season&oldid=809008759 '' Categories : 2010s in Oakland , California Oakland Raiders seasons 2017 National Football League season by team 2017 in sports in California Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who do the raiders play the first game of the season	[ "The 2017 Oakland Raiders season is the 58th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise, the franchise's 48th season in the National Football League, their 24th season since their return to Oakland, and the third under head coach Jack Del Rio. The Raiders are looking to win their first AFC West title since 2002 and the Super Bowl for the first time since 1983, when the club was still in Los Angeles. The Raiders began the season on September 10 at the Tennessee Titans and will finish the season December 31 at the Los Angeles Chargers. The Raiders, as they did in 2016, will play one home game in Mexico City, this time against the New England Patriots.[1]" ]	[ "the Tennessee Titans" ]
-5823102343323859771	Multinucleate	Multinucleate - Wikipedia Multinucleate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Multinucleate cells ( also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells ) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell , i.e. , multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm . Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated , synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space . The multinucleate stage in the life cycle of some organisms is called plasmodium . Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation , plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata , and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanisms and types 2 Terminology 3 Examples 3.1 Osteoclasts 3.2 Syncytia 3.3 Coenocytes 3.4 Pathological examples 4 Multiple nucleoids 5 References Mechanisms and types ( edit ) Multinucleate cells , depending on the mechanism they are formed , can be divided into : Syncytia ( formed by cell fusion ) Coenocytes ( formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis ) Terminology ( edit ) Some biologists use the term `` acellular '' to refer to multinucleate cell forms ( syncitia and plasmodia ) , such as to differentiate `` acellular '' slime molds from the purely `` cellular '' ones ( which do not form such structures ) . This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to laymen , and as such it is strongly discouraged . Examples ( edit ) Osteoclasts ( edit ) Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells which are found commonly in the human body that aid in the maintenance and repair of the bones by secreting acid that dissolves bone matter . They are typically found to have 5 nuclei per cell . Syncytia ( edit ) Multinucleate cells can occur naturally under physiological conditions by the fusion of the plasma membranes of cells thus forming syncytia . Examples include the skeletal muscle cells of mammals , the tapetal cells of plants , and the storage cells of Douglas - fir seeds . The polymorphonuclear leukocytes of mammals are not polynuclear cells , although the lobes of their nuclei are so deeply bifurcated that they can appear so under suboptimal microscopy . The chlorarachniophytes form multinucleate cells by fusion , being syncytia and not coenocytes . This syncytia is called plasmodium , in the sense of a multinucleate protoplast without a cell wall which exhibits amoeboid movement . Other examples include some plasmodiophorids , some haplosporidians , and the grex of cellular slime moulds ( dictyostelids and acrasids ) . Coenocytes ( edit ) Furthermore , multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis , thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia . In filamentous fungi , multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments . Other examples include , the plasmodia of plasmodial slime molds ( myxogastrids ) and the schizont of the Plasmodium parasite which causes malaria . Pathological examples ( edit ) Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed cell cycle control ( e.g. , binucleated cells and in metastasizing tumor cells ) . Multiple nucleoids ( edit ) The equivalent of multiple nuclei in prokaryotes is multiple nucleoids in bacteria such as in Proteus mirabilis swarmer cells . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26857/ Jump up ^ Boyd , J.D. ; Hamilton , W.J. ( 1966 ) . `` Electron microscopic observations on the cytotrophoblast contribution to the syncytium in the human placenta '' . Journal of Anatomy. 100 ( Pt 3 ) : 535 -- 548 . PMC 1270795 . PMID 5965440 . Jump up ^ Read , Nick D. ; Roca , Gabriela M. ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in Filamentous Fungi '' . In Baluška , František ; Volkmann , Dieter ; Barlow , Peter W. Cell - Cell Channels . Landes Bioscience and Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 87 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 36058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bray , Dennis ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . Cell Movements : From Molecules to Motility . Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3282 - 4 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Anthony J. ; Shen , Zai - Zhong ; Cunha , Ana ; Emmons , Scott W. ; Leroi , Armand M. ( 2000 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 97 ( 10 ) : 5285 -- 5290 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 97.10. 5285 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 25820 . PMID 10805788 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Odd - Arne ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . Endosperm : Developmental and Molecular Biology . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 71235 - 0 . Jump up ^ Von Aderkas , P. ; Rouault , G. ; Wagner , R. ; Chiwocha , S. ; Roques , A. ( 2005 ) . `` Multinucleate storage cells in Douglas - fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ( Mirbel ) Franco ) and the effect of seed parasitism by the chalcid Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl '' . Heredity. 94 ( 6 ) : 616 -- 622 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800670 . PMID 15829985 . Jump up ^ Hoek , C. van den , Mann , D.G. and Jahns , H.M. ( 1995 ) . Algae An Introduction to Phycology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge Jump up ^ Brown , MW ; Kolisko , M ; Silberman , JD ; Roger , AJ ( 2012 ) . `` Aggregative Multicellularity Evolved Independently in the Eukaryotic Supergroup Rhizaria '' . Current Biology . 22 ( 12 ) : 1123 -- 1127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2012.04. 021 . PMID 22608512 . This cell biology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multinucleate&oldid=799048869 '' Categories : Cell biology Cell biology stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	names of organisms that have more than one nucleus per cell	[ "Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. The multinucleate stage in the life cycle of some organisms is called plasmodium." ]	[ "Multinucleate cells" ]
8926853423453933612	Milking	Milking - wikipedia Milking This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 37.111. 4.149 ( talk ) at 07 : 45 , 6 April 2017 ( → ‎ Hand milking ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 07 : 45 , 6 April 2017 by 37.111. 4.149 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Hand milking ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Hand milking Reindeer milking ( 19th century ) For details about cattle milking , see Dairy . Milking is the act of removing milk from the mammary glands of cattle , water buffalo , goats , sheep and more rarely camels , horses and donkeys . Milking may be done by hand or by machine , and requires the animal to be currently or recently pregnant . The milker may refer either to the animal that produces the milk or the person who milks said animal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hand milking 2 Machine milking 3 Venom milking 4 See also 5 External links Hand milking ( edit ) Hand milking is performed by massaging and pulling down on the teats of the udder , squirting the milk into a bucket . Two main methods are used : The top of the teat is pinched shut between finger and thumb , trapping milk in the lower part , which is then squeezed by the other fingers , squirting the milk out through the hole in the tip of the teat . The top of the teat is pinched shut by the fingers and thumb , which are then slid down the teat , pushing the milk towards the top . Machine milking ( edit ) Small - scale machine milking Most milking in the developed world is done using milking machines . Teat cups are attached to the cow 's teats , and then the cups alternate between vacuum and normal air pressure to extract the milk . The milk is filtered and cooled before being added to a large bulk tank of milk for storage . Today there exist fully automatic milking machines which give a cow the freedom to choose when to be milked , allowing for a larger amount of milk to be obtained more efficiently . Venom milking ( edit ) Milking is also used by extension to describe the removal of venom from snakes and spiders , for the production of antivenom . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Breast pump Milking the system External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milking . ( in English ) MilkAcademy ( for more applicable information about milking equipment and dairy farming ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of MILKER '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robotic Milking Machine '' . YouTube . ( hide ) Milk From animals Buffalo Camel Cow Donkey Goat Horse Human Colostrum Newborn Moose Pig Sheep From plants Plant milk Almond Coconut Hemp Rice Peanut Soy - based infant formula Soy Types A2 Baked Condensed Evaporated Filled Flavored Anise Chocolate Coffee Vanilla Ice Malted Organic Pasteurized Powdered Raw Scalded Skimmed Soured Toned UHT Ultrafiltered Products Ayran Butter Buttermilk Cheese Cream Curd Ice cream Jewelry Kefir Whey Yogurt Topics Allergy Containers Bag Bottle Crate Jug Milk churn Dairy Lactation Breastfeeding Milking Pipeline Professions Milkmaid Milkman Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milking&oldid=774095016 '' Categories : Milk Snakes Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Boarisch Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano Kiswahili Lumbaart 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2017 , at 07 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the part of the cow where milk comes from	[ "Milking is the act of removing milk from the mammary glands of cattle, water buffalo, goats, sheep and more rarely camels, horses and donkeys. Milking may be done by hand or by machine, and requires the animal to be currently or recently pregnant. The milker may refer either to the animal that produces the milk or the person who milks said animal.[1]" ]	[ "mammary glands" ]
2336242052751105990	O-o-h Child	O-o-h Child - wikipedia O-o-h Child Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` O-o-h Child '' Single by Five Stairsteps from the album Stairsteps B - side `` Who Do You Belong To '' Released April 1970 Genre Chicago soul Length 3 : 11 Label Buddah Songwriter ( s ) Stan Vincent Producer ( s ) Stan Vincent `` O-o-h Child '' is a 1970 single recorded by Chicago soul family group the Five Stairsteps and released on the Buddah label . The Five Stairsteps had previous peripheral success recording in Chicago with Curtis Mayfield ; when Mayfield 's workload precluded his continuing to work with the group they were reassigned to Stan Vincent , an in - house producer for Buddah Records , who had recently scored a Top Ten hit with the Lou Christie single `` I 'm Gonna Make You Mine '' . The Five Stairsteps ' debut collaboration with Vincent was originally formatted with the group 's rendition of `` Dear Prudence '' as the A-side with Vincent 's original composition `` O-o-h Child '' as B - side . However , `` O-o-h Child '' broke out in the key markets of Philadelphia and Detroit to rise as high as # 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1970 . The track 's R&B chart impact was more muted with a # 14 peak , although `` O-o-h Child '' is now regarded as a `` soft soul '' classic . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 21 song of 1970 . The Five Stairsteps ' only pop Top 40 hit , `` O-o-h Child '' would be the group 's last R&B top 40 hit ( they had several top 40 R&B hits in the 1960s ) until 1976 's `` From Us to You '' . Included on the band 's The Stairsteps album from 1970 , it has become the Stairsteps ' signature song and has inspired more than twenty covers since its release . The song featured various members , including lone female member and eldest sister Alohe , brothers Keni , Dennis , James , lead singer Clarence Burke , Jr. singing in various parts of the song , and also drummer Jerome Brailey on the original recording . The lyrics tell the listener that `` things are gon na get easier '' in times of strife . The song 's uplifting message helped it to become popular among pop and rhythm and blues audiences when it was released . The song is ranked # 402 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 In popular culture 4 Sampled 5 References 6 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Canada RPM U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard R&B 14 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada 57 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 21 U.S. Cash Box 40 Cover versions ( edit ) The Spinners covered the song on their 1970 album 2nd Time Around . Bruce Ruffin released a reggae cover of the song in 1970 . Nina Simone covered the song on her 1971 album Here Comes the Sun . Dusty Springfield covered the song in November 1971 for possible inclusion on See All Her Faces , but her recording went unreleased for almost 30 years , until its inclusion on the posthumous Atlantic / Rhino compilation Love Songs ( 2001 ) The New Birth covered the song on their 1971 album , Ai n't No Big Thing , But It 's Growing . The Edwin Hawkins Singers recorded this song for their 1973 release I 'd Like To Teach the World To Sing , also on the Buddah label . Richie Havens covered the song on his 1974 album Mixed Bag II . Valerie Carter covered the song for her 1977 release Just a Stone 's Throw Away . Mary Wilson from The Supremes covered the song in 1989 , and released it as a single . Dino 's version hit # 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1993 . Wondermints covered the song on their 1996 album Wonderful World of the Wondermints . Milton Nascimento covered the song on his 1999 album `` Crooner . '' Beth Orton covered the song on her 2003 compilation album The Other Side of Daybreak as a soft , acoustic guitar version . The song was featured on the pilot episode `` First Responders '' of The Unit , on an episode of Alias entitled `` Repercussions '' , on an episode of Life entitled `` Serious Control Issues '' , on a CSI : NY episode entitled `` Unusual Suspects '' , on a Cold Case episode entitled `` Superstar '' , and at the end of the Hawaii Five - 0 episode `` Hahai I Na Pilikua Nui '' . Molly Johnson recorded the medley `` Ooh Child '' / `` Redemption Song '' for her 2002 album Another Day . In its 2002 CD release the 1971 album Gonna Take a Miracle by Laura Nyro was augmented by four live tracks from Nyro 's May 30 , 1971 concert at Fillmore East including `` Ooh Child '' with the entire concert being issued in 2004 as Spread Your Wings and Fly : Live at the Fillmore East . Kelly Rowland recorded a live version of the song in Rotterdam , the Netherlands which was released in 2003 on the Destiny 's Child World Tour DVD . Nancy Wilson and Ramsey Lewis remade the song for their 2003 collaborative album Simple Pleasures . Hall & Oates covered the song on their 2004 album Our Kind of Soul . Donnie McClurkin covered the song featuring Kirk Franklin on his 2004 album Psalms , Hymns and Spiritual Songs and his version was also on the soundtrack of the 2005 film The Gospel , starring Boris Kodjoe . Trey Anastasio has covered this song live in concert numerous times , including on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on October 30 , 2012 . The song was covered by Raya Yarbrough and Bear McCreary in `` The Devil In the Dark '' , Episode 3 Season 1 , of the TV show Defiance . The show was first aired April 29 , 2013 , and is contained on the accompanying soundtrack album to the series . Christine Anu covered the song on her album Island Christmas ( 2014 ) . Vulfpeck debuted a cover of the song at the Brooklyn Bowl , with lead vocals from Antwaun Stanley ( 2016 ) . Janet Jackson covered the song in her song `` Truth '' from her All For You album in 2001 . MILCK covered the song on her 2018 album This Is Not the End . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1979 film Over the Edge , the closing scene ( while the prison bus drives away ) is underscored by the Valerie Carter version . `` O-o-h Child '' was featured prominently in a notable scene of the 1991 film Boyz n the Hood , directed by Academy Award nominee John Singleton . The song is played in the 1994 film Crooklyn when the main character Troy Carmichael attends the funeral of her mother with the entire family . The Beastie Boys song `` Intergalactic '' contain the lyrics `` It always brings me back when I hear O-o-h Child '' . In the 2000 film Our Song , `` O-o-h Child '' is the song referred to in the title . In a 2000 episode of Boy Meets World entitled `` Angela 's Ashes '' Eric sings the refrain to Angela . The 2004 animated film Shark Tale played the song during Oscar 's flashback sequence about his father . In a 2005 Episode of TV series Judging Amy entitled `` You Do n't Know Me '' ( Season 6 , Episode 12 ) . In the film Bridge to Terabithia , music teacher Ms. Edmunds sings the song accompanied by her class . In the TV show How I Met Your Mother , Season 3 , episode 11 , `` The Platinum Rule '' . In 2011 a few lines of the song were sung in the US Sitcom Mike & Molly ( Season 2 Episode 12 ) . In December 5 , 2011 , `` O-o-h Child '' was covered in a cappella by Sing - Off Season 2 champion Committed and Season 3 Runner - Up Afro - Blue in the show 's Sing - Off Christmas . In TV show The Bernie Mac Show , Season 1 , episode 1 , `` Pilot '' . In A Tree Grows in Springfield , the sixth episode of season 24 of The Simpsons In `` The Devil In the Dark '' , the third episode of season 1 of Defiance , performed by Raya Yarbrough . In Grand Theft Auto V on the in - game radio station The Lowdown 91.1 . In the third episode of season 1 of the SyFy series Defiance , originally aired April 29 , 2013 , the song underscores the final scenes . In Saturday Night Live Season 39 episode 15 , a GPS navigation device keeps interrupting Lena Dunham during a car sing - along of the song . In the 2014 Marvel film Guardians of the Galaxy , the hero Peter Quill sings and dances to the song while distracting Ronan the Accuser . In the TV Show Scandal ( TV series ) , Season 4 , episode 15 `` The Testimony of Diego Muñoz '' . In the TV show CSI : NY , Season 6 , Episode 21 `` Unusual Suspects '' . In the TV show iZombie , the song plays on the radio during season 2 , episode 19 `` Salivation Army ''. s It was heard , in edited form , during the pregame show of Super Bowl LI on February 5 , 2017 , in a film about college football players from HBCUs who have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The song was part of the ' Love Over Bias ' campaign for Procter & Gamble advertised globally during the 2018 Winter Olympics . Sampled ( edit ) The song is sampled throughout the 1993 song `` Getting Brighter '' by the Dynamic Twins . The song 's chorus is used in the 1993 2Pac song `` Keep Ya Head Up '' . R. Kelly quoted the song on the remix of the 1994 hit `` Bump n ' Grind '' . It is sampled in UK grime artist Shystie 's song `` Somedayz '' from the album Diamond in the Dirt . Janet Jackson interpolated this song on her 2001 song `` Truth '' . Joe used this in the intro of his 2001 song `` Better Days '' . It is sampled in UK grime artist Bashy 's 2007 song `` Black Boys '' . Hi - Rez interpolated this song on his 2011 song `` Ooh Child '' . The song 's chorus was used by rapper Z - Ro in the song `` Lord Tell Me Why , '' on his 1998 debut album Look What You Did to Me . He used the chorus again in 2000 , on the song `` Gonna Get Harder . '' In January 2017 the hook from the song was sampled for the song `` Hurricane Of Diamonds '' released by Psychopathic Records featuring Insane Clown Posse , Anybody Killa , Big Hoodoo , DJ Clay , Blahzay Roze and Lyte . The song is the featured in the 2008 song `` Things are Gonna Get Easier '' by Low Motion Disco . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1970 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bear McCreary -- Official site '' . 3 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Devil In The Dark - Defiance Wiki '' . En.defiance-wiki.com. 2014 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Saturday Night Live : Ooh Child Online '' . Hulu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . External links ( edit ) 1970s portal The Five Stairsteps , ' O-o-h Child ' - 500 GREATEST SONGS OF ALL TIME Over the Edge - Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Dino Studio albums 24 / 7 ( 1989 ) Swingin ' ( 1990 ) The Way I Am ( 1993 ) Songs `` I Like It '' `` Sunshine '' `` Romeo '' `` O-o-h Child '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O-o-h_Child&oldid=826438057 '' Categories : 1970 singles Soul songs Five Stairsteps songs Nina Simone songs Hall & Oates songs 1970 songs Buddah Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song ooh child things are gonna get easier	[ "\"O-o-h Child\" is a 1970 single recorded by Chicago soul family group the Five Stairsteps and released on the Buddah label. The Five Stairsteps had previous peripheral success recording in Chicago with Curtis Mayfield; when Mayfield's workload precluded his continuing to work with the group they were reassigned to Stan Vincent, an in-house producer for Buddah Records, who had recently scored a Top Ten hit with the Lou Christie single \"I'm Gonna Make You Mine\". The Five Stairsteps' debut collaboration with Vincent was originally formatted with the group's rendition of \"Dear Prudence\" as the A-side with Vincent's original composition \"O-o-h Child\" as B-side. However, \"O-o-h Child\" broke out in the key markets of Philadelphia and Detroit to rise as high as #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1970. The track's R&B chart impact was more muted with a #14 peak, although \"O-o-h Child\" is now regarded as a \"soft soul\" classic. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 21 song of 1970." ]	[ "the Five Stairsteps" ]
-5323155802381516286	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Uncle Tom 's Cabin - wikipedia Uncle Tom 's Cabin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mid-19th century novel . For other uses , see Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( disambiguation ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Boston edition Author Harriet Beecher Stowe Original title Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly Illustrator Hammatt Billings ( 1st edition ) Country United States Language English Genre Novel Published Serialized in The National Era for ten months , beginning with the 5 June 1851 issue . Published as a book in two volumes on March 20 , 1852 , John P. Jewett and Company . Followed by A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly , is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe . Published in 1852 , the novel `` helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War '' , according to Will Kaufman . Stowe , a Connecticut - born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist , featured the character of Uncle Tom , a long - suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve . The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings . Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel of the 19th century and the second best - selling book of that century , following the Bible . It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s . In the first year after it was published , 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States ; one million copies in Great Britain . In 1855 , three years after it was published , it was called `` the most popular novel of our day . '' The impact attributed to the book is great , reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War , Lincoln declared , `` So this is the little lady who started this great war . '' The quote is apocryphal ; it did not appear in print until 1896 , and it has been argued that `` The long - term durability of Lincoln 's greeting as an anecdote in literary studies and Stowe scholarship can perhaps be explained in part by the desire among many contemporary intellectuals ... to affirm the role of literature as an agent of social change . '' The book and the plays it inspired helped popularize a number of stereotypes about black people . These include the affectionate , dark - skinned `` mammy '' ; the `` pickaninny '' stereotype of black children ; and the `` Uncle Tom '' , or dutiful , long - suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress . In recent years , the negative associations with Uncle Tom 's Cabin have , to an extent , overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a `` vital antislavery tool . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Publication 3 Plot 3.1 Eliza escapes with her son , Tom sold `` down the river '' 3.2 Eliza 's family hunted , Tom 's life with St. Clare 3.3 Tom sold to Simon Legree 3.4 Final section 4 Major characters 4.1 Uncle Tom 4.2 Eliza 4.3 Eva 4.4 Simon Legree 5 Other characters 6 Major themes 7 Style 8 Reactions to the novel 8.1 Contemporary and world reaction 8.2 Literary significance and criticism 9 Creation and popularization of stereotypes 10 Anti-Tom literature 11 Dramatic adaptations 11.1 Tom shows 11.2 On the plays 11.3 Film adaptations 12 See also 13 Collections 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Sources Stowe , a Connecticut - born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist , wrote the novel as a response to the passage , in 1850 , of the second Fugitive Slave Act . Much of the book was composed in Brunswick , Maine , where her husband , Calvin Ellis Stowe , taught at his alma mater , Bowdoin College . An engraving of Harriet Beecher Stowe from 1872 , based on an oil painting by Alonzo Chappel Stowe was partly inspired to create Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the slave narrative The Life of Josiah Henson , Formerly a Slave , Now an Inhabitant of Canada , as Narrated by Himself ( 1849 ) . Henson , a formerly enslaved black man , had lived and worked on a 3,700 acres ( 15 km ) tobacco plantation in North Bethesda , Maryland , owned by Isaac Riley . Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the Province of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) , where he helped other fugitive slaves settle and become self - sufficient , and where he wrote his memoirs . Stowe acknowledged in 1853 that Henson 's writings inspired Uncle Tom 's Cabin . When Stowe 's work became a best - seller , Henson republished his memoirs as The Memoirs of Uncle Tom and traveled on lecture tours extensively in the United States and Europe . Stowe 's novel lent its name to Henson 's home -- Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site , near Dresden , Canada -- which since the 1940s has been a museum . The cabin where Henson lived while he was enslaved no longer exists , but a cabin on the Riley farm erroneously thought to be the Henson Cabin was purchased by the Montgomery County , Maryland , government in 2006 . It is now a part of the National Park Service National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program , and plans are underway to build a museum and interpretive center on the site . American Slavery As It Is : Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses , a volume co-authored by Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters , is also a source of some of the novel 's content . Stowe said she based the novel on a number of interviews with people who escaped slavery during the time when she was living in Cincinnati , Ohio , across the Ohio River from Kentucky , a slave state . In Cincinnati the Underground Railroad had local abolitionist sympathizers and was active in efforts to help runaway slaves on their escape route from the South . Stowe mentioned a number of the inspirations and sources for her novel in A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) . This non-fiction book was intended to verify Stowe 's claims about slavery . However , later research indicated that Stowe did not read many of the book 's cited works until after she had published her novel . Publication The National Era , June 5 , 1851 Uncle Tom 's Cabin first appeared as a 40 - week serial in The National Era , an abolitionist periodical , starting with the June 5 , 1851 , issue . It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks . Stowe expanded the story significantly , however , and it was instantly popular , such that several protests were sent to the Era office when she missed an issue . Because of the story 's popularity , the publisher John P. Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book . While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom 's Cabin in book form , she eventually consented to the request . Convinced the book would be popular , Jewett made the unusual decision ( for the time ) to have six full - page illustrations by Hammatt Billings engraved for the first printing . Published in book form on March 20 , 1852 , the novel sold 3,000 copies on that day alone , and soon sold out its complete print run . A number of other editions were soon printed ( including a deluxe edition in 1853 , featuring 117 illustrations by Billings ) . In the first year of publication , 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom 's Cabin were sold . At that point , however , `` demand came to an unexpected halt ... No more copies were produced for many years , and if , as is claimed , Abraham Lincoln greeted Stowe in 1862 as ' the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war , ' the work had effectively been out of print for many years . '' Jewett went out of business , and it was not until Ticknor and Fields put the work back in print in November 1862 that demand began again to increase . The book was translated into all major languages , and in the United States it became the second best - selling book after the Bible . A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman , a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views . Uncle Tom 's Cabin sold equally well in Britain , with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200,000 copies . In a few years over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain , although most of these were infringing copies ( a similar situation occurred in the United States ) . Plot Eliza escapes with her son , Tom sold `` down the River '' Full - page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin depicts Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and she is running away to save her child ( first edition : Boston : John P. Jewett and Company , 1852 ) . The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts . Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves , Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them -- Uncle Tom , a middle - aged man with a wife and children , and Harry , the son of Emily Shelby 's maid Eliza -- to a slave trader . Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold ; Emily 's son , George Shelby , hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor . When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry , Eliza determines to run away with her son . The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child ( she had already miscarried two children ) . Eliza departs that night , leaving a note of apology to her mistress . Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat which sets sail down the Mississippi River . While on board , Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva . Eva 's father Augustine St. Clare buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans . Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share . Eliza 's family hunted , Tom 's Life with St. Clare Illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . During Eliza 's escape , she meets up with her husband George Harris , who had run away previously . They decide to attempt to reach Canada . However , they are tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker . Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family , causing George to shoot him in the side . Worried that Loker may die , Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment . Back in New Orleans , St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who , while opposing slavery , is prejudiced against black people . St. Clare , however , believes he is not biased , even though he is a slave owner . In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong , St. Clare purchases Topsy , a young black slave , and asks Ophelia to educate her . After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years , Eva grows very ill . Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven , which she shares with the people around her . As a result of her death and vision , the other characters resolve to change their lives , with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks , Topsy saying she will better herself , and St. Clare pledging to free Tom . Tom sold to Simon Legree Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge , however , he dies after being stabbed outside of a tavern . His wife reneges on her late husband 's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree . Legree ( a transplanted northerner ) takes Tom and Emmeline ( whom Legree purchased at the same time ) to rural Louisiana , where they meet Legree 's other slaves . Full page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( first edition : Boston : John P. Jewett and Company , 1852 ) . Cassy , another of Legree 's slaves , is shown ministering to Uncle Tom after his whipping . Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree 's order to whip his fellow slave . Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave 's faith in God . Despite Legree 's cruelty , however , Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can . While at the plantation , Tom meets Cassy , another of Legree 's slaves . Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold ; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold , she killed her third child . At this point Tom Loker returns to the story . Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers . George , Eliza , and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada . In Louisiana , Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation . However , he has two visions , one of Jesus and one of Eva , which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian , even unto death . He encourages Cassy to escape , which she does , taking Emmeline with her . When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone , Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom . As Tom is dying , he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him . Humbled by the character of the man they have killed , both men become Christians . Very shortly before Tom 's death , George Shelby ( Arthur Shelby 's son ) arrives to buy Tom 's freedom but finds he is too late . Final section On their boat ride to freedom , Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris 's sister and accompany her to Canada . Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long - lost daughter who was sold as a child . Now that their family is together again , they travel to France and eventually Liberia , the African nation created for former American slaves . George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves . George tells them to remember Tom 's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity . Major characters Uncle Tom Main article : Uncle Tom Simon Legree assaults Uncle Tom . Uncle Tom , the title character , was initially seen as a noble , long - suffering Christian slave . In more recent years , however , his name has become an epithet directed towards African - Americans who are accused of selling out to whites . Stowe intended Tom to be a `` noble hero '' and praiseworthy person . Throughout the book , far from allowing himself to be exploited , Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies . Eliza Eliza is a slave and personal maid to Mrs. Shelby who escapes to the North with her five - year - old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley . Her husband , George , eventually finds Eliza and Harry in Ohio and emigrates with them to Canada , then France and finally Liberia . The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe 's husband Calvin , a professor at the school . According to Rankin , in February 1838 a young slave woman , Eliza Harris , had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way further north . Eva Little Eva and Uncle Tom by Edwin Longsden Long Evangeline St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare . Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via steamship to New Orleans to be sold , and he rescues the five - or six - year - old girl from drowning . Eva begs her father to buy Tom , and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house . He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva . Eva often talks about love and forgiveness , even convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love . She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia . Eventually Eva falls terminally ill . Before dying , she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves , telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven . On her deathbed , she convinces her father to free Tom , but because of circumstances the promise never materializes . A similar character , also named Little Eva , later appeared in the children 's novel Little Eva : The Flower of the South by Philip J. Cozans ( although this ironically was an anti-Tom novel ) . Simon Legree Simon Legree on the cover of the comic book adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( Classic Comics No. 15 , November 1943 issue ) . Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner -- a Northerner by birth -- whose name has become synonymous with greed . He is arguably the novel 's main antagonist . His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith ; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave 's unbreakable belief in God . The novel reveals that , as a young man , he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed . He sexually exploits Cassy , who despises him , and later sets his designs on Emmeline . It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals . Reports surfaced after the 1870s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named Meredith Calhoun , who settled on the Red River north of Alexandria , Louisiana . Generally , however , the personal characteristics of Calhoun ( `` highly educated and refined '' ) do not match the uncouthness and brutality of Legree . Calhoun even edited his own newspaper , published in Colfax ( originally `` Calhoun 's Landing '' ) , which was renamed The National Democrat after Calhoun 's death . However , Calhoun 's overseers may have been in line with the hated Legree 's methods and motivations . Other characters The more notable of the secondary and minor characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are : Arthur Shelby -- Tom 's master in Kentucky . Shelby is characterized as a `` kind '' slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman . Emily Shelby -- Arthur Shelby 's wife . She is a deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves and is appalled when her husband sells his slaves with a slave trader . As a woman , she has no legal way to stop this , as all property belongs to her husband . George Shelby -- Arthur and Emily 's son , who sees Tom as a friend and as the perfect Christian . Chloe -- Tom 's wife and mother of his children . Augustine St. Clare -- Tom 's third owner and father of Eva . St. Clare is complex , often sarcastic , with a ready wit . After a rocky courtship he marries a woman he grows to hold in contempt , though he is too polite to let it show . St. Clare recognizes the evil in chattel slavery but is not willing to relinquish the wealth it brings him . After his daughter 's death he becomes more sincere in his religious thoughts and starts to read the Bible to Tom . He plans on finally taking action against slavery by freeing his slaves , but his good intentions ultimately come to nothing . Marie St. Clare -- Wife of Augustine , she is a self - absorbed woman without a hint of compassion for those around her , including her own family . Given to an unending list of ( apparently imaginary ) physical maladies , she continually complains about the lack of sympathy she is receiving . She has separated her personal maid , Mammy , from her own two children because they would interfere with her duties . As Marie drives Mammy to exhaustion , she criticizes her for selfishly seeking to attend her own family . Upon the unexpected death of Augustine , Marie countermands the legal process that would have given Tom his freedom . George Harris -- Eliza 's husband . An intelligent and clever half - white slave who is fiercely loyal to his family . Little Eva and Topsy by John R. Neill , 1908 Topsy -- A young slave girl . When asked if she knows who made her , she professes ignorance of both God and a mother , saying `` I s'pect I growed . Do n't think nobody never made me . '' She is transformed by Eva 's love . During the early - to - mid 20th century , several doll manufacturers created Topsy and Topsy - type dolls . The phrase `` growed like Topsy '' ( later `` grew like Topsy '' ) passed into the English language , originally with the specific meaning of unplanned growth , later sometimes just meaning enormous growth . Miss Ophelia -- Augustine St. Clare 's pious , hard - working , abolitionist cousin from Vermont . She displays the ambiguities towards African - Americans felt by many Northerners at the time . She argues against the institution of slavery yet , at least initially , feels repulsed by the slaves as individuals . Prue -- A depressed slave who was forced to let her child starve to death . She takes up drinking in her misery , and is ultimately beaten and killed for it . Quimbo and Sambo -- slaves of Simon Legree who act as overseers of the plantation . On orders from Legree , they savagely whip Tom but afterward tearfully repent of their deeds to Tom , who forgives them as he lies dying . Major themes Uncle Tom 's Cabin is dominated by a single theme : the evil and immorality of slavery . While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text , such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity , she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery . Stowe sometimes changed the story 's voice so she could give a `` homily '' on the destructive nature of slavery ( such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states , `` The most dreadful part of slavery , to my mind , is its outrages of feelings and affections -- the separating of families , for example . '' ) . One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this `` peculiar institution '' forcibly separated families from each other . One of the subthemes presented in the novel is temperance . Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she weaved it into events that would also support the dominant theme . One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed , he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed . One other example is the death of the slave woman Prue who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis ; however , her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby . In the opening of the novel , the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine . Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme , this scene could foreshadow future events that put alcohol in a bad light . `` The fugitives are safe in a free land . '' Illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom 's Cabin , first edition . The image shows George Harris , Eliza , Harry , and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom . Because Stowe saw motherhood as the `` ethical and structural model for all of American life '' and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save the United States from the demon of slavery , another major theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women . Through characters like Eliza , who escapes from slavery to save her young son ( and eventually reunites her entire family ) , or Eva , who is seen as the `` ideal Christian '' , Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices . While later critics have noted that Stowe 's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women , Stowe 's novel `` reaffirmed the importance of women 's influence '' and helped pave the way for the women 's rights movement in the following decades . Stowe 's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel 's final , overarching theme -- the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery . This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to `` look away to Jesus '' after the death of St. Clare 's beloved daughter Eva . After Tom dies , George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying , `` What a thing it is to be a Christian . '' Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- and because of Stowe 's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith -- the novel often takes the `` form of a sermon . '' Style Eliza crossing the icy river , in an 1881 theater poster Uncle Tom 's Cabin is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels and domestic fiction ( also called women 's fiction ) . These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe 's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader 's sympathy and emotion . Even though Stowe 's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character , she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers . The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers . Georgiana May , a friend of Stowe 's , wrote a letter to the author , saying : `` I was up last night long after one o'clock , reading and finishing Uncle Tom 's Cabin . I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child . '' Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva . Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time , because in 1852 , 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name . Despite this positive reaction from readers , for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured `` women 's sloppy emotions . '' One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery , `` it would be just another sentimental novel , '' while another described the book as `` primarily a derivative piece of hack work . '' In The Literary History of the United States , George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom 's Cabin `` Sunday - school fiction '' , full of `` broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos . '' However , in 1985 Jane Tompkins expressed a different view of Uncle Tom 's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction . Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed , writing that sentimental novels showed how women 's emotions had the power to change the world for the better . She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century , including Uncle Tom 's Cabin , were remarkable for their `` intellectual complexity , ambition , and resourcefulness '' ; and that Uncle Tom 's Cabin offers a `` critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better - known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville . '' This view remains the subject of dispute . Writing in 2001 , legal scholar Richard Posner described Uncle Tom 's Cabin as part of the mediocre list of canonical works that emerges when political criteria are imposed on literature . Reactions to the novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history . Upon publication , Uncle Tom 's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery ( who created a number of books in response to the novel ) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists . As a best - seller , the novel heavily influenced later protest literature . 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The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters . Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false , while others called the novel criminal and slanderous . Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile , Alabama , being forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe ( including a package containing a slave 's severed ear ) . Many Southern writers , like Simms , soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe 's novel . Some critics highlighted Stowe 's paucity of life - experience relating to Southern life , saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region . For instance , she had never been to a Southern plantation . However , Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati . It is reported that `` She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write ( the ) famous anti-slavery novel . Scenes she observed on the Ohio River , including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart , as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews , contributed material to the emerging plot . '' A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , first edition cover , 1853 In response to these criticisms , in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , an attempt to document the veracity of the novel 's depiction of slavery . In the book , Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and cites `` real life equivalents '' to them while also mounting a more `` aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had . '' Like the novel , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin was a best - seller . However , while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources , she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel . A major part of the Key was Stowe 's critique of how the legal system supported slavery and licensed owners ' mistreatment of slaves . Thus , Stowe put more than slavery on trial ; she put the law on trial . This continued an important theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- that the shadow of law brooded over the institution of slavery and allowed owners to mistreat slaves and then avoid punishment for their mistreatment . In some cases , as Stowe pointed out , it even prevented kind owners from freeing their slaves . Despite these criticisms , the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans . According to Stowe 's son , when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented , `` So this is the little lady who started this great war . '' Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line , and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made . Since then , many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement . Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement . Uncle Tom 's Cabin also created great interest in the United Kingdom . The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies . Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America . As one prominent writer explained , `` The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance ( of slavery ) , but national jealousy and national vanity . We have long been smarting under the conceit of America -- we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen . Our clergy hate her voluntary system -- our Tories hate her democrats -- our Whigs hate her parvenus -- our Radicals hate her litigiousness , her insolence , and her ambition . All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy . '' Charles Francis Adams , the American minister to Britain during the war , argued later that `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or Life among the Lowly , published in 1852 , exercised , largely from fortuitous circumstances , a more immediate , considerable and dramatic world - influence than any other book ever printed . '' A French edition , translated by M.L. Carion ( or by ( Anne - ) Louise Swanton - Belloc ? ( 1796 -- 1881 ) ) , appeared by 1853 published in Cambrai and in Paris . By 1857 , the novel had been translated into 20 languages , including two independent translations into Slovene just one year after its original publication , which started the since - then uninterrupted dialogue between American authors and Slovene translators and readers . Later , it was translated into almost every major language , including Chinese ( with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901 ) and Amharic ( with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation ) . The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado - masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Literary significance and criticism As the first widely read political novel in the United States , Uncle Tom 's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general . Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom 's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson . Eliza crosses the Ohio on the cover of Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Boston : John P. Jewett & Co. , 1853 . Despite this undisputed significance , Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been called `` a blend of children 's fable and propaganda . '' The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as `` merely a sentimental novel , '' while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that `` Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel 's enormous vogue ; its author 's resources as a purveyor of Sunday - school fiction were not remarkable . She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos , and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book . '' Other critics , though , have praised the novel . Edmund Wilson stated that `` To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom 's Cabin may ... prove a startling experience . '' Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics dismiss the book because it was simply too popular during its day . Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel ( aside from the obvious themes , such as condemning slavery ) . For example , as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist , Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel . Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents : whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil . Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible ? Which of Stowe 's characters should be emulated , the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris ? Stowe 's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson 's : God 's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them . Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement . In this view , the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor , while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery . In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah , who operates on passion . During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed , just as the Republican Party ( three years later ) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles . Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe 's book , with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery . For Stowe , blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families . Moreover , Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person 's family , thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race . Consequently , she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society . The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery . In this view , abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered . In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self - image or their standing in society , some abolitionists drew on principles of women 's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism , and praised men for cooperation , compassion , and civic spirit . Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional , aggressive masculine action . All the men in Stowe 's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other . Creation and popularization of stereotypes Illustration of Sam from the 1888 `` New Edition '' of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy , carefree `` happy darky '' . Modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for what are seen as condescending racist descriptions of the book 's black characters , especially with regard to the characters ' appearances , speech , and behavior , as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate . The novel 's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans is significant because Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel in the world during the 19th century . As a result , the book ( along with illustrations from the book and associated stage productions ) played a major role in permanently ingraining these stereotypes into the American psyche . Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are the `` happy darky '' ( in the lazy , carefree character of Sam ) ; the light - skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object ( in the characters of Eliza , Cassy , and Emmeline ) ; the affectionate , dark - skinned female mammy ( through several characters , including Mammy , a cook at the St. Clare plantation ) ; the pickaninny stereotype of black children ( in the character of Topsy ) ; the Uncle Tom , an African American who is too eager to please white people . Stowe intended Tom to be a `` noble hero '' . The stereotype of him as a `` subservient fool who bows down to the white man '' evidently resulted from staged `` Tom Shows '' , over which Stowe had no control . These negative associations have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin as a `` vital antislavery tool '' . The beginning of this change in the novel 's perception had its roots in an essay by James Baldwin titled `` Everybody 's Protest Novel '' . In the essay , Baldwin called Uncle Tom 's Cabin a `` very bad novel '' which was also racially obtuse and aesthetically crude . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel , saying that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in `` race betrayal '' , and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners . Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time . In recent years , however , scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun to re-examine Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stating that the book is a `` central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations '' . Anti-Tom Literature Title page for Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Eastman , one of many examples of anti-Tom literature In response to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe 's novel . This so - called Anti-Tom literature generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint , arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe 's book were overblown and incorrect . The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife , both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation . The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people . Among the most famous anti-Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms , Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman , and The Planter 's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz , with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe 's when the two lived in Cincinnati . Simms ' book was published a few months after Stowe 's novel , and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe 's book and her view of slavery . Hentz 's 1854 novel , widely read at the time but now largely forgotten , offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman -- the daughter of an abolitionist , no less -- who marries a southern slave owner . In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War , between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published . Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is ( one by W.L. Smith and the other by C.H. Wiley ) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy . More than half of these anti-Tom books were written by white women , with Simms commenting at one point about the `` Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman ( Stowe ) answered by a Southern woman . '' Dramatic adaptations George Aiken 's original manuscript for his stage adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , 1852 . From the George C. Howard and Family Collection at the Harry Ransom Center . Tom shows Main article : Tom show Even though Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best - selling novel of the 19th century , far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book . Eric Lott , in his book Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production , estimates that at least three million people saw these plays , ten times the book 's first - year sales . Given the lax copyright laws of the time , stage plays based on Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- `` Tom shows '' -- began to appear while the novel was still being serialized . Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama ( although she did eventually go to see George L. Aiken 's version and , according to Francis Underwood , was `` delighted '' by Caroline Howard 's portrayal of Topsy ) . Aiken 's stage production continued as `` the most popular play in England and America for seventy - five years . '' Stowe 's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations , some launched for ( various ) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures . No international copyright laws existed at the time . The book and plays were translated into several languages ; Stowe received no money , which could have meant as much as `` three fourths of her just and legitimate wages . '' On the plays All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy . These plays varied tremendously in their politics -- some faithfully reflected Stowe 's sentimentalized antislavery politics , while others were more moderate , or even pro-slavery . Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people , while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster ( including `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , `` Old Folks at Home '' , and `` Massa 's in the Cold Ground '' ) . The best - known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway . The version by Aiken is perhaps the best known stage adaptation , released just a few months after the novel was published . This six - act behemoth also set an important precedent by being the first show on Broadway to stand on its own , without the performance of other entertainments or any afterpiece . Most of Aiken 's dialogue is lifted verbatim from Stowe 's novel and it included four full musical numbers written by the producer , George C. Howard . Another legacy of this adaptation is its reliance upon very different locations all portrayed on the same stage . This reliance led to large sets and set a precedent for the future days of film . By focusing on the stark and desperate situations of his characters , Aiken appealed to the emotions of his audiences . By combining this melodramatic approach with the content of Stowe 's novel , Aiken helped to create a powerful visual indictment against the institution of slavery . The many stage variants of Uncle Tom 's Cabin `` dominated northern popular culture ... for several years '' during the 19th century , and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century . One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney 's 1933 Mickey 's Mellerdrammer . Mickey 's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933 . The title is a corruption of `` melodrama '' , thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows , as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the Disney characters . In that film , Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Mickey Mouse was already black - colored , but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated , orange lips ; bushy , white sidewhiskers made out of cotton ; and his trademark white gloves . Film adaptations Main article : Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( film adaptations ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been adapted several times as a film . Most of these movies were created during the silent film era ( Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the most - filmed book of that time period ) . Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and `` Tom '' shows , audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot , making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words . There has been no Hollywood treatment since the end of the silent era . The first film version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin was one of the earliest full - length movies ( although full - length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes ) . This 1903 film , directed by Edwin S. Porter , used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras . This version was evidently similar to many of the `` Tom Shows '' of earlier decades and featured numerous stereotypes about blacks ( such as having the slaves dance in almost any context , including at a slave auction ) . Still from Edwin S. Porter 's 1903 version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , which was one of the first full - length movies . The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and that she is running away to save her child . In 1910 , a three - reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin . According to The Dramatic Mirror , this film was `` a decided innovation '' in motion pictures and `` the first time an American company '' released a dramatic film in three reels . Until then , full - length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film . The movie starred Florence Turner , Mary Fuller , Edwin R. Phillips , Flora Finch , Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell , Sr . At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades . The last silent film version was released in 1927 . Directed by Harry A. Pollard ( who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) , this two - hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era ( at a cost of $1.8 million ) . The black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role , but he was fired after the studio decided his `` portrayal was too aggressive . '' James B. Lowe took over the character of Tom . The screenplay takes many liberties with the original book , including altering the Eliza and George subplot , introducing the Civil War and Emancipation , and combining the characters of Eliza and Emmeline . Another difference occurs after Tom dies : Simon Legree is haunted by an apparitional vision of the late Tom and falls to his death in a futile effort to attack the ghostly image . Black media outlets of the time praised the film , but the studio -- fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences -- ended up cutting out controversial scenes , including the film 's opening sequence at a slave auction ( in which a mother is torn away from her baby ) . The story was adapted by Harvey F. Pollard , Thew and A.P. Younger , with titles by Walter Anthony . It starred James B. Lowe , Virginia Grey , George Siegmann , Margarita Fischer , Mona Ray and Madame Sul - Te - Wan . For several decades after the end of the silent film era , the subject matter of Stowe 's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation . In 1946 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . A movie poster from Kroger Babb 's 1965 production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin A German - language version , Onkel Toms Hütte , directed by Géza von Radványi , was released in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb . The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987 , directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay . It starred Avery Brooks , Phylicia Rashad , Edward Woodward , Jenny Lewis , Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney . In addition to film adaptations , versions of Uncle Tom 's Cabin have been produced in other formats . In Brazil , the adapted version A Cabana do Pai Tomás was produced as a TV soap opera by Rede Globo ; with 205 episodes , it was aired from July 1969 to March 1970 . A number of animated cartoons were produced , including the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) , in which Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason - Dixon line ; Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) , a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery ; Eliza on Ice ( 1944 ) , one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry ; and Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) , an eight - minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery . Uncle Tom 's Cabin has influenced numerous movies , including The Birth of a Nation . This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom , where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy ( Yankee soldiers ) to defend , according to the film 's caption , their `` Aryan birthright . '' According to scholars , this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with , and been understood by , audiences of the time . Other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom 's Cabin include Dimples ( a 1936 Shirley Temple film ) , Uncle Tom 's Uncle , ( a 1926 Our Gang episode ) , its 1932 remake Spanky , the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I ( in which a ballet called `` Small House of Uncle Thomas '' is performed in traditional Siamese style ) , and Gangs of New York ( in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day - Lewis 's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) . See also Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) , bestselling narrative of free negro Solomon Northrup published soon after Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) , which documents facts supporting Stowe 's fictional narrative in detail , as the area where Northrup was enslaved was close to the fictional setting of the plantation where much of Stowe 's narrative takes place . History of slavery in the United States Origins of the American Civil War Ramona , an 1884 novel that attempted to do for Native Americans in California what Uncle Tom 's Cabin had done for African Americans Riley - Bolten House , North Bethesda , Montgomery County , Maryland , plantation house of Isaac Riley listed on the National Register of Historic Places Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement Collections Major collections of Uncle Tom 's Cabin books , ephemera , and artifacts reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin . Notes Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe , Harriet ( 1852 ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly . I. Boston : John P. Jewitt . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe , Harriet ( 1852 ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly. II . Boston : John P. Jewitt . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Kaufman , The Civil War in American Culture , Edinburgh University Press , 2006 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe , Spark Publishers , 2002 , p. 19 , states the novel is about the `` destructive power of slavery and the ability of Christian love to overcome it ... '' ^ Jump up to : Laurie E. Rozakis , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to American Literature , Alpha Books , 1999 , p. 125 , says one of the book 's main messages is that `` The slavery crisis can only be resolved by Christian love . '' Jump up ^ Deborah C. de Rosa , Domestic Abolitionism and Juvenile Literature , 1830 -- 1865 , SUNY Press , 2003 , p. 121 . De Rosa quotes Jane Tompkins that Stowe 's strategy was to destroy slavery through the `` saving power of Christian love . '' This quote is from `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History '' Archived December 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . by Jane Tompkins , from In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 . pp. 122 -- 146 . In that essay , Tompkins also writes : `` Stowe conceived her book as an instrument for bringing about the day when the world would be ruled not by force , but by Christian love . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Uncle Tom 's Cabin Study Guide '' . BookRags.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2006 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sentimental Novel : The Example of Harriet Beecher Stowe '' by Gail K. Smith , The Cambridge Companion to Nineteenth - Century American Women 's Writing by Dale M. Bauer and Philip Gould , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Goldner , Ellen J. `` Arguing with Pictures : Race , Class and the Formation of Popular Abolitionism Through Uncle Tom 's Cabin . '' Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 2001 24 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 71 -- 84 . ISSN 1537 - 4726 Fulltext : online at Ebsco . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` The Cousins ' War : review of Amanda Foreman , ' A World on Fire ' '' , New York Times Book Review , July 3 , 2011 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Everon , Ernest . `` Some Thoughts Anent Dickens and Novel Writing '' The Ladies ' Companion and Monthly Magazine London , 1855 Volume VII Second Series : 259 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Stowe , Harriet Beecher Stowe : The Story of Her Life ( 1911 ) p. 203 . Jump up ^ Vollaro , Daniel R. ( Winter 2009 ) , Lincoln , Stowe , and the `` Little Woman / Great War '' Story : The Making , and Breaking , of a Great American Anecdote , 30 ( 1 ) , Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association , archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Hulser , Kathleen . `` Reading Uncle Tom 's Image : From Anti-slavery Hero to Racial Insult . '' New - York Journal of American History 2003 65 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 79 . ISSN 1551 - 5486 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Louis Gates , Kwame Anthony Appiah , Africana : Arts and Letters : An A-to - Z Reference of Writers , Musicians , and Artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 , p. 544 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Logue , `` Historic Uncle Tom 's Cabin Saved '' , VOA News , January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harriet Beecher Stowe , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin 1853 , p. 42 , in which Stowe states : `` A last instance parallel with that of Uncle Tom is to be found in the published memoirs of the venerable Josiah Henson ) ... '' This also is cited in Debra J. Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Annys Shin , `` After buying historic home , Md. officials find it was n't really Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Washington Post , October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Montgomery Parks Josiah Henson Park site Jump up ^ `` Weld , Theodore Dwight '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , 2001 -- 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Applegate , Debby ( 2006 ) . The Most Famous Man in America : The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher . New York : Three Leaves Press . p. 261 . Jump up ^ First Edition Illustrations , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Illustrations for the `` Splendid Edition '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Winship , `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin : History of the Book in the 19th - Century United States . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Slave narratives and Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Africans in America , PBS , accessed February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` publishing , history of . '' ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Debra J. Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , Ann . Beyond The River : The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad . Simon & Schuster , 2002 , pp. 135 -- 139 . Jump up ^ J.E. Dunn ( August 31 , 1896 ) . `` About Uncle Tom 's Cabin : A Louisianian Says Meredith Calhoun Was Not a Model for Legree '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Word Detective Archived May 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , issue of May 20 , 2003 , accessed February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Homelessness in American Literature : Romanticism , Realism , and Testimony by John Allen , Routledge , 2004 , p. 24 , where it states in regards to Uncle Tom 's Cabin that `` Stowe held specific beliefs about the ' evils ' of slavery and the role of Americans in resisting it . '' The book then quotes Ann Douglas describing how Stowe saw slavery as a sin . Jump up ^ Drawn With the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War by James Munro McPherson , Oxford University Press , 1997 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe , Vintage Books , Modern Library Edition , 1991 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ James Munro McPherson , Drawn With the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War , Oxford University Press , 1997 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Ammons , `` Stowe 's Dream of the Mother - Savior : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s '' , in Eric J. Sundquist ( ed . ) , New Essays on Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Cambridge University Press , 1986 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Joy Jordan - Lake , Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : Nineteenth - Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Somatic Fictions : imagining illness in Victorian culture by Athena Vrettos , Stanford University Press , 1995 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mason I. Lowance , Jr. , Ellen E. Westbrook , R.C. De Prospo , The Stowe Debate : Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , University of Massachusetts Press , 1994 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Linda Eisenmann , Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States , Greenwood Press , 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ David L. Larsen , The Company of the Creative : A Christian Reader 's Guide to Great Literature and Its Themes , Kregel Publications , 2000 , pp. 386 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Larsen , The Company of the Creative ( 2000 ) , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Sacvan Bercovitch and Cyrus R.K. Patell , The Cambridge History of American Literature , Cambridge University Press , 1994 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Marianne Noble , `` The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding In Uncle Tom 's Cabin , '' from Debra J. Rosenthal ( ed . ) , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic or Sentimental Fiction , 1820 -- 1865 '' American Literature Sites , Washington State University . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' Archived August 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Kansas Territorial Experience . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Janet Badia and Jennifer Phegley , Reading Women : Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present , University of Toronto Press , 2005 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Badia and Phegley , Reading Women ( 2005 ) , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Gossett , `` Review of The Building of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by E. Bruce Kirkham '' , American Literature , Vol. 50 , No. 1 ( March 1978 ) , pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Charles Nichols , `` The Origins of Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , The Phylon Quarterly , Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( 3rd Qtr , 1958 ) , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Jane Tompkins , `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History '' Archived December 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , from In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 , pp. 122 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Posner , R. , Public Intellectuals : A Study of Decline , Harvard University Press ( 2002 ) , p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00633 - X . Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Matter of Influence `` , Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simms 's Review of Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' by Charles S. Watson , American Literature , Vol. 48 , No. 3 ( November 1976 ) , pp. 365 -- 368 ^ Jump up to : Alfred L. Brophy , `` Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow , -- The Shadow of Law : Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , Journal of Law and Religion , Vol. 12 , No. 2 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) , pp. 457 -- 506 . Jump up ^ Joseph V. Ridgely , `` Woodcraft : Simms 's First Answer to Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , American Literature , Vol. 31 , No. 4 ( January 1960 ) , pp. 421 -- 433 . Jump up ^ The Classic Text : Harriett Beecher Stowe . University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Library . Special collection page on traditions and interpretations of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Uncle Tom 's Cabin , introduction by Amanda Claybaugh , Barnes and Noble Classics , New York , 2003 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ A.M. Arnett , `` Review of James Baird Weaver by Fred Emory Haynes '' , Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 35 , No. 1 ( March 1920 ) , pp. 154 -- 157 ; and profile of James Baird Weaver Archived January 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nassau Senior , quoted in Ephraim Douglass Adams , Great Britain and the American Civil War ( 1958 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , Trans - Atlantic Historical Solidarity : Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms , 1913 , 1913 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Its title was La Case de l'Oncle Tom , ou Sort des nègres esclaves . Its publication was noted in the weekly periodical Bibliographie de la France ou Journal général de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie , 5 November 1853 , p. 723 . See also OCLC 811741 which disagrees as to the translators name - perhaps Carion was a pseudonym . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin : A 19th - Century Bestseller '' . The University of Alabama . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Drnovšek , Marjan ( 1998 ) . Usodna privlačnost Amerike : pričevanja izseljencev o prvih stikih z novim svetom ( The Fatal Attractiveness of America : The Testimonies of Expatriates About the First Contacts with the New World ) . Korenine ( in Slovenian ) . Nova revija . ISBN 961 - 6017 - 56 - X . COBISS 73608960 . Jump up ^ Mazi - Leskovar , Darja ( May 2003 ) . `` Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children '' . Meta : Translator 's Journal . Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. 48 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 250 -- 265 . ISSN 1492 - 1421 . Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University Press , 1968 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Ian Gibson , The English Vice : Beating , Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Tompkins , Jane . Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1986 . See chapter five , `` Sentimental Power : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History . '' Jump up ^ Cindy Weinstein , The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Darryl Lorenzo Wellington , `` Uncle Tom 's Shadow '' , The Nation , December 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smylie , James H. `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin Revisited : the Bible , the Romantic Imagination , and the Sympathies of Christ . '' American Presbyterians 1995 73 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 175 . ISSN 0886 - 5159 . ^ Jump up to : Bellin , Joshua D. `` Up to Heaven 's Gate , down in Earth 's Dust : the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , American Literature 1993 65 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 295 . ISSN 0002 - 9831 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco . ^ Jump up to : Grant , David , `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Triumph of Republican Rhetoric '' , New England Quarterly 1998 71 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 448 . ISSN 0028 - 4866 Fulltext online at Jstor . Jump up ^ Riss , Arthur . `` Racial Essentialism and Family Values in Uncle Tom 's Cabin . '' American Quarterly 1994 46 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 544 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext in JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Cynthia Griffin . `` Masculinity in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , '' American Quarterly 1995 47 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 . Fulltext online at JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Smith ; Jessie Carney ; Images of Blacks in American Culture : A Reference Guide to Information Sources Greenwood Press . 1988 . Jump up ^ Illustrations , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Rothstein , `` Digging Through the Literary Anthropology of Stowe 's Uncle Tom '' , The New York Times , October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linda Williams , Playing the Race Card : Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Joy Jordan - Lake , Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : nineteenth - century women novelists respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Beidler , Philip D. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Caroline Lee Hentz 's Long Journey '' . Alabama Heritage ( 75 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Louis Gates , Figures in Black : words , signs , and the `` racial '' self , Oxford University Press , 1987 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` George C. ( George Cunnibell ) Howard and Family : An Inventory of Their Collection at the Harry Ransom Center '' . norman.hrc.utexas.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` People & Events : Uncle Tom 's Cabin Takes the Nation by Storm '' Archived February 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Stephen Foster -- The American Experience , PBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lott , Eric , Love and Theft : Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507832 - 2 . The information on `` Tom shows '' comes from chapter 8 : `` Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production '' ( pp. 211 -- 233 ) Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins , `` ' Uncle Tom 's Cabin ' and the Matter of Influence '' , History by Era : Literature and Language Arts , Gilder Lehrman Center , accessed 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Parton , James ( October 1867 ) . `` International Copyright '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Louis Gates , Kwame Anthony Appiah , Africana : arts and letters : an A-to - Z reference of writers , musicians , and artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Wilmeth , Don B. ( ed . ) , Staging the Nation : Plays from the American Theater , 1787 -- 1909 . Boston : Bedford Books , 1998 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Aiken , George L. Uncle Tom 's Cabin . New York : Garland , 1993 . Jump up ^ Gerould , Daniel C. ( ed . ) , American Melodrama . New York : Performing Arts Journal Publications , 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gerould , American Melodrama ( 1983 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin on Film '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , Retrieved April 19 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` The First Uncle Tom 's Cabin Film : Edison - Porter 's ' Slavery Days ' ( 1903 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 3 - Reel Vitagraph Production ( 1910 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Super Jewel Production ( 1927 ) '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Cripps , Slow Fade to Black : The Negro in American Film , 1900 -- 1942 , Oxford University Press , 1993 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin in Hollywood : 1929 -- 1956 '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Linda Williams , Playing the Race Card ( 2001 ) , p. 115 . Also `` H.B. Stowe 's Cabin in D.W. Griffith 's Movie '' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture , a Multi-Media Archive , University of Virginia , retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northup , Solomon . Twelve Years a Slave : Summary , online text at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina , accessed 19 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' prompts effort to recognize work of UNO historian in reviving tale '' . NOLA . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . References External video Presentation by Reynolds on Mightier Than the Sword : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Battle for America at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center , May 19 , 2011 , C - SPAN Aiken , George L. Uncle Tom 's Cabin . New York : Garland , 1993 . Gates , Henry Louis ; and Appiah , Kwame Anthony . Africana : Arts and Letters : an A-to - Z reference of writers , musicians , and artists of the African American Experience , Running Press , 2005 . Gates , Henry Louis ; and Hollis Robbins . The Annotated Uncle Tom 's Cabin , W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05946 - 4 Gerould , Daniel C. , ed . American Melodrama . New York : Performing Arts Journal Publications , 1983 . Jordan - Lake , Joy . Whitewashing Uncle Tom 's Cabin : Nineteenth - Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe , Vanderbilt University Press , 2005 . Lott , Eric . Love and Theft : Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . Lowance , Mason I. ( Jr . ) ; Westbrook , Ellen E. ; De Prospo , R. , The Stowe Debate : Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom 's Cabin , University of Massachusetts Press , 1994 . Parfait , Claire . The Publishing History of Uncle 's Tom 's Cabin , 1852 -- 2002 , Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 . Reynolds , David S. Mightier Than the Sword : Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the Battle for America , Norton , 2011 . 351 pp . Rosenthal , Debra J. Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Routledge , 2003 . Sundquist , Eric J. , ed . New Essays on Uncle Tom 's Cabin , Cambridge University Press , 1986 . Tompkins , Jane . In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction , 1790 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 . Weinstein , Cindy . The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe , Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Williams , Linda . Playing the Race Card : Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson , Princeton University Press , 2001 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Uncle Tom 's Cabin Uncle Tom 's Cabin on In Our Time at the BBC . University of Virginia Web site `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin and American Culture : A Multi-Media Archive '' -- edited by Stephen Railton , covers 1830 to 1930 , offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background , various editions , and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's influential novel . The site also provides the full text of the book , audio and video clips , and examples of related merchandising . Uncle Tom 's Cabin : or Life among the lowly ; frontispiece by John Gilbert ; ornamental title - page by Phiz ; and 130 engravings on wood by Matthew Urlwin Sears , 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format ) Pictures and stories from Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; `` The purpose of the editor of this little work , has been to adapt it for the juvenile family circle . The verses have accordingly been written by the authoress for the capacity of the youngest readers ... '' 1853 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & layered PDF format ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin at Project Gutenberg Uncle Tom 's Cabin , available at Internet Archive . Scanned , illustrated original editions . Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site Free audiobook of Uncle Tom 's Cabin at Librivox More on the lack of international copyright Uncle Tom 's Cabin for Children From the Collections at the Library of Congress ( hide ) Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin Characters Uncle Tom Film adaptations Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1910 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1918 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1927 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1965 ) Related works A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin Tom show Animation Hittin ' the Trail for Hallelujah Land ( 1931 ) Mickey 's Mellerdrammer ( 1933 ) Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) Anti-Tom literature Aunt Phillis 's Cabin The Planter 's Northern Bride Little Eva : The Flower of the South Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is Uncle Robin 's Cabin `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' Contrasted with Buckingham Hall , the Planter 's Home Ellen ; or , The Fanatic 's Daughter The Ebony Idol Frank Freeman 's Barber Shop The North and the South ; or , Slavery and Its Contrasts Mr. Frank , the Underground Mail - Agent The Cabin and Parlor ; or , Slaves and Masters The Black Gauntlet White Acre vs. Black Acre Antifanaticism : A Tale of the South The Lofty and the Lowly , or Good in All and None All Good Related Josiah Henson 1849 autobiography Uncle Tom 's Cabin Historic Site The Birth of a Nation Dimples Tit for Tat Uncle Tom syndrome Underground Railroad The National Era Onkel Toms Hütte ( Berlin U-Bahn ) Harriet Beecher Stowe Works `` Let Every Man Mind His Own Business '' ( 1839 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Dred , A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Minister 's Wooing ( 1859 ) Old Town Folks ( 1869 ) Palmetto Leaves ( 1873 ) Related articles Lyman Beecher Catharine Beecher Henry Ward Beecher Charles Beecher Edward Beecher Isabella Beecher Hooker Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Ohio ) Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Maine ) Harriet Beecher Stowe House ( Connecticut ) Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Slave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Captivity narrative Individuals by continent of enslavement Africa Robert Adams ( c. 1790 -- ? ) Francis Bok ( b . 1979 ) James Leander Cathcart ( 1767 -- 1843 ) Ólafur Egilsson ( 1564 -- 1639 ) Hark Olufs ( 1708 -- 1754 ) Mende Nazer ( b . 1982 ) Thomas Pellow ( 1705 -- ? ) Joseph Pitts ( 1663 -- 1735 ? ) Guðríður Símonardóttir ( 1598 -- 1682 ) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen ( 1698 -- 1733 ) Olaudah Equiano ( c. 1745 Nigeria -- 31 March 1797 Eng ) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw ( c. 1705 Bornu -- 1775 Eng ) Roustam Raza ( 1783 -- 1845 ) Brigitta Scherzenfeldt ( 1684 -- 1736 ) North America : Canada Marie - Joseph Angélique ( c. 1710 Portugal -- 1734 Montreal ) North America : Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano ( 1797 -- 1854 , Cuba ) Esteban Montejo ( 1860 -- 1965 , Cuba ) Mary Prince Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- June 30 , 1853 NY ) Marcos Xiorro ( c. 1819 -- ? ? ? , Puerto Rico ) North America : United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black Henry `` Box '' Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner ( 1845 KY -- 1938 OH ) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early ( 1814 -- after 1894 ) Sarah Jane Woodson Early David George Moses Grandy William Green ( 19th century MD ) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes ( 1848 / 1854 VA -- 1957 ) John Andrew Jackson Harriet Ann Jacobs John Jea Thomas James ( minister ) Paul Jennings ( 1799 -- 1874 ) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen Solomon Northup John Parker ( 1827 VA -- 1900 ) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper Omar ibn Said William Henry Singleton Venture Smith Austin Steward ( 1793 VA -- 1860 ) Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- 1853 NY ) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis ( 19th century Indian Territory ) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola ( b.c. 1780 Congo ) See also Treatment of slaves in the US , Exodus narrative in Antebellum America , Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas South America Osifekunde ( c. 1795 Nigeria -- ? Brazil ) Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua ( 1845 -- 1847 , Brazil ) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) American Slavery as It Is ( 1839 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave ( 1845 ) The Life of Josiah Henson ( 1849 ) Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) My Bondage and My Freedom ( 1855 ) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861 ) The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( 1881 ) Up from Slavery ( 1901 ) The Peculiar Institution ( 1956 ) The Slave Community ( 1972 ) Fiction / novels Oroonoko ( 1688 ) Sab ( 1841 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) The Heroic Slave ( 1852 ) Clotel ( 1853 ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( 1853 ? -- 1861 ? ) Our Nig ( 1859 ) Jubilee ( 1966 ) Confessions of Nat Turner ( 1967 ) Roots : The Saga of an American Family ( 1976 ) Underground to Canada ( 1977 ) Kindred ( 1979 ) Dessa Rose ( 1986 ) Beloved ( 1987 ) Middle Passage ( 1990 ) Queen : The Story of an American Family ( 1993 ) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons ( 1996 ) Ama : A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2001 ) Walk Through Darkness ( 2002 ) The Known World ( 2003 ) Unburnable ( 2006 ) Copper Sun ( 2006 ) The Book of Negroes ( 2007 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2016 ) Young adult books Amos Fortune , Free Man ( 1951 ) I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) The Slave - girl from Jerusalem ( 2007 ) Essay To a Southern Slaveholder ( 1848 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Plays The Escape ; or , A Leap for Freedom ( 1858 ) The Octoroon ( 1859 ) Related African - American literature Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Songs of the Underground Railroad Book of Negroes ( 1783 ) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book ( 1847 ) Slave Songs of the United States ( 1867 ) Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems about Slavery ( 2002 ) The Hemingses of Monticello ( 2008 ) Documentaries Unchained Memories ( 2003 ) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro ( 2008 ) VIAF : 184680467 LCCN : n96072966 GND : 4305373 - 7 SUDOC : 028195744 BNF : cb120080111 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin&oldid=804041124 '' Categories : 1852 American novels Uncle Tom 's Cabin Cultural history of the American Civil War Novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe Novels about American slavery Novels first published in serial form Sentimental novels Southern United States in fiction Works originally published in American magazines Works originally published in political magazines Novels adapted into comics American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Red River of the South Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2012 Featured articles Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did the publication of uncle tom's cabin contribute to the civil war	[ "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly,[1][2] is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel \"helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War\", according to Will Kaufman.[3]" ]	[ "helped lay the groundwork" ]
-8920948335652444782	Elena Gilbert	Elena Gilbert - wikipedia Elena Gilbert Jump to : navigation , search For the book series character , see Elena Gilbert ( novel character ) . Elena Gilbert The Vampire Diaries character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , season 8 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive ( Deceased in flash - forward ) Elena Gilbert is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries . In The Vampire Diaries , set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev . In the books , Elena was blonde , popular , selfish and a `` mean girl '' . However the show 's producers , Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson , felt that it was n't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series . Instead , she became a nicer , relatable and more of `` the girl next door '' type , until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores . In April 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale . Much of Elena 's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother , Damon . It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger , which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor , Katherine Pierce ( née Katerina Petrova ) . This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature . Dobrev portrayed the `` conniving '' Katherine as well , who is opposite of Elena . The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two , and enjoys playing them both . In the television series 's fourth season , Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change . She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season . In the finale of the sixth season , Kai linked Elena to Bonnie 's life by magic . Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years . She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb , which was changed in the seventh season , and was relocated in Brooklyn , New York . In late 2016 , when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season , Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode . After much speculation . Dobrev 's return was confirmed on January 26 , 2017 , via an Instagram post . Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Romances 2.3 Transition 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.2. 8 Season 8 4 Reception 5 Merchandising 6 References 7 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) When I look in the mirror , I just feel different when I 'm Katherine or when I 'm Elena . My voice changes a little bit , I think , and even just mentally , I feel like I can get away with a lot more . `` '' -- Dobrev On March 9 , 2009 , it was announced that Bulgarian - born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev , known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi : The Next Generation , had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena . She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen , who plays Elena 's brother Jeremy Gilbert . Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers ' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town. `` . Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu , which he described as the `` best audition ever '' , and they `` did n't even look at her a second time '' . Dobrev went back home to Canada , yet , still wanting the part , she submitted a videotape audition , which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert . Dobrev said that after reading the script , she was drawn to Elena because she was `` this average girl who was damaged in many ways '' . Initially , she believed that she would be playing the `` bad girl '' Elena from the books , but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character . After researching , Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena 's 534 - year - old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the `` complete opposite '' . Dobrev described this as `` one of the rarest , coolest opportunities in television , to play two people on the same medium '' . She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena . Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger , Katherine ; `` Changing my hair helps me transform , '' she told Glamour . Additionally , she said `` I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show -- I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it '' . Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena , and found it `` interesting '' to create a whole new character . In the novels , Katherine originated from Germany . However , in the television series , she is Bulgarian , as is Dobrev , who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said , `` The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day . One thing led to the other and voila '' . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Nina Dobrev , who plays Elena Gilbert , at PaleyFest 2014 In the books , Elena is considered `` one of the popular girls '' at her high school and always gets `` anything she wants '' . Executive producer of the television show , Julie Plec , said the Elena from the books was `` really kind of selfish '' . In The Vampire Diaries , Elena 's `` selfishness '' in the books as a human was never explored , because it `` did n't ever feel like a characteristic '' the show wanted for their heroine . Plec said `` We kind of abandoned that queen - bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books '' , while feeling that Elena 's actual flaw is her `` deep , deep connection to other people '' . In the books , Elena had blonde hair , but has brown hair in the television show . Describing Elena from the books , Dobrev said she is `` one of those mean girls that gets what she wants , popular ... and she 's blonde and blue eyed '' . Williamson told her that `` the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable , nice , girl next door , who the audience roots for '' . Katherine , on the other hand , is penned as a `` conniving , narcissistic , bitch '' . Describing Elena years later , Dobrev said she evolved from a `` younger , naive , sad , young girl '' to a `` strong woman '' . Romances ( edit ) Before The Vampire Diaries , Elena dated Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break - up . Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) , and later discovered he was a vampire . As the episodes progressed , she developed a connection with Stefan 's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who consumes human blood , unlike Stefan , who has an animal blood diet . Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena , Dobrev said they have `` different qualities that are very appealing '' , which combined make `` the perfect man '' . She said `` Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving , and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting '' . Dobrev with her Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . After Elena became a vampire , she became sired to Damon and they slept together . According to Plec during an interview with TVLine , Elena `` really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real '' , and the couple `` wants to be together and realizes that they should n't , yet really wants to . So what do they do ? '' Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . In the season 4 finale , an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon , and the two kiss passionately . At the end of season 6 , the two plan to become human , get married , and have children together , but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai , who puts Elena into a magical coma . Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully . In the season 8 finale , she is revealed to be happily married to Damon . Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate . Transition ( edit ) Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series , Elena was turned into a vampire too early , which was around page 200 of The Awakening . Elena 's transition into a vampire was planned for two years . Plec said : `` That felt obviously too soon , and rushed , and we did n't want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire . But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually '' . At the second season 's conclusion , Elena was nearly turned into a vampire . Dobrev was happy that she was n't , because she felt `` it would have been too soon '' , and also did n't think it was something Elena or she wanted . In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' . Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Elena Gilbert is born on June 22 , 1992 in Mystic Falls , Virginia to John Gilbert ( David Anders ) and Isobel Flemming ( Mia Kirshner ) while they were still in highschool . With the help of John 's brother Grayson , Isobel and John flee town days later , leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own . A doctor , Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda . The next year , Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own , Jeremy Gilbert . Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan , who was her first love . On 23 May 2009 , Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party . The three of them later end up in a car accident , with their car driving off a bridge . Stefan Salvatore finds them , and saves Elena , but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda , who died . It remained unknown for months who saved Elena , and it was considered a miracle that she lived . Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Elena , still empty after losing her parents , begins to fit back into school . She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . They connect instantly , and begin dating . She meets his older and malevolent brother , Damon . After researching , Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953 . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Damon also begins falling for Elena . After she and Stefan slept together , Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago , and the person who turned them into vampires . He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death . At the end of season one , Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda were n't her biological parents , and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John , who she grew up hating , were . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce , which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later happens , but Elena is saved , because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie . However , her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon 's last day , however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back , which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two . Meanwhile , she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus , eventually even sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan . While in Denver together , Elena kisses Damon , later telling him that she does n't know how she feels about him . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent 's death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system . During the last moments of season three , she awakens as a vampire in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . Elena , after realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , decides to complete her transition . Her relationship with Stefan ends , allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon . Although , it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them . Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism , Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine . As a result , Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity , due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family . Elena became ruthless without her emotions , going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends . Towards the end of season four , Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief . After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on , Elena 's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy . Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed . Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon . There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning . She and Damon then find the safe , only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again . However , Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan 's brain causing him to suffer amnesia . While trying to bring him back , they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him . Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan 's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara . This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship . Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system , Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena , a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce . But once they did , they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape . Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper / werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting Elena . The gang is eventually able to find an antidote . She unfortunately loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but realise they can not survive being apart and get back together . Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls , setting an anti-magic barrier around the town , the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now - collapsing Other Side . Elena and Damon drive into the gas - filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it , blowing it up and killing most of the people in it , including Elena and Damon . She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body , sending her to Bonnie , where she passes to the Other Side , and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards . But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and as Bonnie is the anchor , she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it . This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale . Season 6 ( edit ) In season six , Elena starts back at Whitmore , and is unable to set foot in her hometown . She is also unable to recover from Damon 's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians , drink their blood , then compel them to forget , but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims , Sarah , comes to town . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , which Alaric is able to do , due to him being an Enhanced Original , with the ability to compel other vampires . She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done . After a number of failed attempts , Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon . She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon , should she ever need them again . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but decides to stay the way she is , as she does n't want to go back to being unhappy again . She starts to date her classmate , Liam . Once Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion , a decision she is reluctant to make . She eventually decides to have him undo it , but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls , causing him to lose his vampire status ( he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed ) , meaning he will not be able to do so . She is then left to finally come face - to - face with Damon and see if she 'll still feel the same way about him . They eventually rekindle their relationship , Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon . At Alaric 's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena , linking her life to Bonnie 's . She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn . She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon , Stefan and Caroline again one day . Season 7 ( edit ) Elena does n't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon 's name when he visits the Armory vault . It was a way of Sybill , the Siren , luring him into a trap . Season 8 ( edit ) In the final episode , Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell , she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it is n't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up , it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena , asleep , is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena , but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room , so that Elena ca n't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell , Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died , but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan 's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon , since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye , Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear , saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue , Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education , she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon , happily married for a long time . After living out her life , she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents , Aunt Jenna and Uncle John . Reception ( edit ) Elena has received mainly positive reviews . Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise , Twilight , and its protagonist Bella Swan . West said `` Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella , she has two immortal vampires fighting over her '' . After she transitioned into a vampire , Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the `` fierce '' and `` ripper '' side of Elena would emerge when `` someone messes with the people she loves '' . McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire , `` their strongest personality traits are heightened '' , and hoped that would n't see Elena 's `` compassion and selflessness '' double into `` helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health '' . Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena `` has had a taste for blood '' , she would lose control . Prior to her becoming a vampire , Ross thought she was less fun and `` slightly boring '' , and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and `` stop protecting everyone 's feelings '' . Elena 's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers , who have nicknamed them `` Stelena '' and `` Delena '' . Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena 's relationship with Damon , which was a combination of real love and a sired bond , hoping they would live `` happily ever after '' . Vlada Gelman of TVLine , however , felt that their romance was `` over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle '' and questioned whether Elena was `` ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away '' while Stefan was still in the picture . Merchandising ( edit ) Tonner Doll Company , Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon , from 1864 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Shannon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Interview About The Vampire Diaries at Comic - Con '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : West , Steve ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Finds Its Heroine In Nina Dobrev '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` CW casts ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tasty bites : The Vampire Diaries cast dishes '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Jillian . `` The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev '' . Saturday Night Magazine . Michael H. Ritter . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev ' Glamour ' Interview : Star Talks ' Vampire Diaries , ' Beauty And Ian Somerhalder '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev Sinks Her Teeth Into Dual Role '' . Xfinity , Comcast . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` The Vampire Diaries Book Series by L.J. Smith '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Sounds Off on Elena 's Transition and Dark Side ! '' . E ! Online , NBCUniversal . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Cheril ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : New photos '' . Crushable . crushable.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on the Big Death , Elena and Damon 's Struggles and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP Julie Plec talks season finale shocker and what comes next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 4 : Elena vs Katherine and 10 other things we want to see '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : 5 Ways We Want Elena to Lose Control '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Recap : Will Damon Choose To Let Elena Go ? '' . HollywoodLife , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Recap : Confessions of the Heart '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Gilbert Vampire Diaries Doll by Tonner '' . Man of Action Figures . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries TM Tonner Doll Company '' . Tonner Doll Company , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Elena Gilbert on IMDb ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Gilbert&oldid=797659333 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 13 : 41 . About Wikipedia	when is elena going to be a vampire	[ "Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the \"conniving\" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys playing them both. In the television series's fourth season, Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change. She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season. In the finale of the sixth season, Kai linked Elena to Bonnie's life by magic. Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years. She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb, which was changed in the seventh season, and was relocated in Brooklyn, New York. In late 2016, when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season, Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode. After much speculation. Dobrev's return was confirmed on January 26, 2017, via an Instagram post. Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce." ]	[ "In the television series's fourth season" ]
-1584237322865698218	Ring-necked snake	Ring - necked snake - wikipedia Ring - necked snake Jump to : navigation , search Ring - necked snake Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Serpentes Family : Dipsadidae Genus : Diadophis Baird & Girard , 1853 Species : D. punctatus Binomial name Diadophis punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Synonyms Coluber punctatus Linnaeus , 1766 Calamaria punctata -- Schlegel , 1837 Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 Ablabes punctatus -- A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron , 1854 Coronella punctata -- Boulenger , 1894 Diadophis punctatus -- Cope , 1898 Southern ringneck snake , Diadophis p. punctatus Diadophis punctatus , commonly known as the ring - necked snake or ringneck snake , is a harmless species of colubrid snake found throughout much of the United States , central Mexico , and southeastern Canada . Ring - necked snakes are secretive , nocturnal snakes , so are rarely seen during the day time . They are slightly venomous , but their nonaggressive nature and small , rear - facing fangs pose little threat to humans who wish to handle them . They are best known for their unique defense posture of curling up their tails , exposing their bright red - orange posterior , ventral surface when threatened . Ring - necked snakes are believed to be fairly abundant throughout most of their range , though no scientific evaluation supports this hypothesis . Scientific research is lacking for the ring - necked snake , and more in - depth investigations are greatly needed . It is the only species within the genus Diadophis , and currently 14 subspecies are identified , but many herpetologists question the morphologically based classifications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Habitat 4 Diet 5 Reproduction 6 Subspecies 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The defensive display of a San Bernardino ring - necked snake Southern ring - necked snake , D. p. punctatus Ring - necked snakes are fairly similar in morphology throughout much of their distribution . Ring - necked snake from Mount Diablo , California Its dorsal coloration is solid olive , brown , bluish - gray to black , broken only by a distinct yellow , red , or yellow - orange neck band . A few populations in New Mexico , Utah , and other distinct locations do not have the distinctive neck band . Additionally , individuals may have reduced or partially colored neck bands that are hard to distinguish ; coloration may also be more of a cream color rather than bright orange or red . Head coloration tends to be slightly darker than the rest of the body , with tendencies to be blacker than grey or olive . Ventrally , the snakes exhibit a yellow - orange to red coloration broken by crescent - shaped black spots along the margins . Some individuals lack the distinct ventral coloration , but typically retain the black spotting . Rarely , do individuals lack both the ventral and neck band coloration ; so the use of those two characteristics is the simplest way to distinguish the species . Size also varies across the species ' distribution . Typically , adults measure 25 -- 38 cm ( 10 -- 15 in ) in length , except for D. p. regalis , which measures 38 -- 46 cm ( 15 -- 18 in ) . First - year juvenile snakes are typically about 20 cm ( 8 in ) and grow about 2 -- 5 cm ( 1 -- 2 in ) a year depending on the developmental stage or resource availability . Ring - necked snakes have smooth scales with 15 -- 17 scale rows at midbody . Males typically have small tubercles on their scales just anterior to the vent , which are usually absent in females . Distribution ( edit ) Ring - necked snakes are fairly common throughout much of the United States extending into southeastern Canada and central Mexico . Eastern populations cover the entire Eastern Seaboard from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence continuous through the Gulf Coast of Texas . Distribution moves inland into northern Minnesota , continuing diagonally through the US to include all of Iowa , eastern Nebraska , and most of Kansas . In the western US , the distribution is significantly less continuous , with spotty , distinct population segments through most of the Pacific Northwest . Populations extend from south - central Washington continuing along the extreme West Coast into Mexico . Population segments extend inland into western Idaho , through southern Nevada , into central Utah , and continuing south through Arizona and central Mexico . Habitat ( edit ) Ring - necked snakes occur in a wide variety of habitats . Preference seems to be determined by areas with abundant cover and denning locations . Northern and western subspecies are found within open woodlands near rocky hillsides , or in wetter environments with abundant cover or woody debris . Southern subspecies exist primarily within riparian and wet environments , especially in more arid habitats . Stebbins ( 2003 ) identified the species as a snake of moist habitats , with moist soil conditions the preferred substrate . Ring - necked snakes are also not found above an elevation of 2,200 m ( 7,200 ft ) . In northern regions , dens are also important in identifying suitable ring - necked snake habitat . Dens are usually shared communally , and are identifiable by an existent subsurface crevasse or hole deep enough to prevent freezing temperatures . Since it is a woodland reptile , it can also commonly be found under wood or scraps . Because of hot weather , they tend to make holes and burrows , or they hide under rocks or any suitable material . They are normally found in flatland forests . Diet ( edit ) The diet of the ring - necked snake consists primarily of smaller salamanders , earthworms , and slugs , but they also sometimes eat lizards , frogs , and some juvenile snakes of other species . The frequency at which prey species are chosen is dependent on their availability within the habitat . Ring - necked snakes use a combination of constriction and envenomation to secure their prey . The snakes do not have a true venom gland , but they do have an analogous structure called the Duvernoy 's gland derived from the same tissue . Most subspecies are rear - fanged with the last maxillary teeth on both sides of the upper jaw being longer and channeled ; the notable exception is D. p. edwardsii , which is fangless . The venom is produced in the Duvernoy 's gland located directly behind the eye . It then drains out of an opening at the rear of the maxillary tooth . Ring - necked snakes first strike and then secure the prey using constriction . Next , they maneuver their mouths forward , ensuring the last maxillary tooth punctures the skin and allowing the venom to enter the prey 's tissue . Ring - necked snakes are rarely aggressive to larger predators , suggesting their venom evolved as a feeding strategy rather than a defense strategy . Rather than trying to bite a predator , the snake winds up its tail into a corkscrew , exposing its brightly colored belly . Ring - necked snakes are primarily nocturnal or highly crepuscular , though some diurnal activity has been observed . Individuals are sometimes found during the day , especially on cloudy days , sunning themselves to gain heat . Yet , most individuals lie directly under surface objects warmed in the sun and use conduction with that object to gain heat . Though ring - necked snakes are highly secretive , they do display some social structure , but the exact social hierarchies have never been evaluated . Many populations have been identified to have large colonies of more than 100 individuals , and some reports indicate some smaller colonies occupy the same microhabitats . Recently hatched ring - necked snake , Missouri Ozarks . D. p. pulchellus , coralbelly ring - necked snake Reproduction ( edit ) Ring - necked snakes usually mate in the spring . In some subspecies , though , mating occurs in the fall , and delayed implantation occurs . Females attract males by secreting pheromones from their skin . Once the male finds a female , he starts by moving his closed mouth along the female 's body . Then , the male bites the female around her neck ring , maneuvering to align their bodies so sperm can be inserted into the female 's vent . Females lay their eggs in loose , aerated soils under a rock or in a rotted log . Three to ten eggs are deposited in early summer and hatch in August or September . The egg is elongated with a white color contrasted by yellow ends . When hatched , juveniles are precocial and fend for themselves without parental care . Subspecies ( edit ) The following 14 subspecies are recognized . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diadophus punctatus . Wikispecies has information related to Ring - necked snake D. p. acricus Paulson , 1966 -- Key ring - necked snake D. p. amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- Pacific ring - necked snake D. p. anthonyi Van Denburgh & Slevin , 1942 -- Todos Santos Island ring - necked snake D. p. arnyi Kennicott , 1859 -- prairie ring - necked snake D. p. dugesii Villada , 1875 -- Dugès ' ring - necked snake D. p. edwardsii ( Merrem , 1820 ) -- northern ring - necked snake D. p. modestus Bocourt , 1866 -- San Bernardino ring - necked snake D. p. occidentalis Blanchard , 1923 -- northwestern ring - necked snake D. p. pulchellus Baird & Girard , 1853 -- coralbelly ring - necked snake D. p. punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) -- southern ring - necked snake D. p. regalis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- regal ring - necked snake D. p. similis Blanchard , 1923 -- San Diego ring - necked snake D. p. stictogenys Cope , 1860 -- Mississippi ring - necked snake D. p. vandenburgii Blanchard , 1923 -- Monterey ring - necked snake References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammerson GA , Frost DR ( 2007 ) . `` Diadophis punctatus '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2007 : e. T63769A12714288 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2007. RLTS. T63769A12714288. en . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Stejneger L , Barbour T ( 1917 ) . A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . 125 pp. ( Diadophis punctatus , p. 76 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Diadophis punctatus `` . The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org . ^ Jump up to : O'Donnell RP , Staniland K , Mason RT ( 2007 ) . `` Experimental evidence that oral secretions of Northwestern Ring - necked Snakes ( Diadophis punctatus occidentalis ) are toxic to their prey '' . Toxicon 50 : 810 -- 815 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiner DC , Laudenslayer WF , Mayer KE , White M ( Editors ) ( 1988 -- 1990 ) . California 's Wildlife . Vol . I - III . Sacramento , California : California Department of Fish and Game . ^ Jump up to : Stebbins RC ( 2003 ) . A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians , Third Edition . The Peterson Field Guide Series ® . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 98272 - 3 . ( Diadophis punctatus , pp. 345 -- 346 + Plate 46 + Map 133 ) . ^ Jump up to : Yung , James ( 2000 ) . `` Diadophis punctatus arnyi `` . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Species Diadophis punctatus at The Reptile Database Ringneck snake -- Diadophis punctatus Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide . `` Black Snakes '' : Identification and Ecology -- University of Florida fact sheet . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q2704229 EoL : 815710 Fossilworks : 53098 GBIF : 2459509 iNaturalist : 26575 ITIS : 174158 IUCN : 63769 NCBI : 158804 uBio : 210759 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring-necked_snake&oldid=836811928 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Colubrids Monotypic snake genera Snakes of North America Reptiles of Canada Reptiles of Mexico Reptiles of the United States Fauna of the Eastern United States Reptiles described in 1766 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Čeština Euskara فارسی Français Nederlands پنجابی Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 00 : 26 . About Wikipedia	black snake with orange ring around neck in florida	[ "Diadophis punctatus, commonly known as the ring-necked snake or ringneck snake, is a harmless species of colubrid snake found throughout much of the United States, central Mexico, and southeastern Canada. Ring-necked snakes are secretive, nocturnal snakes, so are rarely seen during the day time. They are slightly venomous, but their nonaggressive nature and small, rear-facing fangs pose little threat to humans who wish to handle them. They are best known for their unique defense posture of curling up their tails, exposing their bright red-orange posterior, ventral surface when threatened." ]	[ "ring-necked snake or ringneck snake" ]
3703469827456465857	Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson	Hafþór Júlíus Bjornsson - Wikipedia Hafþór Júlíus Bjornsson This is an Icelandic name . The last name is a patronymic , not a family name ; this person is referred to by the given name Hafþór . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Hafþór in March 2017 ( 1988 - 11 - 26 ) November 26 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Reykjavík , Iceland Other names The Mountain Occupation Strongman , actor , basketball player Years active 2010 -- present ( strongman ) Height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Weight 180 -- 200 kg ( 400 -- 440 lb ) Basketball career Personal information Listed height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Career information Playing career 2004 -- 2008 Position Center Career history 2004 -- 2005 Breiðablik 2005 -- 2006 FSu 2006 -- 2007 KR 2007 -- 2008 FSu Website hafthorbjornsson.com Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson ( Icelandic pronunciation : ( ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn ) ; born November 26 , 1988 ) is an Icelandic professional strongman and actor . He is the current World 's Strongest Man and is the first person to have won the Arnold Strongman Classic , Europe 's Strongest Man and World 's Strongest Man in the same calendar year . He plays Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . He also is a former professional basketball player . Born in Reykjavík , Hafþór began his basketball career in 2004 with Division I team Breiðablik , moving to FSu in 2005 . He transferred to Premier League side KR in 2006 before returning to FSu in 2007 . He helped FSu to promotion from Division I to the Premier League but his career was cut short in 2008 due a recurrent ankle injury . He subsequently began his strongman career . Hafþór won the Strongest Man in Iceland event in 2010 , and won Iceland 's Strongest Man in 2011 . He won Europe 's Strongest Man in 2014 , a feat he repeated in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . He won silver at the 2017 Arnold Strongman Classic , improving to gold in 2018 . He competed in his first World 's Strongest Man in 2011 , placing sixth . He won three bronze and three silver medals in his next six attempts before being crowned champion in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basketball career 2 Strongman career 2.1 World 's Strongest Man 2.2 Arnold Strongman Classic 3 Acting career 4 Personal life 4.1 Icelandic Mountain Vodka 5 Personal records 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Basketball career ( edit ) Hafþór began his athletic career as a basketball player . At 2.06 m ( 6 ft 9 in ) , he started his senior team career with Division I club Breiðablik in 2004 , playing as a center . In 2005 he joined FSu Selfoss , also in the Icelandic Division I. After 10 games it was discovered that he had been playing with a broken bone in his ankle and would require surgery . After recovering from surgery , Hafþór moved to Úrvalsdeild powerhouse KR in 2006 . He missed most of the 2006 -- 2007 season after a screw in his ankle shattered and had to be fixed by another surgery . For the 2007 -- 2008 season , he moved back to play for FSu Selfoss . He averaged 6.7 points per game , helping the team achieve promotion to the Úrvalsdeild , but the troublesome ankle forced him to retire from basketball after the season , at the age of 20 . Between 2004 and 2006 Hafþór played 32 games for the Icelandic junior national basketball teams . In 2006 he played 8 games with Iceland 's U-18 national team in Division A of the U18 European Championship . Strongman career ( edit ) Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson At the 2015 Caledonian Club Highland Games Personal information Occupation Strongman Height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Medal record ( hide ) Representing Iceland World 's Strongest Man 6th 2011 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2012 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2013 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2014 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2015 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2016 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2017 World 's Strongest Man 1st 2018 World 's Strongest Man Arnold Strongman Classic 10th 2012 Arnold Strongman Classic 8th 2013 Arnold Strongman Classic 5th 2014 Arnold Strongman Classic 7th 2015 Arnold Strongman Classic 5th 2016 Arnold Strongman Classic 2nd 2017 Arnold Strongman Classic 1st 2018 Arnold Strongman Classic Europe 's Strongest Man 1st 2014 1st 2015 2nd 2016 1st 2017 1st 2018 Giants Live 4th 2011 Poland Strongman Champions League 3rd 2013 SCL Iceman Challenge IV 1st 2013 Latvia 2nd 2013 Germany 1st 2015 SCL Iceman Challenge Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic 2nd 1st 2012 Iceland 's Strongest Man 3rd 1st 2011 1st 2012 1st 2013 1st 2014 1st 2015 1st 2016 1st 2017 1st 2018 Strongest Man in Iceland 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 1st 2016 1st 2017 Iceland 's Strongest Viking 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 Westfjord 's Viking 4th 2009 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 OK Budar Strongman Championships 1st Hafþór met Icelandic strongman Magnús Ver Magnússon at his gym `` Jakaból '' in 2008 , and Magnús said that Hafþór seemed a good prospect as a strongman . Hafþór won several strongman contests in Iceland in 2010 including Strongest Man in Iceland , Iceland 's Strongest Viking , Westfjords Viking , and five of six events at the OK Badur Strongman Championships . Hafþór finished in second place at the inaugural Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic in November 2010 , behind Brian Shaw . He won the 2011 Strongest Man in Iceland contest on June 4 , 2011 , and the 2011 Iceland 's Strongest Man contest on June 18 , 2011 . He placed fourth in the Giants Live Poland 2011 event on August 6 , 2011 . In January 2015 , at the World 's Strongest Viking competition held in Norway , Hafþór carried a 10 - metre - long ( 33 ft ) , 650 - kilogram ( 1,430 lb ) log for five steps , thus breaking a 1,000 - year - old record set by Orm Storolfsson . World 's Strongest Man ( edit ) Hafþór took part in World 's Strongest Man after earning a wild card invitation to the 2011 contest . He came in sixth overall . Taking part again in ensuing years , he placed third in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 . He finished runner - up in 2014 event to Žydrūnas Savickas and again in the 2016 event to Brian Shaw . In 2017 , Hafþór once again was runner up , this time to Eddie Hall . Hafþór won the 2018 World 's Strongest Man , thus becoming the first Icelander to win the title since Magnús Ver Magnússon in 1996 . Arnold Strongman Classic ( edit ) On March 3 , 2018 , Hafþór made history and broke the Elephant Bar deadlift world record with his successful 472 kg ( 1,041 lb ) third attempt , as well as ranking 1st at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2018 . The previous Elephant Bar deadlift world record was held by Jerry Pritchett at 468 kg ( 1,032 lb ) , which was set at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2017 . Acting career ( edit ) Hafþór was cast as Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane for the fourth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones in August 2013 . This was his first main acting role , and he is the third person to depict the character after Conan Stevens played the role in season 1 and Ian Whyte in season 2 . He became the first actor to portray Clegane in more than one continuous season with his appearances in season 4 , season 5 , season 6 and season 7 . Hafþór was cast for the role of Mongkut in the 2017 film Kickboxer : Retaliation . Hafþór played the lead role in the Philadelphia Renaissance Faire during their debut season in 2015 . He appeared as `` King Thor , '' the leader of a Viking raiding party intent on capturing the city of Amman . Personal life ( edit ) Hafþór was born in Reykjavík . His father , Björn , stands at 203 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) , and his mother , Ragnheiður , is of similarly tall stature . Hafþór 's grandfather , Reynir , is 207 cm ( 6 ft 9 ⁄ in ) and `` just as broad across the chest '' . Reynir recalled in 2014 that Hafþór worked on the family farm outside Reykjavík as a child and `` was always big , even when he was n't tall '' . In March 2017 , Hafþór was diagnosed with Bell 's palsy . Icelandic Mountain Vodka ( edit ) In 2016 , Hafþór co-founded the spirit brand Icelandic Mountain Vodka . The main focus of the company is a seven - time distilled Icelandic vodka , as well as having a gin production . Personal records ( edit ) Squat -- 440 kg ( 970 lb ) raw Bench press -- 230 kg ( 507 lb ) raw Tire deadlift -- 460 kg ( 1,014 lb ) raw with wrist straps Deadlift -- 472 kg ( 1,041 lb ) Elephant bar , raw with wrist straps ( Arnold Classic 2018 , World Record ) Log press -- 213 kg ( 470 lb ) ( Europe 's Strongest Man 2018 ) Log carry -- ( 5 steps ) 650 kg ( 1,433 lb ) Keg toss -- 7.15 m ( 23 ft ) Keg toss -- 8 kegs in 16.35 seconds ( World 's Strongest Man 2014 ) . Strongman record . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Zon 261 ( aka `` Operation Ragnarok '' ) Big John -- Icelandic Viking Squad 2017 Devilish Deeds Psycho Phil Bell Currently in pre-production 2017 Beast Currently in pre-production 2017 Kickboxer : Retaliation Mongkut Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Born Strong Himself -- competitor 2012 -- 2017 The World 's Strongest Man Himself -- competitor 2014 -- present Game of Thrones Gregor Clegane Recurring role 2015 A League of Their Own Himself Series 9 , Episode 7 2016 Heavy Bubbles Himself References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hafþór Björnsson '' . theworldsstrongestman.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hafthor Bjornsson '' . www.strongman.org . Strongman . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : BarBend Team . `` Breaking News : Hafthor Bjornsson Wins 2018 World 's Strongest Man in Manila '' . BarBend . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Sunderland . `` ' The Mountain ' Hafthor Bjornsson Crowned 2018 World 's Strongest Man '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Körfuknattleiksdeild ( 11 July 2006 ) . `` Hafþór Björnsson genginn til liðs við KR '' ( in Icelandic ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Drengjaflokkur , Körfuknattleiksdeild ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson leikur ekki meira á þessari leiktíð '' ( in Icelandic ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FSu 2007 - 2008 statistics '' ( in Icelandic ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FSu í úrvalsdeildina í körfu karla '' ( in Icelandic ) . Morgunblaðið. 2 April 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` About Hafþór '' . hafthorbjornsson.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( DV ) ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Hafþór Júlíus : Ofvirki Skagastrákurinn sem breyttist í vöðvafjall '' ( in Icelandic ) . DV . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Landslið unglinga - og drengja '' . Icelandic Basketball Federation . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Europe - Hafthor Bjornsson '' . FIBA Europe . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Magnus Ver Magnusson : Icelandic Strongman Scout '' . IronMind . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hafþór Júlíus sterkasti maður á Íslandi '' . Vefsíðan Grindavíkurbæjar ( in Icelandic ) . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson '' . vodvafikn.net . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Randall J. Strossen ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Haffþór ( sic ) Júlíusson Björnsson wins Iceland 's OK Budar Strongman Contest '' . IronMind . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Brian Shaw Wins the Inaugural Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic Strongman Contest '' . IronMind . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins the Strongest Man in Iceland '' . IronMind . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins Iceland 's Strongest Man '' . IronMind . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Hafthor Wins World 's Strongest Viking , Sets Sights on World 's Strongest Man '' . IronMind . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Randall J. Strossen ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Giants Live -- Poland : Radzikowski , Jenkins and Baron Make WSM Cut ... Bjornsson Gets Wild Card '' . IronMind . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cindy Boren ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' villain is second - strongest man in the world '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Páll Stefánsson ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Hafþór Júlíus Runner up in World 's Strongest Man Comp '' . Iceland Review . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BarBend Team ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Eddie Hall Wins 2017 World 's Strongest Man in Botswana '' . BarBend . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Mountain from Game of Thrones Wins World 's Strongest Man Title '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' ' The Mountain ' sets new strongman record '' . Canoe.com . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Arnold Strongman Classic - Rogue Elephant Bar Deadlift - Full Live Stream Event 4 '' . Youtube . Rogue Fitness . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ours is the Fury ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Mountain Recast '' . WinterIsComing.net . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain in Belfast , and Game of Thrones filming in Split continues despite flooding '' . Watchers On The Wall . September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan McQuade ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Mountain Comes to Philly Ren Faire '' . Philadelphia Magazine . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Borden , Sam ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` Icelandic Strongman Does Heavy Lifting on a Second Career as an Actor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mountain ' Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson has Bell 's palsy '' . theconversation.com. April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jake Cappuccino ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Mountain 's Amazing New Alcohol Is Basically A `` Game Of Thrones '' Vodka `` . Elite Daily . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen Hammer ( Nov 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hafthor Bjornsson Destroys A 440kg / 970lb Squat '' . Floelite.com . Retrieved Feb 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Bio '' . Rogue Fitness . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jay Hathaway ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Watch The Mountain from Game of Thrones Deadlift Almost 1,000 Pounds '' . Gawker.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jake Boly ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Hafthor Bjornsson Deadlifts a 472kg Elephant Bar Deadlift World Record '' . BarBend.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Strongest Man 2018 - Log Lift 213kg - Thor '' . YouTube . Europe 's Strongest Man . April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Newport ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Mountain from ' Game of Thrones ' Breaks 1,000 - Year - Old Weightlifting Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BarBend Team ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Hafthor Bjornsson Breaks His Own Keg Toss World Record in Botswana '' . BarBend.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Strongest Man 2014 '' . Strongman.org. 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson . Official website Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson on IMDb `` Hafthor Bjornsson basketball profile '' . Eurobasket . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hafþór_Júlíus_Björnsson&oldid = 849993810 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people Icelandic strength athletes Icelandic male weightlifters Icelandic men 's basketball players Icelandic male television actors Centers ( basketball ) Úrvalsdeild karla basketball players Sportspeople from Reykjavík Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays gregor clegane in game of thrones	[ "Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn]; born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman and actor. He is the current World's Strongest Man and is the first person to have won the Arnold Strongman Classic, Europe's Strongest Man and World's Strongest Man in the same calendar year.[3][4] He plays Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones. He also is a former professional basketball player.\n" ]	[ "Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson" ]
1971949126217480111	Stanley Cup playoffs	Stanley Cup playoffs - wikipedia Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup playoffs Current season , competition or edition : 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Sport Hockey Founded 1927 No. of teams 16 Most recent champion ( s ) Washington Capitals ( 1 ) Most titles Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) TV partner ( s ) Canada Sportsnet / TVA Sports United States NBC / NHL Network / Univision Official website Stanley Cup Playoffs The Stanley Cup playoffs ( French : Les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley ) is an elimination tournament in the National Hockey League consisting of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Eight teams from each of the two conferences qualify for the playoffs based on regular season points totals . The final round is commonly known as the Stanley Cup Finals , which sees the two conference champions play for the Stanley Cup . The NHL has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion . Its playoff system has changed over the years , from the league 's inception in 1917 when ownership of the Stanley Cup was shared between different leagues , to when the NHL took over the Cup in 1926 , to the current setup today . Contents 1 Current format 2 History 2.1 NHL takes control of Stanley Cup 2.2 Original Six era 2.3 Expansion era 2.4 NHL - WHA merger 2.5 Divisional playoffs 2.6 Conference playoffs 2.7 Return to divisional playoffs 3 Traditions and trends 4 Postseason appearances 4.1 Appearances by active teams 5 NHL Playoff Results 5.1 1918 -- 1927 5.2 1927 -- 1942 5.3 1942 -- 1967 5.4 1968 -- 1979 5.5 1979 -- 1991 5.6 1991 -- 2004 5.7 2005 -- 2017 5.8 2018 6 See also 7 References Current format ( edit ) # 88 - Nate Schmidt of the Washington Capitals skates near the Stanley Cup playoffs logo during their May 10 , 2017 game against the Pittsburgh Penguins See also : NHL Conference Finals The Stanley Cup playoffs consists of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Each series is played in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , meaning the team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while their opponent hosts games three , four , and six . Games five , six , and seven are only played if needed . Eight teams in each conference qualify for the playoffs . In the playoff series format instituted in 2014 , the first , second , and third place team in each of the four divisions qualify for the playoffs automatically . Two additional teams from each conference , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify for the playoffs by having the highest point totals out of the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . Since there is no attention paid to divisional alignment with the wild cards , it is possible for one division in each conference to have five teams in the postseason while the other has just three . In the First Round , the teams are split into two separate brackets by division . Each bracket consists of the top three divisional qualifiers and one of the wild cards . The lower seeded wild card plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner , and both wild cards are de facto # 4 seeds . The other two series match the second and third place teams from the divisions . The winners of both First Round series advance to the Second Round . The reseeding in the previous format , which ensured the top seed would play the lowest remaining seed , was discarded . The winners of these series advance to the Conference Finals and the two Conference Final winners move on to the Stanley Cup Finals . In the first two rounds , the higher - seeded team has home - ice advantage ( regardless of point record ) . Thereafter , it goes to the team with the better regular season record ( regardless of seeding ) ; in the case of a tie , the league 's standard tiebreaking procedure is applied . The team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while the opponent hosts games three , four , and six ( games five through seven are played if necessary ) . Any ties in the standings at the end of the regular season are broken using the following protocols : The greater number of games won . Starting in the 2010 -- 11 NHL season , shootout wins are not included in the tie - breaking procedure . The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs . If two clubs are tied , and have not played an equal number of home games against each other , the points earned in the first game played in the city that had the extra game are not included . If more than two clubs are tied , the higher percentage of available points earned in games among those clubs , and not including any `` odd '' games , are used to determine the standing . The greater differential between goals for and against during the entire regular season . If two clubs are still tied on non-shootout wins , points earned between the tied clubs and regular season goal differential , a one - game playoff is played under Stanley Cup playoff rules . History ( edit ) The National Hockey League has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion , generally opening up its playoff games to a much larger number of teams , including those with a losing regular season record in some years ( the most recent being the seventh and eighth seeded San Jose Sharks and Edmonton Oilers , respectively , in 1999 ) . From the NHL 's inception until 1920 , both NHL and Pacific Coast Hockey Association teams were eligible for the Stanley Cup . The NHL 's regular season was divided into two halves , with the top team from each half moving on to the league finals , which was a two - game total goals series in 1918 and a best - of - seven series in 1919 . In 1920 , the Ottawa Senators were automatically declared the league champion when the team had won both halves of the regular season . The two halves format was abandoned the next year , and the top two teams faced off for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals series . At the time , the NHL champion would later face the winners of the PCHA and , from 1921 , the Western Canada Hockey League in further rounds in order to determine the Stanley Cup champion . During this time , as the rules of the NHL and those of the western leagues differ ( the main difference being that NHL rules allowed five skaters while the western leagues allowed six ) , the rules for each game in the Stanley Cup Finals alternated between those of the NHL and the western leagues . Before the WCHL competed for the Stanley Cup , the Cup championship series a best - of - five series . Following the involvement of the WCHL , one league champion was given a bye straight to the finals ( a best - of - three affair starting in 1922 ) , while the other two competed in a best - of - three semifinal . As travel expenses were high during these times , it was often the case that the NHL champions were sent west to compete . In a dispute between the leagues in 1923 about whether to send one or both western league champions east , the winner of the PCHA / WCHL series would proceed to the Stanley Cup Finals , while the loser of the series would face the NHL champion , both series being best - of - three . In 1924 the NHL playoffs expanded from two to three teams ( with the top team getting a bye to the two - game total goal NHL finals ) , but because the first - place Hamilton Tigers refused to play under this format , the second and third place teams played for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals affair . The Stanley Cup Finals returned to a best - of - five format the same year . NHL takes control of Stanley Cup ( edit ) With the merger of the PCHA and WCHL in 1925 and the merged league 's collapse in 1926 , the NHL took de facto control of the Stanley Cup . While the Cup would not be formally deeded to the league until 1947 , from 1926 onward the NHL playoffs and the Stanley Cup playoffs are considered synonymous . The NHL was subsequently divided into the Canadian and American divisions for the 1927 -- 28 season . For 1927 , six teams qualified for the playoffs , three from each division , with the division semifinals and finals being a two - game total goals affair , and the Stanley Cup Finals becoming a best - of - five series . In 1928 , the playoff format was changed so that the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other ( i.e. the division winners played each other , the second place teams play each other , and likewise for the third place teams ) . The first place series was a best - of - five affair , with the winner proceeding to the best - of - three Stanley Cup Finals , while the others were a two - game total goals series . The winner of the second and third place series played each other in a best - of - three series , with the winner earning the other berth to the Stanley Cup Finals . This format had a slight modification the following year , where the semifinal series became a two - game total goals affair and the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - five series . The two - game total goals format was abolished in 1937 , with those series being changed to best - of - three affairs . Original six era ( edit ) The 1930s saw the reduction of teams from ten to seven , and with it an end to the Canadian and American divisions . The Stanley Cup playoffs saw the first - and second - place teams play against each other in a best - of - seven series for one berth in the Stanley Cup Finals , while the third - to sixth - place teams battled in a series of best - of - three matches for the other berth ( with the third - place team taking on the fourth - place team , and the fifth - place team against the sixth - place team ) . In 1939 , the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - seven series , the format still used today . The 1942 -- 43 season saw the removal of the New York Americans , leaving six remaining teams ( now known as the `` Original Six '' ) . From 1943 to 1967 , all playoff matchups were best - of - seven affairs . The first and third - place teams played in one semifinal , while the second and fourth - place teams played in the other semifinal , with the semifinal winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals . During this time , Detroit Red Wings fans often threw an octopus onto the ice as a good luck charm , as eight wins were required to win the Stanley Cup . Expansion era ( edit ) The 1967 expansion saw the number of teams double from six to 12 in the 1967 -- 68 season , and with it the creation of the Western and Eastern divisions . The playoff format remained largely the same , with all series remaining best - of - seven , and the division champions battling for the Stanley Cup . The 1970 -- 71 season , because of fan demand , brought forth the first inter-conference playoff matchup outside of the Stanley Cup Finals since the pre-war expansion , which had the winner of the second - place versus fourth - place matchup in one conference take on the winner of the first - versus third - place matchup in the other conference for a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . The following year had one minor change to its playoff format : a stronger team would face a weaker opponent . Thus , instead of a first - place versus third - place and a second versus fourth - place matchup in the first round , the first round had the first - place versus the fourth and the second versus the third - place . This practice of having stronger teams facing weaker opposition has continued to the present day . The 1974 -- 75 season saw another change to the playoff system to accommodate a league that had expanded to 18 teams in two conferences and four divisions . Under this system , 12 teams qualified for the playoffs . The top team from each division would earn a bye to the quarterfinal , while the second - and third - place teams from each division started their playoff run from a best - of - three preliminary round . In each round of the playoffs , the teams remaining were seeded regardless of divisional or conference alignment , with the preliminary - round series being a best - of - three affair while the remainder of the series remained best - of - seven . The 1977 -- 78 season had one minor change in its playoff format : although the second - place finishers from each division would qualify for the preliminary round , the four playoff spots reserved for the third - place teams were replaced by four wild - card spots -- spots for the four teams with the highest regular - season point total that did not finish first or second in their divisions . NHL - WHA merger ( edit ) With the absorption of four teams from the World Hockey Association in the 1979 -- 1980 season , a new playoff system was introduced where 16 of the league 's 21 teams would qualify for postseason play . The four division winners would qualify for the playoffs while twelve wildcard positions rounded out the sixteen teams . At the beginning of each round the teams were seeded based on their regular season point totals , with the preliminary round being a best - of - five series while all other playoff series were best - of - seven . Divisional playoffs ( edit ) The 1981 -- 1982 season brought forth the return of divisional matchups , with the top four teams from each division qualifying for the playoffs . Division champions would be determined , followed by the Conference champions , who would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals . The division semifinals was a best - of - five affair until the 1986 -- 87 season , when it became a best - of - seven series , while all other series remained best - of seven . Conference playoffs ( edit ) For the 1993 -- 94 season , the league revamped its playoff structure to become conference - based rather than division - based . Eight teams in each conference qualified for the playoffs . The division first - place teams were seeded first ( the team with the best record in the conference ) and second in the conference playoffs and received home ice advantage for the first two rounds . The next six best teams in each conference also qualified and were seeded third through eighth . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth . All series were best - of - seven , but the arrangement of home games was changed for Central and Pacific division teams . Instead of the normal 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 rotation , a series involving teams from both divisions was 2 -- 3 -- 2 , with the higher seeded team having the option of starting play at home or on the road ( ALL teams with home - ice advantage chose to play the default 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 format , from 1995 - 1998 ) . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . The conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals . Home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . In 1998 -- 99 , the league was re-organized into two conferences of three divisions apiece , resulting in the playoff format used through 2013 . The qualifiers remained sixteen , but the seeding changed . The three first - place teams in each division qualified and were seeded first through third for the playoffs . Of the other teams in each conference , the top five finishers qualified for the fourth through eighth seedings . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth , by those criteria . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . Like the 1994 -- 1998 system , the conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals , and home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . Return to divisional playoffs ( edit ) The NHL realigned into a four - division , two - conference system for the 2013 -- 14 season . Under the new postseason system , the top three teams in each division make the playoffs , with two wild - cards in each conference ( for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference ) . The format is division - based , similar to the 1981 -- 82 system . In the First Round , the top - ranked team in the conference plays against the lowest - ranked wild - card , while the other division winner plays against the higher ranked wild - card . The second and third place teams in each division then play each other . The first round winners then meet in the Second Round . The third round will still consist of the Western Conference and Eastern Conference Finals , with those conference winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals . Traditions and trends ( edit ) Compared to other major professional sports leagues , playoff upsets are relatively common in the NHL . According to NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot , this is because the style of competition in the playoffs is different from the regular season : instead of playing different teams every night , the goal is to advance through four best - of - seven playoff series . The Presidents ' Trophy winner may have to go through other playoff clubs who might have a hotter goaltender , a better defensive team , or other players that pose matchup problems . If the regular season champion 's primary success was only outscoring others , they may be out of luck facing goaltenders that can shut them out . And although rare , another aspect is that the NHL leads the other leagues in game seven comebacks . Only four instances has an NHL team been able to come back from being down 0 -- 3 to win a seven - game series : the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs , the 1975 New York Islanders , the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings . There has been only one such `` reverse sweep '' comeback in the MLB postseason ( the 2004 Boston Red Sox ) and none in the NBA playoffs . It is the reality of the sport . If your particular strength happens to be that you 're really good offensively , and you come up against a hot goaltender and a team that is stout defensively , it might not matter that you were good on a nightly basis scoring goals . And that one particular opponent : you 'll have to beat them four times . NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot explaining the lack of success of Presidents ' Trophy winners winning the Stanley Cup . Despite having more American - based teams than Canadian - based ones throughout much of the NHL 's existence ( dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones , and now 7 to 24 since 2017 ) , there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason : 1970 and 2016 . However , the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup . The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award , the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series , unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada ( the Super Bowl MVP , the NBA Finals MVP , and the World Series MVP ) , although in its history the trophy has never been given to someone that was not in the finals . Doug Gilmour and Peter Forsberg , in 1986 and 1999 , respectively , are the only players who have topped the postseason in scoring without making it to the Finals . NHL players have often grown beards when their team is in the playoffs , where they do not shave until their team is eliminated or wins the Stanley Cup . The tradition was started in the 1980s by the New York Islanders , and is often mirrored by the fans , as well . At the conclusion of a playoff series , players and coaches line up and exchange handshakes with their counterparts on the opposing team , and this has been described by commentators as `` one of the great traditions in sports '' . However , there have been rare occasions that individual players have refused to participate , such as Gerry Cheevers who left the ice without shaking hands with any of the Flyers in 1978 , and Billy Smith who avoided handshakes as he was particularly passionate about losses . More recent examples of players refusing the handshake include the 1996 playoffs when several Detroit Red Wings players protested the dirty hit by the Colorado Avalanche 's Claude Lemieux , and in the 2008 playoffs when Martin Brodeur refused to shake Sean Avery 's hand after Avery screened him in an earlier game . It is common among players to never touch or hoist the Prince of Wales Trophy ( Eastern Conference champion ) or Clarence S. Campbell Bowl ( Western Conference champion ) after they have won the conference finals ; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting . There have been six recent exceptions to this -- Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003 ; Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 ; and Alex Ovechkin of the Capitals in 2018 . In five of these occurrences , their teams went on to win the Stanley Cup . In recent years , the captain of the winning team poses ( usually looking solemn ) with the conference trophy , and sometimes , the entire team poses as well . There are many traditions and anecdotes associated with the championship trophy , the Stanley Cup . Because the Ice Hockey World Championships are held in the same time period as the Stanley Cup playoffs , the only NHL players who can participate in the former are those on NHL teams that have been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention . This policy has been in place since a 1977 agreement between the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation , which allowed Team Canada to field a team in the World Championships after an - eight year absence . Postseason appearances ( edit ) Correct as of 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Appearances by active teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Montreal Canadiens 86 Boston Bruins 71 Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Detroit Red Wings 64 Chicago Blackhawks 62 New York Rangers 59 St. Louis Blues 41 Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 Dallas Stars 31 Buffalo Sabres 29 Los Angeles Kings 30 Calgary Flames 28 Vancouver Canucks 27 Washington Capitals 28 New York Islanders 24 Colorado Avalanche 23 New Jersey Devils 23 Edmonton Oilers 21 Arizona Coyotes 19 San Jose Sharks 19 Ottawa Senators 16 Carolina Hurricanes 13 Anaheim Ducks 14 Nashville Predators 11 Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Minnesota Wild 9 Florida Panthers 5 Columbus Blue Jackets Winnipeg Jets Vegas Golden Knights Jump up ^ Includes postseason appearances in the National Hockey Association prior to the formation of the NHL in 1917 . The NHA , the predecessor league of the NHL , also competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 -- 68 through to 1992 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Flames ( 1972 -- 73 through to 1979 -- 80 ) . ^ Jump up to : Does not include appearances in the World Hockey Association / Avco Trophy playoffs . Per the conditions of the NHL -- WHA merger , the NHL does not officially recognize the WHA history , playoffs and records . Furthermore , during its existence , no WHA champion competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Quebec Nordiques ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1994 -- 95 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Colorado Rockies ( 1976 -- 77 through to 1981 -- 82 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for the original Winnipeg Jets ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1995 -- 96 ) . Jump up ^ The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . The NHL officially treats them as two separate franchises . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Hartford Whalers ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1996 -- 97 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Thrashers ( 1999 -- 2000 through to 2010 -- 11 ) . NHL playoff results ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled NHL playoff results . ( Discuss ) ( May 2018 ) 1918 -- 1927 ( edit ) Prior to 1927 the NHL playoff champion did not receive the Stanley Cup . In most years the winning team was awarded the O'Brien Trophy but from 1915 through 1926 the NHA / NHL champion would play the PCHA / WHL champion for the Stanley Cup . The results outlined here are only those between NHL teams and do not include any Stanley Cup Finals series before 1927 . For the first four years the NHL playoffs entailed the best team from the first half of the season playing a two games against the best team from the second half . The winner was the team that scored the most combined goals . There were no NHL playoffs in 1920 because Ottawa had the best record in both halves and was declared the NHL champion . Starting in 1921 the NHL scrapped the half - season scheme and had the teams with the top two records play for the league title . In 1926 the league introduced a two - game semifinal series for the second - and third - best teams to play for entry into the final against the regular season champion . The following year , with 10 teams in the league , the NHL expanded the playoffs to include six teams . The winners of the Canadian and American divisions would earn byes into the semifinal round while the remaining four would start in the quarterfinals . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Montreal Canadiens 5 6 Toronto Arenas Toronto St. Patricks Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Montreal Wanderers Quebec Bulldogs Hamilton Tigers Boston Bruins Montreal Maroons New York Americans Pittsburgh Pirates Chicago Black Hawks Detroit Cougars New York Rangers ^ Jump up to : The Toronto team began as the ' Arena Athletic Club ' before settling on Arenas then changed their name to the St. Patricks and eventually became the Toronto Maple Leafs . ^ Jump up to : The Quebec Athletic Club moved to Hamilton after one season in the NHL . Jump up ^ After the NHL dropped Hamilton as a franchise the expansion New York Americans signed all of Hamilton 's players but the two teams are considered distinct . 1927 -- 1942 ( edit ) The playoff format was altered slightly in 1929 , having the two division winners play one another in the semifinal rather than the winners of the quarterfinal round . Because the NHL took charge of the NHL finals became a best - of series as the Stanley cup championship had been since 1914 . A year later the Semifinal round became a best - of series with the division winners playing a five game set and the quarterfinal winners facing off in a best - of - three meeting . In 1931 the meeting between quarterfinal winners reverted to a two - game total - goal series and did n't change back for five years . The next year all series became best - of 's and two years after , in 1939 , the league ended the divisional format when the Montreal Maroons suspended operations , leaving the league with only 7 teams . Instead , the top two finishers played one another in a best - of - seven semifinal round while the other four playoff teams played best - of - three series to decide the second finalist . The same year the Stanley Cup finals shifted to a best - of - seven series where it has remained ever since ( as of 2018 ) . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Montreal Canadiens 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ottawa Senators 9 10 St. Louis Eagles Boston Bruins 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Montreal Maroons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 New York Americans 5 Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Quakers Chicago Black Hawks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Detroit Cougars Detroit Falcons Detroit Red Wings 5 6 7 8 9 10 New York Rangers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ^ Jump up to : The Senators suspended operations for one season in 1931 and returned the following year . In 1934 the team moved to St. Louis and played for 1 season before disbanding ^ Jump up to : The Pirates moved to Philadelphia and became the Quakers , playing for 1 season before suspending operations ^ Jump up to : The Detroit team began as the Cougars before changing their name to the Falcons in 1930 . After declaring bankruptcy and being bought by James E. Norris they were rechristened as the ' Red Wings ' 1942 -- 1967 ( edit ) With only six teams in the league the quarterfinal round was ended and the top four finishers made the playoffs . All playoff series became best - of - sevens with the # 1 and # 3 teams playing in one semifinal while the # 2 and # 4 seeds met in the other . This arrangement remained unchanged the entire 25 - year duration of the ' Original Six ' era . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Out of Playoffs Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Montreal Canadiens 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Toronto Maple Leafs 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Boston Bruins 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Chicago Black Hawks 12 13 14 Detroit Red Wings 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 New York Rangers 16 17 Team 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Montreal Canadiens 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Toronto Maple Leafs 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Boston Bruins 26 27 28 Chicago Black Hawks 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Detroit Red Wings 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 New York Rangers 18 19 20 21 22 1968 -- 1979 ( edit ) When the league doubled its size in 1967 they also doubled the number of playoff teams , reintroducing the quarterfinals but keeping the 1 - vs - 3 style that existed for the previous quarter - century and keeping all series as best - of - sevens . In 1971 the league altered the semifinals to pit east teams against west teams and followed that by rearranging the first round to have the top seeds play the bottom seeds in intra-conference series . Once they league 's size swelled to 18 teams an additional four teams received bids into the postseason . Starting in 1975 the division winners received byes into the second round while the remaining eight teams started in a best - of - three preliminary round with the top seed facing the lowest seed . After the opening round all teams were reseeded for the quarterfinals and semifinals regardless of their division or conference . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 Montreal Canadiens 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Toronto Maple Leafs 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Boston Bruins 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Chicago Black Hawks 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Detroit Red Wings 33 34 New York Rangers 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 Los Angeles Kings 5 6 7 8 Minnesota North Stars 5 6 Oakland Seals California Golden Seals Cleveland Barons Philadelphia Flyers 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 6 St. Louis Blues 5 6 7 8 9 Buffalo Sabres 5 6 Vancouver Canucks Atlanta Flames 5 New York Islanders 5 Kansas City Scouts Colorado Rockies Washington Capitals Jump up ^ The team started the 1967 season as the ' California Seals ' but changed their name to ' Oakland ' in November Jump up ^ Charles O. Finley bought Oakland in 1970 and promptly changed both the team name and their colors but kept the franchise in the same city Jump up ^ After years of financial struggle the Seals moved to Cleveland and became the Barons , reviving the name of the once - successful AHL team . The NHL 's Barons only lasted two seasons before merging with the Minnesota North Stars Jump up ^ Despite being a new franchise and one of the only professional teams in the area the Scouts could only last two seasons in Kansas City before relocating to Denver 1979 -- 1991 ( edit ) When the WHA folded in 1979 four teams were absorbed into the NHL . With 21 teams the NHL expanded the playoffs once more to include 16 with all teams starting in the preliminary round which was increased to a best - of - five series . Teams were seeded regardless of their conference or division 1 through 16 and reseeded after the first two rounds . Starting in 1982 the NHL split the playoffs into eastern - and western - conference with each conference providing 8 teams where it has remained since ( as of 2018 ) . Furthermore the NHL had the first two round being played within each division , granting the four regions one entry each into the conference finals . The divisional semifinals were expanded to seven - game - series in 1987 . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 Montreal Canadiens 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Toronto Maple Leafs 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Boston Bruins 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Chicago Blackhawks 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Detroit Red Wings 35 36 37 38 39 40 New York Rangers 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Los Angeles Kings 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Minnesota North Stars 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Philadelphia Flyers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pittsburgh Penguins 7 8 9 10 11 St. Louis Blues 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Buffalo Sabres 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vancouver Canucks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Atlanta Flames 6 Calgary Flames 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 New York Islanders 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Colorado Rockies New Jersey Devils Washington Capitals 5 6 7 8 9 Edmonton Oilers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hartford Whalers 5 6 7 Quebec Nordiques 5 6 7 Winnipeg Jets 5 6 7 8 Jump up ^ The Flames moved to Calgary in 1980 after years of flagging attendance Jump up ^ Arthur Imperatore Sr. bought the Rockies in 1978 with the intent of moving them to New Jersey but those plans were shelved due to the lack of a suitable arena . Colorado would eventually relocate to the Garden State with John McMullen as the owner 1991 -- 2004 ( edit ) The NHL added nine franchises from 1991 to 2000 while an additional four moving to new cities ( three of those teams were WHA alumni ) Despite the increase in league size the NHL playoffs remained static at 16 teams . The league did , however , change the format by dropping the divisional rounds in 1994 with the division winners receiving the top two seeds and the rest being sorted according to their records . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Montreal Canadiens 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Toronto Maple Leafs 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Boston Bruins 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Chicago Blackhawks 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Detroit Red Wings 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 New York Rangers 43 44 45 46 47 Los Angeles Kings 18 19 20 21 22 23 Minnesota North Stars 17 Dallas Stars 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Philadelphia Flyers 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Pittsburgh Penguins 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 St. Louis Blues 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Buffalo Sabres 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Vancouver Canucks 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Calgary Flames 18 19 20 21 22 New York Islanders 16 17 18 19 20 New Jersey Devils 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Washington Capitals 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Edmonton Oilers 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hartford Whalers 8 Carolina Hurricanes 9 10 11 Quebec Nordiques 8 9 Colorado Avalanche 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Winnipeg Jets 9 10 11 Phoenix Coyotes 12 13 14 15 16 San Jose Sharks 5 6 7 8 Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Tampa Bay Lightning Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Florida Panthers Nashville Predators Atlanta Thrashers Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild Jump up ^ Minnesota telegraphed their move when they began wearing new uniforms without a reference to the ' north ' part of their nickname in 1992 - 93 ^ Jump up to : In consecutive years three of the four former WHA teams moved to new locales . Of those three Colorado , the franchise with the most success , has not threatened another relocation in the succeeding years ( as of 2018 ) 2005 -- 2017 ( edit ) After the NHL lockout in 2004 - 05 that saw the cancellation of the first Stanley Cup final in 86 years The league went through another stable period where no new franchises were added . The playoffs as well were mostly consistent throughout the period . Only one change occurred ; beginning with the 2014 playoffs the league returned to 4 divisions with the top three teams in each division making the playoffs and the two teams in each conference with the best record receiving ' wild card ' spots . The better wild card team would play the lesser division champion for each conference and vice versa . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Montreal Canadiens 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Toronto Maple Leafs 65 66 Boston Bruins 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Chicago Blackhawks 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Detroit Red Wings 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 New York Rangers 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Los Angeles Kings 24 25 26 27 28 29 Dallas Stars 27 28 29 30 31 Philadelphia Flyers 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Pittsburgh Penguins 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 St. Louis Blues 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Buffalo Sabres 26 27 28 29 Vancouver Canucks 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Calgary Flames 23 24 25 26 27 28 New York Islanders 21 22 23 24 New Jersey Devils 17 18 19 20 21 22 Washington Capitals 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Edmonton Oilers 20 21 Carolina Hurricanes 12 13 Colorado Avalanche 16 17 18 19 Arizona Coyotes 17 18 19 San Jose Sharks 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ottawa Senators 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tampa Bay Lightning 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim Ducks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Florida Panthers 5 Nashville Predators 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atlanta Thrashers Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 5 6 7 8 2018 ( edit ) The NHL added Vegas as the first expansion team in 17 years for the 2017 - 18 season . Though no adjustment occurred as far as the playoffs were concerned , the league also approved an ownership group to make a bid for a 32nd team to be located in Seattle . If approved , the team would not begin play until the 2021 - 22 season . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2018 Montreal Canadiens Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Boston Bruins 72 Chicago Blackhawks Detroit Red Wings New York Rangers Los Angeles Kings 30 Dallas Stars Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 St. Louis Blues Buffalo Sabres Vancouver Canucks Calgary Flames New York Islanders New Jersey Devils 23 Washington Capitals 28 Edmonton Oilers Carolina Hurricanes Colorado Avalanche 20 Arizona Coyotes San Jose Sharks 20 Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Anaheim Ducks 14 Florida Panthers Nashville Predators 11 Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 9 Vegas Golden Knights See also ( edit ) List of NHL playoff series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com . March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com. April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoff Formats : 1917 to date '' . NHL.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Dave ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book ( 2009 ed . ) . Dan Diamond Associates . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dan Rosen ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Realignment plan approved by Board of Governors '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Hackel , Stu ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` First - Round Upsets Common in N.H.L '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Darren Eliot ( April 7 , 2010 ) . Inside Report : Presidents ' Trophy to curse Caps ? . SI.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Woe Canada . No playoffs this year north of border '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Warnsby ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bruins win Stanley Cup '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved Feb 5 , 2012 . The Canucks were n't going to become the first Canadian - based team since the 1992 - 93 Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup with such little production . Jump up ^ Ryan Kennedy ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Wooly Bullies '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara Sullivan ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` One team , one goal , no razors '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Analyst ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` NHL Playoff Traditions : Why the NHL Is the Most Celebrated League '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DropYourGloves.com ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Colin ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sean Avery gets best of New Jersey Devils in New York Rangers ' 3 - 0 victory '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , it 's tradition , but players should have a choice - NHL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Phil ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` NHL.com -- Ice Age : Having another trophy in mind '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ( Sep 4 , 2012 ) . Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series . McClelland & Stewart . Thus , the only professionals who could participate were those on NHL teams that did not make the playoffs or were eliminated quickly Jump up ^ Barnes , John ( 2010 ) . The Law of Hockey . Butterworths & Company . p. 83 . Since 1977 , Canada has competed at the annual IIHF competition mainly using players from teams that have been eliminated from the NHL play - offs Jump up ^ Duplacey , James ( 1998 ) . Total Hockey : The official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League . Total Sports . p. 506 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 7114 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Record Book '' . NHL Official Guide & Record Book 2015 . Triumph Books . October 2014 . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1629370118 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time NHL Results '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Cup '' . HHOF.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 487 . 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7618812852617564001	It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)	It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) - wikipedia It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Duke Ellington & Teresa Brewer album , see It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) is a 1931 composition by Duke Ellington , whose lyrics were written by Irving Mills . It is now accepted as a jazz standard , and jazz historian Gunther Schuller characterized it as `` now legendary '' and `` a prophetic piece and a prophetic title . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recognition 3 Cover versions 4 References Background ( edit ) The music was composed and arranged by Ellington in August 1931 during intermissions at Chicago 's Lincoln Tavern and was first recorded by Ellington and his orchestra for Brunswick Records ( Br 6265 ) on February 2 , 1932 . After Mills wrote the lyrics , Ivie Anderson sang the vocal and trombonist Joe Nanton and alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges played the instrumental solos . The song became famous , Ellington wrote , `` as the expression of a sentiment which prevailed among jazz musicians at the time . '' Ellington credited the saying as a `` credo '' of his former trumpeter , Bubber Miley , who was dying of tuberculosis at the time ; Miley died the year that the song was released . The Ellington band played the song continually over the years and recorded it numerous times , most often with trumpeter Ray Nance as vocalist . Recognition ( edit ) Ellington 's 1932 recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008 . Cover versions ( edit ) Notable recordings of the song by other artists include : Matthew Morrison Louis Armstrong Washboard Rhythm Kings -- Washboard Rhythm Kings Vol. 3 ( 1932 ) Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Orchestra ( 1932 ) Boswell Sisters ( 1932 ) Django Reinhardt with Stéphane Grappelli -- Swing from Paris ( 1935 ) Stan Getz - Stan Getz at The Shrine ( Norgran Records , 1955 ) Thelonious Monk -- Thelonious Monk Plays the Music of Duke Ellington ( Riverside Records , 1955 ) Ella Fitzgerald -- Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook ( Verve Records , 1957 ) , Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur ( Verve Records , 1967 ) , Ella in London ( Pablo Records , 1974 ) Gigi Gryce -- Gigi Gryce ( MetroJazz , 1958 ) Modern Jazz Quartet -- Pyramid ( Atlantic , 1960 ) Nina Simone -- Nina Simone Sings Ellington ( 1962 ) June Christy -- A Lovely Way to Spend An Evening ( 1986 ) , Big Band Specials ( 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks -- Alvin and the Chipmunks episode `` Match Play '' ( 1984 ) Carmen McRae , Betty Carter -- The Carmen McRae -- Betty Carter Duets ( 1987 ) Chuck Brown - `` It do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't got That Go - Go Swing ) '' , from the album Go Go Swing Live ( 1987 ) Tony Bennett -- MTV Unplugged : Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) , Bennett Sings Ellington : Hot & Cool ( 1999 ) The SuperJazz Big Band - `` UAB SuperJazz , Featuring Ellis Marsalis . '' ( 2001 ) Gabin -- Doo Uap , Doo Uap , Doo Uap ( 2002 ) Eva Cassidy -- American Tune ( 2003 ) The Mills Brothers ( 1932 ) -- Golden Greats ( 2002 ) , Goodbye , Blues ( 2005 ) Della Reese , Raven - Symoné , Anneliese van der Pol - That 's So Raven ( 2006 ) The Puppini Sisters -- The Rise and Fall of Ruby Woo ( incorporating some new lyrics and music and lyrics from `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' , `` Over the Rainbow '' , `` Mambo Italiano '' and `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' ) ( 2008 ) Joe Jackson - The Duke ( 2012 ) Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga - `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' , from the album Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) Cleo Laine - With Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem on The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The song 's refrain was sung several times by various characters in the 1993 movie Swing Kids . On American Public Media 's Marketplace , when they `` do the numbers , '' Thelonious Monk 's instrumental version plays to denote the financial markets ended the day mixed , e.g. , the DJIA gained while the NASDAQ lost . MC Shan performed a rap version of the song in 1990 . British R&B singer Javine sampled the songs chorus in the bridge of her debut single `` Real Things '' released in 2003 . Evander Holyfield and Edyta Sliwinska danced a quickstep dance to the song in the first season of Dancing with the Stars . Nancy Grace and Tristan MacManus also danced a quickstep to the track in the thirteenth season of the same show . In 2009 , the American singer Beyoncé Knowles incorporated elements of `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' during the live performance of her song `` Déjà Vu '' ( 2006 ) at the revue I Am ... Yours . The performance was later included on the live CD and DVD I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas ( 2009 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gunther Schuller , The Swing Era : The Development of Jazz , 1930 - 1945 ( Oxford University Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0195071405 , pp. 50 - 51 . Excerpts available at Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Duke Ellington , Music is My Mistress ( Da Capo Press , 1976 reprint ) , ISBN 978 - 0306800337 , pp. 419 , 106 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Jazz Journal , Dec. 1965 Jump up ^ Richard Corliss , `` ' It Do n't Mean A Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) ' '' , Time , October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ GRAMMY Hall Of Fame Archived 2011 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , The Recording Academy ( accessed 2014 - 09 - 17 ) . Jump up ^ Jazz on Record : The First Sixty Years by Scott Yanow ISBN 978 - 0879307554 page 97 : https://www.amazon.co.uk/Jazz-Record-Scott-Yanow/dp/0879307552 Jump up ^ `` The Numbers Music '' , Marketplace ( accessed 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . Jump up ^ ( 2009 ) Album notes for I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas by Beyoncé . Music World Entertainment / Columbia Records . Duke Ellington Studio albums The Blanton -- Webster Band Never No Lament : The Blanton - Webster Band Braggin ' in Brass : The Immortal 1938 Year Liberian Suite Great Times ! Masterpieces by Ellington Ellington Uptown The Duke Plays Ellington Ellington ' 55 Dance to the Duke ! Ellington Showcase Historically Speaking Duke Ellington Presents ... The Complete Porgy and Bess A Drum Is a Woman Studio Sessions , Chicago 1956 Such Sweet Thunder Ellington Indigos Black , Brown and Beige Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque The Cosmic Scene Happy Reunion Jazz Party Back to Back Side by Side Anatomy of a Murder Festival Session Blues in Orbit The Nutcracker Suite Piano in the Background Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G . Unknown Session Piano in the Foreground The Great Summit : The Master Takes Paris Blues First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Featuring Paul Gonsalves Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 Midnight in Paris Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins Studio Sessions , New York 1962 Money Jungle Afro - Bossa The Symphonic Ellington Duke Ellington 's Jazz Violin Session Studio Sessions New York 1963 My People Ellington ' 65 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins Ellington ' 66 Concert in the Virgin Islands The Popular Duke Ellington The Far East Suite The Jaywalker Studio Sessions , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , San Francisco , Chicago , New York ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Second Sacred Concert Studio Sessions New York , 1968 Latin American Suite The Pianist New Orleans Suite Orchestral Works The Suites , New York 1968 & 1970 The Intimacy of the Blues The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse Studio Sessions New York & Chicago , 1965 , 1966 & 1971 The Intimate Ellington The Ellington Suites This One 's for Blanton ! Up in Duke 's Workshop Duke 's Big 4 Mood Ellington Live albums Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1943 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1944 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1946 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1947 Ellington at Newport Dance Concerts , California 1958 Dance Dates , California 1958 Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II Duke Ellington at the Alhambra Live at the Blue Note The Great Paris Concert A Concert of Sacred Music In the Uncommon Market Soul Call Yale Concert 70th Birthday Concert Togo Brava Suite Live at the Whitney Third Sacred Concert Eastbourne Performance Collaborations with Alice Babs Serenade to Sweden with Count Basie First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke with Teresa Brewer It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing with Rosemary Clooney Blue Rose with John Coltrane Duke Ellington & John Coltrane with Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book Ella at Duke 's Place The Stockholm Concert , 1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur with Coleman Hawkins Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins with Frank Sinatra Francis A. & Edward K . Compositions `` African Flower '' `` All Too Soon '' `` Azure '' `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' `` Black , Brown and Beige '' `` C Jam Blues '' `` Cotton Tail '' `` Day Dream '' `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' `` Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Drop Me Off in Harlem '' `` Echoes of Harlem '' `` Everything but You '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' but the Blues '' `` I Did n't Know About You '' `` I Got It Bad ( and That Ai n't Good ) '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` I 'm Just a Lucky So - and - So '' `` In a Mellow Tone '' `` In a Sentimental Mood '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' `` Just A-Sittin ' and A-Rockin ' '' `` Just Squeeze Me ( But Please Do n't Tease Me ) '' `` The Mooche '' `` Mood Indigo '' `` Prelude to a Kiss '' `` Rocks in My Bed '' `` ( In My ) Solitude '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' Billy Strayhorn compositions associated with Ellington `` Take the `` A '' Train '' `` Lush Life '' `` Chelsea Bridge '' `` Something to Live For '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Blood Count '' Juan Tizol compositions associated with Ellington `` Caravan '' `` Perdido '' Orchestra members Hayes Alvis Cat Anderson Ivie Anderson Harold Ashby Alice Babs Shorty Baker Butch Ballard Art Baron Aaron Bell Louie Bellson Joe Benjamin Barney Bigard Lou Blackburn Jimmy Blanton Wellman Braud Lawrence Brown Harry Carney Johnny Coles Willie Cook Buster Cooper Kay Davis Wild Bill Davis Wilbur de Paris Bobby Durham Mercer Ellington Rolf Ericson Jimmy Forrest Victor Gaskin Peter Giger Tyree Glenn Paul Gonsalves Sonny Greer Fred Guy Jimmy Hamilton Otto Hardwick Rick Henderson Al Hibbler Johnny Hodges Major Holley Charlie Irvis Quentin Jackson Hilton Jefferson Herb Jeffries Freddie Jenkins Money Johnson Herbie Jones Taft Jordan Al Killian Queen Esther Marrow Wendell Marshall Murray McEachern Louis Metcalf James `` Bubber '' Miley Harold `` Geezil '' Minerve Ray Nance Tricky Sam Nanton Oscar Pettiford Eddie Preston Russell Procope Junior Raglin Betty Roché Ernie Royal Al Sears Joya Sherrill Willie Smith Elmer Snowden Rex Stewart Billy Strayhorn Billy Taylor Clark Terry Juan Tizol Norris Turney Ben Webster Arthur Whetsol Cootie Williams Nelson Williams Skippy Williams Booty Wood Jimmy Woode Britt Woodman Sam Woodyard Filmography Black and Tan Check and Double Check Belle of the Nineties Murder at the Vanities Cabin in the Sky Anatomy of a Murder Paris Blues Assault on a Queen Change of Mind Related Duke Ellington Bridge Duke Ellington House Duke Ellington School of the Arts Luther Henderson Irving Mills Sophisticated Ladies Play On ! Sacred Concerts Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing)&oldid=798377372 '' Categories : 1931 compositions Compositions by Duke Ellington Cab Calloway songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Norsk Русский Sardu Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was it dont mean a thing written	[ "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) is a 1931 composition by Duke Ellington, whose lyrics were written by Irving Mills. It is now accepted as a jazz standard, and jazz historian Gunther Schuller characterized it as \"now legendary\" and \"a prophetic piece and a prophetic title.\"[1]" ]	[ "1931" ]
4344077192920042174	1990 World Series	1990 World Series - wikipedia 1990 World Series 1990 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Cincinnati Reds ( 4 ) Lou Piniella 91 -- 71 , . 562 , GA : 5 Oakland Athletics ( 0 ) Tony La Russa 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 9 Dates October 16 -- 20 MVP José Rijo ( Cincinnati ) Umpires Frank Pulli ( NL ) , Ted Hendry ( AL ) , Jim Quick ( NL ) , Rocky Roe ( AL ) , Randy Marsh ( NL ) , Larry Barnett ( AL : Games 1 and 2 ) , Bruce Froemming ( NL : Games 3 and 4 ) Hall of Famers Reds : Barry Larkin Athletics : Tony La Russa ( manager ) , Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson ALCS Oakland Athletics over Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 0 NLCS Cincinnati Reds over Pittsburgh Pirates , 4 -- 2 Broadcast Television CBS TV announcers Jack Buck and Tim McCarver Radio CBS Radio announcers Vin Scully and Johnny Bench World Series Program ← 1989 World Series 1991 → The 1990 World Series was the 87th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series and the conclusion of the 1990 Major League Baseball season . The Series featured the defending champions and heavily favored American League ( AL ) champion Oakland Athletics against the National League ( NL ) champion Cincinnati Reds . The Reds defeated the Athletics in a four - game sweep . It was the fifth 4 - game sweep by the National League and second by the Reds after they did it in 1976 , as well as the second consecutive World Series to end in a sweep , after the A 's themselves did it to the San Francisco Giants in 1989 . It is remembered for Billy Hatcher 's seven consecutive hits . The sweep extended the Reds ' World Series winning streak to nine games , dating back to 1975 . This also was the second World Series meeting between the two clubs ( Oakland won four games to three in 1972 ) . As of 2017 , this remains both teams ' most recent appearance in the World Series . Athletics manager Tony La Russa and Reds manager Lou Piniella were old friends and teammates from their Tampa American Legion Post 248 team . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Cincinnati Reds 1.1. 1 `` The Nasty Boys '' 1.2 Oakland Athletics 2 Summary 3 Matchups 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 4 Composite box 5 Radio and television coverage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Cincinnati Reds ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Cincinnati Reds season The Cincinnati Reds won the National League West division by five games over the Los Angeles Dodgers . They set an NL record by staying in first place in the division for the entire season or `` wire - to - wire '' , which had been done only one other time , by the 1984 Detroit Tigers . The Reds then defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates , four games to two , in the National League Championship Series . `` The Nasty Boys '' ( edit ) The strength of the Cincinnati Reds bullpen and timely hitting led them to a quick sweep of the AL champions . The Reds ' bullpen had three primary members -- Norm Charlton , Randy Myers , and Rob Dibble -- collectively they were known as the `` Nasty Boys '' , who would n't let the A 's score against them in nearly nine innings of work . Media talk of a forthcoming A 's dynasty led Reds fans to call their own team the `` dyNASTY . '' The Nasty Boys originally referred to five pitchers , with the other two being Tim Layana and Tim Birtsas ( though history relates it to the aforementioned three ) . On his XM show , Dibble still adds these two pitchers into the `` Nasty Boys '' , stating it was a collective bullpen effort . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics won the American League West division by nine games over the Chicago White Sox . They then defeated the Boston Red Sox , four games to none , in the American League Championship Series . The Athletics were the defending World Series champions , two - time defending American League champions , and favorites against the Reds . The Athletics became the first franchise to appear in three consecutive World Series since the 1976 -- 1978 New York Yankees . Their lineup included three former AL Rookies - of - the - Year : José Canseco ( 1986 ) , Mark McGwire ( 1987 ) , and Walt Weiss ( 1988 ) . A 's outfielder Willie McGee won a batting title that year , but it was n't the AL batting title . He batted . 335 for the NL 's St Louis Cardinals ( with enough plate appearances to qualify for the NL batting title ) before he was traded in late August to Oakland . Behind starter Dave Stewart and reliever Dennis Eckersley , the Athletics had won 306 games over the prior three seasons . Summary ( edit ) NL Cincinnati Reds ( 4 ) vs. AL Oakland Athletics ( 0 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 16 Oakland Athletics -- 0 , Cincinnati Reds -- 7 Riverfront Stadium 2 : 48 55,830 October 17 Oakland Athletics -- 4 , Cincinnati Reds -- 5 ( 10 innings ) Riverfront Stadium 3 : 31 55,832 October 19 Cincinnati Reds -- 8 , Oakland Athletics -- 3 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 3 : 01 48,269 October 20 Cincinnati Reds -- 2 , Oakland Athletics -- 1 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 2 : 48 48,613 Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 16 , 1990 8 : 32 pm ( EDT ) at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Cincinnati 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 10 0 WP : José Rijo ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dave Stewart ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : OAK : None CIN : Eric Davis ( 1 ) The schedule called for the seven - game series to be held Tue -- Wed , Fri -- Sat -- Sun , Tue -- Wed . Games 5 , 6 , and 7 , however , were not necessary . This was the first World Series to begin play on a Tuesday since 1984 , and the last until 2014 ( all World Series between 1985 and 2006 , with the exception of this one , were scheduled to begin on a Saturday , while those from 2007 through 2013 featured Wednesday starts ) . The change in this instance was necessitated by an early season lockout which had caused the first week of the season to be postponed . In order to make up the postponed games , the regular season was extended by three days , causing the postseason to begin on a Thursday rather than a Tuesday , as had been the practice for many years . When Oakland Athletics pitcher Dave Stewart entered to pitch Game 1 , he had a six - game postseason winning streak going , which ended after four innings of work . The Reds got out of the gate quickly with a two - run home run ( that nearly hit the CBS television studio where anchor Pat O'Brien was sitting in left - center ) from Eric Davis in the bottom of the first inning off A 's ace Dave Stewart . Billy Hatcher helped out offensively in a big way by starting his streak of seven straight hits in the series after a walk in the first inning . The Reds added to their lead when Barry Larkin drew a leadoff walk in the third and scored on a double by Hatcher , who moved to third on shortstop Mike Gallego 's throw to home , then scored on Paul O'Neill 's groundout . In the fifth , after a one - out and double walk off of Todd Burns , Davis 's RBI single made it 5 -- 0 Reds and after a groundout moved the runners up , Chris Sabo 's two - run single capped the game 's scoring at 7 -- 0 . José Rijo settled in after the early lead and cruised to a surprise Cincinnati victory . The following day 's headline in The Cincinnati Post captured the city 's surprise with the headline , `` Davis Stuns Goliath . '' Game 2 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 17 , 1990 8 : 29 pm ( EDT ) at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Cincinnati 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 WP : Rob Dibble ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dennis Eckersley ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : OAK : José Canseco ( 1 ) CIN : None Eventual Cy Young Award winner Bob Welch opposed postseason veteran Danny Jackson in Game 2 . Rickey Henderson manufactured a run for the A 's in the first by getting a hit , stealing second , getting sacrificed to third , and scoring on a groundout . The Reds came right back in the bottom of the first . Barry Larkin and Billy Hatcher hit consecutive opposite field doubles and Hatcher would score on Davis 's groundout . In the third the A 's got the lead back . José Canseco hit a rocket into the right - center field stands to tie the game ( his only hit of the series ) . A base hit by Mark McGwire and two walks followed , knocking Jackson out of the game . With the bases loaded , Ron Hassey hit a sac fly and Mike Gallego singled to center to give the A 's a 4 -- 2 lead . The A 's , however , would not score any more runs thanks to the relief pitching of All - Star game starter Jack Armstrong and the threesome nicknamed the `` Nasty Boys '' : Rob Dibble , Norm Charlton , and Randy Myers . The Reds got a run closer at 4 -- 3 on pinch hitter Ron Oester 's RBI single that drove in Joe Oliver in the fourth ; incidentally , this would be the last plate appearance of Oester 's career , all 13 seasons of which were spent in Cincinnati . The Reds tied it in the eighth when Hatcher tripled over the crippled Canseco ( who was suffering from back spasms throughout the playoffs ) and scored on a force play . During Game 2 , Reds pitcher Tom Browning 's pregnant wife Debbie went into labor during the game . Debbie left her seat in the fifth inning to drive herself to the hospital . As the game went on , the Reds wanted Browning ready to pitch just in case the game went well into extra innings . Thinking that Browning was en route to a nearby hospital , the Reds had their radio broadcaster Marty Brennaman put out an All Points Bulletin on Browning , a bulletin that was picked up by Tim McCarver on CBS television , who passed it along in the ninth inning . In the tenth , the Reds broke through to win the game off A 's closer Dennis Eckersley . Utilityman Billy Bates chopped an infield single off home plate to start the inning . Chris Sabo singled to left to put runners on first and second . Then Oliver hit a bouncer that hopped over third base and down the line to drive in Bates with the winning run . This was the last of five World Series to be played at Riverfront Stadium ( 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) , which was closed and demolished in 2002 . As of 2017 , Great American Ball Park , the Reds current home field , has yet to host a World Series . Game 3 ( edit ) Friday , October 19 , 1990 5 : 32 pm ( PDT ) at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cincinnati 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 14 Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 WP : Tom Browning ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Mike Moore ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CIN : Chris Sabo 2 ( 2 ) OAK : Harold Baines ( 1 ) , Rickey Henderson ( 1 ) In Game 3 the Reds took a 3 -- 0 series lead on the defending champs . Tom Browning started for the Reds while Mike Moore , who had two wins in the 1989 World Series , got the assignment for Oakland . In the second inning , Chris Sabo put the Reds up 1 -- 0 with a homer . The lead was short lived as DH Harold Baines hit a soaring two - run homer to give the A 's a 2 -- 1 lead in the bottom of the second . In the third , the Reds ' seven - run inning began with Billy Hatcher 's eighth hit in nine at - bats ( he had rapped into a double - play in the first inning ending his streak of seven straight hits ) . Paul O'Neill then singled off the glove of first baseman Mark McGwire to put runners on first and second . Eric Davis drilled a sharp single to center scoring Hatcher to tie the game and advancing O'Neill to third . Following an RBI groundout by Hal Morris that put the Reds ahead , the Reds went up 5 -- 2 when Sabo hit his second homer of the game into the left field stands . Todd Benzinger then singled and Joe Oliver hit an RBI double . Mariano Duncan drove Oliver home with a single , stole second , and scored himself when Barry Larkin hit a gapper . The A 's now trailed the Reds 8 -- 2 . Rickey Henderson 's third inning home run made it 8 -- 3 , but Tom Browning pitched effectively for six innings to earn the victory . Dibble and Myers provided three scoreless innings in relief to put the Reds one win away from the title . Game 4 ( edit ) Saturday , October 20 , 1990 5 : 29 pm ( PDT ) at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cincinnati 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : José Rijo ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Dave Stewart ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Randy Myers ( 1 ) Game 4 was a pitchers ' duel between Dave Stewart and José Rijo ( the Game 1 starters ) that eventually culminated in the Reds sweeping the series . Despite a 3 -- 0 series lead , the Reds ' advantage became tenuous when Davis and Hatcher both left the game with injuries in the early innings . The A 's got on the board in the first , when Willie McGee doubled and Carney Lansford singled him in . The game remained 1 -- 0 until the eighth , when the Reds finally got to Stewart . Barry Larkin singled up the middle , Herm Winningham followed with a bunt single , and Paul O'Neill reached on a throwing error by Stewart to load the bases . Glenn Braggs ' groundout and Hal Morris 's sacrifice fly gave the Reds a 2 -- 1 edge , which was preserved by both Rijo , who at one point retired 20 straight batters , and Randy Myers who got the final two outs . The A 's became the first team ever to be swept in a World Series after sweeping the League Championship Series . This was later duplicated by the 2007 Colorado Rockies and the 2012 Detroit Tigers . Additionally , this was the first time since 1938 - 1939 ( when the New York Yankees won both times ; the Yankees also did it in 1927 and 1928 ) that two consecutive World Series ended in a four - game sweep , which would be repeated in 1998 - 1999 ( both won by the Yankees ) , and again in 2004 - 2005 ( won by the Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox , respectively ) . The 1990 World Series would be the Reds ' fifth championship but would also be remembered as one of the biggest upsets in baseball history . Cincinnati Reds ' pitcher José Rijo became the second Dominican born player to earn World Series MVP honors . Fourteen years later ( 2004 ) , Manny Ramírez of the Boston Red Sox became the third . The first Dominican born to earn World Series MVP honors was Pedro Guerrero of the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1981 , along with his co-MVP teammates Ron Cey and Steve Yeager . Meanwhile , Reds outfielder Billy Hatcher set a Series record with seven consecutive hits . In addition , Hatcher 's . 750 batting average ( 9 for 12 ) broke a four - game - Series mark set by Babe Ruth (. 625 in 1928 ) . Composite box ( edit ) 1990 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : Cincinnati Reds ( N.L. ) over Oakland Athletics ( A.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cincinnati Reds 9 0 0 0 22 45 Oakland Athletics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 28 5 Total attendance : 208,544 Average attendance : 52,136 Winning player 's share : $112,534 Losing player 's share : $86,961 Radio and television coverage ( edit ) This was the first of four consecutive World Series to be televised on CBS . From 1976 to 1989 , World Series telecasts alternated between ABC ( in odd numbered years ) and NBC ( in even numbered years ) . Also during the 1990 World Series , Lesley Visser became the first female sportscaster to cover a World Series . Serving as field reporters for CBS were Jim Kaat ( the Reds ' dugout ) and the aforementioned Visser ( the Athletics ' dugout ) . Vin Scully returned to CBS Radio 's coverage of the World Series for the first time since 1982 ( Scully then called the 1984 , 1986 and 1988 World Series for NBC Television ) , calling the series alongside Johnny Bench . Scully would go on to call the next six series for CBS , first with Bench and later with Jeff Torborg . See also ( edit ) 1990 Japan Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series Game 1 -- Oakland Athletics vs. Cincinnati Reds '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series Game 2 -- Oakland Athletics vs. Cincinnati Reds '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series Game 3 -- Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series Game 4 -- Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Echoes of Cincinnati Reds Baseball : The Greatest Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . 2007 . pp. 107 -- 110 . ISBN 9781617490330 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) 1990 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 1990 World Series at Baseball Almanac 1990 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 1990 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 1990 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . The Big Sweep at SI.com 1990 Cincinnati Reds at baseballlibrary.com 1990 Oakland Athletics at baseballlibrary.com Reds History 1990 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League teams Boston Red Sox Oakland Athletics National League teams Cincinnati Reds Pittsburgh Pirates World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Cincinnati Reds Established in 1882 Formerly the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Cincinnati Redlegs Based in Cincinnati , Ohio Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Hall of Fame Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Ballparks Bank Street Grounds League Park League Park II Palace of the Fans Crosley Field Riverfront Stadium Great American Ball Park Spring training Majestic Park Riverside Park Tinker Field Sixto Escobar Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Plant City Stadium Ed Smith Stadium Goodyear Ballpark Culture Cincinnati Red Stockings Rosie Reds Mr. Red The Big Red Machine The Nasty Boys Dowd Report Lore 1999 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2013 NL Wild Card Game Tom Browning 's perfect game Rivalries Cleveland Indians Key personnel Owner : Robert Castellini President of Baseball Operations : Dick Williams General Manager : Nick Krall Manager : Jim Riggleman World Series Championships ( 5 ) 1919 1940 1976 1990 National League pennants ( 9 ) 1919 1939 1940 1961 1970 1972 1976 1990 AA pennants ( 1 ) 1882 Division titles ( 10 ) National League Central 1995 2012 National League West 1970 1972 1973 1976 1979 1990 Minor league affiliates Louisville Bats ( AAA ) Pensacola Blue Wahoos ( AA ) Daytona Tortugas ( A Adv . ) Dayton Dragons ( A ) Billings Mustangs ( Rookie Adv . ) Greeneville Reds ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL Reds ( Rookie ) DSL Reds ( Rookie ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WLW Reds Radio Network TV : Fox Sports Ohio Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cincinnati Reds 1990 World Series champions 7 Mariano Duncan 9 Joe Oliver 10 Luis Quiñones 11 Barry Larkin 12 Billy Bates 15 Glenn Braggs 16 Ron Oester 17 Chris Sabo 20 Danny Jackson 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Billy Hatcher 23 Hal Morris 25 Todd Benzinger 26 Terry Lee 27 José Rijo ( World Series MVP ) 28 Randy Myers ( NLCS MVP ) 29 Herm Winningham 32 Tom Browning 34 Jeff Reed 37 Norm Charlton 40 Jack Armstrong 42 Rick Mahler 44 Eric Davis 47 Scott Scudder 49 Rob Dibble ( NLCS MVP ) Manager 41 Lou Piniella Coaches 2 Sam Perlozzo 3 Larry Rothschild 4 Jackie Moore 24 Tony Pérez 35 Stan Williams Regular season National League Championship Series Oakland Athletics Established in 1901 Formerly the Philadelphia Athletics and the Kansas City Athletics Based in Oakland , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in Philadelphia in Kansas City in Oakland Seasons Records No - hitters Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Radio network Award winners and league leaders First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Columbia Park Shibe Park Municipal Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland Ballpark ( proposed ) Spring training Barrs Field Terry Park Ballfield Wilmington Park McCurdy Field Connie Mack Field McKechnie Field Rendezvous Park Scottsdale Stadium I Phoenix Municipal Stadium Hohokam Stadium Culture Philadelphia Athletics ( football ) Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame Charlie - O Stomper $100,000 Infield `` Holy Toledo ! '' Billyball `` Celebration '' ( song ) Big Three Moneyball book film Mount Davis Lore The Mack Attack Perfect games Catfish Hunter Dallas Braden Bash Brothers 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 20 game win streak 2014 AL Wild Card Game Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies San Francisco Giants Key personnel Owners : John J. Fisher President : Dave Kaval Executive vice president : Billy Beane General manager : David Forst Manager : Bob Melvin Important figures Hall of Fame members Home Run Baker Chief Bender Mickey Cochrane Eddie Collins Dennis Eckersley Rollie Fingers Jimmie Foxx Lefty Grove Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Reggie Jackson Nap Lajoie Connie Mack Eddie Plank Al Simmons Rube Waddell Dick Williams Wall of Fame members Sam Chapman Jack Coombs Jimmy Dykes George Earnshaw Ferris Fain Bob Johnson Eddie Joost Bing Miller Wally Moses Rube Oldring Bobby Shantz Eddie Rommel Elmer Valo Rube Walberg Gus Zernial World Series Champions ( 9 ) 1910 1911 1913 1929 1930 1972 1973 1989 American League Championships ( 15 ) 1902 1905 1910 1911 1913 1914 1929 1930 1931 1972 1973 1988 1989 1990 AL West Division Championships ( 16 ) 1971 1972 1973 1981 1988 1989 1990 1992 2000 2002 2003 2006 2012 2013 AL Wild Card ( 2 ) 2001 2014 Minors AAA Nashville Sounds AA Midland RockHounds A Adv . Stockton Ports Beloit Snappers Short A Vermont Lake Monsters Rookie AZL Athletics DSL Athletics Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1990 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee New York Toronto AL West California Chicago Kansas City Minnesota Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Chicago Montréal New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Atlanta Cincinnati Houston Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1990 MLB draft 1990 MLB lockout 1990 All - Star Game 1990 World Series Major League Baseball on CBS Related programs Major League Baseball Game of the Week ( 1955 -- 1965 ; 1990 -- 1993 ) Major League Baseball on CBS Radio ( 1927 -- 1941 ; 1976 -- 1997 ) College World Series on CBS ( 1988 -- 2002 , broadcasters ) The Franchise ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Related articles World Series television ratings Television contracts 1964 season Baltimore Orioles Chicago Cubs New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies St. Louis Cardinals CBS TV stations WJZ 13 ( Baltimore Orioles , 1954 ) WBZ 4 ( Boston Braves , 1948 -- 1949 ; Boston Red Sox , 1948 -- 1954 ) WCBS 2 ( Brooklyn Dodgers , 1946 -- 1949 ; New York Yankees , 2002 -- 2004 ) KPIX 5 ( Oakland Athletics , 1975 -- 1981 ; 1985 -- 1992 ) WPTZ 3 ( later KYW ) ( Philadelphia Athletics , 1947 -- 1954 ) KDKA 2 ( Pittsburgh Pirates , 1958 -- 1995 ) Sponsors Falstaff Brewing Corporation Commentators All - Star Game ALCS NLCS World Series Key figures Red Barber Jack Buck Dizzy Dean Connie Desmond Bill Geist Greg Gumbel George Kell Gene Kirby Sean McDonough Don Robertson Dick Stockton Jack Whitaker Color commentators Buddy Blattner Frankie Frisch Gabby Hartnett Jim Kaat Tim McCarver Jim McKay Pee Wee Reese Frank Reynolds Hosts & field reporters James Brown Jerry Coleman Jim Gray Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Lesley Visser Guest commentators Johnny Bench Tommy Lasorda Steve Stone World Series 1947 ( Games 3 - 4 ) 1948 1949 1950 1990 1991 1992 1993 AL Championship 1990 1991 1992 1993 NL Championship 1990 1991 1992 1993 All - Star Game 1949 1990 1991 1992 1993 Lore 1951 National League tie - breaker series ( Game 1 ) Nasty Boys ( Cincinnati Reds ) ( 1990 ) `` And we 'll see you tomorrow night ! '' ( 1991 ) `` The Slide '' ( 1992 ) `` Touch ' em all Joe ! '' ( 1993 ) Music `` The Boys of Summer '' `` The Famous Final Scene '' `` Famous Last Words '' `` Right Now '' Instrumentals `` Desert Ride '' Jurassic Park ( film score ) `` Overture '' `` The Walk Home '' Seasons Early World Series coverage 1947 1948 1949 Initial Game of the Week era 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ( New York Yankees games only ) Exclusive network package 1990 1991 1992 1993 Website : MLB Baseball - CBSSports.com Major League Baseball on CBS Radio Related programs Major League Baseball on CBS ( 1955 -- 1965 ; 1990 -- 1993 ) Major League Baseball Game of the Week ( 1985 -- 1997 ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio 1950 Brooklyn Dodgers season ( simulcasts ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Marty Brennaman Steve Busby Jack Buck Gary Cohen Jerry Coleman Win Elliot Gene Elston Curt Gowdy Hank Greenwald Ernie Harwell Jim Hunter Harry Kalas Ralph Kiner Denny Matthews Frank Messer Bob Murphy Brent Musburger Ned Martin Lindsey Nelson Ross Porter Ted Robinson John Rooney Herb Score Vin Scully Dick Stockton Bill White Color commentators Sparky Anderson Johnny Bench Rick Cerone Al Downing Steve Garvey Brooks Robinson Duke Snider Jeff Torborg Joe Torre Pre-1976 commentators Mel Allen Red Barber Boake Carter Bob Elson Jack Graney Fred Hoey Ted Husing France Laux Lore 1978 American League East tie - breaker game The Double ( Seattle Mariners ) World Series games Babe Ruth 's called shot ( 1932 ) Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning ( 1977 ) Michael Sergio ( 1986 ) Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake LCS games Francisco Cabrera game ( 1992 ) Jeffrey Maier ( 1996 ) AL Championship Series 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1997 NL Championship Series 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1997 AL Division Series 1981 1995 1997 NL Division Series 1981 1995 1997 All - Star Game 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 World Series 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 ( cancelled ) 1995 1997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_World_Series&oldid=854268617 '' Categories : World Series 1990 Major League Baseball season Cincinnati Reds postseason Oakland Athletics postseason 1990 in sports in California 1990 in sports in Ohio 1990s in Cincinnati 20th century in Oakland , California October 1990 sports events Sports competitions in Cincinnati Sports competitions in Oakland , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the cincinnati reds sweep in the 1990 world series	[ "The 1990 World Series was the 87th edition of Major League Baseball's championship series and the conclusion of the 1990 Major League Baseball season. The Series featured the defending champions and heavily favored American League (AL) champion Oakland Athletics against the National League (NL) champion Cincinnati Reds. The Reds defeated the Athletics in a four-game sweep. It was the fifth 4-game sweep by the National League and second by the Reds after they did it in 1976, as well as the second consecutive World Series to end in a sweep, after the A's themselves did it to the San Francisco Giants in 1989. It is remembered for Billy Hatcher's seven consecutive hits. The sweep extended the Reds' World Series winning streak to nine games, dating back to 1975. This also was the second World Series meeting between the two clubs (Oakland won four games to three in 1972). As of 2017, this remains both teams' most recent appearance in the World Series.\n" ]	[ "Oakland Athletics" ]
-4125534807254001136	French First Republic	French First Republic - wikipedia French First Republic Jump to : navigation , search French Republic République française 1792 -- 1804 Flag ( until 1794 ) Flag ( from 1794 ) Motto Liberté , Égalité , Fraternité ou la Mort Anthem `` La Marseillaise '' French First Republic ( 1801 ) Capital Paris Languages French ( official ) Occitan , Breton , Dutch , Basque Religion Constitutional Church ( 21 September 1792 -- 18 September 1794 ) Cult of Reason ( October 1793 -- March 1794 ) Cult of the Supreme Being ( 7 May 1794 -- 28 July 1794 ) Secular state ( 21 February 1795 -- ? ) Culte décadaire ( 3 February 1798 -- ? ) Roman Catholicism Calvinism Lutheranism Judaism ( 15 July 1801 -- 18 May 1804 ) Government Authoritarian directorial republic President of the National Convention 1792 Philippe Rühl ( first ) 1795 Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu ( last ) President of the Directory 1795 -- 1799 By rotation : 3 months duration First Consul 1799 -- 1804 Napoléon Bonaparte Legislature Parliament Upper house Council of Ancients ( 1795 -- 1799 ) Lower house National Convention ( 1792 -- 1795 ) Council of Five Hundred ( 1795 -- 1799 ) Historical era French Revolutionary Wars Storming of the Bastille and French Revolution 14 July 1789 Overthrow of Louis XVI 21 September 1792 Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror 5 September 1793 to 28 July 1794 ( First ) Abolition of slavery 4 February 1794 Thermidorean Reaction 24 July 1794 Coup of 18 Brumaire 9 November 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed emperor by the Senate 18 May 1804 Currency livre ( to 1794 ) , franc , assignat Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of France ( 1791 -- 92 ) First French Empire Today part of France Belgium Germany Netherlands Luxembourg Switzerland In the history of France , the First Republic , officially the French Republic ( French : République française ) , was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution . The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon , although the form of the government changed several times . This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy , the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror , the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory , and , finally , the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon 's rise to power . Contents ( hide ) 1 End of the monarchy in France 2 The National Convention 3 The Directory 4 The Consulate 5 See also 6 References End of the monarchy in France ( edit ) Under the Legislative Assembly , which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic , France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria . In July 1792 , the Duke of Brunswick , commanding general of the Austro -- Prussian Army , issued his Brunswick Manifesto , in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI . The foreign threat exacerbated France 's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions . In the violence of 10 August 1792 , citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace , killing six hundred of the King 's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king . A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence , and in the first week of September 1792 , mobs of Parisians broke into the city 's prisons , killing over half of the prisoners . This included nobles , clergymen , and political prisoners , but also numerous common criminals , such as prostitutes and petty thieves , many murdered in their cells -- raped , stabbed , and slashed to death . This became known as the September Massacres . Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The National Convention ( edit ) Main article : National Convention As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy , a party of six members of France 's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections . The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution . The Convention 's first act , on 10 August 1792 , was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers . The King , by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet , was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792 . On 16 January 1793 he was convicted , and on 21 January , he was executed by guillotine . Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793 , Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger . The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793 , occupied instead with matters of war . Finally , on 6 April 1793 , the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety , and was given a monumental task : `` To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés , food shortages and riots , the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany , recent defeats of its armies , and the desertion of its commanding general . '' Most notably , the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror , and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever - increasing rate , beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror . Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body , in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793 , which was ratified by popular vote in early August . However , the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an `` emergency '' government , and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control . The Committee 's laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights . The Directory ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the arrest and execution of Robespierre in July 28 , 1794 , the Jacobin club was closed , and the surviving Girondins were reinstated . A year later , the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III . They reestablished freedom of worship , began releasing large numbers of prisoners , and most importantly , initiated elections for a new legislative body . On 3 November 1795 , the Directory was established . Under this system , France was led by a bicameral Parliament , consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders ( with 250 members ) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred ( with , accordingly , 500 members ) , and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory ( from which the historical period gets its name ) . Due to internal instability , caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats , and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799 , the Directory lasted only four years , until overthrown in 1799 . The Consulate ( edit ) Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power during the Coup of 18 Brumaire The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 . Members of the Directory itself planned the coup , indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory . Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup , and became head of the government as the First Consul . He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French , ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French First Republic . French Republican Calendar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mould , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French . New York : Taylor & Francis . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 82573 - 6 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Censer , Jack R. and Hunt , Lynn . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . University Park , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Doyle , William . The Oxford History of The French Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . pp 191 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Doyle , William . The Oxford History of the French Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . pp 196 . Jump up ^ The French Revolution ( videorecording ) : liberté , egalité , fraternité , a hitler Jr. is born in blood / produced & directed by Doug Shultz ; written by Doug Shultz , Hilary Sio , Thomas Emil . ( New York , N.Y. ) : History Channel : Distributed in the U.S. by New Video , 2005 . Jump up ^ J.E. Sandrock : `` Bank notes of the French Revolution '' and First Republic Jump up ^ `` Paris : Capital of the 19th Century '' . library.brown.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Climate Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject Coordinates : 48 ° 52 ′ 00 '' N 2 ° 19 ′ 59 '' E / 48.86667 ° N 2.33306 ° E / 48.86667 ; 2.33306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_First_Republic&oldid=814814318 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe States and territories established in 1792 States and territories disestablished in 1804 French First Republic Former countries in French history Former republics Modern history of France 1790s in France 1800s in France Government of France Political history of France by period Republicanism in France French Revolution 1792 establishments in France 1804 disestablishments in France 19th century in France Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2012 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did france become republic for the first time	[ "In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power." ]	[ "22 September 1792" ]
5598765691663117773	Cobie Smulders	Cobie Smulders - wikipedia Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Smulders at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con Jacoba Francisca Maria Smulders ( 1982 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Residence New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress , Model Years active 2002 -- present Spouse ( s ) Taran Killam ( m . 2012 ) Children Jacoba Francisca Maria `` Cobie '' Smulders ( born April 3 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress and model . She is best known for her starring role as Robin Scherbatsky on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 ) . She also portrays Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Charitable endeavors 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Theater 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Smulders was born in Vancouver , British Columbia to a Dutch father and an English mother . She was named after her great - aunt , from whom she gained the nickname `` Cobie '' . Smulders describes herself as `` a fluent listener '' of French . Smulders worked in modeling , which she later said she `` kind of hated '' , adding that the experience made her hesitant about pursuing acting as a career : `` You know you go into these rooms , and I 've had the experience of people judging you physically for so long and I was over that . But then it was like , ' Oh no , I have to actually perform . I have to do well , and I have to have a voice , and I have to have thoughts now . ' '' In her youth , Smulders aspired to be a marine biologist . Describing her transition to her eventual professions , she said , I studied acting throughout high school , then modeling took over because it brought more opportunity . When I quit modeling , coming back to Vancouver , I registered at the University of Victoria . At the same time , that summer , I was taking acting classes and decided to give that a year or two instead of going back to school . I always wanted to go back to school . I was looking into taking some classes part - time , but marine biology involves a lot of lab time . Acting career ( edit ) Smulders at the CBS Comedies Premiere Party in September 2008 Smulders ' first acting role was as a guest in the Showtime science fiction series Jeremiah , and she has appeared in several television series since , including a recurring role on The L Word . Her first permanent series role was in the short - lived ABC series Veritas : The Quest , which ran for one season . After the cancellation of Veritas , Smulders was cast as television reporter Robin Scherbatsky on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother in 2005 , remaining on the show for its entire nine - season run . In June 2010 , Smulders made her Off - Broadway debut in Love , Loss , and What I Wore at The Westside Theatre . Smulders played Maria Hill in the 2012 film The Avengers . And again in The Avengers : Infinity War . She received training from a Los Angeles SWAT team trainer to handle guns in order to portray the character . Smulders reprised the role in two episodes of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and in the films Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . Joss Whedon has suggested he had considered her for the role of Wonder Woman in his draft of the eponymous film , which did not go into production . Smulders did voice a Lego version of Wonder Woman in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie . It was the first time the Wonder Woman character had a theatrical film appearance . In 2013 , Smulders had a supporting role in the romance film Safe Haven . She also starred in the comedy - drama Delivery Man and They Came Together . In July 2015 , it was reported that Smulders had exited the made - for - TV film Confirmation because she had broken her leg ; Zoe Lister - Jones was then confirmed to replace her in the role of Harriet Grant . In 2016 , she appeared in the comedy - drama The Intervention , and with Tom Cruise in the action - adventure film Jack Reacher : Never Go Back . In 2017 , she played the recurring character `` Mother '' in the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events . Charitable endeavors ( edit ) Smulders filmed a PSA with Oceana , an international ocean conservation organization , in 2014 . Personal life ( edit ) Smulders became engaged to Taran Killam in January 2009 . They married on September 8 , 2012 , in Solvang , California . The couple reside in New York City , New York . They have two daughters ; their first , Shaelyn , was born May 16 , 2009 , and their second was born in January 2015 . In 2015 , Smulders revealed she had been diagnosed with ovarian cancer at age 25 , while shooting season three of How I Met Your Mother in 2007 . She had surgery to remove two tumors from her ovaries , but the cancer had spread to her lymph nodes , resulting in the need for multiple surgeries over the course of two years . Filmography ( edit ) Smulders at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Walking Tall Eye candy Ill Fated Mary 2005 The Long Weekend Ellen 2006 Escape Psychotic brunette Short film Dr. Miracles Mrs. Peterson Short film 2007 The Storm Awaits Anabella DeLorenzo Short film 2009 The Slammin ' Salmon Tara 2012 The Avengers Maria Hill Grassroots Clair 2013 Safe Haven Carly Jo Wheatley Delivery Man Emma 2014 The Lego Movie Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Voice role They Came Together Tiffany Amber Thigpen Captain America : The Winter Soldier Maria Hill 2015 Unexpected Samantha Abbot Results Kat Avengers : Age of Ultron Maria Hill 2016 The Intervention Ruby Jack Reacher : Never Go Back Major Susan Turner 2017 Literally , Right Before Aaron Allison Killing Gunther Lisa McCalla 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Maria Hill Uncredited cameo Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Special Unit 2 Zoe Episode : `` The Wish '' Jeremiah Deborah Episode : `` Thieves ' Honor '' 2003 Tru Calling Sarah Webb Episode : `` Brother 's Keeper '' 2003 Veritas : The Quest Juliet Droil Main role , 13 episodes Smallville Shannon Bell / Eve Andrews Episode : `` Bound '' 2005 Andromeda Jillian Rhade 2 episodes The L Word Leigh Ostin 4 episodes 2005 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Robin Scherbatsky Main role , 208 episodes How to Make It in America Hayley Episode : `` Pilot '' 2013 -- 2015 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Maria Hill 3 episodes 2013 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Cobie Smulders Wears a Black & White Strapless Dress '' 2015 Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Herself Episode : `` Tyler Perry '' 2016 Animals . Anni Voice role ; episode : `` Flies . '' 2017 A Series of Unfortunate Events Mother / Mrs. Quagmire Main role , 8 episodes Nature Cat Nature Dog Voice role ; episode : `` Ocean Commotion '' 2017 -- present Friends from College Lisa Turner Main role , 8 episodes Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Love , Loss , and What I Wore Principal character June 10 , 2010 -- June 26 , 2010 Westside Theatre 2017 Present Laughter Joanna Lyppiatt April 5 , 2017 -- July 2 , 2017 St. James Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2013 EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress -- Comedy How I Met Your Mother Won 2014 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Gal Pals ( shared with Alyson Hannigan ) How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2017 Theatre World Award Present Laughter Honoree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cobie Smulders on life after `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . CBS News . March 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cobie Smulders '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thank you all for the Birthday love ! ! '' . Cobie Smulders verified Twitter account . April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cobie Smulders on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson '' . YouTube . April 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Brian D. ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's always in my back pocket ' : Cobie Smulders on Canadian identity '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuo , Mila ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Elusive Charm of Cobie Smulders '' . Venus Zine . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Love , Loss ' and two lovely ladies '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' : Scarlett Johansson & Cobie Smulders are superwomen of the screen '' . Daily News . New York City . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cobie Smulders ' Comic - Con Reveal : Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo to play Crossbones in ' Captain America ' sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bob ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Vancouver 's Cobie Smulders is on a roll ( with video ) '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Satin Tights No Longer '' . Whedonesque.com . February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie review '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobie Smulders Joins the ' Starbuck ' Family . NextMovie ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Zoe Lister - Jones Joins HBO Movie ' Confirmation ' In Recasting '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Jessica ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Photos : Rashida Jones , Cobie Smulders , and Angela Kinsey Help Protect Belizean Reefs '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cobie Smulders ' Detachable Baby Bump '' . Parade . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Reagan ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` HIMYM 's Cobie Smulders Flashes Her New Engagement Ring '' . People . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL 's '' Taran Killam Marries `` How I Met Your Mother 's '' Cobie Smulders -- Exclusive `` . RumorFix . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cobie Smulders '' . How I Met Your Mother ( official CBS site ) . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` It 's a Girl for Cobie Smulders '' . People . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taran Killam and Cobie Smulders Expecting Second Child '' . People . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Klassen , Anna ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unexpected ' Star Cobie Smulders & Director Kris Swanberg On Finally Making a Pregnancy Film From the Female Perspective '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . I 'm in Sundance and I have a three week old baby , so I can certainly relate . Jump up ^ `` ' I had tumors on both ovaries ' : Cobie Smulders reveals cancer scare '' . Today . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mom of 2 Cobie Smulders Reveals Her Battle with Ovarian Cancer '' . People . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( August 13 , 2006 ) . `` Cobie Smulders - Chicago Tribune '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Dr. Miracles Episode 3 . YouTube . October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Storm Awaits ( episode three ) '' . YouTube . Very Advanced Productions . February 15 , 2007 . 3 : 18 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` NBA Star Chris Webber To Exec Produce Cobie Smulders Drama ' Unexpected ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Cobie Smulders on IMDb Cobie Smulders How I Met Your Mother biography at CBS Cobie Smulders on Twitter BNF : cb15722741g ( data ) GND : 140568107 ISNI : 0000 0001 1454 5202 LCCN : no2010092739 MusicBrainz : f16e156c - 25b4 - 4793 - a61f - 8b76e7c42123 SUDOC : 15582290X VIAF : 107250250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobie_Smulders&oldid=842354411 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 21st - century Canadian actresses Actresses from Vancouver Canadian female models Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses Canadian stage actresses Ovarian cancer survivors People with cancer Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States Canadian people of Dutch descent Canadian people of English descent Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मैथिली मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who play robin in how i met your mother	[ "Jacoba Francisca Maria \"Cobie\" Smulders[1] (born April 3, 1982[2][3]) is a Canadian actress and model. She is best known for her starring role as Robin Scherbatsky on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014). She also portrays Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018)." ]	[ "Jacoba Francisca Maria \"Cobie\" Smulders" ]
-1298351455292182667	History of slavery in New York	History of slavery in New York - Wikipedia History of slavery in New York Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Slave being burned at the stake in N.Y.C. after the 1741 slave insurrection . Commemoration at site where slaves belonging to the Lefferts family are believed to be buried near Dean and Rodgers in Brooklyn Historically , the enslavement of overwhelmingly African people in the United States , began in New York as part of the Dutch slave trade . The Dutch West India Company imported 11 African slaves to New Amsterdam in 1626 , with the first slave auction being held in New Amsterdam in 1655 . The last slaves were freed on July 4 , 1827 , although many black New Yorkers continued to serve as bound apprentices to their mothers ' masters . The British expanded the use of slavery , and in 1703 , more than 42 percent of New York City households held slaves , often as domestic servants and laborers . This was the second - highest proportion of any city in the colonies after Charleston , South Carolina . Others worked as artisans or in shipping and various trades in the city . Slaves were also used in farming on Long Island and in the Hudson Valley , as well as the Mohawk Valley . During the American Revolutionary War , the British troops occupied New York City in 1776 . The Crown promised freedom to slaves who left rebel masters , and thousands moved to the city for refuge with the British . By 1780 , 10,000 blacks people lived in New York . Many were slaves who had escaped there from slaveholders in North and South . After the war , 3,000 slaves were evacuated with the British , most being taken to Nova Scotia for freedom . When Vermont asserted its independence from both New York and New Hampshire , it abolished slavery within its territory . After the American Revolution , the New York Manumission Society was founded in 1785 to work for the abolition of slavery and for aid to free blacks . The state passed a 1799 law for gradual abolition ; after that date , children born to slave mothers were free but required to work for the mother 's master for an extended period as indentured servants into their late twenties . Existing slaves kept their status . All remaining slaves were finally freed on July 4 , 1827 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dutch rule 2 English rule 3 American Revolution 4 Abolition and moving forward as citizens 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Dutch rule ( edit ) The first slave auction in New Amsterdam in 1655 , painted by Howard Pyle , 1917 Chattel slavery in the geographical area of the present - day U.S. state of New York began in 1626 , when 11 Africans were unloaded into New Amsterdam harbor from a ship of the Dutch West India Company . Before this time , the company had tried to encourage Dutch agricultural laborers to immigrate to and populate New Netherlands . This experiment was unsuccessful , as most immigrants wanted to accrue greater income in the lucrative fur trade and return to their home country in luxury . The lack of workers in the colony led to the company 's reliance on African slaves . While the slaves laid the foundations of the future New York , they were described by the Dutch as `` proud and treacherous '' , a stereotype for African - born slaves . The Dutch West India Company relaxed its monopoly and allowed New Netherlanders to ship slaves back to Angola . They began to import more numerous `` seasoned '' African slaves from the sugar colonies of the Caribbean . By 1644 , some slaves had earned a half - freedom in New Amsterdam and were able to earn wages . They had other rights in the commercial economy , and intermarriage with whites was frequent . According to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem adopted from southern colonies , children born to enslaved women were considered born into slavery , regardless of the ethnicity or status of the father . The company turned to slavery , which was already well established in the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean , Southeast Asia , and Southern Africa . For more than two decades after the first shipment , the Dutch West India Company was dominant in the importation of slaves from the coasts of West and Central Africa . While the majority of slaves were sent to the sugar plantations of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean , a number of slaves were imported directly from the company 's stations in Angola to New Netherlands . They were used to clear forests , lay roads , and provide other heavy work and public services to the colony . These first 11 slaves in New Netherland -- owned by the Dutch East Indies Company ( called the VOC ) -- were to experience a life different from other slaves in other colonies . By definition , they were owned by a master , could not leave their master , and could be bought and sold . This is different than an indentured servant who may have chosen to `` indenture '' themselves . This is usually when the indentured servant contracts themselves to a master for a specific length of time , after which they would be free to lead their own lives . Slaves do not have contracts , only their master determines when they will be freed . These first 11 slaves were `` originally captured by the Portuguese along the West African coast and on the islands in the Gulf of Guinea ... '' They were on a Spanish slave ship which would transport them to the West Indies when the VOC 's navy had taken them as prizes . Many of the original New Netherland slaves have Iberian ( Portuguese ) names . They were given living quarters 5 miles north of the town of New Amsterdam , after which they were moved to a large building at the southern end of William Street next to the fort . `` The men were employed as field hands by the Company , as well as in building and road construction and other public works projects . '' Women were placed as domestic servants in company official 's homes . `` Their servitude was involuntary and unremunerated , ... '' These and other slaves that followed had certain basic rights . These basic rights are related to the freedoms and rights the Dutch people in both the Netherlands in Europe and New Netherland in America enjoyed . Slaves had the right to : marry , have children , and could hire themselves out to work and earn wages during their free time . They could own `` moveable '' property such as pots , pans , clothes , etc. , but not real estate . They could raise their own crops and animals on VOC land . But most importantly they were trusted in ways other colonies did not trust slaves . For instance , Slaves could suit another person whether white or black . Also , `` They could bring suit in court and their testimony would convict free whites . '' The right of litigation , `` On December 9 , 1638 , a slave known as Anthony the Portuguese sued a white merchant , Anthony Jansen from Salee , and was award reparations for damages caused to his hog by the defendant 's dog . In the following year Pedro Negretto successfully sued an Englishman , John Seales , for wages due for tending hogs . Manuel de Reus , a servant of the Director General Willem Kieft , granted a power of attorney to the commas at Fort Orange to collect fifteen guilders in back wages for him from Hendrick Fredricksz . '' Unique to this colony was how punishment could be given to a Slave . In this case he was suited , `` ... in 1639 a white merchant Jan Jansen Damen , sued Little Manuel ( sometimes called Manuel Minuit ) and was in turn sued by Manuel de Reus ; both cases were settled out of court . '' These first 11 slaves and several others experienced something that was not common . The Dutch had a system for leaving slavery with three parts ; Slavery , Half - Slave and Freedmen . These 11 slaves were granted partial and then full freedom . `` The reasons given by Director General Kieft and the Council ( who also represented the VOC ) include service to the company for 18 or 19 years , a long - standing promise of freedom , ' also , that they are burdened with many children , so that it will be impossible for them to support their wives and children as they have been accustomed to in the past if they must continue in the honorable Company 's service . ' '' This concept of `` that the longer one has served , the more deserving he is of freedom '' , is compared to the standard of `` a lifetime of servitude '' . Additionally , there was a sense of `` Quality of life '' , that even a slave 's child had a right to a certain standard of living was unique to the New Netherland colony . Enough so that it allowed a parent to move from slave status to half - slave or even freemen . Half - Slaves still worked for their masters when called upon , but could buy land and a home and they would now earn a wage for the work they did for their master , provided good behavior . However , there were no regulations associated with this idea . It was only practiced . Once these 11 received half - slave status , several more slaves did too . This is reflected in land grant records . Some became half - slave while others were granted freedom . After the English seized New Amsterdam in 1664 , in a rush right before the English officially took over , all former slaves that were granted half - slave status were freed , so to keep the promises given to them and that the English would not keep them enslaved . The new freemen also had their original land grants finalized and all grants were officially marked as being owned by the new freemen . Freedom and land grants were given to both freed male and female former slaves . Roughly 40 slaves received their freedom prior to the English take over . Freedmen of New Amsterdam , New York State Library , Peter R. Christoph . English rule ( edit ) In 1664 , the English took over New Amsterdam and the colony . They continued to import slaves to support the work needed . Enslaved Africans performed a wide variety of skilled and unskilled jobs , mostly in the burgeoning port city and surrounding agricultural areas . In 1703 more than 42 % of New York City 's households held slaves , a percentage higher than in the cities of Boston and Philadelphia , and second only to Charleston in the South . In 1708 the New York Colonial Assembly passed a law entitled `` Act for Preventing the Conspiracy of Slaves '' which proscribed a death sentence for any slave who murdered or attempted to murder his or her master . This law , one of the first of its kind in Colonial America , was in part a reaction to the murder of William Hallet III and his family in Newtown ( Queens ) . In 1711 a formal slave market was established at the end of Wall Street on the East River and it operated until 1762 . As in other slaveholding societies , the city was swept by periodic fears of slave revolt . Incidents were misinterpreted under such conditions . In what was called the New York Conspiracy of 1741 , city officials believed a revolt had started . Over weeks , they arrested more than 150 slaves and 20 white men , trying and executing several , in the belief they had planned a revolt . Historian Jill Lepore believes whites unjustly accused and executed many blacks in this event . In 1991 , the remains of 400 Africans from the colonial era were uncovered during excavation for the Foley Square Courthouse in Lower Manhattan . Construction was delayed so the site and some of the remains could be appropriately evaluated by archeologists and anthropologists . Scholars have estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 enslaved Africans and African Americans were buried during the 17th and 18th centuries in the cemetery in lower Manhattan , making it the largest colonial cemetery for Africans in North America . This discovery demonstrated the large - scale importance of slavery and African Americans to New York and national history and economy . The African Burial Ground has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and a National Monument for its significance . A memorial and interpretive center for the African Burial Ground have been created to honor those buried and to explore the many contributions of African Americans and their descendants to New York and the nation . These sites opened in 2007 , followed by a Visitor Center in 2010 . American Revolution ( edit ) Runaway slave advertisement ( 1778 ) . African Americans fought on both sides in the American Revolution . Many slaves chose to fight for the British , as they were promised freedom by General Carleton in exchange for their service . After the British occupied New York City in 1776 , slaves escaped to their lines for freedom . The black population in New York grew to 10,000 by 1780 , and the city became a center of free blacks in North America . The fugitives included Deborah Squash and her husband Harvey , slaves of George Washington , who escaped from his plantation in Virginia and reached freedom in New York . In 1781 the state of New York offered slaveholders a financial incentive to assign their slaves to the military , with the promise of freedom at war 's end for the slaves . In 1783 , black men made up one - quarter of the rebel militia in White Plains , who were to march to Yorktown , Virginia for the last engagements . By the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , the United States required that all American property , including slaves , be left in place , but General Guy Carleton followed through on his commitment to the freedmen . When the British evacuated from New York , they took 3,000 freedmen with them for resettlement , mostly in Nova Scotia and other colonies . A joint board of enquiry at Fraunces Tavern failed to find evidence of enslavement for most of the Negroes who had fought in the King 's cause . The Book of Negroes lists the 3,000 Black Loyalists who left with the British in 1783 to resettle in Nova Scotia ( now Maritime Canada ) , England , and other parts of the British Empire . With British support , in 1793 a large group of these Black Britons moved on from Nova Scotia to create an independent colony in Sierra Leone to escape discrimination and other conditions in Canada . They were the ancestors of the Krios , Sierra Leone Creole people . Abolition and moving forward as citizens ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Revolution , men assessed slavery against the revolutionary ideals and many , in the North especially , increased their support for abolitionism . In 1781 , the state legislature voted to free those slaves who had fought with the rebels during the Revolution . Abolition was not achieved for several years , but the legislature passed a law making the process of manumission easier , and numerous slaveholders individually freed their slaves . The New York Manumission Society was founded in 1785 , and worked to prohibit the international slave trade and to achieve abolition . It established the African Free School in New York City , the first formal educational institution for blacks in North America . It served both free blacks and the children of slaves . The school expanded to seven locations and produced some brilliant alumni , who advanced to higher education and prominent careers . These included James McCune Smith , who gained his medical degree with honors at the University of Glasgow after being denied admittance to two New York colleges . He returned to practice in New York and also published numerous articles in medical and other journals . By 1790 one in three blacks in New York state were free . Especially in areas of concentrated population , such as New York City , they organized as an independent community , with their own churches , benevolent and civic organizations , and businesses that catered to their interests . Steps toward abolition of slavery accumulated , but the legislature also took steps back . Slavery was important economically , both in New York City and in agricultural areas . In 1799 , the legislature passed a law for gradual abolition . It declared children of slaves born after July 4 , 1799 , to be legally free , but the children had to serve an extended period of indentured servitude : to the age of 28 for males and to 25 for females . Slaves born before that date were redefined as indentured servants but essentially continued as slaves for life . African Americans ' participation as soldiers in defending the state during the War of 1812 added to public support for their full rights to freedom . In 1817 , the state freed all slaves born before July 4 , 1799 ( the date of the gradual abolition law ) , to be effective in 1827 . It continued with the indenture of children born to slave mothers until their 20s , as noted above . On July 4 , 1827 , the African - American community celebrated final emancipation in the state with a long parade through New York City . New York residents were less willing to give blacks equal voting rights . By the constitution of 1777 , voting was restricted to free men who could satisfy certain property requirements for value of real estate . This property requirement disfranchised poor men among both blacks and whites . The reformed Constitution of 1821 conditioned suffrage for black men by maintaining the property requirement , which most could not meet , so effectively disfranchised them . The same constitution eliminated the property requirement for white men and expanded their franchise . No women yet had the vote in New York . `` As late as 1869 , a majority of the state 's voters cast ballots in favor of retaining property qualifications that kept New York 's polls closed to many blacks . African - American men did not obtain equal voting rights in New York until ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 . '' It is often overlooked how much of a role African Americans had in the movement from slavery to freedom , as well as how powerful they were in establishing their own community . The emancipation of slavery in New York was a slow , complicated , and dramatic change of law that significantly affected lives of African Americans and their families . In New York , Black abolitionists began to fight for themselves and plead their cause . Although often overlooked , African - American abolitionists heavily contributed to the gradual abolition of slavery in New York . The fight for their own people helped make the fight for freedom and equality even stronger and more powerful , changing New York and its society . African Americans played a great role in the abolishment of slavery in New York , and once free from slavery , blacks worked through many hardships in order to establish their own community . Through documentation of the abolitionists in the 1800s , as well as laws passed in that period , one can see the fight and dedication put into the effort of emancipation as well as rebuilding the black community as its own . Many times , it is forgotten that there were blacks that contributed to the change during and after the gradual abolition of slavery . It is crucial to note that both white and black protagonists hated slavery and fought for emancipation , but that the struggle was much more personal for blacks . African Americans wanted freedom just as much as the next person , and fought long and hard in order to have it . In New York , after they finally succeeded in 1827 , many blacks from Brooklyn needed to start their own community , bringing a new vigilance to the community . Very often , the perspective of gradual abolition was very different for African Americans than whites . Nonetheless , the abolitionists all wanted the same thing : an end to slavery . Often , Blacks are overlooked as abolitionists . It is true , however , that African - American protagonists heavily helped not only the emancipation of slavery , but the notion of being taken seriously by the community . Because of the gradual abolition laws , there were children still enslaved when their parents were free . This caused an uprise in passion , and lead to the upbringing of more African - American anti-slavery activists . Freedom , of course , did not happen as quickly as a day or two , and neither did the establishment of a new life . The fight for freedom was a long and hard fight , and once free , there was still a long process ahead in order establish a community of their own for black citizens . The founding in New York City of the Freedom 's Journal , the nation 's first African - American journal in the New York Newspaper , published just months previous to the celebration of July 4 , 1827 , showed what the new times were holding for America as well as new stresses and demands . Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm were editors of the journal and used it to control as much as they could . The powerful words published spread rapid positive influence to African Americans who could help establish a newly - found community . The emergence of an African - American - authored journal in a white newspaper was a very important movement in New York . Many blacks were less educated than whites and it proved their capability of being educated . White newspapers visually exposed racism and mockery in the publication of a `` Bobalition '' print series , which was fictional and corrupt . This was made in mockery of blacks , in that this was the way an uneducated colored person would pronounce abolition . See also ( edit ) African Burial Ground National Monument New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 African Americans in New York City Human trafficking in New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Emancipation in New York '' , Slavery in the North . ^ Jump up to : Oltman , Adele , `` The Hidden History of Slavery in New York '' , The Nation , November 7 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas , `` Slavery in New York '' , Slavery in the North website , 2003 , retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exhibit : Slavery in New York '' . New York Historical Society . October 2005 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Missy . Insubordinate Spirit : A True Story of Life and Loss in Earliest America 1610 - 1665 . Guilford CT , 2012 , pp. 192 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Philip , Abby . `` A permanent reminder of Wall Street 's hidden slave - trading past is coming soon '' , Washington Post , April 15 , 2015 , retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lepore , Jill , New York Burning ; Liberty , Slavery , and Conspiracy in Eighteenth - Century Manhattan , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` African Burial Ground National Monument '' , National Park Service ; retrieved December 29 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` African American Voting Rights '' Archived November 9 , 2010 , at the Library of Congress , New York State Archives , retrieved February 11 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Leslie M. In the Shadow of Slavery : African Americans in New York City , 1626 -- 1863 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2003 : 93 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Capie , Julia M. `` Freedom of Unspoken Speech : Implied Defamation and Its Constitutional Limitations '' . Touro Law Review 31 , no . 4 ( October 2015 ) : 675 . Jump up ^ Gellman , David N. `` Race , the Public Sphere , and Abolition in Late Eighteenth - Century New York . '' Journal of the Early Republic 20 , no . 4 ( 2000 ) : 607 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` In Pursuit of Freedom '' , Brooklyn Historical Society , retrieved April 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Slavery in New York , October 2005 -- September 2007 , an exhibition by the New - York Historical Society Douglas Harper , `` Slavery in New York '' , Slavery in the North , 2003 , Official Website `` The Hidden History of Slavery in New York '' , The Nation , November 5 , 2007 `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 Slavery In Mamaroneck Township , Larchmont Website ( hide ) History of Slavery in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_New_York&oldid=807131550 '' Categories : African diaspora history Pre-statehood history of New York ( state ) Slavery in the United States by state History of New York ( state ) African - American history in New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did slavery end in new york state	[ "Historically, the enslavement of overwhelmingly African people in the United States, began in New York as part of the Dutch slave trade. The Dutch West India Company imported 11 African slaves to New Amsterdam in 1626, with the first slave auction being held in New Amsterdam in 1655. The last slaves were freed on July 4, 1827, although many black New Yorkers continued to serve as bound apprentices to their mothers' masters.[1]" ]	[ "July 4, 1827" ]
4447941276742041579	South African Heritage Resources Agency	South African Heritage Resources Agency - Wikipedia South African Heritage Resources Agency Jump to : navigation , search South African Heritage Resources Agency Abbreviation SAHRA Formation 1 April 2000 Legal status Public Entity Headquarters 111 Harrington St ( cnr Roeland St ) , Cape Town Region served South Africa Chairperson , SAHRA Council Mr Fanie Makhanya Main organ Council Website www.sahra.org.za The South African Heritage Resources Agency ( SAHRA ) is the national administrative body responsible for the protection of South Africa 's cultural heritage . It was established through the National Heritage Resources Act , number 25 of 1999 and together with provincial heritage resources authorities is one of the bodies that replaced the National Monuments Council . Coordinates : 33 ° 55 ′ 47 '' S 18 ° 25 ′ 21 '' E / 33.92972 ° S 18.42250 ° E / - 33.92972 ; 18.42250 Contents ( hide ) 1 Heritage Listings in South Africa 2 See also 3 External links 4 References 5 External links Heritage Listings in South Africa ( edit ) List of heritage sites in South Africa National heritage sites of South Africa Provincial heritage site ( South Africa ) Heritage objects ( South Africa ) See also ( edit ) The marker used to indicated National Heritage Sites Designated by SAHRA . National Monuments Council ( South Africa and Namibia ) National heritage sites ( South Africa ) Heritage objects ( South Africa ) List of heritage sites in South Africa Provincial heritage resources authority Amafa aKwaZulu - Natali Heritage Western Cape Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority South Africa portal External links ( edit ) National Heritage Resources Act , number 25 of 1999 , in online pdf format References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Section 1 , Public Finance Management Act , Act 1 of 1999 , ( as amended ) Jump up ^ http://www.unesco.org/culture/natlaws/media/pdf/southafrica/za_natheritagresources1999_engorof.pdf External links ( edit ) Media related to South African Heritage Resources at Wikimedia Commons Website of the South African Heritage Resources Agency Searchable database of declared sites on SAHRIS Provincial Heritage Resources Authorities : Western Cape - Heritage Western Cape KwaZulu Natal - Amafa aKwaZulu - Natali Free State - Heritage Free State Eastern Cape - Eastern Cape Provincial Heritage Resources Authority Mpumalanga - Mpumalanga Provincial Heritage Resources Authority Limpopo - Limpopo Heritage Resources Authority North West - North West Provincial Heritage Resources Authority Northern Cape - Ngwao - Boswa Jwa Kapa Bokone Gauteng - Provincial Heritage Resources Authority Gauteng This article about an organisation in South Africa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency&oldid=782036097 '' Categories : South African Heritage Resources Agency Government agencies of South Africa Heritage registers in South Africa Heritage registers South African organisation stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 16 : 04 . About Wikipedia	organisation responsible for promotion and protection of sa's national heritage	[ "The South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) is the national administrative body responsible for the protection of South Africa's cultural heritage. It was established through the National Heritage Resources Act, number 25 of 1999[2]and together with provincial heritage resources authorities is one of the bodies that replaced the National Monuments Council." ]	[ "South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA)" ]

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